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Brief intervention to encourage empathic discipline cuts suspension rates in medical administration officer cover letter, half among adolescents. Edited by Susan T. Fiske, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, and approved March 18, 2016 (received for review December 1, 2015) There is increasing concern about rising discipline citations in for art essay, K–12 schooling and medical administration cover letter, a lack of money happiness, means to reduce them. Predominant theories characterize this problem as the result of punitive discipline policies (e.g., zero-tolerance policies), teachers’ lack of interpersonal skills, or students’ lack of self-control or social–emotional skills. By contrast, the present research examined teachers’ mindsets about discipline. A brief intervention aimed at encouraging an empathic mindset about discipline halved student suspension rates over an academic year. This intervention, an online exercise, can be delivered at near-zero marginal cost to large samples of teachers and administration officer cover letter, students. These findings could mark a paradigm shift in society’s understanding of the origins of and does equal essay, remedies for discipline problems. Medical Officer Cover! Growing suspension rates predict major negative life outcomes, including adult incarceration and unemployment.

Experiment 1 tested whether teachers ( n = 39) could be encouraged to an essay, adopt an empathic rather than punitive mindset about discipline—to value students’ perspectives and medical officer letter, sustain positive relationships while encouraging better behavior. Experiment 2 tested whether an empathic response to misbehavior would sustain students’ ( n = 302) respect for history, teachers and medical officer, motivation to behave well in climate change, class. These hypotheses were confirmed. Finally, a randomized field experiment tested a brief, online intervention to encourage teachers to adopt an empathic mindset about discipline. Evaluated at five middle schools in three districts ( N teachers = 31; N students = 1,682), this intervention halved year-long student suspension rates from medical administration officer cover 9.6% to 4.8%. It also bolstered respect the most at-risk students, previously suspended students, perceived from teachers. Teachers’ mindsets about discipline directly affect the quality of teacher–student relationships and student suspensions and, moreover, can be changed through scalable intervention. Removal from mainstream education settings for discipline problems denies children opportunities to learn and thus predicts major negative life outcomes such as adult unemployment and incarceration (1).

However, in the United States, the number of movie, students suspended for misbehavior nearly tripled from 1.7 million in 1974 to more than 5 million in medical administration officer, 2011 (3.7–11% of all students) (2, 3). Contemporaneously, a dominant approach to misbehavior, which prioritizes punishment over remediation, has emerged in master climate change, US schooling (4). For instance, zero-tolerance policies aim to medical officer cover letter, deter misbehavior through tough consequences and thus promote severe disciplinary action (e.g., suspensions) for thesis change, even minor misbehavior (5). Medical Officer! Although many factors contribute to high suspension rates, we examined teachers’ mindsets about crucibles essay, discipline. We hypothesized that a punitive response to misbehavior can, ironically, alienate disaffected students and administration officer letter, thus incite the destructive, oppositional behaviors it aims to prevent. A response that values students’ perspectives and maintains high-quality relationships in does essay, disciplinary interactions may improve outcomes. Much research shows that feeling respect for administration cover letter, and being respected by does money equal essay authority figures can motivate people to officer cover, follow rules enforced by those figures, especially in conflicts (6). An Essay! If teachers convey this respect while disciplining students, this may improve students’ behavior.

Consistent with this hypothesis, the quality of letter, students’ relationships with teachers is an essay, one of the strongest predictors of classroom behavior (7). Administration Officer Cover! Relationships of trust and respect may be especially important in adolescence. In this period before cognitive-control regions in the brain have fully matured, external resources like trusted teachers may be essential to guide children’s growth (8, 9). Punitive disciplinary interactions risk undermining these relationships (10). If students feel disrespected and subsequently misbehave, this may confirm in teachers’ minds that the does money equal student is officer, a “troublemaker,” facilitating harsh responses to future misbehavior (11). Thus, a punitive approach to discipline may give rise to master, a self-perpetuating cycle of punishment and misbehavior (12). Three experiments tested whether teachers can be encouraged to adopt an empathic mindset about discipline and administration officer cover, examined its impact on students.

This mindset prioritizes valuing and understanding students’ experiences and negative feelings that give rise to misbehavior, sustaining positive relationships with misbehaving students, and working with students within trusting relationships to improve behavior (9). Crucibles Essay! For example, perspective-taking, the cognitive component of medical officer, empathy, may help teachers understand students’ experiences and internal states (13) and essays, thus respond more appropriately to misbehavior (e.g., with greater concern for the needs of the student) (12, 14). Notably, even as many teachers are exposed to cover letter, a default punitive approach to personal, discipline (5), teachers also have, as a central plank of medical officer cover, their profession, the goal to build and sustain positive relationships with students, especially struggling students (15). The existence of crucibles essay, this alternative mindset suggests that it may be possible through relatively modest means to encourage a different approach to student misbehavior. We thus test whether an empathic mindset can change teachers’ practices, whether this improves students’ responses to discipline, and whether encouraging an empathic mindset in teachers can reduce suspension rates among students.

Experiment 1 tested whether a targeted message about empathic discipline would change teachers’ approach to discipline. Administration Cover! Thirty-nine K–12 teachers ( M experience = 14 y) were randomly assigned to an empathic- or a punitive-mindset condition. Teachers read a brief article, which reminded them either that “good teacher–student relationships are critical for crucibles essay, students to learn self-control” (empathic mindset) or that “punishment is critical for teachers to take control of the classroom” (punitive mindset). Next, teachers were asked how this approach helps teachers “maintain control over a class.” Teachers then reviewed three counterbalanced incidents of medical administration officer, minor misbehavior drawn from middle-school referral records (e.g., disrupting class by throwing away trash). After each incident, teachers described how they would discipline the student. Last, they reported the crucibles essay likelihood they would consider the student a troublemaker (1, not at all; 7, extremely).

As predicted, teachers’ disciplinary responses were less punitive and more empathic in the empathic-mindset condition than in the punitive-mindset condition. Teachers were also less likely to label the student a troublemaker in the empathic-mindset condition (see Tables 1 and 2). Teacher responses to minor student misbehavior as a function of condition (experiment 1) ( n = 39) Coded disciplinary responses and teacher judgments (experiment 1) ( n = 39) How do students respond to empathic discipline? In experiment 2, we asked college students ( n = 302) to officer letter, imagine themselves as middle-school students who had disrupted class by repeatedly walking around to essays movie, throw away trash. Medical Cover! Their teacher, Mrs. Smith, responded in a manner reflective of footnoting, each condition in experiment 1: by assigning detention and medical cover letter, referring them to essays, the principal’s office (punitive-discipline condition) or by administration officer letter asking them about rubric, their misbehavior and administration, moving the wastebasket closer to their desk (empathic-discipline condition). Next, participants reported the respect they would have for the teacher (six items; e.g., “I think Mrs.

Smith deserves my respect”; ? = 0.85) and the motivation they would have to behave well in the future (two items; e.g., “It is important to me that I follow rules in master climate, this class”; ? = 0.83) (1, strongly disagree; 7, strongly agree). Letter! As predicted, college students reported that, as middle-school students, they would respect the teacher far more in rubric history, the empathic-mindset than in the punitive-discipline condition ( M = 5.23, SD = 1.14 versus M = 2.47, SD = 1.09), t (300) = 20.98, P 0.001, d = 2.42. They also anticipated they would feel greater motivation to medical administration officer, behave well in the future ( M = 4.38, SD = 1.41 versus M = 3.79, SD = 1.56), t (300) = 3.43, P 0.001, d = 0.40 (see Fig. 1). Moreover, consistent with our theory, the greater respect college students reported that they as middle-school students would have for the teacher statistically mediated the increase in their anticipated motivation to behave well in the future. Using mediation procedures with model 4 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) macro mediation analysis package (PROCESS) (16) and 10,000 bias-corrected bootstrap resamples, we tested a model with “condition > respect (mediator) > behave well.” As noted, the total effect of condition on students’ anticipated motivation to behave well was significant ( b = 0.59, SE = 0.17, P = 0.001). In step 1, the total effect of condition on the mediator (respect) was significant ( b = 2.02, SE = 0.11, P 0.001). In step 2, we regressed the dependent variable (behave well) on the mediator and condition. The effect of respect was significant ( b = 0.59, SE = 0.08, P 0.001), and essays on twilight, the effect of condition was reduced ( b = –0.60, SE = 0.23, P = 0.011). In step 4, the medical administration cover predicted mediation (indirect path from condition > respect for teacher > motivation to behave well) was significant [ b = 1.19, SE = 0.19, confidence interval (CI) = 0.82, 1.58]. College students ( n = 302) who imagined themselves as middle-school students being disciplined in an empathic rather than a punitive manner reported that they would respect the rubric teacher more and be more motivated to behave well in officer, the future (experiment 2).

The y axes represent the full range of the scales. Error bars represent 95% CIs after 10,000 bootstraps. Experiments 1 and 2 show that teachers can be encouraged to take an empathic approach to discipline and that students report that such treatment motivates better behavior. Narrative Essay About! Can an empathic mindset give rise to a cycle of improved interactions between teachers and students and, thus, cause lasting benefits? Experiment 3, a longitudinal randomized placebo-controlled field experiment, tested whether encouraging an medical letter empathic mindset about climate, discipline in teachers would reduce student suspension rates over medical officer, an academic year. Participants were math teachers at five diverse middle schools in three school districts in California ( n = 31) and their students ( n = 1,682; 52% female; 17% Asian, 2% Black, 54% Latino, 7% White, 20% other/unknown). Essays Movie! This sample represents 91.12% of recruited faculty, 83% of math faculty, and administration cover letter, 55.57% of students at these schools. Narrative Essay Bullying! For school characteristics, see Table S1. The intervention comprised one 45-min and one 25-min online module.

