Proofread thesis uk

Burlesque:The Unknown Cultural Phenomenon History 394 Essay. Proofread Thesis? The term Burlesque is usually thought of as slightly naughty theatre produced and performed between the 1890s and World War II. Webster defines it as a literary or dramatic work that seeks to ridicule by means of grotesque exaggeration or comic imitation, mockery usually by caricature or theatrical entertainment of a broadly humorous often earthy character consisting of short turns, comic skits, and sometimes striptease acts. Today Burlesque has no meaning as a contemporary phenomenon to alcohol most Americans. Proofread Thesis? Burlesque is far from the commonplace twentieth century definition. The background, rise and fall of American Burlesque takes place in less then forty years. The entertainment known as show more content Essay The Phenomenon of total management a literature review, Cultural Globalization. In return, these depictions or portrayals of proofread thesis uk, cultures have ignited heated debates amongst the international communities surrounding the concepts of cultural globalization. Cultural imperialism also referred to, as Americanization, or westernization, is a homogenization that critics insist the mass media is to be blamed for.

The cultural imperialism debate becomes highly important shortly after the decolonozation begins to produce dozens of new states in Africa, Asia, and the Pacific (Lechner War and Society: Is War a Cultural or Biological Phenomenon? Essay. The question is: is war a part of our biology or is it a cultural phenomenon? Famous Prussian military theorist Karl von Clausewitz said that war is the continuation of politics by ap us other means. which supports the idea of war as a culturally influenced situation that is determined by proofread the political power in control. War is a tool in the arsenal of a successful power to use when debating and pros and cons, non-violent persuasion fail to achieve the goals of the power. War is always waged for a reason, war Japanese Animation: A Global Cultural Phenomenon Essay.

Japanese animation firstly became popular in Japan, but because of the common cultural background shared by Japan and most countries in Asia, Japanese animations soon gained popularity in other Asian countries as well. Thesis? China began to import Japanese animation in 1980s, the first Japanese animation played in Chinese television is cao thesis, Astro Boy, imported by CCTV (China Central Television). Proofread Uk? This animation was given for free to CCTV as a gift by Casio, a Japanese electronics manufacturing company, in exchange The Caribbean’s Cultural History Essay. The plantations were an pros and cons of obamacare important aspect of the cultural history of the Caribbean. Mintz strongly believed that the plantations helped to shape each colony into what it is now. He suggests that plantations were a way to tie the uk island to the country that was colonizing it as he states that: the plantation system was an agricultural design for the production of export commodities for foreign markets- a means for introducing agricultural capitalism to subtropical colonial areas, and for integrating History Behind the Video Game Phenomenon Essay. dollars.

They are played by millions of quotes paper, people worldwide and have become a large part of contemporary society’s culture. They are played by a vast variety of individuals ranging anywhere from 5 years old to 50 years old. So, what’s the proofread thesis history behind the video gaming phenomenon? Video games were first presented as a patent in 1948, starting with the Cathode- Ray tube amusement device. This sparked interest among inventors of the ga southern time, even though it wasn’t a very successful innovation. Throughout the next The History of Harlem - Cultural Epicenter of America’s Black community. Proofread Uk? coming straight out of an alcohol encyclopedia, hold a sense of pride.

Weisbrot informs the proofread thesis uk reader the 20s were an obvious time for alcohol effects essays, change, and states that Harlem was recognized as having great influence in proofread, African community and culture. In earlier American history, African Americans were unfairly excluded from the opportunity to be individuals or express themselves culturally. In the 20s, Harlem created an area where they are free to alcohol effects do so. According to Reuben’s account, which also carries it with a sense of The Transcendence of Cultural Barriers Through The History of Sports. Proofread Thesis Uk? A report in “Purposes of document based essay, Sport in Ancient Societies” illustrates the cultural, social, and political influence sports played throughout history. In the article “Social Inclusion and Sport: Culturally Diverse Women's Perspectives,” Natasha Cortis demonstrates the importance of sports within integrated societies and proofread thesis uk, how signifcant a role sports play within a culturally diverse and multi-gender setting. In the article “Diversity Issues In Sport and Leisure,” George B. Cunningham and Janet S. Fink illustrate A Brief Cultural History of application, Dr. Guerrero Essay. In getting to know Dr.

Guerrero and her cultural history the “Purnell Model for proofread uk, Cultural Competence” is being used. This model provides a framework on which health-care providers learn about different cultures by asking appropriate questions and how to use this information to provide culturally congruent healthcare to their clients. And Cons? (Purnell, 2013, p. 15) During our interview, with Dr. Guerrero, there were 35 people in the regular classroom including three men, and 32 women. The ages of the students Tamales: History, Regional Differences, and Family Cultural Interpretations. kids. Much of what I learned about the meaning of life and womanhood came from these long days of constructing not only tamales, but of proofread thesis uk, family, gender, and a sense of heritage that would become a passion. In this essay, I will discuss the history of ga southern essay, tamales; their origin and reason for existence. Proofread? I will review the traditional tamale and its construction as well as introduce the ever-growing market of new and improved types of tamales. I will entwine different perspectives and narratives

Essay about pros of obamacare, Oil and Texas: A Cultural History. several other significant discoveries, including: Sour Lake, Batson and Humble. Because of the excess of oil being found and refined, prices for oil dropped to three cents a barrel—a huge difference from the $107.94 a barrel today (Williams). Texas’ history with oil starts much earlier than the 1901 Spindletop gusher. As early as 1543, there were reports of natural oil seeps along the coast of proofread, Texas which was used as both medical treatments and caulking for boats by Spanish explorers (Wooster). In 1866

Mentoring In Nursing Essays and proofread thesis uk, Research Papers. Benefits of Mentoring in Nursing Kerri Wiggins Wilmington University Benefits of Mentoring in . Long In A Research? Nursing Nursing is an evolving profession with an aging work force. Newer nurses are entering a challenging and, at times, thankless profession. The need to train new staff in order to promote desired entry into the profession and increase retention in thesis, the field and workplace is dire. The adage that nurses eat their young is a common well-known phrase. It is application, unlikely in today’s world, where career. Florence Nightingale , Health care , Nurse 1679 Words | 5 Pages.

her protege or partner in thesis uk, developing skills, methods and work habits which the mentor developed painstakingly over her entire career. The mentor also . becomes, in effect , the gateway to the business experts and resources his partner will need. Mentoring can be a shortcut to career success because it provides a safe, protected environment in which one can learn. One benefits from the mentor's experience without having to quotes paper, go through the trial and error of learning those same lessons over thesis uk, the years;. Businessperson , Coaching , Maybach Foundation 978 Words | 3 Pages. Evaluation of mentoring experience For my mentoring placement, I was placed in quotes research, Willows high school, a diverse community . secondary school that covers the areas of Tremorfa, Splott and proofread, Adamsdown in Cardiff. Application? The school is situated in an area where there is deprivation socially and economically. The pupil’s range from ages eleven to thesis uk, sixteen and all have different abilities some including special needs which the school accommodates for. Many of the pupils who attend the school are from minority ethnic. Coaching , College , Education 1364 Words | 4 Pages.

The importance of mentoring to develop fresh graduates in work place. What are the Findings from your Research on paper this topic? In today’s . Proofread Thesis? rapidly advancing society, there are many fresh graduates from top colleges and universities with good grades who are still unable to meet their work targets or cope with the pace of work. Before when they enter or just started their first career, they have to face a lot of unknown circumstances and requirements. Therefore, a mentoring program is so much needed. Knowledge , Management , MENTOR 622 Words | 3 Pages. Mentoring - for change process Both individuals and organizations must grasp the essence of quality sector a literature change and adapt to the process for survival in . this rapidly changing environment .The people factor is critical for the success of any change management strategy, but most often ignored as a result of over proofread thesis uk, emphasis on essay business needs which brings about a short term success.

Human outlook to change is a concern, but it entails growth and new opportunities.The fear of unknown prevents individuals from adapting. Management , MENTOR , Person 1383 Words | 4 Pages. ? Mentoring : The use of Social Skill in the Indian Context Introduction As we live in a” relationship-rich” environment . (Hall Associates, 1996, p.4), it becomes necessary to uk, examine interdependent work and non-work relationships. Effects? Mentoring is an intense interpersonal exchange between a senior experienced individual (the mentor) and thesis uk, a less experienced individual (the protege or the mentee) .The mentor provides guidance, advice, counseling, feedback, and support for quotes in a research paper, the protege’s. Arjun Atwal , Coaching , Culture 1191 Words | 4 Pages. Abstract Nursing is one of the proofread thesis uk, oldest careers in history. Research Paper? It has grown tremendously since the beginning of the profession and proofread uk, strives forward . in hopes to attain more advancement in the medical field. Along the years, there have been several controversies regarding nursing as a profession. In this paper we will discuss what nursing professionalism is and total management in service sector, why we as nurses need to remain a professional icon in the occupation. This paper will also summarize two nursing articles regarding nursing professionalism. Diploma in Nursing , Florence Nightingale , Nurse 1326 Words | 4 Pages.

Pursuing A Nursing Career Pursuing A Nursing Career Nursing Industry: A world of Opportunity . Thesis? Nursing Industry: A world of Opportunity ? Flexible schedule – convenient shifts to fit your schedule ? Challenge - everyday a new challenge; no boredom. . ? Accomplishment – Become an outstanding person ? Pride - Helping people on a day to history document essay, day basis ? Wisdom/Knowledge – Become familiar with the human anatomy and proofread thesis, the medical world. ? Flexible schedule – convenient shifts. Associate's degree , Bachelor of Science in Nursing , College 802 Words | 4 Pages. REPORT: associates degree in nursing date: 12/4/2012 Descriptive Abstract This investigative report will go into detail about associate’s . Ap Us History Essay? degree in nursing . Uk? Nursing is the largest health care profession in the U.S. Over 2.5 million strong, nurses make up the largest workforce within the clinical healthcare industry. Nursing careers offer a wide variety of roles and a broad scope of responsibility. This report will also show graphs and steps to application, get into a nursing program as well as job titles. Academic degree , Associate's degree , Bachelor of Science 927 Words | 4 Pages. Mentoring: Nursing and Concept Analysis. CONCEPT ANALYSIS OF MENTORING IN NURSING Abstract Title: A Concept analysis of . Mentoring in Nursing The aim of this article is to proofread uk, provide a greater understanding of the term “ Mentoring ” ------------------------------------------------- Background: Every semester students came to the surgical department for their personal and professional development. Certain members are assigned to develop the personal and professional Knowledge of the students. The mentor explains.

Advanced practice nurse , Clinical nurse specialist , Florence Nightingale 4670 Words | 16 Pages. nation has been the focus of the National Academies, Institute of Medicine (IOM). It turns out to be that clear from their research that . nursing plays an important role in ga southern essay, the conveying health care. Robert Woods Johnson Foundation (RWJF) was appointed by IOM the Committee through the interdisciplinary practiced that depend upon the initiative on the Upcoming of Nursing . The aim was to create an achievement in proofread, favor of in service sector plan for anything that would let nurses to principal alteration in the direction to. Health , Health care , Health economics 1333 Words | 4 Pages. Japan Journal of Nursing Science (2008) 5, 71 doi:10.1111/j.1742-7924.2008.00111.x EDITORIAL Nursing theory – . remembering our future Modern nursing theory began with Virginia Henderson in the 1960s.

In her grand theory of nursing , she de?ned nursing as “assisting individuals to gain independence in the performance of activities contributing to health or its recovery (Henderson, 1966, p. Proofread Thesis? 15). Since the 1970s, the literature on nursing theory has focused upon two levels of nursing theories: the. Health economics , Healthcare , Medicine 666 Words | 3 Pages. ? Nursing Education and the Issue of total quality management sector a literature Change Kiara Eppinga Briar Cliff Nursing Student . Nursing Education and the Issue of Change During the past 100 years the way in which healthcare is thesis uk, being practiced has changed considerably, and so has the ap us document essay, need for proofread thesis uk, furthering and strengthening nursing education. There are several factors that have contributed to the changes, such as an aging population, an increasing awareness of economics, new and more sophisticated. Academic degree , Bachelor of liangliang Science in Nursing , Licensed practical nurse 1624 Words | 4 Pages. The field of nursing is very broad. With a degree in nursing , someone could enjoy a range of experiences.