Teachers were told that the purpose of the exercise was to review common but sometimes neglected wisdom about officer letter, teaching and to collect their perspectives as experienced teachers on master change, how best to handle difficult interactions with students, especially disciplinary encounters. Teachers were randomly assigned to a condition within school immediately after consent. Demographics of administration letter, participating schools (experiment 3) The first module was completed midway through the thesis Fall semester. Administration Cover Letter! First, teachers read an article that described nonpejorative reasons why students sometimes misbehave in class and how positive relationships with teachers can facilitate students’ growth (e.g., “[the] social and biological changes of adolescence can make middle school students insecure … worries [about unfair treatment] can cause students to crucibles essay, experience stress, to overreact, and cover, sometimes to master thesis climate, disengage from medical administration cover letter school”). These materials discouraged the labeling of misbehaving students as troublemakers. Instead, they encouraged teachers to understand and value students’ experiences and negative feelings that can cause misbehavior and to sustain positive relationships when students misbehave. Teachers were reminded that “a teacher who makes his or her students feel heard, valued, and respected shows them that school is master thesis climate change, fair and they can grow and succeed there.” These ideas were reinforced through stories from students (e.g., “One day I got detention, and instead of officer letter, just sitting there, my teacher talked with me about what happened. He really listened to me. … It felt good to know I had someone I could trust in school. Footnoting An Essay! …”). Teachers then wrote how they incorporate or could incorporate these ideas in their own practice. These responses, they were told, would be “incorporated into a teacher training program so future teachers can benefit from your experiences and insights” (see SI Experiment 3 for details).

This representation of the exercise and medical administration letter, interactive elements draws on other successful social–psychological interventions (17 ? ? –20). Teachers were treated as experts and movie, agents of positive change for medical administration officer cover, others, not as recipients of remediation. They were exposed to powerful stories on which they elaborated in guided writing exercises, allowing them to take ownership of the climate intervention message, to officer cover letter, connect it to their own practice, and to advocate for it to others (21) (see SI Experiment 3 for details). (Students completed separate randomized materials at this time, which did not affect the essay primary outcomes examined here; SI Experiment 3 .) The second session completed 2 mo later reinforced the treatment message. Teachers were reminded that “students’ feelings about and behavior in school can and do improve when teachers successfully convey the care and respect students crave.” They reviewed a story from a teacher who described a teacher of hers who had eased her worries about mistreatment by showing her respect and how she tried to convey the same respect to her students. Participating teachers then described how they show their own students respect. Teachers also had their students complete surveys during this session, which assessed broad perceptions of the school climate. The present study focused on the critical factor of perceived respect (“Teachers and other adults at my school treat me with respect”; 1, strongly disagree; 6, strongly agree) (see SI Experiment 3 for details).

It is important to note what the empathic-mindset intervention does not do. Even as this intervention encourages teachers to understand and administration officer cover letter, value students’ perspectives, it does not ask teachers to share students’ perspective or to think that that perspective is reasonable, which it may not be. In many contexts, simply understanding and feeling understood may be enough to on twilight, initiate a better teacher–student relationship (20). The intervention also does not encourage teachers to not discipline misbehaving students. As in medical cover, parenting contexts (22), an overly permissive approach may be counterproductive.

It may cause teachers to lose control of the footnoting class and deny misbehaving children the understanding and supportive feedback they need to improve. Administration Officer Letter! Instead, the intervention encourages teachers to on twilight movie, discipline students in a context of mutual understanding and officer, trust. The control exercise was similar in form and interactivity but discussed ways to use technology to crucibles essay, promote learning (see SI Experiment 3 for details). This neutral comparison tests whether the empathic-mindset intervention can reduce suspensions compared with typical disciplinary practice. How did intervention-condition teachers describe how they would incorporate empathic approaches in their practice? When asked how they “would like … to improve your relationships with your students?” teachers powerfully echoed the intervention themes: For example, “[I] greet every student at the door with a smile every day no matter what has occurred the day before”; “[I] answer their questions thoughtfully and respectfully no matter what their academic history with me has been”; and “I NEVER hold grudges. I try to remember that they are all the son or daughter of medical administration letter, someone who loves them more than anything in history, the world. They are the light of someone’s life!” (see SI Experiment 3 for details).

The primary outcome was students’ year-long suspension rates. Cover Letter! (Each school district recorded discipline data differently and change, primarily only as year sums, so it was not possible to examine discipline outcomes across the full sample with greater granularity.) Examining official school records, a mixed-effect linear regression with students nested within school, teacher, and classroom (each teacher taught multiple classes) showed that students whose math teacher received the empathic-mindset intervention were half as likely to be suspended over the school year (4.6%) as students of control teachers (9.8%) [odds ratio (OR) = 0.42, z = –3.33, P = 0.001; see Fig. Medical Officer Cover! 2). The effect remained significant controlling for student race, gender, and thesis change, prior-year suspension status (OR = 0.49, z = –2.37, P = 0.018). It was consistent across all these factors; there was no interaction involving them ( z s 1.85, P s 0.05). As in national data (4), control-condition suspension rates were highest among boys (OR = 3.21, z = 4.16, P 0.001), African American and Latino students (OR = 2.48, z = 2.30, P = 0.021), and students with a history of medical administration officer cover, suspensions (OR = 17.34, z = 1,420.00, P 0.001). The reduction in suspension rates was comparably large for these groups (boys, 14.6–8.4%; African Americans and Latinos, 12.3–6.3%; previously suspended students, 51.2–29.4%). Middle-school students ( n = 1,682) whose math teacher ( n = 31) completed the empathic-mindset intervention compared with randomized control materials were half as likely to be suspended over on twilight, the school year (experiment 3). Medical Letter! Error bars represent 95% CIs after 10,000 bootstraps.

Did the footnoting an essay empathic-mindset intervention improve teacher–student relationships from students’ perspective? It did for the most at-risk students, those with a history of suspensions. An initial mixed-effect linear regression on medical administration cover letter, students’ reports of respect from teachers with students nested within school, teacher, and classroom revealed a main effect of prior suspension status, t (1,440) = –2.01, P = 0.045, and no main effect of rubric for art, condition ( t 1.25). (We used Satterthwaite approximations to estimate degrees of freedom with the lmerTest package in medical officer letter, R.) However, a subsequent model revealed a significant Prior Suspension ? Treatment interaction, t (1,438) = 2.57, P = 0.010 (see Fig. 3). In the control condition, previously suspended students thought their teachers were less respectful ( M = 3.85) than did students with no history of suspension ( M = 4.53), t (1,434) = –3.20, P = 0.001, d = 0.56. Money Happiness Essay! This effect was eliminated by cover the intervention, t (1,430) 1. Students with a history of footnoting, suspension felt more respected by their teachers when their math teacher had been treated ( M = 4.70) than when the letter teacher had not ( M = 3.85), t (1,439) = 2.68, P = 0.008, d = 0.77. Middle-school students ( n = 1,449) with a history of suspension whose math teacher ( n = 31) completed the empathic-mindset intervention perceived their teachers as more respectful of them 2 mo after the initial teacher intervention than students whose math teacher completed randomized control materials (experiment 3). The analysis omits 233 students who did not complete the follow-up survey (13.85%).

Attrition did not differ by essays movie students’ math teacher condition assignment (OR = 1.24, z 1, nonsignificant). Error bars represent 95% CIs after 10,000 bootstraps. Medical Administration Officer! The present research demonstrates how a punitive climate can create in movie, teachers a punitive approach to discipline and how this approach undermines students’ feelings of respect for teachers and motivation to behave well in class (experiments 1 and 2). A brief, online intervention to encourage an medical empathic mindset in teachers about does, discipline halved year-long suspension rates among 1,682 students in five diverse middle schools (experiment 3). Many past interventions have aimed to facilitate mindsets that help students overcome challenges in school (18, 19). The present intervention targeted teachers’ mindsets to make school more psychologically safe, removing a barrier to administration letter, students’ success. Money Equal! Importantly, the empathic-mindset intervention did not attempt to teach teachers new skills for interacting with students or introduce new policies for how to discipline students (23). Medical Officer Cover! Nor did it attempt to on twilight, build students’ self-control or social–emotional skills, another common approach to improving student behavior (24).

Like learning any new skill or program, such approaches may require ongoing coaching and practice. Instead, we assumed that teachers were capable of building better relationships with students and medical administration letter, that students could behave more positively with more supportive treatment. The intervention simply encouraged teachers to on twilight, view discipline as an opportunity to facilitate mutual understanding and better relationships and empowered teachers to officer cover, do so in a manner effective for rubric history essay, them and their students. The findings suggest that, at least in the school contexts examined here, punitive mindsets about discipline serve as a critical barrier to administration cover letter, better teacher–student relationships. Moreover, insofar as relatively brief, online modules can encourage teachers to take a more empathic approach, the results suggest the potential for effective, scalable intervention to improve discipline outcomes. However, our emphasis on rubric essay, teachers’ mindsets does not diminish the medical officer cover letter importance of punitive discipline policies; rather, it illustrates one reason why such policies matter. Personal Narrative Essay! They create a context that discourages teachers from prioritizing building strong relationships with students at critical junctures. Efforts to medical administration officer cover, change discipline policies and to encourage empathic mindsets about discipline thus go hand-in-hand. The present research raises important questions, which will be exciting to personal essay about, address in future research.

First, a notable finding was that the randomization of administration letter, a single teacher to treatment versus control condition caused a reduction in suspensions that arise from misbehavior in all school settings; indeed, supplementary analyses provide evidence that the intervention effect extended beyond a reduction in suspensions referred by math teachers ( SI Experiment 3 ). Personal Narrative Essay About! Although striking, this finding is consistent with research suggesting the importance for medical officer cover letter, children of having at least one teacher in school whom they trust (20). It will be important to does equal essay, further understand how, when, and why improvement in a single teacher–student relationship causes reverberating benefits for students. Second, it is important to further explore the psychological and social–relational changes induced by the intervention and how these improve discipline. Using a chain of experiments, the present research identified key causal relationships (25) linking an empathic mindset and treatment to greater feelings and perceptions of medical administration cover letter, respect and reduced suspensions. An important next step is to include periodic assessments of teachers’ and crucibles essay, students’ attitudes and administration officer, developing relationships and observations of their interactions in thesis change, future trials. Such measures may further clarify how and when an empathic approach to medical administration cover, discipline can become enduring in teachers’ minds and embedded in teacher–student interactions and support statistical tests of mediation (26). They may also shed light on consequences beyond discipline, like for school engagement and learning. Does Happiness Essay! Ideally, these assessments will be unobtrusive so as not to lead teachers to feel scrutinized or to undercut the honorific representation of the exercise, which could undermine intervention effectiveness. In changing teachers’ mindsets to improve a social system, the present research suggests a new frontier for psychological intervention. Many past interventions help students navigate the social world of officer, school more effectively (18 ? –20, 27). However, psychological interventions can also make social worlds easier to rubric history, navigate.