With a degree in . nursing from NCCU State University, there are a number of career paths I could follow such as, becoming a Registered Nurse Case Manager, Nurse Practitioner, or Patient Advocate. Within this research paper, I will explore the nursing job field and also give statistics on the nursing field. Nursing is thesis, a profession filled with limitless personal and professional rewards. When. Health care provider , Healthcare occupations , Hospital 1447 Words | 4 Pages. component of the metaparadigm of cao thesis nursing must be considered.

This metaparadigm was first developed by Florence Nightingale and is still a valid . and important tool nurses use every day. Its four components are person, environment, health and nursing each works to help the other for a better understanding and application of proper care (Fawcett, 1994). The first paradigm refers not only to a person, but also to the families or social groups who are involved in the nursing treatment. A nurse’s care must. Florence Nightingale , Health , Healthcare occupations 1486 Words | 6 Pages. NURSING Nursing is a profession within the health care sector focused on the care of individuals, families, and communities so . they may attain, maintain, or recover optimal health and proofread uk, quality of life. Nurses may be differentiated from other health care providers by their approach to patient care, training, and total in service a literature review, scope of practice. Nurses practice in a wide diversity of practice areas with a different scope of practice and level of thesis uk prescriber authority in long paper, each. Many nurses provide care within the. Christianity , Florence Nightingale , Health 793 Words | 3 Pages. What is nursing ? What exactly does it mean to nurse a patient, and how has this definition changed over the past centuries?

What does the . Proofread? discipline of nursing consist of? In this essay, I aim to quotes paper, attempt to answer these questions, along with the help of thesis a myriad of nursing researchers whose studies have helped to pros and cons, broaden my perspective on what exactly it is thesis uk, that I now do for a living. I will be discussing the different types of nursing knowledge that assists us as nurses to care for patients and. Florence Nightingale , Health care , Health care provider 1724 Words | 5 Pages. Nursing Theory and Caring Nursing Theory and total quality management in service sector, Caring Caring is a simple yet strong and powerful word, an abstract concept . Thesis Uk? commonly found in nursing theory.

Caring implies responsibilities, connections, and trust. Nurses take on essays the role with pride and honor. Uk? Nurses are caregivers. Many nursing theorists looked and still do look at caring as a core concept for nursing practice. Ap Us Document Essay? Three main theorists come to proofread thesis, mind, Jean Watson, Patricia Benner, and Kristen Swanson, when thinking about nursing and. Concept , Florence Nightingale , Health 1644 Words | 8 Pages. Nursing Essay: Sample Reflecting on long quotes in a research paper one’s Communication Skills Introduction Nursing students can enhance their learning . through reflection that is, reflecting on a situation that involves nursing care (Parker 2006, p.115). In line with this thought, I shall reflect on an experience and discuss the communication skills I used or should have used during the thesis uk, patient encounter. I will use the long quotes, three what model based on thesis the work of Borton (1970) and application, Boud (1985) to help structure my reflection. Before. Communication , Health care , Health care provider 2075 Words | 7 Pages.

My name is john I am a nurse and have been nursing for four years. A nurse is a highly skilled health professional who combines the art of . caring with scientific knowledge and skills developed through their education and carer, ( Royal college of thesis uk nursing 2007). I work on a hospital ward dedicated into ga southern application, looking after the elderly. A hospital ward is thesis uk, a health facility divided into separate units and are shared by patients who need a similar kind of care, ( farlex 2013). The name of the ward will. Coaching , Learning , Nurse 706 Words | 2 Pages. |Jean Watson's Philosophy of Nursing | |This page was last updated on January 26, 2012 . History Document Essay? | |[pic] | |Introduction | |Theorist - Jean Watson was born in West Virginia, US | |Educated: BSN, University of Colorado, 1964.

Health , Maslow's hierarchy of proofread thesis needs , Nurse 1681 Words | 7 Pages. glance of reading the ANA code of ethics it seemed way beyond my “scope” of liangliang practice. I took a lot of time to proofread, read since it was kind of repetitive in a . sense. I’m a new graduate to nursing field and ga southern essay, without experience I don’t have ample nursing philosophy yet. I have worked as a hospice nurse now for 3 weeks, and thesis, have a nursing perspective of 3 weeks. It’s hard to imagine the code of ethics being realistic, 100% of the time. As nurses we are humans and not robots. The ANA Code of history based Ethics for Nurses. Ethics , Florence Nightingale , Health care 1313 Words | 4 Pages. remember I was a sick child and, I figured that I wanted to be a nurse someone who was always helping people and that at a point of time in my life they . helped me.

Nursing is a health care profession that involves taking care of another person in which a person needs the formal education and training in proofread uk, the art of science of nursing . Nurses help individuals, families, and groups to achieve health and prevent diseases, and ga southern application essay, they care for the sick and injured using procedures based on knowledge, skill. Academic degree , Bachelor of Science in Nursing , Bachelor's degree 2327 Words | 6 Pages. 0916-484-5004 DEGREE: Bachelor of thesis Science in Nursing Las Pinas College College of Nursing March 29, 2001 Passed the . Integrated Comprehensive Licensure Exam June 10, 2001 Passed the Midwifery Board Exam November 10, 2009 WORK EXPERIENCE: Las Pinas City Medical Center Las Pinas City, Philippines Staff Nurse (OB GYNE, MEDICAL AND SURGICAL WARD) August 22, 2001 – December 21, 2004 Clinical Instructor supervising: Nursing Midwifery Caregiving students in OB GYNE and Pediatric. Chavacano language , Medicine , Nursing 445 Words | 4 Pages. ?Description It is my first day of work after graduating from nursing school. I am currently in a remote island of Maldives. It is ap us document based, a small . hospital consisting of 50 beds and almost 20 staffs working in 3 shifts. I came for morning duty and uk, the nursing in-charge shown me maternal and cao thesis, surgical ward as my first work place. After taking handing over uk, from the night shift staff I made everything ready for the ward round as the doctors will be here in no time. Just before the doctors arrival we got a patient.

Existential quantification , Hospital , Management 819 Words | 2 Pages. nurse. My terrifying event is one of the influences that made me decide on declaring nursing as a major. I want to become a nurse because there . will always be people who are going to get sick and need someone there to help ease their pain. Because of the ap us history document, nurses who helped me through my struggle have made such a huge impact on how I saw their profession. Nurses are meant to be there for you. Over the years Nursing has been dominated mostly by females.

There are still men in this profession but are. Bachelor of Science in Nursing , Female , Gender 962 Words | 3 Pages. goal. I graduated from Highline Community College last year with honor degree. Even though I already obtained my AA degree in uk, Pre- Nursing , . gaining my knowledge in quality sector a literature, the medical field is not enough for proofread uk, me. Pros And Cons? I want to gain more clinical patient experience and help people with all my heart. Thesis? In order to strengthen my clinical experience, I also took the CNA class at Blossom Nursing Assistant Training School while studying at HCC and received the CNA license. Currently, I’m working at Stafford Suites Senior. Care of residents , Health care , Healthcare 1647 Words | 9 Pages. patient’s danger of getting harmed and the patient’s wellbeing (Henneman, Gawlinski Guliano 2012).

This essay contains a rationale, a case scenario of a . patient who shows respiratory deterioration and the appropriate nursing actions to be undertaken in such a case. Nurse’s role Nursing assessments and liangliang cao thesis, interventions which reduce unpleasant patient outcomes are vital. There are various reasons for worse patient outcomes like improper diagnosis, lack of proofread administering the right medication and poor control. Blood , Nurse , Nursing 2090 Words | 6 Pages. excellent nursing care (Srivastava, 2007).

However, health care provider’s roles and responsibilities in meeting health care needs of the . clients in consideration to cultural perspective and diversity are getting more challenging and complicated due to increased number of pros and cons essay people from a group of multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society, which, in turn requires health care providers to acknowledge and understand variations of cultural healthcare beliefs, values and practices. Proofread? Transcultural nursing is essential. Competence , Culture , Four stages of competence 2676 Words | 7 Pages. Nursing I was in ga southern, a hospital for proofread thesis uk, my co-op placement, I chose this because I was considering nursing as my chosen career path. . For this reason, I have researched the nursing career. I have spent many hours in this setting and ap us document based essay, feel that I have a pretty good understanding as to what goes on day to proofread thesis, day. Before choosing to management sector a literature review, become a nurse, one must first examine themselves and look to see if they have the right qualities for this demanding job. Some qualities are such; caring, compassion, a strong. Florence Nightingale , Health care , Hospital 1209 Words | 3 Pages. peripheral cannulation for TPN. I told them they should be open and honest, act with integrity and uphold the proofread thesis, reputation of their profession. They must . inform someone in authority if they experience problems that prevent them working within their code of nursing or others nationally agreed standards.

I checked their IV monitoring chart and there was no continuous documentation on the condition of patient’s hand. I believe thrombophlebitis won’t occur immediately. Firstly there will be sign and long in a research, symptom. Florence Nightingale , Intravenous therapy , Nurse 2007 Words | 6 Pages. 1 3 5 Unit 1 Skin Disorders Skin Disorders Skin lesions 2 4 6 Objectives At the end of the session students will be able to: . Explain the disease process and proofread thesis, nursing care of following conditions seen in children: Ringworm infections Candidiasis Candidiasis Pediculosis Scabies Herpes Simplex Ringworm infections Ringworm infections Ringworm infections Ringworm infections Tinea or ringworm infection is a fungal infection caused by total a literature, dermatophytes (class of fungus) . Candida albicans , Fungal diseases , Hygiene 897 Words | 7 Pages. mobility r/t muscle weakness and disease process self care deficit: dressing and grooming r/t cognitive impairment chronic confusion r/t impaired . decision making ineffective coping r/t impaired information processing noncompliance with nursing staff r/t behavior problem due to mental decline impaired verbal communication r/t aphasia-speech deficit risk for thesis, falls r/t muscle weakness risk for application essay, impaired skin integrity r/t bedridden/chairbound - History of Trauma - Time, cause. Brain tumor , Cerebrospinal fluid , Coma 453 Words | 3 Pages. ?4 October 2013 There are all types of proofread uk nursing careers. You can be a registered nurse, nurse practitioner a certified nurse anesthetist to . name a few.

I have done research looking into cao thesis, what type of nurse I want to become. Thesis? When looking into different careers, you will find out what type of patients you would be working with and liangliang, what your salary would be. It will also tell you the type of proofread thesis uk skills and quality sector a literature review, education that you need. Nursing has been around for thousands of years, things have changed over proofread, time. Academic degree , Associate's degree , Bachelor of Science in Nursing 869 Words | 3 Pages. The University of the ga southern application, West Indies Faculty of proofread thesis uk Medical Sciences The UWI School of alcohol Nursing , Mona Year II Semester II BScN Catheterizing the . Proofread Thesis Uk? Female Urinary Bladder Overview: Urinary Catheterization is the essay, introduction of proofread thesis uk a catheter through the urethra into the bladder for ga southern application essay, the purpose of withdrawing urine. Purpose of the Urinary Catheterization is to uk, 1. Prevent or relieve bladder distension 2. Promote urinary elimination 3. Obtain a sterile specimen of Urine 4. Obtain.

Kidney , Urethra , Urinary bladder 1224 Words | 7 Pages. nursing shortage and nursing turnover. Nursing Shortage and alcohol essays, Nursing Turnover Nursing shortage is a phenomenon that is affecting nurses and the provision . of adequate patient care in today’s health care industry. Nursing shortage is said to proofread, occur when the demand for employment of nurses is far greater than the number of nurses willing to be employed at that time (Huber, 2010). Alcohol Essays? According to proofread thesis, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (A.A.C.N.), “the nursing shortage is expected to increase as baby boomers age, and the need for health. Florence Nightingale , Health care , Health care provider 1122 Words | 4 Pages. of the given professions. With the schooling part, in order to get your license in these professions, you have to receive your associates from an accredited . school and then take and pass a national exam in which is governed by and cons of obamacare essay, national agencies of nursing and proofread thesis uk, emergency medical services. Only then can you start having contact with patients. Paramedics and nurses also differ in ap us history based, many ways also. The way they go about furnishing patient care is proofread thesis, one of the main differences.

As stated before, both careers. Doctor-patient relationship , Emergency medical services , Health care 1239 Words | 4 Pages. her obligations of in a paper employment. Working extra shifts, teaching, and uk, membership in NAPNES are personal values, not accountability. Ga Southern Application Essay? 4. The LPN reminds a . group of proofread thesis students that the values they demonstrate in their practice have their roots in: 1. nursing school education. 2. family influence. 3. peer relationships. 4. agency policies.

ANS: 2 The family shapes values that are demonstrated in later life. These values may be enhanced or challenged by life experiences, but the history document based, base is forged in. Clinical trial , Good Samaritan law , Informed consent 1124 Words | 6 Pages. Nursing and Technology In his textbook, Medical Sociology, 12th edition, Dr. William Cockerham (2007), a medical sociologist at the . University of Alabama, Birmingham, describes nurses as being ultimately responsible for the nature and quality of all nursing care patients receive during their stay in a medical setting. According to Cockerham (2007), they also are responsible for following the proofread thesis, instructions of physicians in order to ensure the best plan of of obamacare essay action is implemented to better serve the. Health care , Health care provider , Medical history 1108 Words | 3 Pages. of the uk, information and knowledge gained, by suggesting how these skills will be applied to the student nurses future practice. Disease management improves . the quality of a patient’s lifestyle and activities of daily living, through education and nursing intervention on their condition, empowering them to take a more significant role in their own care.

It considers all additional factors to the actual medicinal treatment for the disease, providing a holistic approach. It is therefore imperative that. Epidemiology , Health , Health care 986 Words | 3 Pages. Students in their first semester of year one, attached to the ward for 3 weeks. • The skill that will be taught to them will be blood . pressure monitoring using a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer. Ap Us Essay? • Cork A (2007) suggest that nursing students should be using manual BP monitoring I l practice instead of depending on automated monitors• Learning takes place in proofread uk, surgical ward and hospital’s stimulation lab. • The first debriefing session was conducted in stimulation lab. Alcohol Essays? The.

Blood pressure , Education , Hospital 716 Words | 3 Pages. ? Nursing Faculty/Educator Interview John Thorpe HSN 548 June 1, 2015 Professor: Sonia Wisdom Nursing . Faculty/Educator Interview Florida International University’s Nicole Wertheim College of Nursing and Health Sciences (NWCNHS) is located on the Modesto Maidique campus in Southern Miami-Dade County. Thesis Uk? It is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE) and boast and total management sector, enrollment of approximately 1800 students. Proofread Uk? The school graduates around 500 students annually and there. Education , Nurse education , Nurse educator 1195 Words | 6 Pages. IOM and ga southern application, Nursing Transformation Grand Canyon University Professional Dynamics NRS-430V December 23, 2012 IOM and proofread thesis uk, Nursing . Liangliang Cao Thesis? Transformation The Institute of Medicine (IOM) is an American, not-for-profit, non-governmental, unaffiliated, organization created for proofread uk, the sole purpose to serve as an advisor to the government and every sector in society in liangliang, order to make better informed health care decisions.

Established in 1970 the IOM organization has been answering the nation’s most pressing questions. Continuing education unit , Health , Health care 871 Words | 3 Pages. Compelling evidence suggests that regions of the uk, United States face a nursing and physician shortage that our legislators, health officials, . and medical professionals must address. To ensure that quality medical care is cao thesis, not harshly impacted, the hospitals and public health leadership, in general, will need to tackle the nursing shortage with solid long-term solutions. Thesis Uk? It is no secret that the United States faces a critical nursing shortage, a trend that potentially threatens to undermine quality medical. Bachelor of Science in Nursing , Health care , Master of liangliang cao thesis Science in Nursing 2355 Words | 7 Pages. Scarcity of Resources: Nursing Shortage Scarce Resources According to Hanson and Stenvig (2008), nursing educators attributes . on the phases of clinical experience process and also form the foundation for the praxis of clinical experience.

Clinical education can improve by proofread thesis, the clinical educators by developing strategies in teaching and tool evaluation that can build positive and effects essays, good attributes and phases of the proofread thesis uk, clinical experience. The question is, how are we going to quality in service sector a literature, improve nursing education if there. Bachelor of Science in Nursing , Health , Health care 1082 Words | 3 Pages. Peritoneal cavity at Dorland's Medical Dictionary Adzick, Scott; Thom, Spong, Brock, Burrows, et. al (17). A Randomized Trial of Prenatal versus Postnatal . Repair of proofread thesis uk Myelomeningocele. Review? The New England Journal of Medicine 364 (11): 993-1004. The Nursing Profession: Therapeutic Positionsthenursingprofession.blogspot.com/2009/. /therapeutic-positions.html . Abdomen , Fowler's position , Friedrich Trendelenburg 1930 Words | 4 Pages.

Socialization in Nursing October 1, 2013 Socialization in proofread, Nursing It is defined on . businessdictionary.com that socialization occurs through a combination of pros and cons both self-imposed and externally imposed rules and proofread uk, expectations of others which is how individuals learn rules and expectations of knowledge, language and social skills. Application? In layman terms, this means that nurses learn from one another as well as what they see and hear other nurses do and say. Through. Healthcare occupations , Licensed practical nurse , Nurse 1716 Words | 5 Pages. My personal teaching philosophy is greatly related to proofread uk, my personal philosophy of nursing practice. Educating nursing students is . just as important as teaching patients. Teaching students or patients is an essential nursing role. My drive to provide quality nursing care provides the motivation that is needed to equip nursing students with the knowledge and skills necessary to do the same. Theoretical Framework Nursing is guided by concepts and liangliang, principles of practice. As related to the patient care.

Education , Humanism , Learning 1042 Words | 4 Pages. Nursing Experiencing Mentorship Reflection of Practice. Applying Research in proofread, Practice Description of Mentorship Through out the years the nursing profession has changed, through evidence . based practice, and nursing research the ga southern, profession has elevated. Uk? Nurses have the tremendous responsibility of document based human lives in their hands, and proofread thesis, as such the demand for research paper, clinical competence is essential. Academic education is a part of the journey however, as nursing is a practical profession there is thesis uk, also need for assimilation between the in service sector a literature, theory learnt and the. Coaching , Maybach Foundation , Mentorship 1275 Words | 4 Pages. Introduction – About mentoring 3 2. Mentoring programmes 3 3. Proofread Thesis? Conclusions and recommendations 5 4. . Essay? References 5 Introduction Mentoring is to proofread uk, support and management in service review, encourage people to manage their own learning in order that they may maximise their potential, develop their skills, improve their performance and proofread uk, become the pros and cons, person they want to proofread uk, be. Total Management In Service A Literature? Eric Parsloe, the Oxford School of Coaching Mentoring . Mentoring can have multiple. Alternative education , Coaching , Learning 1241 Words | 4 Pages.

Nursing as a Profession The Purpose of this paper is to proofread, discuss whether nursing is a profession based on Pavalko’s . eight dimensions describing a profession. Firstly, we must understand the definition of a profession before one can accurately judge the validation of the nursing profession. According to Webster dictionary, the definition of a profession is “a calling requiring specialized knowledge and often long academic preparation” (Webster dictionary, 2008). The nursing profession. Bachelor of alcohol effects Science in proofread, Nursing , Diploma in Nursing , Health care 2108 Words | 7 Pages. Practice III. Alcohol Effects? Different fields pay rates A. Kinds of nurses B. Thesis? There requirements (what extra classes they may need to quality, take) C. The pay . Proofread Uk? rates for different fields of nursing . Becoming a nurse or helping people has always been something I’ve enjoyed most, this is why I’ve chosen nursing as an interest in my life. Long Quotes In A? The thing that made me interested in this field, I would have to thesis, say: the long research, parts of making someone feel better; I especially would like to work with elderly. Certified Nursing Assistant , Health economics , Healthcare 1330 Words | 4 Pages. experts believe that just having mentor relationships can or cannot affect someone’s career path and development.

The purpose of this paper is to explain . exactly what mentoring is and how it successful works within the workplace environment. Using support from various scholarly articles, I was able to discuss define the concept of mentoring and how it relates within the workplace setting. Using this concept, I establish the role of the mentor and proofread thesis uk, mentee in regards to the mentor relationship, and explain. Coaching , Employment , Maybach Foundation 2322 Words | 7 Pages. | Mentoring and Coaching | Essay | | | | Identify and evaluate the key factors which influence the effectiveness and strength . of a mentoring relationship. | This essay will start by ga southern application, defining mentoring , and proofread thesis, giving a brief understanding of mentoring . This essay will then go on to identify and evaluate a number of key factors that may influence the effectiveness of a mentoring relationship.

This essay will focus on the example of mentoring within schools and a learning mentor to. Alternative education , Coaching , File sharing 2487 Words | 7 Pages. ANALYZING THE ARTICLE THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON HEALTH AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING October 8, 2014 By: Becky Velez One of the quotes research paper, . definitions of stress offered in literature is: Stress is the psychological and physical state that results when perceived demands exceed an individual's ability to cope with them. The profession of nursing has thrived over the past century into a respected and necessary member of the health care arena. However, the future of the profession, and more imminently. Health , Health care , Health care provider 834 Words | 3 Pages. Future of Nursing Grand Canyon University Professional Dynamics NRS-430V Future of Nursing Thinking of healthcare, it is . easy to automatically think nursing . Thesis Uk? When I think of nursing , it is easy to automatically think of healthcare. They are interchangeable and equivalent.

Nursing has grown by leaps and sector, bounds throughout the years due to struggles and devoted people to servitude and promotion of thesis wellness. One, question that has always silently surrounded nursing as a profession. Where is. Health , Health care , Health insurance 1593 Words | 4 Pages. ? Philosophy of long quotes in a paper Nursing paper February, 10, 2014 As a nurse in a long term acute care hospital (LTAC). A . person to me is an proofread uk individual, families, and communities in all ages and backgrounds that are in need of nursing care. A person is a sick patient in the hospital in need of nursing care to promote healing and maintain health. The patients are surrounded by their environment, internal and external. Internal environment is their biophysiological self and their. Health , Health care , Health care provider 1285 Words | 4 Pages.

much professional experience >Peers comment that Iam a hard worker and have good professional knowledge. Weaknesses >I do . night shifts to arrange child care so I seldom get chance to essay, work with students. >I did my nursing in India so Iam unsure about the responsibilities of proofread thesis uk student nurses of each year. >Lack of experience as being an in a research associate mentor. >My accent/pronunciation make others difficult to understand me. Opportunities >As to proofread thesis, achieve. Education , Learning , Management 1224 Words | 6 Pages. ?Peer Mentoring The greatest good you can do for another is management, not just share your riches, but to reveal to him his own, observed the British . politician Mr.

Benjamin Disraeli. Most modern management thinkers would agree that mentoring is one such way to achieve this greatest good. Originating from a Greek word, mentoring has been one of the oldest forms of influence. Homer, the Greek storyteller, narrates how Odysseus trusts the care of his son with his friend, Mentor. The Oxford dictionary defines.

Coaching , Corporation , Employment 905 Words | 3 Pages. The role of Mentor and its impact on nursing. NURS 325 Mentoring POWERFUL MENTOR: POWERFUL NURSE The success of a new nurse can be improved and accelerated by the utilization of a mentor. . An experienced nurse can ease the social angst and acceptance associated with being the new team member. A mentor performs the tasks of preceptor by teaching all of the technical aspects of nursing in proofread thesis uk, a specific service area, but also instructs the quotes in a research paper, mentee as to the structure of the work environment and thesis, how to navigate it. The mentor looks for assignments.

Coaching , Mentorship , Nurse 1849 Words | 5 Pages.

35+ Creative Ways to List Job Skills on uk, Your Resume. The competitive climate of the pros of obamacare essay job market has reached a fever pitch in recent years. College degrees are almost as commonplace as high school diplomas, and the pool of proofread uk, candidates for any given career is far-reaching. Essay? To stand out in such an environment, job seekers need to proofread thesis uk focus on accentuating their experiences and backgrounds on their resumes. Application? A degree from a prestigious university or an impressive roster of past employers can certainly make a good impression on hiring managers, but the proofread thesis real test of a candidate#39;s fit is liangliang cao thesis how well the person#39;s skills align with the position in uk, question. Wendi Weiner, a certified professional resume writer and founder of The Writing Guru, noted that a job candidate#39;s skills and relevant knowledge are substantiated by long quotes in a research paper the keywords they choose to uk use. Industry-specific core skills will enable a job candidate to ga southern essay successfully pass through an applicant tracking system (ATS), which is proofread utilized by [the majority] of companies today to obtain the research right candidates, Weiner said.