Racial-minority students can be held back by medical administration officer cover letter teachers’ feelings of dissimilarity to them (28). People trying to lose weight or quit smoking can contend with pejorative views among physicians of health-risk behaviors (29). In circumstances like these, the mindsets of rubric essay, a few can undermine the outcomes of many. Where else can we alter the mindsets of powerful social actors to improve the medical officer functioning of systems as a whole? Empathic Discipline Session 1: Sample Materials. Empathic discipline session 1: Introduction of the activity (excerpt). “Teachers are always looking for new ways to does essay, teach and to better serve their students.

As you know, one important part of teaching is developing positive relationships with students so they can learn. Our own research team has been studying the medical officer cover letter role of teacher–student relationships in students’ motivation, learning, and behavior. Does Money Happiness! This research suggests that how teachers and medical, students interact, especially during the master thesis climate change critical period of adolescence, can have long-lasting effects on students’ motivation and success. The relationships students build with their middle-school teachers can influence students’ motivation and behavior in class and medical administration officer letter, their attitudes and success beyond. On Twilight! In this web module, we will share with you some of this research.

Then, we will ask you for your input as a professional educator. We are especially interested in your thoughts about how teachers like you can and letter, do use these ideas to have better interactions with students and to improve their lives. Your input will be incorporated into a teacher training program so future teachers can benefit from your experience and insights. Thank you for your time and help.” Empathic discipline session 1: Empathic-mindset article (excerpt). “Almost everyone has a personal story about a great teacher who influenced his or her life. For some, it’s a teacher who reached out and helped them feel both comfortable and respected in school. For others, it’s a teacher who helped them see they could reach a higher standard, even when they doubted themselves. As teachers, these stories warm our hearts. They inspire us to create a positive setting that brings out the best in our students. Research suggests that students’ relationships with teachers are important—and even more so than you might think.

Children who experience caring relationships with adults grow up to be more respectful and caring people. At home, a kind and responsive parent shows a child that their family is good and trustworthy. Narrative Essay! In school, a teacher who makes his or her students feel heard, valued, and respected shows them that school is fair and they can grow and succeed there. Of course, creating positive relationships is not always easy—especially with middle-school students. The social and medical officer cover letter, biological changes of adolescence can make middle-school students insecure and sensitive. Yet students’ attitudes about master thesis, school and behavior can and do improve when teachers successfully convey the caring and respect students crave. This makes understanding students’ perspectives very important to teaching. The more teachers understand how students perceive teachers’ actions, the administration better equipped teachers are to interact with students in ways that nurture their growth into responsible, motivated young adults.

Many teachers worry about essays on twilight, students disengaging from school during middle school and administration officer cover letter, seek out a variety of rubric for art, strategies to medical administration, help their students. Adolescence is a time of master, new worries and pressures. In middle school, students interact with far more students, have far more teachers, and go through puberty. As a result, middle-school students think a lot about administration officer letter, how they are treated. Money Happiness Essay! They worry about being treated unfairly, and they are sensitive to any sign that others—especially authority figures, like teachers—are dealing them an unfair hand. These worries can cause students to experience stress, to overreact, and sometimes to disengage from school. Some students have additional reasons to worry if people will treat them fairly, which cause concern for teachers. For instance, students from poor families or from medical ethnic minority backgrounds may hear discouraging stories from friends, parents, or the media about how their group is treated. So it’s reasonable for these students to be especially worried about how they will be treated in middle school. And this is an additional challenge for teachers when forming positive relationships with these students.” Empathic discipline session 1: Sample student stories. “In middle school, I didn’t feel like I belonged.

It seemed like the teachers always called on the other students. So I didn’t pay attention in class and sometimes I got in on twilight, trouble. One day I got detention, and instead of just sitting there, my teacher talked with me about what happened. He really listened to me. And then he told me that he had trouble sometimes in officer cover letter, middle school but that it gets better. It felt good to know I had someone I could trust in school.” “One time, after I got in trouble in seventh grade, I still remember how my teacher took me aside later and listened to crucibles essay, my side of the medical letter story. For Art History Essay! She repeated what I said back to me to be sure she understood what I was saying. Then she explained why she still had to give me a detention because I was disrupting class.

Even though I still got a detention, I was glad that she didn’t just dismiss what I had to cover, say, like other teachers sometimes did. After that, I actually felt better in school because I knew I had someone to talk to.” Empathic discipline session 1: Sample writing prompts and essay, teacher responses. Medical Administration! “What are some of the ways that you try to build positive relationships with your students, or things that you would like to try in the future to improve your relationships with your students? Please illustrate your answer with examples from your own experience and of specific students you have known (please omit or change students’ names). Consider especially circumstances when it is most important to reach out to students, for instance situations when students are struggling academically, not participating in class, or are getting in trouble.” The following are sample participating teacher responses: “Answer their questions thoughtfully and respectfully no matter what their academic history with me has been.” “Greet every student at the door with a smile every day no matter what occurred the crucibles essay day before.” “After school one day, a student approaches you and tells you that he felt like he was unfairly disciplined for administration cover, chewing gum in class. Earlier that week, you saw the student chewing something in class after you had warned him not to equal essay, chew gum at school. You sent the student to the office for disrupting the class.

Now he tells you that he feels that he was not treated fairly. How would you respond to this student? For example: Listen to the student and make sure he knows you care about his feelings. Explain to him why you had to enforce the rule.” The following is a sample participating teacher response: “In this situation I would ask the student to sit down and we would have a conversation both sitting down. Medical Administration Letter! I would ask him why exactly he felt he was unfairly treated. Crucibles Essay! I would repeat this back to him and say I was sorry he felt this way. I would remind him I did warn him earlier in administration letter, the week and ask if he remembered this.

I would end the conversation with a positive note such as: I am sorry you became frustrated with receiving detention but know that I notice how hard you have been working in does equal essay, here. Medical Cover! Keep up that positive work habit.” Control Session 1: Sample Materials. Control session 1: Control article (excerpt). “Students engage more with lessons when they are presented in computer formats that they use regularly. Research suggests that most teachers use some forms of technology to improve students’ experience in class and to facilitate learning. Many teachers believe that showing the details of materials in a presentation or allowing students to research a subject themselves supports their understanding.

Technology can also help to improve communication with students and parents. Some small changes in the way technology is rubric for art essay, used in the classroom can prove to be very useful to keep students interested and help them to learn class materials.” Control session 1: Sample student stories. “I liked when the teacher used the projector in my class. It was more fun than just a lecture. The work was more clear and I think my teacher made more sense. Medical Officer Cover Letter! It was easier to focus in class.

And being able to email my homework to my teachers is money equal happiness, great. Administration Officer Cover! I think it saves everyone a lot of history, time. It also helps me keep track of my stuff for when tests come around.” “We get to search the net to get information for homework. Medical Officer Cover Letter! We also get to see images about the subjects we discuss in class. It helps. I can view videos, slideshows, and other media to help me understand everything. And one of my teachers has a website which helps a lot.

I can just go to her webpage and narrative essay about bullying, see a calendar for homework and medical officer cover, check my grades. Of course we use email a lot too.” Control session 1: Sample writing prompts and teacher responses. “What are some of the ways that you try to use technology in your classes or things that you would like to try in crucibles essay, the future to make more use of medical administration officer letter, technology? Please illustrate your answer with examples from your own experience and movie, of specific students you have known (please omit or change students’ names). Consider especially circumstances when it is medical officer, most important to keep students interested, for instance when students spend a lot of time on personal narrative essay, the internet or students have a hard time understanding difficult lessons.” The following is a sample participating teacher response: “I use technology every day to medical cover letter, plan, teach, and to keep students motivated and engaged. Teacher planning: 1. Lesson plans, 2. Power Point presentations, 3. Document camera/overhead projector. Student Engagement: 1. Interactive websites, 2. Homework tutorials on internet, 3. Online textbook, 4. Educational websites like Khan Academy IXL Math Discovery Education Brain Pop.” “One day, you are teaching students about measuring lengths and solving proportions. You want to show visual examples and give students the opportunity to exercise with the rubric history new materials.

Also, you want to assign a homework assignment that students should return within the next couple of days. Medical Administration Cover! What do you do?” The following is a sample participating teacher response: “After explaining concepts with my document camera and drawings I would have students use computers to design their own related math problems and then require each student to explain its solution. Students could email the essay completed assignment to me and letter, use web research as well as examples from the internet for the project. Additionally I could have students present their findings using PowerPoint.” Empathic-Mindset Session 2: Teacher Story, Sample Writing Prompt, and Sample Teacher Response. “‘When I was a child, I remember worrying about how I would be treated by teachers at my school. But I will always remember Ms. McBride, who treated me with respect and trust. She showed me that teachers could make all the difference in master thesis climate change, how students feel about school. Now, I make a point of treating my students with respect and I find that they respect me more in letter, return.’ How do you incorporate what this teacher is doing in crucibles essay, your own interactions with students? Please explain in medical administration officer, detail.” The following are sample participating teacher responses: “I am always doing this with my students.

I do not feel like students should automatically respect me because I’m their teacher. I feel I need to earn my students’ respect and essays on twilight, trust. Medical Administration Officer Cover! I know many of them have had poor experiences with past teachers so I need to prove to my students that I am there for them and will not let them fail.” “Respect is the crucibles essay most important thing in creating positive relationships with people, especially students. You cannot demand it; you can only expect it in return for respect you give to others. It is also extremely important to continue to give respect to your students despite the medical administration lack of respect some of personal essay, them may give you. This allows for a conversation with them about how you treat them on a daily basis and ask them to look at how they treat you. Overall respect runs my classroom. I remind students who disrupt in some way that they are showing disrespect to another individual.” Control Session 2: Teacher Story, Sample Writing Prompt, and Sample Teacher Responses. “‘When I was a child, I remember having to stay after school to get extra help and lessons were only taught on medical administration cover, chalk boards. Does Equal! But now technology allows us to teach students more effectively. For example, I can contact students outside of class through email.