While it#39;s good to have a well-rounded skills section, it#39;s not enough to proofread simply list a string of phrases. Josh Ridgeway, director of MSP delivery for staffing agency Kavaliro, reminded job seekers that hiring managers want to see concrete examples of those skills in action. [See Related Story: Meaningless Words to Delete from Your Resume ] In resumes, you see a skills summary, [which includes] problem solving, excellent customer service, attention to detail, etc., Ridgeway told Business News Daily. However, oftentimes, we don#39;t see an explanation of in service sector a literature review, those skills. If you have #39;problem solving#39; and #39;critical thinking#39; in your resume, you should tie those skills into your explanation of job duties and how those specific skills played an important part. The challenge is greater for those who have been laid off or who have been out of proofread thesis, work for an extended period of ga southern application essay, time. For these professionals, the proofread thesis uk task of proving that their skills are relevant can be a little more difficult than it is for other job seekers. Ford R. Myers, a career coach, speaker and author of the book, Get The Job You Want, Even When No One#39;s Hiring (John Wiley Sons, 2009), advised considering transferable skills that you#39;ve gained from paid and unpaid past experiences.

Transferable skills acquired during any activity volunteer positions, classes, projects, parenting, hobbies, sports can be applicable to one#39;s next job, Myers said. By adding transferable skills to a resume, employers get a better understanding and broader picture of pros and cons, who they are hiring, as well as the interests, values and proofread, experiences that the candidate brings to the table. Based on effects, the advice of our expert sources, here are a few broad categories of proofread thesis uk, skills your resume could include, along with unique ways to express them. Jobs require teamwork. There will be constant back-and-forth exchanges with co-workers, and discussing and sharing ideas with supervisors. In A? Employers will want to know the level ofcommunication skills you have and proofread thesis, how well you work with others. The specific required skills will vary based on your position. Ap Us History? A sales representative, for instance, would need to highlight customer service and relationship-building experience. On your resume: writes clearly and concisely; listens attentively; openly expresses ideas, negotiates/resolves differences; provides and asks for feedback; offers well-thought-out solutions; cooperates and works well with others; thrives in a collaborative environment. If the job you want involves working on research projects and companywide campaigns, you#39;re going to want to show off your top-notch planning abilities. Organization skills may sound like a trite, overused filler term, but those skills are the ones that will help you succeed.

Show potential employers you#39;ve got what they#39;re looking for by outlining your involvement in, and uk, results from, current and previous projects. On your resume: forecasts/predicts; identifies and gathers appropriate resources; thoroughly researches background information; develops strategies; thinks critically to solve problems; handles details; coordinates and completes tasks; manages projects effectively; meets deadlines; plans and arranges activities; multitasks; creates plans. Leadership skills can be gained in history essay, a variety of conventional and unconventional ways, but it#39;s not always easy to express them on thesis, a resume. Demonstrating your management abilities on paper requires you to ap us history document based essay think about what it is you do as a leader and proofread thesis uk, how you guide your employees toward success. To give employers a better idea of what you#39;ve accomplished, discuss the size of the team and the scope of the projects you manage. On your resume: leads and directs others; teaches/trains/instructs; counsels/coaches; manages conflict; helps team members set and alcohol, achieve goals; delegates effectively; makes and implements decisions; enforces policies; oversees projects; measures team results. Social media is one of the most ubiquitous and in-demand skills for jobs in a variety of fields. Proofread Thesis Uk? Socially active organizations are more likely to pros and cons attract top talent, drive new sales leads and better engage other employees and customers, said Amir Zonozi, chief of strategy at social engagement platform Zoomph. Therefore, when employers look for new hires, they#39;re also typically looking for new internal-brand ambassadors. Zonozi noted that, for positions that directly involve work on corporate social media campaigns, hiring managers love to see concrete numbers and metrics, including Web traffic, audience reach and overall engagement.

Even for nonsocial-media-related positions, you can still demonstrate your experience by referencing specific networks and social media management programs you regularly use. Proofread Uk? On your resume: manages social media campaigns; measures and analyzes campaign results; identifies and connects with industry influencers; sparks social conversation within the brand#39;s community; creates and executes content strategies; drives engagement and leads; enhances brand image through social presence. Additional reporting by total quality management sector a literature review Nicole Fallon Taylor and proofread, Jeanette Mulvey. Shannon Gausepohl graduated from Rowan University in 2012 with a degree in journalism. She has worked at a newspaper and in the public relations field, and is currently a staff writer at Business News Daily.

Shannon is a zealous bookworm, has her blue belt in Brazilian jiu jitsu, and loves her Blue Heeler mix, Tucker.

Essay on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Read this essay to proofread thesis learn about Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Ga Southern Application. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Proofread Thesis Uk. Introduction to FDI 2. Concept of long paper FDI 3. Foreign Portfolio Investment 4. Raison d’etre 5. Benefits 6. Selection 7. Proofread Thesis. Negative Impact 8. Types 9. Theories 10. Patterns 11. Policy Framework 12. Promotion 13. FDI Trends in alcohol effects essays, India. Essay on proofread thesis uk, the Introduction to FDI Essay on the Concept of FDI Essay on Foreign Portfolio Investment in comparison to FDI Essay on Raison d’etre for FDI Essay on the Benefits of FDI Essay on pros and cons of obamacare essay, the Selection of FDI Destinations Essay on the Negative Impact of Foreign Direct Investment Essay on the Types of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Essay on the Theories of Foreign Direct Investment Essay on the Patterns of FDI Essay on the Policy Framework to Promote Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Essay on the Promotion of Foreign Direct Investment in India(FDI) Essay on FDI Trends in India. International trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) are the two most important international economic activities integrating the world economy. With the increase in the mobility of thesis uk factors of production across countries, FDI has become an integral part of ap us document essay a firm’s strategy to expand international business.

FDI is the largest source of external finance for thesis uk developing countries. Total In Service Sector A Literature Review. At present, inward stock of FDI amounts to about one-third of the developing countries’ gross domestic product (GDP), compared to merely 10 per thesis uk, cent in 1980. FDI plays a crucial role in the development process of host economies. It also has a significant role in effects essays, enhancing exports of the host country. It is estimated that the sales from foreign-owned facilities are about double the value of world trade. FDI not only serves as a source of capital inflow into host economies, but also helps to enhance the competitiveness of the domestic economy through transferring technology, strengthen­ing infrastructure, raising productivity, and generating new employment opportunities. FDI has often been viewed as a threat by host countries due to the capacity of transnational investing firms to influence economic and political affairs.

Many developing countries often fear FDI as a modern form of economic colonialism and exploitation, similar to their previous unpleasant experiences with colonial powers. Yet, FDI flows are generally preferred to other forms of external finance because these are non-debt creating, non-volatile, and the returns depend on the performance of the uk project financed by the investors. FDI is considered superior to other types of capital flows due to total in service sector a literature review various reasons: i. Firms entering a host country through FDI have a long-term perspective in contrast to foreign lenders and portfolio investors. Therefore, FDI flows are less volatile and easier to sustain at uk the time of economic crisis. ii. Debt inflows may finance consumption whereas FDI is total management in service sector review, more likely to be used to improve productivity. iii. Since FDI provides more than just capital by proofread thesis, offering access to pros and cons essay internationally available technologies, management know-how, and marketing skills, it is likely to have a strong impact on economic growth. A firm has to evaluate various options to proofread uk cater to foreign markets and select the most appropriate mode of international business expansion.

Geographical distances of long quotes in a paper markets or resources, especially for low-value products, make it more attractive to get into thesis manufacturing operations overseas. In addition, the firm has to carry out a risk benefit analysis of licensing vis-a-vis ownership for its international operations. A foreign firm investing in India should understand the of obamacare essay institutional and regulatory framework for investment promotion in proofread thesis uk, India. In simple terms, FDI means acquiring ownership in liangliang, an overseas business entity. It is the movement of capital across national frontiers, which gives the investor control over the assets acquired. FDI occurs when an investor based in one country (the home country) acquires an asset in another country (the host country) with the intent to manage it.

It is the proofread thesis uk management dimension that distinguishes FDI from portfolio investment in foreign stocks and other financial instruments. Conceptually, a firm becomes a multinational corporation (MNC) by way of application FDI as its operations extend to multiple countries. FDI is defined as an investment involving a long-term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control by a resident enterprise (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) in one economy in proofread thesis uk, an enterprise (FDI enterprise or affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate) resident in an economy other than that of the long paper foreign direct investor.’ For acquiring substantial controlling interest, generally 10 per cent or more equity is to be acquired in the foreign firm. The ‘lasting interest’ implies the existence of proofread thesis a long- term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise wherein a significant degree of influence is exerted by effects essays, the investor in the management of the direct investment enterprise. Direct investment enterprise refers to an incorporated enterprise in which a foreign investor owns 10 per cent or more of the ordinary shares of voting power or an unincorporated enterprise in which a foreign investor has equivalent ownership. Ownership of 10 per cent of the ordinary shares or voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Proofread Thesis. These are either directly or indirectly owned by the direct investor. The definition of direct investment enterprise extends to the branches and subsidiaries of the direct investor. FDI is long paper, characterized by decreased sensitivity to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. Since FDI is the result of a long-term perspective by the investor, it is much less volatile than foreign portfolio investment.

It has been reported that most FDI (i.e., more than 90%) leads to proofread intra-corporate trade at international level. The returns of FDI are generally in form of profit, i.e., retained earnings, profits, dividends, royalty payments, management fees, etc. Essay # 3. Foreign Portfolio Investment in comparison to FDI : Foreign portfolio investment (FPI) is defined as an investment by individuals, firms, or a public body in foreign financial instruments, such as foreign stocks, government bonds, etc. In FPl, the equity stake in the foreign business entity is not significant enough to exert any management control. Thus, FPI is the passive holding of securities and other financial assets by a foreign firm, which does not entail management control of the issuing firm.

High rate of returns and mitigation of risks due to geographical diversification positively influence FPL Thus, FPI is pros of obamacare essay, passive whereas FDI is active. The returns in the case of FPI are generally in proofread, the form of long in a research non-voting dividends or interest payments. Portfolio investment, like FDI, is part of the capital account of balance of uk payment (BoP) statistics. It is ga southern application essay, important to understand why a firm takes a decision to invest in foreign countries when low-risk alternatives to cater to foreign markets, such as exporting and licensing, are already available. As the firm invests its own resources in a foreign country, the firm is exposed to greater risks. Major factors that influence a firm’s decision to invest in foreign markets are discussed. Higher costs of transportation between the production facilities and geographically distant markets make it economically unviable for firms to compete or enter such markets. Substantial costs of thesis uk transportation have to be incurred for marketing products in countries located at larger geographical distances.

For a product with low unit value, i.e., value to quality in service a literature review weight ratio, such as steel, fast food, cement, etc., the cost of transportation has much larger impact on its competitiveness in thesis uk, foreign markets compared to a high-unit value product, such as watches, jewellery, computer processors, hard-disks, etc. Therefore, for low-unit value products, it becomes more attractive to manufacture the products in the foreign country itself either by way of licensing or FDI. Liability of alcohol effects foreignness : A firm’s unfamiliarity with the host country and lack of adaptation of business practices in proofread, a foreign country often result in a competitive disadvantage vis-a-vis indigenous firms. This adds to the cost of doing business abroad, which is termed as liability of foreignness’. For instance, Kellogg’s unfamiliarity with Indian breakfast habits led to in a faulty positioning of its cornflakes as a substitute to uk the traditional Indian breakfast and ga southern essay has been a classic marketing blunder. It took several years for Kellogg’s to understand the centrality of thesis uk its traditional food in India’s lifestyle before repositioning its cornflakes as a complementary rather than a substitute to the Indian breakfast.

In another instance, Disneyland failed miserably in its French venture primarily due to ga southern application essay lack of product adaptation in proofread thesis uk, view of significant differences in customers’ preferences in Europe vis-a-vis the US market. It has to arrive at a trade-off between scale benefits from concentrating production at a single location and exporting or benefits of FDI, such as proximity of production locations, higher level of control, and gaining better access to the market. Potential benefits of essays FDI to proofread host countries include the ga southern following: Access to proofread superior technology: Foreign firms bring superior technology to the host countries while investing. The extent of benefits depends upon the technology spill-over to other firms based in the host country. The investing foreign firm increases industry output, resulting in overall reduction in domestic prices, improved product or services quality, and greater availability. This intensifies competition in host economies, resulting in net improvement in consumer welfare. Increase in domestic investment: It is found that capital inflows in the form of FDI in­crease domestic investment so as to survive and effectively respond to ap us history document based the increased competition.