Now, I also use web-based math games to enhance their learning.’ How do you incorporate what this teacher is doing in your own use of technology with students? Please explain in detail.” The following are sample participating teacher responses: “I use web-based math games to officer cover, enhance their learning. I can refer them to specific sites that will help with the skill we are working on in class. I have also used online assessments to personal essay about bullying, help me see where the students currently are as far as knowledge of administration officer, a math topic.” “I use edmodo to communicate the homework with my students as well as the footnoting school website to post the homeworks.” During session 1, all students completed randomized materials. These focused on the importance of medical officer letter, understanding teachers’ perspectives about disciplinary action or on practicing good study skills.

There was no effect of thesis change, student condition on suspension rates (OR = 1.43, z = 1.70, P = 0.09) and no interaction with teacher condition (OR = 1.03, z 1). The effect of the empathic-mindset intervention on suspension rates remained significant controlling for student condition (OR = 2.23, z = –3.02, P = 0.003). In session 2, students completed a series of measures assessing broad perception of the school climate (17). These included six items assessing trust in school (e.g., “Teachers at my school give out medical officer fair grades” and “Students in my racial group are treated fairly by the teachers and other adults at [school name] Middle School”) (1, very much disagree; 6, very much agree) (? = 0.80). There was no effect of the condition on money happiness essay, an average of the assessed measures, t (1,446) 1. For the medical purpose of the present study, we focused on footnoting, the one item that directly assessed the medical administration cover letter critical construct of respect: the extent to which students reported feeling respected by teachers (“Teachers and other adults at master change, my school treat me with respect”; 1, strongly disagree; 6, strongly agree).

Supplementary Analyses of Student Suspension Rates. The primary analyses focused on medical cover letter, student suspension rates that arose from misbehavior across school settings. Could the reduction in on twilight movie, student suspension rates have arisen from medical administration letter a change only in math class where the teacher was randomized to condition, for instance as a result of improved behavior or reduced discipline restricted to this class? To address this question, we examined data from the only school that identified the rubric faculty member who referred a student for a given suspension: school 2 (Table S1), the second largest school in officer cover letter, the study, accounting for 33% of the full student sample. In this school, students whose math teacher was treated versus not were 55% less likely to be suspended from money happiness essay any class (treatment, 5.4%; control, 12.1%; OR = 0.41, logit = –0.88, z = –2.10, P = 0.035), controlling for medical administration cover, demographics (OR = 0.50, logit = –0.69, z = –2.38, P = 0.017). Master Climate Change! This effect was not due to cover, a change only in math class. Only 7.4% of suspensions were referred by math teachers. Furthermore, all students referred for suspension by a math teacher were also referred for master thesis change, suspension by other faculty. Thus, running the analysis in school 2 even excluding suspensions referred by medical officer cover letter math teachers yields an essays on twilight movie identical reduction in suspension rates.

This analysis suggests that, at least in this school, the intervention led to medical administration officer letter, a broad improvement in student behavior across diverse school contexts, not to either an improvement in behavior restricted to math class or to more permissive discipline practices among treated math teachers. Master Thesis! All ethical protocols, including informed consent from all participants, were followed in conducting the three experiments, and approval was obtained from Stanford University’s Institutional Review Board and officer cover, a principal at each school (experiment 3). Master Thesis! A total of 39 K–12 teachers ( M experience = 14 y; M age = 41; 73% male; 92% White, 3% Asian, 8% Black, 3% unknown) recruited from the websites of school districts across the country took part and were randomized to a two-cell (punitive mindset vs. empathic mindset) design. All teachers read that “misbehavior can disrupt the flow of the class and distract other students … teachers can work best when students behave properly and medical administration officer letter, pay attention in class.” Next, teachers in the empathic-mindset condition read the following: “Good teacher–student relationships help students learn how to money happiness, appropriately conduct themselves in the classroom … [they] help students understand self-control at the time of a disruption, which can improve interactions with the student that day.” Teachers in the punitive-mindset condition read the following: “Consequences lead students to appropriately conduct themselves in medical administration cover, the classroom … punishment allows teachers to does happiness essay, take control of the class at the time of a disruption, which can help to get the medical class back on track that day.” Teachers then read about essays on twilight movie, three separate misbehaviors drawn from middle-school referral records (order counterbalanced) (11). After each incident, teachers described how they would respond to administration officer, the incident: – “Darnell is consistently disrupting the class environment by strolling around the classroom at random intervals, getting tissues from the tissue box multiple times during a 50-minute class, throwing items away constantly; in general, Darnell circulates around the crucibles essay room and up and down the rows to see what other students are doing, the students have eyes on medical administration officer letter, him, and he disrupts the flow of the lecture or activity the class was participating in.” – “Darnell is sleeping in class. You tell him to pick his head up and get to rubric, work. Medical Cover! He only picks his head up. He chooses to rest it on does money equal happiness essay, his hand and medical officer cover letter, continue to sleep.

So you ask him one more time, and again, Darnell refuses to do work. You ask him to leave class and go to the office to does happiness essay, tell them that he won’t do his work and letter, chose to happiness, sleep instead. He refuses to do this as well.” – “Darnell is sitting in the back of the medical administration officer cover letter classroom. He is not paying attention to crucibles essay, the lessons that you are teaching in medical officer, class. Instead, Darnell is talking to other students. When you ask him to pay attention, he starts passing notes with a nearby student.” Coding teacher responses from narrative essay bullying pilot study. Two coders blind to the condition reviewed teachers’ responses and medical officer cover letter, recorded whether or not each disciplinary action involved ( i ) each of master climate, three punitive responses: ( a ) assigning detention, ( b ) threatening to punish the officer cover letter student, or ( c ) involving an administrator (e.g., principal); and ( ii ) each of footnoting an essay, two empathic responses: ( d ) talking with the student about administration letter, why he or she was misbehaving or ( e ) rearranging the classroom to essays movie, accommodate the student (for sample responses, see Table 1). There was moderate agreement among raters ( ?s = 0.54–0.81; see Table S2).

Thus, we averaged the two judges’ ratings of each response category. We then averaged across the three incidents to provide the likelihood the student received a given response per disciplinary incident. Finally, we summed the likelihood of the three punitive responses and the two empathic responses to provide the average number of punitive and empathic responses a student received per administration officer cover letter incident. Crucibles Essay! We then submitted the data to cover, t tests (see Table 2). Footnoting An Essay! Interrater reliability (experiment 1) To examine how students would respond to teachers who used an officer letter empathic compared with a punitive approach to discipline, we asked college students ( n = 302; 51% female; 48% White, 13% Black, 13% Asian, 19% Latino, 6% Other, 1% unknown) to imagine having committed a single infraction as a middle-school student and having received either an empathic or a punitive teacher response, based on the responses provided in experiment 1. The infraction and teacher responses by condition were as follows: (For the on twilight punitive condition) “You leave your seat to get tissues from the tissue box multiple times during a 50-minute class. Mrs. Smith assigned 1 day of detention to you and threatens to tell the principal about your misbehavior. Later, you get up and throw items away in the wastebasket on the other side of the room.

Mrs. Medical Administration Officer Cover! Smith has the principal talk to you about your misbehavior.” (For the empathic-discipline condition) “You leave your seat to get tissues from the tissue box multiple times during a 50-minute class. Mrs. Smith asks you why you are moving around the class so much. Later, you get up and footnoting an essay, throw items away in the wastebasket on the other side of the room. Mrs. Smith rearranges the room so that the administration officer cover letter wastebasket and tissue box are closer to your desk.” Students completed six items assessing the extent to which they respected the teacher: “I think Mrs. Smith deserves my respect”; “I think Mrs.

Smith is a fair teacher”; and “I get along with Mrs. Smith” (1, strongly disagree; 7, strongly agree); and “Mrs. Smith cared about my perspective”; “I have a quality relationship with Mrs. Smith”; and “Mrs. Smith is biased against me” (reverse-coded) (1, not at all; 7, extremely) (? = 0.85). Next, participants completed two items assessing their motivation to essays on twilight movie, behave well in class in the future: “It is important to me that I follow rules in this class” and “I want to behave in this class” (1, not at administration cover, all; 7, extremely) (? = 0.83). We recruited all math faculty at three participating middle schools and, at the request of the equal essay principals, 67% and 50% of math faculty at administration cover, the remaining two schools (34 in total). Three recruited teachers did not begin the happiness module and thus were not assigned to a condition or exposed to experimental materials, leaving a sample of 31 teachers (77% female; 39% sixth grade, 29% seventh grade, 32% eighth grade). This represents a teacher participation rate of 91.12% and 83.4% of all math faculty at the five schools. Schools provided data for 2,069 students. Data from 387 students were not included in the analyses: 172 were not taught by a teacher randomized to a condition, and 215 could not be matched to school discipline records for the year before or the administration cover letter year of the intervention (they likely transferred to footnoting an essay, or from the school district within the 2-y period).

The lack of medical, matches to about, discipline records did not differ by teachers’ condition assignment (? 2 1.75, nonsignificant). All remaining students were retained in the primary analysis ( n = 1,682) (see Table S1). For demographic variables, 20% of students reported a race/ethnicity that did not fall into one of the primary categories (i.e., they reported being multiracial or did not report their race/ethnicity). They were treated as a category in analyses including student race. Medical Officer Cover! Three students did not report their gender.

They were omitted from analyses including student gender. Thus, 1,679 students were included in analyses controlling for student race, student gender, and on twilight movie, prior suspension status. A total of medical administration officer, 233 students did not complete the follow-up survey assessing respect perceived from teachers (13.85% of participating students). This attrition did not differ by students’ math teacher condition assignment (OR = 1.24, z 1, nonsignificant). Analyses of money happiness, this outcome omit these students, leaving a sample of 1,449 students. Medical Officer Cover! This approach to missing data maximizes the equal transparency of medical administration officer cover letter, our analyses and keeps it as close as possible to our experimental design. Teachers in each condition completed two online sessions (a 45-min session in master thesis change, late Fall and a 25-min session in officer cover letter, early Winter) at their convenience within a 2-wk period. In the first session, teachers read an introduction to the activity, an footnoting an essay article including stories from students describing their experience in medical officer cover letter, school and relationships with teachers, and responded to an essay, several writing prompts. In the second session, teachers in medical administration officer cover letter, both conditions read another article about the same topic that included a story from a teacher’s perspective.

They also responded to several additional writing prompts (see SI Experiment 3 for details). We thank C. Dweck, J. Zaki, the essays Dweck–Walton laboratory, and medical, the Race and Social Inequality Lab for rubric for art essay, feedback; the participating school districts, administrators, and administration cover, teachers for their time and effort; the New Teacher Center for facilitating this project; and personal narrative essay about bullying, the Project for Education Research That Scales (PERTS) for technical and logistical support.

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7.1 Free amendments are provided to the Customer by the Company to ensure the quality of the Product provided and to administration cover ensure total Customer€™s satisfaction with the Product. To receive a free revision of the Product, the Customer has to footnoting an essay submit a revision request in written form using the Messaging System or Company€™s email no later than fourteen (14) calendar days after the Order delivery date and no later than thirty (30) calendar days after the medical letter, Order delivery date for any dissertation, thesis, research proposal, thesis proposal, dissertation chapters writing or any other reasonably large assignments. Should the revision deadline be missed, the Customer may have his or her order revised for additional payment or place an order for editing. 7.2 The Quality Assurance Department reserves the right to decline a revision request if the revision instructions violate initial Order instructions. In such cases the Customer may be requested to pay additionally for the requested changes or place the Order for rubric history essay, editing. 7.3. The Quality Assurance Department reserves the right to decline or limit multiple revision requests if the Customer€™s behavior demonstrates obvious exploitation of the Writer and other unreasonable requests. 7.4 If the administration, request meets all defined requirements underlined in thesis climate change, these Terms and medical officer Conditions, our Company will revise the delivered product free of charge. The Company is essay held responsible for delivering the Product in a timely manner and medical administration according to the Customer requirements indicated in the Order.

Should any of the Company€™s commitments be violated the Customer is entitled for a partial or a full reimbursement according to our Money Back Guarantee Policy. 9.1 When making a payment for an Order you agree it is for personal and non-commercial use only and the payment you make is a reflection of time and effort for conducting research and writing pertaining to your order as well as maintenance and administration necessary for Product delivery. 9.2 You are not to reproduce, modify, distribute or display the Product in any way on a World Wide Web or in thesis, the form of a hard copy over a reasonable limit necessary for personal use. 9.3 Writers who work on behalf of our Company hand over the ownership of medical administration cover letter all delivered Products to the Company, that retains full copyright of the Products We provide. 9.4 All Products are provided solely as an personal bullying, example of research, reference or for learning and a sample of how to medical administration cover perform an academic writing. All Intellectual Property Rights and Copyright remain with the Company. 10. Company€™s Responsibility. 10.1 The Company has zero tolerance to plagiarism, academic dishonesty and fraud. We will not be held accountable if such unethical and illegal use of our products and Website content occurs.

10.2 We strictly abide all Copyright laws. Any opposing activity is solely a responsibility of the master thesis change, Customer if he/she breaks our Terms and Conditions. 11.1 In order to meet the existing fraud prevention policies and procedures we must provide verification of every Customer€™s billing information. It is the Customer€™s sole responsibility to immediately verify the provided data and administration letter comply with our Company€™s request sent via email. We reserve the right to reject not verified orders as they are violating our Agreement. 11.2 Stolen cards usage or any other fraudulent behavior will be immediately reported to the relevant law enforcement authorities for further investigation. History Essay? Our Company is strongly against any kind of cybercrime. 12.1 When placing your first Order on our Website, You have an opportunity to participate in cover, our Affiliate Program. Master? Affiliate Program participants receive credits to officer their Personal Balance for referring friends and acquaintances to our Website, using Company tools to footnoting identify and verify referrals.

Our Clients can find more detailed info about our Affiliate Program in medical administration, his/her Personal Cabinet. 12.2 To start participating in our affiliate program, the for art history, Client needs to verify his phone number and/or e-mail to ensure, that there is at least one way of communication that is valid. If the Client is not willing to verify his contact details and/or provide some of his/her personal information, one can not participate in the Affiliate Program. 12.3 Once verified, the Client may start referring friends using Company tools and markers and get Credits for their referrals. Credits given to letter the Client are not payable and can be used for internal Company purchases only (partial or full order amount coverage). 12.4 Commission is transferred to Personal Balance for valid referrals received with help of Company tools and markers. If the person can not be identified as referred by you (your affiliate code was not used), commission will not be transferred. Footnoting? In case the Client would misrepresent him/herself to administration be his or her own referral €“ commission will not be paid and crucibles essay all sorts of cooperation between this Client and the Company will be terminated. 13. Miscellaneous Provisions.

13.1 All Terms and medical officer Conditions that define the rights and obligations of personal both contract parties, the medical administration cover, Customer and the Company, are listed in this Agreement. This document solely, its statements, promises or inducements, are to be considered valid or binding. After accepting the Terms and Conditions, this Agreement substitutes all previous verbal or written communications and/or Agreements between the parties. The content can only be modified in writing, signed by the Customer and the Company, and indorsed on this Agreement. 13.2 The Customer accepts that if a certain portion of our Terms and Conditions is in conflict with any state law, it will not affect the rest of the document. Our and the Customer€™s rights and obligations will continue to be in force as there is no invalid part in the Agreement. 13.3 The Agreement is crucibles essay governed, in its interpretation and performance, by the laws of the state where the cover letter, Company is footnoting located and holds its principal business. We highly value the privacy of our Customers and will not disclose their personal and billing information to any third parties.

To ensure the data are protected, the Company processes all transactions through the secure online payment system. However, the Company cannot be held responsible if credit information gets disclosed without our Company€™s consent or beyond its control. Should any privacy or security questions arise, the Customer is welcomed to refer to our Privacy Policy . The Company provides no warranties or representations in terms of the stated website or any materials published. Medical Officer Cover? The case includes any warranties of footnoting an essay merchantability or lack of infringement of use, or any warranties arising from the medical letter, direct usage of the service or any products purchased via this website. The Company also does not claim that our service will always be uninterrupted or free of narrative errors, and thus will not be held liable for any consequences that can occur as a result. It is the Customer€™s responsibility to evaluate the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of medical administration officer cover letter any information, opinion, advice, or other content provided in connection with our service or otherwise. 16. Limitation of Liability. By accepting the movie, above Terms and Conditions of this Agreement you agree to release and not hold the Company and its employees, shareholders, officers, agents, representatives, directors, affiliates, promotion, subsidiaries, advertising and fulfillment agencies, any third-party providers or sources of information or data and legal advisers (the €œCompany€™s Affiliates€) responsible for any and all losses, rights, damages, claims, and actions of any kind, arising from or related to the products, including but not limited to: (a) telephone, electronic, hardware or software, Internet, network, email, or computer malfunctions, failures or difficulties of any kind; (b) failed, garbled, incomplete or delayed computer transmissions; (c) any condition caused by events beyond the control of the Company, that might cause the product to be corrupted, delayed or disrupted; (d) any injuries, damages or losses of any sort arising in cover letter, connection with, or as a result of, utilizing our services; (e) any printing or typographical errors in any materials associated with our services.

Customers accept that the Company can modify its Terms and Conditions determined by crucibles essay the Agreement; therefore, it is medical letter recommended and strongly advised, that they continuously review these pages. Before using our Application, please, make sure that you carefully review all the personal narrative, below mentioned points of our Privacy Policy. Medical Officer Letter? The following rules explain the main principles according to which personal information of our Customers is processed. The information we need you to personal narrative provide may include: Your name, billing address, e-mail and telephone number(s). Paper details of the cover letter, order that you place on our website and information, necessary for order completion. Recorded Chat and phone conversations. Information That You Provide When Filling In The Application Form. Anyone, who places an order on SiteName.com, submits necessary details in an automatic order form.

It includes time of access, type of device and location. We gather such information in on twilight, order to implement improvements in our Service that will make it easier to use. Medical Cover? We guarantee that this information will not be sold, shared or rented to any third parties. As mentioned above, our Company never sells, rents or shares the acquired details to any third parties, they are only used in the following cases: to provide you with the services that you wish to use; for internal record keeping, billing, accounting and movie market research purposes; to respond to any queries, complaints or requests for further information; to customize the officer cover, content and/or layout of the Service; to notify you about important changes and alterations to the Service. If you have an order in progress, our Team will contact you by e-mail or phone to ensure timely delivery and high quality of your paper. It is also possible for personal narrative, our Company to contact you via Application messaging system or e-mail.

Except as set out above, we will not sell, distribute or disclose your Information without your consent, unless in medical officer letter, occasions required or permitted by master climate change law, such as complying with a subpoena, or similar legal processes. If you wish to change your personal information, or if you no longer wish to use our service, you may correct, update, amend, delete/remove or deactivate any details you provided by contacting our Customer Support Team via email or telephone number indicated on cover letter, our Contact Us page. We will retain your information for as long as your account is active or needed to provide you with our services. Master Thesis Change? We will retain and use your details as necessary to medical administration comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce our agreements. Please, keep in mind that the Company can not be held responsible for equal happiness, information available directly to our freelancers.

Our company cannot control it or give any guarantees over its future distribution. The Information you provide us with is stored on our secure servers. Where we have given you (or where you have chosen) a password which enables you to enter your account. Administration? You are responsible for keeping this password confidential and does money equal happiness not disclosing it to administration cover any third parties. We follow generally accepted standards to protect the personal information of our Customers.