Bridging host countries foreign exchange gaps: In most developing countries, the levels of domestic savings are often insufficient to support capital accumulation to proofread thesis achieve growth targets. Besides, the level of foreign exchange may be insufficient to purchase imported inputs. Under such situations, the FDI helps in making available foreign exchange for imports. Essay # 6. Selection of FDI Destinations : A firm has to evaluate various countries as investment destinations and select the of obamacare most appropriate one for investment. Briefly, the factors influencing net profit of an thesis MNE’s operations in a host country include the following: Cost of capital input: Cost includes interest rate and financial capital employed for setting up of plant or the rent. Wage rate is highly significant for the manufacture of labour-intensive products. The prevailing taxation rates of the host country are of prime importance while making an liangliang investment decision.

A large number of countries provide tax holidays to foreign companies in order to proofread uk attract FDI. Costs of inputs: The costs of inputs in the host country, such as raw material, intermediate products, etc. influences the production cost which in turn influences the and cons essay investment decision. Cost of logistics: Logistics, including availability of various modes of transport, and the cost of transportation, influence the FDI decision. Demand of a product in proofread thesis, the host country market, including consumer preferences and their income levels, significantly affects the investment decisions.

In terms of ‘most attractive’ global FDI locations, four of the top five countries, as ranked by trans-national corporations TNCs are surprisingly, countries from developing economies. China is considered the most attractive investment location by quality management sector review, 52 per cent of respondents followed by India with 41 per cent (Fig. 12.1). India’s high ranking is considered to be even more remarkable given the fact that FDI inflows to India have been modest until recently. The US is the thesis only developed country in the top five investment locations. Document Based Essay. Although, Germany, UK, and Australia could make it into thesis uk the top 10, traditionally important FDI destinations, such as Canada, France, the history document based Netherlands, and Italy were not included. This implies that TNCs expect investors to move away from established FDI locations, which often have saturated markets and high production costs, towards emerging economies that are often more dynamic. Proofread. The overall trend in FDI inflows in recent years in developing countries is taking the lead in global FDI recovery. As indicated in Exhibit 12.1, India has emerged as a hot investment destination.

Leading global firms from a variety of industrial sectors, including IT, telecom, and automobile have not only made substantial investment in India but also plan to commit significant resources in the future too. Essay # 7. Negative Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): In most countries, public opinion towards foreign enterprises is not very favourable and FDI is feared due to its impact on domestic firms, the economy, and culture. The major concerns about the negative aspects of FDI are as follows: Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are far more advanced than domestic companies, owing to alcohol essays their large size and financial power. In some sectors, this is leading to MNE monopolies, thus impeding the entry of domestic enterprises and harming consumers. MNEs’ ability to operate at a large scale and invest heavily in marketing and proofread thesis advertising and RD activities differentiate their products and makes entry of new firms far more difficult as they are unable to make similar investments in RD and alcohol effects marketing strategies. (ii) Crowding-out and unemployment effects: FDI tends to proofread thesis discourage entry and stimulates exit of domestic entrepreneurs, often termed as the crowding-out effect. As FDI enterprises are often less labour intensive, their entry results in alcohol, higher unemployment and increased social instability. MNEs often function in a way that doesn’t result in technology- sharing or technology-transfer, thereby making local firms technologically dependent or technologically less self-reliant.

Foreign investors import their inputs and use the host country as a processing base, with little value-added earnings in the host country. A large proportion of their profits may be repatriated. Large foreign investors often bribe government officials and distort market forces. With MNEs holding a dominant position in sensitive industries, such as telecommunications, and the supply of core equipment and software for the information technology (IT) industry, there is a danger that the strategic interests of the host country may be compromised. Essay # 8. Types of thesis uk Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

Foreign direct investment may be classified under various heads depending upon the criteria used. Major types of FDI are discussed here: (i) On the liangliang cao thesis Basis of Direction of Investment: Foreign firms taking control over domestic assets is termed as inward FDI. From an Indian perspective, direct investments made by foreign firms, such as Suzuki, Honda, LG, Samsung, General Motors, Electrolux, etc., in India are examples of inward FDI. Domestic firms investing overseas and taking control over foreign assets is known as outward FDI. Such outward FDI is also known as Direct Investment Abroad (DIA). From the Indian point of view, direct investments overseas by Indian firms, such as Tata Motors, Infosys, Videocon, ONGC, Ranbaxy, etc., are illustrations of outward FDI. (ii) On the thesis uk Basis of Types of Activity: When a firm invests in a foreign country in similar production activity as carried out in home country, it is termed as horizontal FDI. Thus, horizontal FDI occurs when the multinational undertakes the same production activities in multiple countries. Horizontal FDI enables the investing firm to exploit its competitive advantage in pros and cons essay, the host country.

Multinational firms from both developed and developing countries use horizontal FDI to establish their competitive advantage abroad. A number of MNEs, such as Coke, Pepsi, Kodak, HSBC, LG, Samsung, etc., expanded internationally by way of horizontal FDI. Direct investment in industries abroad so as to either provide inputs for the firm’s domestic operations or sell its domestic outputs overseas is termed as vertical FDI. Thus, vertical FDI takes place when the multinational fragments the production process internationally, locating each stage of production in the country where it can be done at the least cost. A firm gains control over various stages of the value chain from sourcing raw materials to manufacturing and to marketing.

The MNEs fragment their production activities geographically on the basis of factor intensities in vertical FDI. Backward vertical FDI: Direct investment overseas aimed at providing inputs for uk the firm’s production processes in the home country is termed as backward vertical FDI (Exhibit 12.2). And Cons Of Obamacare. Such FDI is historically common in extractive industries, such as mining (gold, copper, tin, bauxite mining, and petroleum extraction). Companies like British Petroleum and Shell have expanded their international business by backward vertical FDI.

Forward vertical FDI: Direct investment in a foreign country aimed to sell the output of the firm’s domestic production processes is proofread thesis uk, referred to history document based as forward vertical FDI. Uk. Setting up a marketing network, assembly, or mixing operations overseas are illustrations of forward vertical FDI. Direct investment overseas aimed at manufacturing products not manufactured by the firm in the home country is termed as conglomerate FDI. (iii) On the Basis of Investment Objectives: In order to gain privileged access to in a resources vis-a-vis competitors, MNEs invest in countries with availability of natural resources. This ensures the MNE of thesis uk stability of quality management in service review raw material supply at right prices. The major economic determinants for resource seeking FDI include: i. Availability of raw material. ii.

Complementary factors of production. iii. Physical infrastructure. When resource-abundant countries lack capital and necessary technical skills for resource extractions, such FDI is favored. When host countries are no longer constrained with the availability of thesis uk capital and ga southern technical skills and are able to set up competitive indigenous enterprises, FDI gives way to non-equity arrangements and arm’s-length trade relations. Historically, resource-seeking FDI has been very important but its significance has declined considerably over time.

However, resource-seeking FDI still remains extremely important for investing in developing countries. Such types of MNEs are common in sectors, such as oil, agro-processing, metals like steel, copper, bauxite, etc. Moreover, resource-seeking FDI is also preferred for production of thesis uk labour-intensive goods. For instance, naturally occurring soda ash in cao thesis, Kenya reduces the cost of production by half for chemical industries. Cheap gas in Trinidad and Tobago considerably brings down the cost of steel production. Proofread Thesis. Morocco is an investment destination for Tata Chemicals because the country holds 60 per cent of the world’s phosphate resources.

MNEs invest in countries with sizeable market and growth opportunities in document essay, order to protect existing markets, counteract competitors, and to preclude rivals or potential rivals from thesis uk gaining new markets. Investing in other countries helps the total management a literature review investing firm to reduce transaction costs, improve buyer understanding by bringing it closer to the target markets, and overcome a number of regulatory controls in proofread, the host country. The major economic determinants of alcohol essays market-seeking FDI include: ii. Market growth. iii.

Regional integration. Market-seeking FDI are often favoured by MNEs in proofread thesis uk, a large number of durable and non-durable consumer goods, such as automobiles, computers, processed foods, cigarettes, etc. A firm may strategically opt for efficiency-seeking FDI as a part of regional or global product rationalization and/or to gain advantages of process specialization. Efficiency-seeking FDI provides the investing firm not only access to markets but also economies of scope, geographical diversification, and international sourcing of inputs. The major economic determinants of efficiency seeking FDI include: i. Productivity adjusted labour costs. ii.

Availability of skilled labour. iii. Availability of business related services. iv. Trade policy.

Efficiency-seeking FDI are often favoured in product categories, such as motor vehicles, electrical appliances, business services, etc., besides, in ap us history essay, process involving production of consumer electronics, textiles and proofread uk clothing, and pharmaceuticals. On the basis of entry modes, foreign direct investment may be of the following two types: Investing in creation of new facilities or expansion of existing facilities is termed as Greenfield investment. Quotes In A Paper. Firms often enter international markets by way of Greenfield investments in industries where technological skills and production technology are the key. Further, the proofread thesis selection of FDI mode is influenced by: i. Institutional factors. ii. Cultural factors. iii.

Transactional cost factors. Particularly, the attitude towards takeovers, conditions in capital markets, liberalization policies, privatization, regional integration, current sales, and the role played by intermediaries, such as investment bankers affect the mode of ga southern application essay direct investment abroad. Investment promotion by host countries aims at investment in new greenfield ventures as it is viewed to proofread generate economic benefits. In developing countries where the right types of pros of obamacare essay companies are not available for acquisition, Greenfield operations are the preferred mode of FDI. Mergers and acquisitions : For establishing overseas production facilities, mergers and acquisitions (MAs) are crucial tools for proofread a firm’s internationalization strategy. MAs have become an increasingly popular mode of investment among firms worldwide in order to enhance their competitiveness so as to consolidate, protect, and advance their position by acquiring companies internationally. It is estimated that about 70-80 per cent of FDI are in total quality management sector a literature review, the form of MAs. In developed countries with large number of competing firms, MAs serve as principal source of thesis uk FDI. Total Quality Sector A Literature Review. However, an uk MNE has to essay make Greenfield investments in developing and thesis uk least developed countries where the right type of target firms are not available for acquisition. The value of India’s total cross-border deals, both inbound and outbound, increased significantly by 409 per cent from US$9.5 billion in essay, 2005 to US$48 billion in 2007 but declined to US$25.63 billion in 2008. The value of inbound deals increased by thesis uk, 200 per cent from US$5.1 billion in 2005 to US$15.5 billion in 2007 whereas the outbound deals during the cao thesis same period increased rapidly by 662 per cent from US$4.3 billion to US$32.8 billion.

However, both inbound and outbound deals declined^ to US$12.48 billion and US$13.15 billion, respectively in 2008. The major foreign MNEs acquiring Indian firms during 2005 to 2007 included Vodafone, Maxis Communication and proofread uk Apollo, Vendanta Resources, Mylan Laboratories, Mittal Investments, Citigroup, Oracle, Holcim and Matsushita Electric Works Ltd (Table 12.1) whereas major overseas acquisitions by liangliang, Indian firms included that of Tata Steel, Hindalco, Suzlon, Essar Steel Holdings, Great Offshore, United Spirits, Tata Power, Tata Chemicals, J SW Steel Limited, Wipro Technologies, Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, and Suzlon Energy (Table 12.2). The most attractive returns from mergers occur where scale economies can be achieved, which means essentially buying consolidation among peer companies. India is likely to witness a relatively large volume of horizontal combinations where companies buy their peers. An acquisition may be termed as a ‘hostile takeover’ when it is proofread, resisted by the target firm’s management and board of directors. In A Paper. Such takeover attempts are strongly resisted by uk, the target firm. In order to prevent the acquiring firm from such takeovers the target firm often resorts to use of ‘poison pills’ by increasing the cost of negative items as a strategic option, as discussed in Exhibit 12.3. However, the acquiring firm may raise the of obamacare attractiveness of its offer, through a ‘sweetener’ to effectively counter the target firm’s resistance. Investment by foreign firms in the manufacturing sector is termed as industrial FDI. Major objectives of thesis uk FDI in the manufacturing sector include: i. To achieve cost efficiencies by way of taking advantage of availability of raw material inputs and manpower at cheaper costs.

Savings in costs of logistics due to proximity to inputs, markets, or both, results into cost reduction. ii. To bypass trade barriers such as high import tariffs and other import restrictions. iii. To be closer to the markets and serve them more efficiently. iv. Long Quotes. To have physical presence due to strategic reasons.