The conditions states in our Privacy Policy may change depending on the improvements we implement. It is strongly suggested that you constantly review these pages to be updated on the possible amendments. The goal of GrabMyEssay.com administrators, writers and Customer service staff is to support student success by providing the most educationally-sound writing, based upon the individual needs of each Customer. Accordingly, Customer satisfaction is tantamount to our business model. Put simply, we will do whatever is essay bullying necessary to produce exemplary academic works that meet every specification and requirement a Customer designates. On certain occasions, a Customer may request revisions to a finished product, and medical administration cover we have provided for this event in the following ways: If your request for revision does not entail any additional specifications that were not contained in the original order, the climate change, revision shall be completed free of charge. Should the revision request entail additional specifications that were not designated in the original order, the cover, revision shall be completed, but there will be an additional charge. For example, if a Customer€™s initial request is for a 6-page essay or paper, and the revision request is for 8 pages, there must be an additional charge put into place Any request for revision must be placed within 14 days of Customer receipt of the final product.

The 14-day period allows the Customer to review the work and to determine if it meets his/her needs or not. Revision requests should be placed with the Customer Support Department via email, phone or live chat on the site. Any revision request that is submitted after the 14-day period will involve an additional charge. On occasion, a Customer may believe that another writer would be preferable for the revision(s) requested. Money? Our Customers always have the right to request another writer, and we will locate a qualified professional as quickly as possible. Medical Officer Letter? If, in the rare event that we are unable to locate a suitable writer, we will notify you immediately and discuss other options with you. Master Change? In general, if your revisions requests alter your original instructions, there will be a charge. The following are typical examples of revisions that will entail an additional charge: The Customer has altered the original instructions after his/her writer has already begun production. If the medical cover letter, Customer has received comments from an instructor/tutor regarding the revisions that must be made to the original work, such as additional resources, pages, or information. Personal Narrative Essay Bullying? Additional pricing shall be determined after Customer has provided GrabMyEssay.com with the changes required by the instructor. The Customer has made an error relative to original instructions and has not informed the Customer support department within two hours following payment.

The Customer has not provided access to the required resources for medical cover, project completion. If specific resources are required and those resources are not readily available, then the crucibles essay, Customer has the responsibility to provide those resources. If Customer is unable to letter provide the resources, GrabMyEssay.com will purchase such resources; however, the Customer will be responsible for the cost of obtaining those resources. Should the Customer fail to specify resources, the writer shall use the most current and relevant resources available. Crucibles Essay? If revisions are requested relative to including additional resources, the medical administration letter, Customer shall be required to make payment for the revision and for procurement of the resources. While it may appear that revision requests are complicated and always result in essay, additional cost, please understand that GrabMyEssay.com, in an effort to attain 100% satisfaction from its Customers, offers free revisions, so long as the administration cover, following apply: The initial instructions for production have not varied, and yet those specifications have not been fully honored by a writer. The request for a free revision occurs within 14 days of personal essay bullying receipt of the final draft of the work. Administration Officer Cover Letter? (If a Customer€™s final product is a complex and lengthy graduate work, Customer should contact the Customer Support Department for the number of days allowed for revision requests). To request revisions, a Customer should do the following:

The request for revision(s) should be sent to the Customer Support Department, by phone, email or live chat, within the time frame for such a request. All requests for revision should be made in writing, so if the Customer Support Department is contacted by telephone, Customer will be asked to submit the request in writing, along with supporting evidence when that may be necessary to support one€™s claim. A revision request may become a new order, under the following conditions: If additional pages and essays on twilight resources are required, and these were not a part of the initial order, the Customer should complete a new order, specifying the medical officer, revisions to be made and uploading the initial product for writer use. If the crucibles essay, revision request is not complex and involves small extensions of content and thus pages, the Customer should discuss this with the Customer Support Department and receive an additional payment amount, so that the medical administration cover, writer may begin the revisions quickly. If the Customer is requesting a different writer to complete the revisions, and those revisions are relatively significant, a new order form should be completed, if the parameters for rubric for art history essay, free revisions have not been met. It is certainly our goal, as stated initially, that each and every Customer will be satisfied with both our services and the products provided. With this in mind, we attempt to work with any Customer who has complex needs and/or who needs revisions to medical cover letter a delivered academic work.

We will try, as much as possible to provide free revisions within the parameters of crucibles essay our policies; we will try, at all times, to keep the costs of revisions to a minimum, when the revisions fall outside the parameters of the officer letter, specifications for no cost; we are open to discussing any specific situation with any Customer at any time, in order to narrative essay about attain a mutually satisfactory resolution to revision needs. It is administration cover letter our responsibility to follow our own policies and also to does happiness essay be certain that all Customers understand our policies; it is the responsibility of the medical administration letter, Customer to provide very clear and accurate specifications with the initial order, so that mis-understandings do not occur and so that there are no delays in obtaining a final product that meets his/her expectations. Revision.Customer Support Care Department. We are here for our Customers 24 hours a day and will be available to discuss all revision requests at any time. Money Equal Essay? We will work with you until you are fully satisfied with your final product, even though that full satisfaction may involve some additional charges. We ask as well that you present your revision request within the deadline parameters that are set by GrabMyEssay.com Policy. Money Back Guarantee gives you the right to medical officer letter request reimbursement for not fulfilling the duties of master thesis climate our service. As our professional writing service offers real academic paper assistance, we want to be 100% sure that you leave fully satisfied!

Our satisfaction rate is high. More than 80% of our customers return just to order more. Administration Cover Letter? However, sometimes things can go wrong and in these cases, you can always refer to our Money Back Guarantee. We just want to emphasize that there are only certain situations when we can offer a full refund. You are entitled to a refund if: No writer assigned yet: This is a rare situation, but sometimes it happens. The amount of the refund is always 100%. Crucibles Essay? If such case happens, the customer should not worry and he or she will be notified within the quickest time.

If you want another writer to cover letter work on your revision request, but there is no appropriate one available, your claim will be directed to footnoting an essay our dispute department. They will review and administration officer letter proceed with the corresponding refund based on your request. The writer was confirmed, but you decided to an essay cancel the order . In this case, the amount of medical administration officer letter refund is 70%, to cover the effort of the company and the writer in attempt to provide you with the product and services purchased. The writer was confirmed and over a half of remaining deadline has passed, but the footnoting an essay, customer decided to cancel the order . The amount of refund can be 50%, to cover the effort of the company and the writer in attempt to cover letter provide you with the product and services purchased. Late Delivery: It can only happen if the writer gets ill or in case of other emergencies. Essays Movie? The Company will give the amount of the medical, refund that will be due to tardiness of completion delivery. Essays? The amount of refund will be discussed with the customer. On time delivery of all the orders is administration officer guaranteed. Sometimes delay happens because of the late upload of the needed materials on the customer`s side. In this situation, no refund can be granted.

That is why it is always ideal to send the details of the task and the required additional resources all at once when making the initial order. If the order must be finished in 6 hours but it came an hour late, the order will fall to the next deadline category of 8 hours. It will cost less than what the crucibles essay, customer has paid for and the difference shall be refunded. Please remember that for long term orders only administration cover, 7% refund can be acquired after sending a request. Disputed claims: If the customer is does essay not satisfied and cover would like to get a refund instead, the agency administration will conduct an investigation. The claim and refund will be based on its result.

We always want our customers to be fully satisfied. Hence, we will always do our best just to achieve the customer`s satisfaction. Additional order by mistake: In order to cancel the order placed by mistake, you need to contact us as soon as possible. You need to clarify with us that the other order is not needed. The order will be treated valid if we did not receive any cancellation before a writer has been assigned.

You can still cancel the order but the situations listed above will be used. Two invoices received: If you are billed twice, you need to notify us immediately. You need to thesis climate send us both receipts so we can properly address the issue and process the full refund of the extra charge. This instance happens in very rare occasions. Administration Cover? There is no way for a customer to be billed for a single order, unless he paid for it by personal essay about bullying mistake. When such incident happened, we can freeze or block the sum for the next order or give discount that can cover the sum. Plagiarized content: If the claim is medical officer cover letter that the paper is plagiarized, a Turnitin report is needed.

There will be no other reports that can be accepted aside from this or else no refund is possible. You are not entitled to a refund if: A grade below expected is received: Please be reminded that we do not give any guaranteed high grades. The paper that we create is thesis climate change only for references or samples and administration officer cover letter not ready for any submission. Delay payment: If the customer claims that the order has been delayed when the reality is that the payment was also delayed, we shall not bear responsibility for it. Moreover, a refund cannot be requested. Note: in the case of revision deadline, the previously mentioned delay refunds and rubric for art history the recalculation of the price do not apply as the medical officer letter, end dates are different. Editing, proofreading, formatting orders: Please be reminded, that the personal narrative, Order you place for the earlier mentioned services contains original content provided by you, that may contain errors of contextual nature. Administration? Editing, proofreading and formatting services do not presuppose input to the original context, that was provided in the initial Order instructions.

The customer who is not satisfied with the completed order can ask for a free revision, another writer to revise it, or get a partial refund. We will automatically send a Word version of the document and you need to provide strong evidence to support the claim. Thesis? We can even ask for your own revised version in order for the dispute department to make the appropriate decision. This information must be sent within 3 days. Otherwise, the medical letter, dispute claim will be cancelled and no refund will be processed. Thesis Climate? When a refund is needed after the administration officer cover, final version has been approved, we urge that you call our Support Team as soon as possible to rubric for art essay get further help. Once you receive the refund confirmation, the officer cover, Company will process it within 5 business day from the confirmation date. Please note, that the Company can not be held responsible for thesis climate, your Bank Transfer fees, peculiarities of transfer, and possible delays occurring due to your Bank service issues. Note: The refund transaction may be processed for the amount of 10 (Ten) USD and more. If the transaction is for a smaller amount - it cannot be processed due to the fact that it barely covers transaction fees both of Company and Clients€™ bank.

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What Requirements to Specify for COTS and SaaS Projects. The number Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software options have increased exponentially in letter, recent years. A sister of COTS, the crucibles essay, “SaaS” or Software-as-a-Service where the commercial solutions are made available over the web, with no hosting or installation required, has made these solutions even easier to implement technically. This website is a perfect example. Administration Officer Letter! Several years ago I might have spent upwards of 5 grand to crucibles essay, get a website up and medical administration officer letter, running.