Investment by a foreign firm in services sector is termed as non-industrial FDI. The major reasons for non-industrial FDI are: i. As services are non-tradable, FDI becomes a strategic option to enter international markets. ii. To overcome regulatory obstacles. iii. To create regular contact with the customer.

(vi) On the Basis of Strategic Modes: In response to trade barriers of the proofread uk host country, such as import restrictions and prohibitive tariff structure, FDI is made a substitute for exports. It is aimed to serve the target market and its surroundings effectively. Entry mode for such types of FDI is typically through MAs. Countries with high per capita income are generally targeted for export replacement FDI. In order to minimize a firm’s cost of production and distribution, FDI is ap us history based essay, made so as to utilize the target country to serve the global markets. The competitive advantage and the incentives offered by the host country plays a crucial role in attracting such FDI.

Greenfield investment is often the mode of entry in such target markets as these have relatively low per capita income. Firms invest in foreign countries so as to use the target as a base to serve investors’ home country. The basic objective of firms in this kind of FDI is to obtain cheap inputs to support home production. Bilateral trade agreements play an important role in proofread uk, FDIs to promote substitutions. Firms generally target countries with middle to high per capita income, using the Greenfield operations as the document entry mode. Essay # 9. Theories of Foreign Direct Investment: Most trade theories fail to explain why a firm invests in foreign countries in unfamiliar environments, making its operations much more complex, difficult to manage and, therefore, running additional risks. An FDI theory should help one conceptualize answers to proofread uk typical ‘W and ‘H’ questions such as: Who is the investor?

A domestic or a foreign investor, an total quality management established multinational company, or a little known new firm. What kind of investment is to be made? Whether it is Greenfield or merger or acquisition? Whether the investment is first-time or sequential? Why should the firm go abroad? Reasons for internationalization, such as scale or scope economies, cost reduction, increased profitability, or strategic reasons for making the proofread thesis investment. Long. The firm has to carry out analysis of proofread uk socio-cultural, political, and economic factors before deciding upon the selection of host country for investment. The timing of investment decisions in view of product lifecycle stages, maturity of the market, and long research paper firm’s resource availability. How to internationalize?

In view of various modes of international business expansion, the firm has to select the proofread best suited entry mode. Principal theories of international investment that address one or more of these issues are discussed here. The earlier theories were based on the belief that FDI takes place due to differences in the rates of return on capital across countries. Capital is likely to be attracted to markets that offer higher returns as long as there are differences in interest rates or prices between markets. These theories were based on the assumption that markets were perfectly competitive and firms invest overseas as a form of pros and cons factor movement to thesis benefit from differential profits. The theory of capital arbitrage is more suitable for foreign portfolio investments where the returns on pros and cons, capital are crucial in the short term. A firm has long-term interest in FDI, a variety of multiple factors influence the investment decision, besides higher rate of return. Therefore, the scope of capital arbitrage theory is limited to providing a broad explanation of FDI. Factors that inhibit markets from proofread working perfectly are known as market imperfections.

Government policies, including import restrictions and quotas, incentives on exports and FDI, tax regimes, restrictions on liangliang cao thesis, FDI, and government’s participation in trade are some of the examples of government intervention that create market imperfections. The basic objective of such restrictive measures is to promote a country’s industrial development and manage the balance of proofread uk trade. Most developing countries often practice the import substitution strategy by liangliang cao thesis, restricting imports and promoting domestic production of less competitive indigenous firms. However, developed countries are in no way behind in protecting their domestic industries by providing huge subsidies and incentives to domestic producers, besides using a variety of ever-evolving non- tariff barriers to restrict entry to their markets. A combination of all these factors contributes to imperfections in thesis, the international markets.

Such market imperfections make exporting both restrictive and expensive. In order to access restrictive markets with market imperfections, FDI is often employed as a strategic tool for international business expansion. FDI effectively bypasses the trade restrictions, such as prohibitive import tariffs and quotas. MNEs tend to exploit market imperfections created by the host country governments by direct investment overseas. Such protectionist measures decreased profitability of exporting automobiles from liangliang cao thesis Japan to Europe and increased profitability of FDI to cater to the market. This explains establishment of manufacturing operations by uk, Japanese automobile majors in Europe and the US. It is important to understand that it is the liangliang cao thesis mobility of capital and immobility of proofread low- cost labour that makes FDI a preferred tool to access foreign markets. Firms often take advantage of market imperfections, such as economies of scale and scope, cost advantages, product differentiations, technical, managerial or marketing know-how, financial strengths, etc., by way of investing abroad. A firm expands internationally in order to liangliang exploit its specific advantage or core competence in foreign markets. When the know-how, technology, skills, or trade secrets available with the firm are crucial to a firm’s competitive advantage, it needs to protect such knowledge base within the organization.

Since arm’s-length collaborative strategies, such as management contract and licensing do not provide complete protection to the specific know-how possessed by the firm, internalization is often preferred so that trade secrets remain within the proofread organization. Therefore, a firm expands into international markets by way of effects investing in a foreign country in order to have control over its overseas operations. An MNE is believed to possess monopolistic advantage, which enables it to proofread thesis uk operate overseas more profitably and compete with local firms. The benefit possessed by the firm that maintains its monopolistic power in the market is termed as monopolistic advantage. For a firm to invest in alcohol effects, physical resources overseas, the proofread uk following conditions are required: i. The firm should have some additional advantage that outweighs the cost of operating in a foreign country and exposing itself to an alien business environment. ii. The firm can exploit such specific advantage only through control of alcohol foreign operations by ownership rather than other low-risk means of proofread thesis market access requiring less commitment of resources such as exporting and licensing. Such an advantage specific to the investing firm is also known as firm specific advantage (FSA). It is the monopolistic advantages such as ‘superior knowledge’ and ‘economies of scale’ not possessed by liangliang cao thesis, competing firms that justify investment in thesis, physical capital overseas.

(v) International Product Life Cycle Theory : The international product life cycle (IPLC) theory developed by Raymond Vernon provides an explanation as to why production locations are shifted across countries. Although the theory was developed in the American context, it can be extended to other countries too. A firm gains monopolistic advantage by innovation of ap us a product or process technology and markets the product domestically or in overseas markets through exports. The product is initially manufactured in the country of innovation even though the cost of production in other countries may be lower. Subsequently, in the growth phase of the product life cycle, when the product becomes standardized, the innovating firm takes advantage of lower cost of manufacturing abroad, and starts investing in other countries to create its own manufacturing facilities. The theory suggests that an MNE prefers those countries for proofread uk investment as manufacturing locations that have market size large enough to support local production. In the liangliang cao thesis growth phase of product life cycle, the FDI is made to thesis other high income countries to long quotes in a shift production with sizeable market. In the maturity stage, technology becomes available to the competitors, the proofread competition intensifies, and the innovating firm shifts production from the country of initial FDI to other lower-cost locations. As a result, the products manufactured in overseas locations become more cost-competitive vis-a-vis those manufactured in the home country and the foreign-based subsidiaries become not only more competitive to serve overseas markets but their production is also imported into the innovating country even to serve its domestic market. IPLC theory is valid for both trade and investment and management in service review provides a dependable explanation about trade patterns and investment. The theory explains why firms undertake FDI in proofread, countries with low production costs and considerable demand to support local production.

However, the IPLC theory does not touch upon the reasons for total quality review undertaking international investment rather than exporting or licensing, which are low cost alternatives for international business expansion. The theory applies mainly to industrial FDI in manufacturing sector. It is generally relevant to large firms with innovating capabilities. The IPLC theory ignores revenue as it is too cost-oriented. Further, it does not discuss opportunities when FDI is uk, more profitable. The eclectic theory (OLI Paradigm) is a blend of macroeconomic theory of international trade (L) and micro-economic theories of the firm (O I). As suggested by the eclectic theory, the extent and essay pattern of FDI are determined by a combination of three factors as discussed here.

For the investing firm to be profitable overseas, it needs to possess some core competencies or specific advantages not shared by uk, its competitors. Such advantages, internal to a specific firm, are termed as FSAs or ownership (O) factor. Such advantages should enable the firm either to have a lower marginal cost or higher marginal returns vis-a-vis its competitors so as to enable it to reap more profits from overseas investment. An MNE possesses firm-specific advantages, such as: i. Intangible assets, such as technology, knowledge, information and specific entrepreneurial, technical, managerial, and marketing skills. ii. Tangible assets, such as natural resources, capital, and manpower. iii. Size economy Due to large size of MNEs they often enjoy economies of scale and scope, access to finance within the total a literature review MNE, benefits emanating from diversifi­cation of proofread assets and risks spread. iv. Monopolistic advantage An MNE may benefit from its monopolistic ownership of scarce natural endowments, privileged access to raw materials, ownership of patent rights, and other inputs.

Since an MNE is required to cao thesis have its operations in foreign countries, it has to incur additional costs due to: i. Psychic distance because of proofread thesis uk differences in socio-cultural environment of the host country. ii. Unfamiliarity with the host country’s market conditions. iii. Total Quality Management In Service Sector A Literature Review. Differences in legal, political, economic environment, and institutional framework. iv. Increased expenses of operation and communication in a foreign country due to geographical difference. As the indigenous firm in the host country is not required to incur the above costs, the proofread ‘costs of foreignness’ are specific to foreign firms.

Therefore, in order to operate profitably and to remain in a foreign market, an MNE has to poises firm-specific advantages that either lower its operational costs or earn higher revenue. The locational (L) advantage or factor of a host country is the key determinant to its relative attractiveness as an investment destination. The major country-specific advantages can be as follows: Availability of factor endowments, availability of raw materials and other inputs, productivity and costs of inputs, market size and its growth, cost of logistics, efficacy, and cost of communication channels. Familiarity of total in service sector a literature operational environment, socio-cultural similarity, language, low psychic distance between the firm’s home country and the host country. The host country government’s attitudes and policies towards foreign firms and investment, incentives to promote FDI, continuity of economic policies, and uk the stability of the government. An MNE would, therefore, typically prefer countries with large market size and high rate of market growth, adequate and low cost availability of raw material, inputs and manpower, socio-cultural proximity, economic and document based political stability. The internalization factor : The internalization (I) factor explains the entry mode used by an MNE to access international markets. Proofread Thesis Uk. The core competencies or specific knowledge and know-how possessed by the firm form the basis of economic gains. A firm may transfer its know- how to an unrelated firm in a foreign country by way of licensing and thus earn profits. A firm attempts to internalize its operations: i. Pros And Cons. To protect its proprietary knowledge from competitors.

ii. To create and maintain monopolistic or oligopolistic power in the market by placing entry barriers to proofread thesis its competitors, forming cartels, predatory pricing, cross- subsidizing among its international operations, etc. iii. Alcohol. To protect itself against market uncertainties. Thus, the internalization advantages explain why an proofread uk MNE opts for wholly owned subsidiaries rather than licensing or minority ownership for accessing foreign markets. Liangliang Cao Thesis. Internalization helps a firm lessen the incidences of proofread thesis uk market failure. The eclectic framework distinguishes between two types of market failures:

Endemic market failure: Such market failure occurs due to natural market imperfections, such as unfamiliarity with markets or lack of market knowledge, the incidence of alcohol effects transaction costs in external markets, interdependence on demand and supply, uncertainty and risks, etc. Structural market failure: Endogenous market imperfections created by an MNE so as to thesis exploit its oligopolistic power are termed as structural market failures. MNEs are often involved in creating entry barriers for ga southern competitors, abusing their bargaining power due to their sheer size and thesis financial strength, cross-subsidization, predatory pricing, and ap us history price discrimination. Besides, MNEs indulge in arbitraging government-imposed market regulations, such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, differentiation in taxation regimes, etc., that create exogenous market imperfections. MNEs are often criticized for adopting unfair practices, such as transfer pricing and under-invoicing, through their affiliates for their own advantage so as to bypass high tariffs and the taxation differences among various countries. Thus, MNEs effectively arbitrage structural market imperfections through internalization, accumulating tariff and proofread thesis uk after-tax profits much higher than those of liangliang unrelated firms engaged in arm’s-length transactions. While enjoying these benefits of internalization, an MNE has to incur various costs too—those of running large-scale vertically and horizontally integrated international businesses. The MNE is required to expend huge amount of financial resources in thesis, managing the mammoth organization spread across many countries, often known as governance cost.

Multinational firms are often required to invest substantial resources in acquiring know-how or technological competence while entering into unrelated lines of business. The eclectic theory provides the most comprehensive explanation of FDI, integrating firm-specific (O), location-specific (L), and internalization (I) advantages. It logically examines the reasons for investing overseas, the selection of country location for investment, and total quality management a literature the cost-benefit analysis for selecting the uk mode of international expansion in a holistic manner. In the past decade, the US software firms have increasingly utilized the low-cost IT labour force in India. Companies wishing to capture the benefits of outsourcing can engage in contracting (hiring an Indian contracting company to perform the service) or foreign direct investment (opening an Indian subsidiary and ap us document hiring Indian employees). Modern FDI theories predict that Indian software outsourcing should occur primarily in the form of FDI. However, contrary to FDI theories, many US and proofread thesis uk European companies are hiring Indian software contracting companies in order to use the low-cost Indian IT labour force. Hybrid model suggests that contracting companies provide their clients with a combination of the advantages of both FDI and contracting.

The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period (for example, a year) is termed as the document based flow of FDI. If the investment is made by a foreign firm in proofread uk, a country, it is termed as inflow of FDI whereas investment made overseas is pros and cons of obamacare essay, termed as outflow of FDI. The total accumulated value of foreign owned assets at a given time is termed as stock of proofread thesis FDI. Application Essay. FDI comprises equity capital and re invested earnings as per IMF norms. Besides, capacity expansions financed by firms of foreign origin as well as short-term or long-term loans that form part of original packages are also treated as FDI.

There has been significant growth in FDI over the years. Thesis Uk. Globally, FDI inflows increased from US$742143 million in 2004 to long quotes research paper US$1305852 million in 2006 whereas FDI outflows rose from US$877301 million in 2004 to US$1215789 million in 2006. International macroeconomic factors, such as general economic slump and security concerns adversely affected FDI. This growth reflected increased flows to developing countries as well as to South East Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) which more than offset the decline in flows to developed countries. Between 2006 and 2007, FDI inflow’ to Netherlands exhibited the highest growth by 2285 per cent from US$4.4 billion in 2006 to US$104.2 in 2007 followed by the US (30.3%), Czech Republic (27.3%), and the UK (22.6%) among the developed economies whereas among the developing economies, Brazil witnessed the highest growth of FDI inflows at 99.3 per cent, followed by Mexico (92.9%), Chile (92.2%), and thesis Singapore (52.6%) (Table 12.3). The Russian Federation witnessed an impressive FDI inflow growth of 70.3 per cent whereas FDI declined by 9.4 per cent for India and 3.1 per cent for China.

While developed countries remain the major source of FDI, outflows from developing countries have also risen, from a negligible amount in the early 1980s to US$83 billion in 2004. The outward FDI stock from developing countries reached more than US$ 1 trillion in 2004, with a share of 11 per cent in world stock. Developing countries are beginning to recognize the significance of foreign investment in order to achieve their firms’ competitiveness and for enhancing their economic growth. It is important to understand that the government policies in developing countries were restrictive and paid little attention to outward investment. Moreover, the ratio of FDI outflows to gross capital formation was 25 per long in a, cent for Singapore in 2002-04 compared to 8 per proofread, cent for the US. Cao Thesis. A number of firms from thesis uk developing countries have also used MAs as strategic tools for global business expansion during the last few years. The global FDI increased faster than world trade and world output.

There had been considerable debate across the of obamacare essay world to reduce barriers to cross-border trade. Multilateral organizations, primarily the GATT and thesis subsequently the WTO, worked to reduce the trade barriers. Pros. As a result, there had been significant reduction in tariffs and non-tariff barriers, such as quota systems, which got eliminated from most countries. However, countries do exercise innovative barriers and firms often use FDI as a tool to circumvent protectionist measures. FDI by Japanese automobile companies in proofread uk, Europe, the ap us history document based essay US, and some other countries was primarily aimed to circumvent their trade protectionist measures. Rapid globalization in the last decade accelerated cross- border investments. Greenfield foreign direct investment increased from 5656 projects in 2002 to 9796 projects in 2004.

Developing and transition (South East Europe and CIS) economies attracted a larger number of Greenfield investment than developed countries. Greenfield investment is the key driver behind the FDI recovery during the recent years. This illustrates the tendency of developing countries to proofread thesis uk receive more FDI through Greenfield projects than through MAs. China and India attracted significant number of Greenfield FDI projects, together accounting for nearly half of the total number in the developing countries. Recent liberalization measures in India and strong economic growth in China, combined with increased liberalization after its accession to WTO, contributed to this trend. The services sector accounted for three-fifth of all Greenfield projects in the world.

However, the and cons essay FDI surge in 2005 is mainly attributed to increase in cross-border MAs. Global MAs increased by thesis, 40 per cent to US$2.9 trillion whereas Greenfield projects marginally dropped in alcohol essays, 2005. China, India, and proofread thesis uk the UK received highest number of pros and cons of obamacare Greenfield projects during the year. It has been observed that: i. Thesis. The increase in share of MAs in cao thesis, the total FDI is adversely affecting greenfield FDI. ii. The growing trend of MAs is leading to proofread uk creation of oligopolistic world, especially in pros and cons of obamacare, case of strategic industries.

iii. MAs severely affects survival of indigenous firms and industries from developing countries and they need to be more watchful. FDI is thesis, mainly financed by MNEs through: The foreign direct investor’s purchase of share of an enterprise in a country other than its own. Short- or long-term borrowings and lending of funds between direct investors, i.e., parent enterprises and affiliate enterprises. The direct investor’s share (in proportion to direct equity participation) of earnings not distributed as dividends by affiliates, or earnings not remitted to the direct investor. Such retained profits by affiliates are reinvested.

Among various FDI financing options, equity capital is the largest component. Its worldwide share in ap us history document based essay, total world FDI inflows fluctuated between 58 per cent and 71 per cent, during 1995-2004. The intra-company loans accounted for 23 per cent and re-invested earnings for 12 per cent of the world FDI inflows during the same period. The later two components are also much less s. In 2001, the share of thesis reinvested earnings in FDI financing reached a low of 2 per ga southern essay, cent of worldwide FDI whereas the equity capital registered a higher share. However, in 2007 re invested earnings accounted for about 30 per uk, cent of worldwide FDI flows.

For carrying out cross-country comparison of effects essays FDI performance and FDI potential, the UNCTAD’s FDI performance and potential indices serve as useful tools. Inward FDI performance index : It is a measure of the extent to which a host economy receives inward FDI compared to the relative size of its economy. It is thesis, calculated as the ga southern application essay ratio of proofread uk a country’s share in global FDI inflows to its share in quotes in a, global GDP. IND i = The inward FDI performance index of the i th country. FDI i = The FDI inflows in the i th country. FDI w = World FDI inflows. GDP i = GDP in the i th country. A value greater than ‘one’ indicates that the thesis uk country receives more FDI compared to history essay its relative economic size, a value below one that it receives less, a negative value means that foreign investors disinvest in that period. Thus, the index captures the thesis uk influence of FDI on factors other than market size, assuming that, other things being equal, size is the ‘baseline’ for attracting investments. These other factors can be diverse, ranging from the business climate, economic, and political stability, the presence of natural resources, infrastructure, skills, and tech­nologies, to opportunities for participating in privatization or the total quality management a literature review effectiveness of FDI promotion. The countries with top inward FDI Performance Index in 2006 included Luxembourg, Hong Kong, China, Suriname, Iceland, Singapore Malta, Bulgaria, Jordan, Estonia, and Belgium.

The inward FDI performance index improved in 2004 for developing countries as well as transition economies of South East Europe and the CIS. The improvement had been remarkable in South, East, and thesis uk Southeast Asia. However, it worsened in developed countries compared to total in service review 2003. For instance, the US where the FDI inflows rose by 69 per cent in 2004 had a lower performance index and proofread thesis ranked 114th out of 140 countries of the world due to quotes its lower FDI flows in proofread thesis uk, 2002-03. India’s ranking for inward FDI index declined considerably from 98th in management sector review, 1990 to 120th in 2000. However, it increased subsequently to 121st in proofread uk, 2005 but declined later to 113th in application essay, 2006.

Outward FDI performance index : Performance in proofread thesis uk, FDI outflows relating to the size of economies is management in service sector review, measured by outward FDI performance index. It is calculated as the uk ratio of a country’s share in alcohol effects essays, global FDI outflows to its share in the world GDP. OND i = The outward FDI performance index of the proofread thesis uk i th country. FDI i = The FDI outflows in the i th country. FDI w = World FDI outflows. GDP i = GDP in the i th country. The differences in the index values among countries reflect differences in and cons essay, these two sets of uk factors determining outward FDI by Trans-national Companies (TNCs) headquartered in different countries: i. ‘Ownership advantages’, or firm-specific competitive strengths of TNCs (such as innovation, brand names, managerial and organizational skills, access to information, financial or natural resources, and size and ap us history document essay network advantages) that they are exploiting abroad or wish to augment through foreign expansion. ii. Proofread Uk. ‘Location factors’, which reflect primarily economic factors conducive to the production of different goods and services in home and host economies, such as relative market size, production or transport costs, skills, supply chains, infrastructure, and technology supply. Driven by the competitive pressures of globalization of world economy, both these factors work together and lead a firm to invest abroad by establishing foreign affiliates.

These affiliates then become a source of competitive strength for their respective corporate networks. The leading investor economies, in ap us, term of outward FDI performance index include Iceland, Hong Kong, China, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Panama, Ireland, Azerbaijan, and Bahrain. Proofread Thesis. India’s ranking in outward FDI performance index improved considerably from 94th in history document based, 2000 to 65th in 2005 but declined later to 56th in 2006. Inward FDI potential index : The inward FDI potential index reflects the stability of structure variables comprising the thesis index. It is based on 12 economic and structural variables measured by their respective scores on a range of 0-1.

It is the un-weighted average of scores based on: a. GDP per capita. b. The rate of growth of GDP. c. The share of essay exports in GDP. d. Telecom infrastructure. e. Thesis. Commercial energy use per capita. f. The share of RD expenditures in application essay, gross national income. g. The share of tertiary students in the population.

i. Exports of natural resources as a percentage of the world total. j. Imports of parts and components of electronics and automobiles as a percentage of the world total. k. Exports in services as a percentage of the world total. l. Inward FDI stock as a percentage of the world total. The top economies by inward FDI potential index in 2006 include the US, Singapore, the UK, Canada, Luxembourg, Germany, Qatar, Sweden, Norway, and Hong Kong (China). Cross-country comparison of FDI performance vs. potential Indices : A comparison of rankings by the FDI potential index with those of FDI performance index gives an indication of how each country performs against its potential.

Countries in the world can be divided in four categories so as to draw up a four-fold matrix as shown in Exhibit 12.4. Countries with high FDI potential and proofread performance. Countries with low FDI potential but strong FDI performance. Countries with high FDI potential but low FDI performance. Countries with both low FDI potential and performance. India falls in the category of under performer with both low FDI potential and performance. Therefore, there is a lot of scope for enhancing both performance as well as potential. The concern for below potential countries is how they could raise their FDI performance to pros and cons of obamacare match their potential whereas the above potential countries need to continuously strive so as to proofread uk sustain their FDI performance at levels comparable with those of past while addressing their structural problems. Essay # 11. Policy Framework to liangliang Promote Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

Attracting foreign direct investment has become a key part of national development strategies for proofread most countries. Such investments are often viewed to augment domestic capital, employment, and productivity, leading to quality sector a literature review economic growth. Despite its positive effects, FDI is also blamed for crowding out domestic investments and lowering certain regulatory standards. The impact of FDI depends on many conditions. However, well developed and implemented policies can help maximize gains from proofread uk FDI. Although FDI is believed to play a positive role in achieving sustainable development, it does not, however, automatically lead to ap us history document based essay environmentally and socially beneficial outcomes. The nature and extent of these outcomes are critically affected by market conditions, and thus the regulatory framework, within which the investment takes place. Investment promotion by host countries is broadly made through three different ‘generation’ policies, which are discussed as follows:

First generation policies the proofread uk liberalization of FDI flows and the opening up of sectors to foreign investors. Second generation policies the marketing of countries as locations for FDI and the setting up of in a national investment promotion agencies. Third generation policies the targeting of foreign investors at the level of industries and clusters, and uk the marketing of quotes research regions and clusters with the aim of matching the locational advantages of countries with the needs of foreign investors. Major regulatory and incentives measures for FDI may be summarized as: i. Screening, admission, and establishment: a. Closure of thesis uk certain sectors, industries, or activities to FDI. b. Minimum capital requirements. c. Restrictions on modes of management sector review entry. d. Proofread Thesis. Eligibility for bidding on ap us essay, privatization. e. Establishment of special zones (such as EPZs/SEZs) for FDI with legislation distinct from thesis that governing the rest of the country. ii. Fiscal incentives: a. Reduction in standard corporate income tax rates o Tax holidays.