Today, with WordPress and some cost-effective hosting solutions, a lot of effort and essays on twilight, a little help from my friends, I’m running a website. If you scale up a few steps in size, there are tools like SalesForce.com and QuickBooks online that make it relatively easy for businesses to leverage ERP-like features without the ERP-style costs. And in the middle are tools like Rally for software development, BaseCamp for project management, Google Apps for word processing, spreadsheets. I could go on, but a list of Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) and medical administration cover letter, Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) applications is thesis change, not the point of this article. How we develop requirements for COTS solutions is. In a world where the selection of medical administration, tools is virtually endless and equal essay, can be configured to meet any business need, where does business analysis fit ? First, we need to come to terms with the letter, fact that our organizations will be doing less and less custom software development. Thesis Change! That means instead of building custom software from scratch, we will be finding tools and medical officer cover letter, customizing them.

The availability and does money, flexibility of tools requires us to adapt our requirements process. For a COTS or SAAS Project, What Business-Analysis-As-Usual Activities Remain Relevant? A project is still a project. Whether you are building custom code or buying an off-the-shelf solution, there are some BA activities that remain relevant. Let’s take a quick look at them.

Understanding the business problem . As business analysts we need to understand what problem the officer, business is footnoting an essay, trying to solve. Nothing really changes here, except that in medical administration, the process of seeing the available tools, we might uncover more problems because the solutions look so simple and personal narrative essay bullying, are readily available. The new challenge we will face is with the variety of options available, business users will likely come to you having done their own research and know what tool they want before they even initiate a project to implement it. Scoping the solution . Helping the business uncover what the scope of the medical administration letter, solution needs to be. What features do we need? What package should we purchase?

How much back data will we migrate? What are the personal narrative about, integration points with our existing systems? Whether you are building a new solution or integrating an pre-existing one into your business, these types of officer letter, questions need to be answered. What Requirements Documents are Unnecessary for COTS Projects? There is one primary requirements specification that doesn’t make a lot of sense when implementing a commercial-off-the-shelf solution. Detailed ready-to-build specifications. The system is already built so detailed functional requirements will be less important than customization requirements, business rules, and data migration requirements. What Requirements Deliverables Become Even More Important? Understanding the business process . With new flexibility, it means that we’re more likely to make the software work around the business process rather than the business work around the software. So that means business analysts will find themselves digging even deeper into the business process than previously, ensuring the new tools are appropriately configured or customized to meet the business needs.

Building enterprise analysis into our requirements efforts and history, putting in place a solid business case. Cover! In a world with so many ready-to-go solutions, the footnoting an essay, last thing we want to do is get too far into our requirements before we identify our solution approach. Software and vendor selection criteria . Each time I look for a new tool, there are typically 5-10 good options in about the medical administration officer letter, same price range. How do I make the essays, best possible decision? As business analysts, we can help our business and officer, IT teams make informed decisions and select better vendors and software applications to invest in. Personally, I see some great opportunities here for business analysts. I think the footnoting an essay, best thing we can do as in this increasingly COTS environment is position ourselves to be involved in the selection and evaluation. If we are only involved after all the medical administration officer cover letter, decisions have been made, it’s likely to limit our roles. But if we’re involved upfront, during the selection process, we’ll have the opportunity to rubric for art history, dig further into the problem space and business process. Get Flexible Templates that Work for COTS and SAAS Projects.

Would you like a starting point for approaching common business analyst work scenarios? Check out my Business Analyst Template Toolkit – all of my requirements templates are fully annotated and medical letter, editable by you, giving you a great starting point for starting your next business analyst project. Stay informed about crucibles essay new articles and course offerings. (You'll get a free step-by-step BA career planning course too). The biggest issue is the amount and precision of detail required.

With an in-house project, you can catch and correct requirements weaknesses as you go. When you contract for development or a service, you don’t have that luxury. You can’t assume that the vendor will point out ambiguities or omissions in the requirements. Administration Officer! A look at how many ERP vendors are being sued by their clients brings that point home. I reserve a distinction between “requirements” and “specifications”. They may be structured alike, but the specification has to be both clear and very complete; it will be much thicker and for art history essay, somewhat legalese. This is the kind of thing I approach with dispassionate paranoia; having once been royally burned by too-casual a relationship with the contractor, it ain’t gonna happen again. I agree with Marc … the key thing to remember is medical administration cover letter, that the vendor may think they understand the requirements but really don’t. They may be clear and obvious to you and everyone else in your organization but it can be interpreted differently by the vendor. I believe that detailed requirements are definitely needed for those items that can possibly be misinterpreted and, of course, the gaps between the requirements and the vendor solution that result in customization.

A detailed gap analysis is crucial to properly identify these items during the requirements phase before the rubric essay, change control process begins. Hi Marc and Dave, I’d be interested to hear a bit more about the types of details you document. What I was thinking is that, compared to custom software development, you don’t document each and every detail that it would take to build the COTS from medical letter, scratch. That would be redundant because those requirements are already built. Perfectly agreed that for customizations or transition requirements, detailed documentation would still be necessary. Is that also what you are both saying? Yes, that is what I am saying. But, in addition, even for items that are originally identified as not being gaps that require customization based on the vendor’s understanding of the requirements, I find it best to add as many details as possible about those requirements to footnoting, help ensure the correct understanding.

A simple real-life example from the medical administration officer cover letter, insurance world … original requirement reads “The system will capture the time of inception on narrative essay about bullying, a new business application.” The vendor assumes that it only means the capture of an officer cover letter additional data element which can be configured in their system. But, later in design when we explain that this piece of data must be sent to print on the application and the issued policy, they might then identify it as a gap and start the change control process (or it gets deferred to a future release). Does Money Happiness Essay! If we had added some details around that original requirement to medical officer cover letter, clarify that the “inception time” must be printed, this situation could be avoided. Dave has pretty much said it. Personal Narrative Essay Bullying! Generalizing, I’d say that it’s most important to medical administration cover, detail the crucibles essay, uses (print this data) rather than the functions (capture this data). Letter! Getting the use right requires the function, and does happiness essay, leaving that to the vendor leaves room for creative solutions you may not have considered. There’s a connection here to officer cover, the definition of on twilight movie, a use case, which I would hope is medical officer, what you’re using: Post-conditions are a waste of space. Every post-condition has to footnoting, be a precondition to a use case or there would be no way to know whether the post-condition was satisfied, nor would anyone care if it weren’t.

Making sure that every use case is detailed so that every intended use is covered is what I was talking about. If the vendor delivers on every use case, and you haven’t missed any, the rest is immaterial. There are two things not to forget that often are: use case metrics, and cases for administration cover ‘grey’ actors like auditors, maintainers and backup systems. The only crucibles essay, other issue is officer letter, that in-house time and cost tend to be loose and we expect missed deadlines. When you outsource, these have to be much more realistic with much higher odds of success. Estimates must be much farther-ranging in their search for input factors. This is a very interesting article on narrative, how the role of BAs has changed.

I have spents 10 years in the cutsom software building world (Music industry) where not many off-the-shelf software solutions were available. There was a lot of medical letter, importance around understanding the business and developing detailed requirements that could be transformed into solutions. Rubric History Essay! Recently, I have joined a “software company” supporting Finance where the projects are around vendor evaluation to see which software solutionbest fits the business needs. The benefit of this is administration letter, definitely having the capability to implement best practices that have been utilized while building a solution that is available (COTS) or “SaaS.” I found this article very useful and seems relevant with what I struggle with as a Requirements Analyst with COTS products. Here’s the rubric, scenario – we have an existing COTS product with an RBL that is established. A change request is received, example of a user request for medical officer the application – Create a warning banner in the public area. Business statement – Add a banner to the public area and sub-folders to alert users that they are in a public area. It was indicated that we can meet the user request w/ existing functionality.

So I proceeded to check for an existing reqt to on twilight movie, see if one was already written for this type of requested capability/function, there wasn’t one. Medical Administration Officer! I indicated that a new reqt needs to be written. Some team members feel that it is not necessary to write a reqt statement when the module/functionality already exists, their arguement that it is a ‘out of the box’ functionality that the COTS product offers. I feel that when a new user requested capablility of an master thesis existing system is received, a formal reqt statement should be written and cover, add to the RBL – thus documenting the user request. So the question is – to narrative essay, write a requirement or not write a requirement….? I agree with everyone — I work in the healthcare industry and there is significant use of COTS (best of officer letter, breed) with heavy use of interfaces (HL7). Business requirements are needed for documenting the business problem and vendor/system selection.

Beyond that it’s tough to write a true functional specification. What I do is document whatever I can with regard to business rules, configuration settings, data mapping, user roles/levels (RBAC), etc., and have a referenced documents section including the essays on twilight, interface team documentation, the cover, vendor implementation team’s documentation, and an essay, the data teams documentation. [Of course, that’s assuming all groups have completed the documentation.] Ultimately, my main goal is to sufficiently document the system so that when I roll off the medical administration officer cover, project, the remaining team has what they need to successfully implement and master thesis climate change, support the system. I’m always interested in learning how I can be better. Good article and interesting discussion. I was involved in a COTS implementation recently. Officer! The system had over crucibles essay, 10,000 lines of administration cover, configurations driving the system behaviour.

Our internal testers required my to write out full functional requirements for the whole system in crucibles essay, order to test against. As above, the officer, requirements as a whole were not used to build the system from scratch as it was build by for art essay, the vendor a few years ago. If I didn’t document every single little piece of functionality in the requirements it was deemed a requirements defect. Administration Cover Letter! Going through tens of thousands of lines of system configuration to determine what options we had to configure in essays on twilight, order to know what to workshop with stakeholders was absolutely impossible. I started the project in 2010 and medical administration, am still working on it in 2013! Writing functional requirements for crucibles essay new modules that were being designed for medical cover letter us was ok, but trying to write full functional requirements for the pre-built system was insane. your details are safe with us. Step-By-Step BA Career Planning Course New Articles to crucibles essay, Help You Succeed as a Business Analyst Information on New Course Sessions, Books, and Work Aids. ***Business Analyst Webinars (Complimentary)***

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Advanced CNC Skills Training Grad Phillips Precision Employee Earns Apprentice Certificate. On February 29, 2012, Matthew Healy, trainer for the Massachusetts Manufacturing Extension Partnership's Advanced CNC Skills Training program, arrived at Phillips Precision in Boylston to present Julio Santana with his Machine Operator Apprentice Certificate . This certificate signifies the completion of one year on-the-job which Julio has spent honing his skills and continuing his education as a machine operator. It also signifies his successful transition to a new career. Just over medical administration officer cover, a year ago, Julio Santana lost his job. Not one to sit idle, the essays on twilight movie father of two was at the Career Center trying to determine his next steps when he learned that there were seats available in medical officer cover MassMEP's Advanced CNC Skills Training program, which prepares participants for entry- and an essay, mid-level machine operator positions.

Having some machine programming in his past, Julio was eager to learn more about the administration officer program. He took basic skills and aptitude tests which indicated that he would be a great candidate for the Advanced CNC Skills Training and earned a place in rubric history the class of twelve. Students began the rigorous seven week program by training with Matt Healy to administration gain a working knowledge of basic blueprint reading, metrology and measuring, and shop math. They also received orientation for geometric dimensioning tolerencing and machine technology; machine programming on CNC (computer numerical controlled) mills and lathes; and hand tool, assembly, and basic manufacturing skills. In the next phase of training the class got hands-on experience in the machine shop at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) where they moved on to more advance CNC machining. Then at Worcester Technical High School they were taught Master Cam and took their ten hour OSHA safety training course. In between their machining-related classes, the group polished up their resumes, practiced interviewing skills, and learned about an essay, team building and lean manufacturing during career preparation training at the MassMEP offices. Upon graduating from the administration officer cover Advanced CNC Skills Training program, participants received their Machine Operators Pre-Apprentice Certificate and their ten-hour OSHA General Industry Safety Certificate, and does money happiness essay, were assisted with placement opportunities with local manufacturers.

CNC Training Leads to officer cover letter New Job. Soon after graduation, Cathy Phillips, who owns Phillips Precision with her husband Steve, contacted MassMEP's Workforce Development Project Manager, Leslie Parady, to inquire about the availability of students from the recent class. Immediately, Leslie thought of footnoting an essay Julio and forwarded his resume to medical administration the Phillips; they invited him for an interview and climate change, facility tour. Cathy and Steve liked Julio and administration cover, wanted to see what kind of worker he was so they arranged to on twilight movie have him come in for some on-the-job training. Within a week they offered him a full time job.

Things went very well, beams Julio, who has been with the company for a year now. His smile and enthusiasm denote the pride he takes in his job and how much he enjoys being part of the Phillips' team. I felt Julio was the administration right fit for Phillips Precision which is a small, team-oriented, highly skilled, precision machine shop. For Art History. says Parady. Administration Officer Letter. I knew they'd love him€¦ they still do! Julio is a good guy with a great work ethic, shares Steve Phillips . The guys really enjoy him and it feels like he has been here all along. He has a wonderful sense of humor but also sets a great example€¦just the right balance! We need more people like him to show others that this (careers in essay a machine shop) is the way to medical officer go.. Personal Essay. Phillips adds, In today's machine shops you almost need to be an engineer. Administration Cover. They are much more intelligent than old shops now with the computers and so much more math and physics involved and master thesis, so many chances to be creative and challenged.

There is a lot to get excited about. Officer Letter. We really wish that we could get the word out better and about bullying, we try to work with the local high schools to do just that. People, in general, just don't know what great opportunities exist for cover letter, them in manufacturing now. Advanced CNC Skills Training was a very good and effective program for anyone to go through, offers Santana. I would certainly recommend it and was not expecting all that I got. Does Essay. The program was easy to follow and very well taught. Officer. We got the basics of CNC programming and set up and it made me well prepared for this job at Phillips. I had a little machining background already, but this made me more knowledgeable and better prepared. Movie. Of course, the people at Phillips are great and have been very supportive.

I have absolutely nothing negative that I could say about any of it. Additional Training GED Degree. Along with all the hands on experience Julio has received in officer the last year, Phillips Precision sent him to do Esprit training, which is a machining software. They continue to thesis climate change invest in his education and recognize his value to medical officer cover the company. Success with the Advanced CNC program, his job at Phillips, and other training he has participated in brought about a renewed confidence that lead Julio to don a cap and gown last year as he received his G.E.D. at Quinsigamond Community College.

My family and my kids were very proud, he shares. Crucibles Essay. I have a different attitude now. My kids are graduating and I wanted that too. When I was younger it didn't seem to officer letter matter that much, but now I recognize the value of education and crucibles essay, of learning all you can learn to medical officer letter help yourself move ahead in life. The Advanced CNC Skills Training and Phillips Precision have helped Julio Santana move ahead in life. Rubric History Essay. Many similar opportunities exist throughout our state.

The baby boomers are heading toward retirement and custom shops like Phillips are starting to feel the effects. As some of their senior employees begin to leave there are few people with the necessary basic skills who can come in and fill those empty positions. The trade schools are sending few employees into the workforce for the immediate future, states Cathy Phillips. The Advanced CNC Skills Training program is a valuable resource for Phillips Precision. We have the benefit of medical cover a pool of bullying more mature, experienced workers who want to work.

Training such as this should be delivered by medical administration letter an organization with a broad knowledge of manufacturing€¦ and footnoting, one that has a relationship with the companies they serve. MassMEP knows their client companies and how to place graduates where they fit best . I'd love to see programs like Advanced CNC Skills Training expanded to retrain more of our unemployed work force. Copyright , Manufacturing Advancement Center. 100 Grove Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA, Privacy Policy.

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Marketing and clinical trials: a case study. This is an administration officer letter, Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Publicly funded clinical trials require a substantial commitment of time and money. To ensure that sufficient numbers of patients are recruited it is essential that they address important questions in a rigorous manner and are managed well, adopting effective marketing strategies. Using methods of analysis drawn from management studies, this paper presents a structured assessment framework or reference model, derived from a case analysis of the MRC's CRASH trial, of 12 factors that may affect the success of the marketing and crucibles essay sales activities associated with clinical trials. The case study demonstrates that trials need various categories of people to buy in officer #x02013; hence, to essays movie, be successful, trialists must embrace marketing strategies to some extent. The performance of future clinical trials could be enhanced if trialists routinely considered these factors.

Results from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) make an important contribution to improving patient care. Some trials recruit a large number of patients and involve the collaboration of many doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers around the world. Because trials (especially large trials) can involve a substantial commitment of time and medical officer letter money, it is essential that they address important questions and use rigorous scientific methods. Bullying! More recently, however, it has been recognised that good management and medical officer letter effective marketing are also essential to crucibles essay, enable sufficient numbers of participating centres and patients to be recruited so that the study has enough statistical power [1]. This paper reports a case study of a novel application of a marketing approach from the world of business to a single clinical trial in order to develop a reference model for use in other trials. Businesses strive to find customers and encourage them to buy what is on offer.

Clinical trials strive to find doctors and patients and encourage them to sign up. Thus they face similar challenges and may need to adopt similar approaches to achieve their goals. Clinical trials progress through distinctive stages, including study design, obtaining funding, finding participants, collecting and processing data, interpreting the results, and reporting. In some stages of a trial the key requirement is to do good science. However, in others the challenge is quite different #x02013; the key requirement is to install and operate a range of administration letter effective management techniques, similar to rubric for art essay, those required for marketing a product. Indeed, an experienced trialist observed that a trial is one fifth structure (science) and four-fifths process (i.e. management). Marketing #x02013; the process of finding, winning over medical administration, and retaining customers #x02013; is an important topic in essays on twilight movie management studies.

Marketing has distinctive frameworks, methods and techniques #x02013; generally drawn from sociology and officer cover letter social psychology. Marketing became better understood in the 1960s [2] and footnoting now the discipline is ubiquitous within larger companies and officer letter many not-for-profit organisations. A definition of marketing by crucibles essay McDonald and Wilson [3] describes it as a process for defining markets, quantifying the medical officer letter, needs of the customer groups (segments) within these markets, determining the value propositions to meet these needs, communicating these value propositions to all those people in the organisation responsible for delivering them and getting their buy-in to their role, playing an appropriate part in delivering these value propositions to master thesis change, the chosen market segments (and) monitoring the value actually delivered (pp11). Administration Officer Letter! (A value proposition can be defined as a clear statement of the tangible results a customer gets from using the crucibles essay, products or services). The marketing dimension is included only medical administration officer tangentially in the literature on clinical trials [1]. For example, trials are generally stated to need recruitment strategies, use of crucibles essay media and medical administration officer data tracking systems. However, the footnoting, notion of a developing and working to achieve a formal marketing plan that covers all of the areas in the McDonald and Wilson definition is generally absent from descriptions of trial management. This is not to suggest that trial managers consider the medical letter, topic of marketing their trials to potential recruits lightly. Indeed, it is a dominant concern for many trialists.

For example, the Diabetic Retinopathy Awareness Program study [4] undertook many initiatives to recruit volunteers and concluded, these experiences substantiate the need for a comprehensive coordinated approach, using planned sources, to achieve recruitment success (pp432). Footnoting An Essay! Farrell [5] has argued persuasively that it is lack of solutions to managerial issues that reduce the medical administration officer letter, effectiveness of trials, and Rowe [6] suggested that, to get patients into trials more efficiently pharma companies must begin to think like marketers. It can be argued that marketing is especially important in clinical trials. Participation in a trial is change a formal voluntary act, in that participants need to medical letter, abide by a set of rules. Accordingly, not only is it necessary for people to volunteer, they also need to sign-up to behave in accordance with a set procedure [7]. On Twilight! In short, participants in a trial (be they clinicians or patients or their families) need to officer, make a commitment, and undertake additional work, often without direct financial benefit to themselves. From a marketing perspective, conducting a successful trial can be seen as a process with five main stages (Figure #x200B; (Figure1). 1 ). The five stages follow McDonald and Wilson's definition but elaborate it significantly.

The purposes and content of essays on twilight movie each stage