b. Reductions in social security contributions. c. Document Essay. Accelerated depreciation allowances. d. Duty exemptions and drawbacks. e. Export tax exemptions. f. Reduced taxes for expatriates. iii. Financial incentives: a. Investment grants. b. Subsidized credits. c. Credit guarantees.

iv. Other incentives. a. Proofread Thesis. Subsidized service fees (electricity, water, telecommunications, transportation, etc.) b. Subsidized designated infrastructure such as, commercial buildings. c. Preferential access to and cons government contracts. d. Closure of the market to further entry or granting of monopoly rights. v. Performance requirements: a. Protection from import competition. b. Local content requirements (value added) c. Minimum export shares. d. Trade balancing. e. Proofread Uk. Technology transfer.

f. Local equity participation. g. Pros And Cons Essay. Employment targets. h. RD requirements. More generally, countries typically have a mix of both resource-seeking and proofread thesis uk efficiency-seeking FDI, reflecting partial reform of their trade regimes, and the political economy of dispensing patronage. Consequently, most countries follow dual policy regimes. On the basis of cross-country analysis of FDI regimes of six major Asian countries, i.e., India, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, the following observations may be made: i. FDI policy may differ between regions. Three of the six—China, India, and Malaysia—feature rather high levels of decentralized economic policy-making. Thailand has been pursuing a policy of ‘industrial decentralization’ for some time. In all six countries, with the exception of Malaysia, economic authority is progressively being devolved away from the in a research paper centre in varying degrees and at proofread thesis different speeds.

ii. And Cons Essay. There are large inter-industry differences in the degree of protection, and thus difference in incentive, in all the six countries. iii. State-owned enterprises (SOEs) typically receive preferential treatment, especially in China, India, and Vietnam, and so do their MNE joint venture partners. iv.

Most countries offer some sort of fiscal or financial incentive to foreign investors. These vary by the sales orientation of the foreign investor, the thesis technology introduced by pros and cons essay, the investor, the proofread uk location of the investment, and other factors. v. The regulatory regime frequently offers more than one entry option for potential foreign investors, especially in recently reformed economies. A critical evaluation of ap us document FDI and economic development in India and China, as given in Exhibit 12.5, brings out the differences in their approach to economic development. Essay # 12. Promotion of Foreign Direct Investment in India(FDI): The Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion is responsible for facilitating and promoting FDI inflows into the country. It plays an active role in investment promotion through dissemination of proofread information on investment climate and history document based opportunities in uk, India.

The department also advises potential investors about investment policies, procedures, and opportunities. Essay. It also helps resolve problems faced by foreign investors in the implementation of their projects through the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) which interacts directly with the proofread thesis uk investors. In addition, a number of government departments, such as Ministries of Finance, External Affairs, Labour, Environment and Forests, etc., are also involved in the investment process. Exhibit 12.6 summarizes the quality management in service sector a literature details of agencies involved in FDI clearances/approvals in India. The policy framework of FDI in thesis uk, India evolved in a phased manner, from the management in service a literature review strategy of import substitution soon after independence to progressive liberalization that began in the early 1990s. The Indian government promotes FDI so as to fuel its development plans with increased investment and derive spin-off benefits. FDI inflows in the development of infrastructure, setting up of Special Economic Zones (SEZs), and technological up gradation of Indian industry through Greenfield operation investments in manufacturing and in projects with high employment potential are encouraged. The FDI policy in India may be summarized as. i. Retail trading (except single brand product retailing) ii. Atomic energy.

iii. Lottery business. iv. Gambling and betting sector. v. Business of chit fund and Nidhi Company. vi. Plantation except tea. vii. Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDR) viii. Activity/sector not opened to private sector investment.

FDI up to thesis 24 per cent allowed : i. Manufacture of items reserved for small sector up to 24 per cent above which prior government approval is required. FDI up to 26 per cent allowed : i. FM broadcasting FDI and FII investment up to 20 per cent with prior government approval. ii. Up-linking a news and current affairs TV channels with prior government approval. iii.

Defence production with prior government approval. iv. Insurance FDI and FII under the automatic route. v. Publishing of history document essay news papers and periodicals: with prior government approval. FDI up to 49 per cent allowed : a. Setting up hardware facilities, FDI and FII equity with prior government approval. b. Cable network FDI and FII with prior government approval. c. Direct to Home (DTH) FDI and FII with prior government approval. Proofread Uk. FDI cannot exceed 20 per cent. ii. Scheduled air transport services under the quality management review automatic route. iii.

Commodity exchanges with prior government approval. iv. Credit information companies with prior government approval. v. Refining in case of PSUs with prior government approval. vi. Asset reconstruction companies with prior government approval. FDI up to 51 per cent allowed : i. Single brand product retailing subject to prior approval. FDI up to 74 per cent allowed : i. ISP with gateways, radio-paging, and end-to-end bandwidth: 49 per cent under automatic route and beyond 49 per cent with prior government approval.

ii. Proofread Thesis. Establishment and operation of satellites: with prior government approval. iii. Private sector banking: FDI and pros and cons of obamacare FII under the thesis uk automatic route. iv. Telecommunications services: Basic, cellular, unified access services, global mobile personal communication services, and other value added telecom services with 49 per cent under the automatic route and beyond 49 per cent with prior gov­ernment approval. v. Non-scheduled air transport services, ground handling services under the automatic route. Foreign direct investment up to 100 per cent allowed with prior government approval subject to conditions: a. Quotes Paper. Items from small scale sector.

b. Test marketing of items approved for manufacture. ii. Proofread Uk. Courier services. iii. Tea sector, including tea plantation subject to effects divestment of 26 per cent equity in favour of proofread thesis uk Indian partner/public within five years. iv. Quality Management In Service Sector Review. ISP without gateway, infrastructure provider, electronic mail, and voice mail: FDI up to thesis 49 per cent under the automatic route and beyond 49 per cent with prior government approval. v. Mining and effects essays mineral separation of titanium bearing minerals and ores, its value addition and integrated activities. vi. Cigars and cigarettes manufacture. vii.

Airports-existing projects with prior government approval beyond 74 per cent. viii. Up-linking of a non-news and current affairs TV channel. ix. Investing companies in proofread thesis uk, infrastructure/ services sector (except telecom sector) x. Publishing of scientific magazines, specialty journals and total management in service periodicals. Foreign direct investment allowed up to 100 per proofread thesis uk, cent under automatic route: i. Agriculture sector: c) Development of seeds. d) Animal husbandry. g) Services related to agro and allied sectors.

ii. Industrial sectors: (a) Covering exploration and mining of diamonds and precious stones, gold, silver, and minerals. (b) Coal and total sector a literature lignite for captive consumption. (b) Manufacturing activities: (a) Alcohol distillation and brewing. (b) Coffee and rubber processing and warehousing. (c) Hazardous chemicals. (d) Industrial explosive—manufacture. (e) Drugs and pharmaceuticals.

(f) Manufacture of telecom equipment. (c) Petroleum sector: (a) Petroleum sector other than refining including market study and formulation; investment/financing; setting-up infrastructure for marketing. (b) Petroleum refining for proofread thesis uk private companies. (a) Generation (except atomic energy), transmission, distribution, and power trading. i. Total Management Review. Special Economic Zones and Free Trade Warehousing Zones. ii. Industrial Parks.

iii. Proofread. Construction development projects. (a) Civil aviation. i. Ap Us. Airports Greenfield projects. ii. Helicopter/seaplane services. iii. Maintenance and repair organizations, flying and technical training institutes. iv. Air transport services for NRI investment.

v. Ground handling services for NRI investment. (b) Non-banking finance companies. i. Wholesale/cash carry trading. ii. Trading for exports. In sectors/activities not listed above, FDI is permitted up to 100 per cent through automatic route subject to prevailing rules and regulations applicable. FDI inflows in proofread uk, India have shown a fluctuating trend during the last few years as shown in Table 12.4 and Fig. 12.2.

It increased from US$4029 million in 2000-01 to US$6130 million in 2001-02. However, the FDI inflows declined to US$4322 million in 2003-04 but subsequently exhibited a rising trend to ap us document essay US$8,961 million in 2005-06 and thereafter jumped to US$22,079 million 2006-07 and US$29,893 million in 2007-08. The equity capital accounted for 74.8 per cent, whereas re-invested earnings were 21.8 per cent, and other capital for 3.4 per thesis uk, cent of the total FDI inflows in India, as shown in Fig. 12.3 during April 2000 to May 2008. Sector-wise composition of FDI inflows as shown in Fig. 12.4 indicates that services sector received the highest FDI inflows of US$14,256 million (22%) during April 2000 to May 2008, followed by computer software and total in service sector review hardware US$7,477 million (11.5%), construction activities US$4325 million (6.7%), telecommunications US$4074 million (6.3%), housing and real estate US$3745 million (5.8%), power US$2643 million (4.1%), automobile industry US$2582 million (4.0%), metallurgical industries US$2377 million (3.70/0), petroleum and natural gas US$2007 (3.1%), chemicals US$1519 million (2.3o/o), and others US$19800.3 million (30.6%). Mauritius has been the top investor in India with US$28493 million (40.6%) as shown in Fig. 12.5. followed by the US with US$5327 million (76%), Singapore with US$4973 million (71%), the UK with US$4579 million (6.5%), Netherlands with US$2791 million (4.0%), Japan with US$2151 million (3.1%), Germany with US$1637 million (2.3%), Cyprus with US$1162 million (1.7%), France with US$997 million (1.4%), UAE with US$802 million (1.1%), and others with US$17279 million (24.6%) during April 2000 to May 2008. Foreign Direct investment in Retail Sector : India is the second largest market in proofread uk, the world after China and it fascinates global retailers to invest. Many international players, such as Wal-Mart, Gap, Ikea, and Tesco already source from quotes paper India despite FDI restrictions.

Wal-Mart, through its buying office in Bangalore, sourced goods worth US$1 billion from India in 2004 and planned to increase this to US$1.5 billion in 2005. The major pros and cons of opening up FDI in the retail sector are discussed here. i. FDI in retail would benefit the consumer by offering him/her more choice, better services, wider access, easier credit, and a better shopping experience. ii. Modern retailing will benefit local retailing by forcing it to re-invent as has been the case in China. iii. It will lead to higher standards of quality, introduce best practices, provide more skilled employment, and improve tax collection. iv.

Foreign direct investment in proofread thesis uk, retail would lead to less wastage of agri-produce due to improved food processing techniques and cold storage facilities. v. FDI would involve up gradation of infrastructure, logistics, and support services. vi. It would help Indian products get global recognition. vii. It will help increase the supply of processed foods, apparels, and handicrafts. viii. Elimination of multiple middlemen would reduce transaction costs related to inventory, delivery, and management in service sector handling. i. FDI in retail would wipe out indigenous mom and proofread thesis pop (kirana) stores as they will not be able to match the standards and services provided by super markets. ii. The unorganized sector would obviously lose its place and edge in the retail market.

iii. Total Quality Management In Service. Retail FDI would also introduce competitive pricing, forcing a lot of domestic players out of the game. iv. It would reduce employment opportunities by displacing smaller retailers in the unorganized sector, like what has happened in Thailand. v. It would mean legalizing the predatory practices of the MNC retail chains. vi. Retail-FDI will promote a ‘standardized’ form of thesis global foreign culture. vii. India’s imports are likely to increase as MNCs will dump their products in history document essay, India. viii.

Since very little investment is required in retailing, foreign players would end up remitting their profits. Allowing FDI in retail sector will considerably affect the proofread uk market structure and the consumers. The government of India opened up FDI up to 51 per cent in retail trade to ‘single brand products’ with effect from liangliang 10 February 2006, with prior government permission. There has been considerable debate over the impact of uk FDI in retail sector. Opening up of the retail sector in China has contributed to growth in quality a literature review, labour- intensive manufacturing, as indicated in uk, Exhibit 12.7. In view of the significance of FDI in and cons of obamacare, development process of host economies, most countries promote FDI pro-actively.

A cross-country analysis of thesis FDI regimes reveals the differences in focus areas and strategies in promoting foreign investment. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the pros and cons of obamacare essay following pages: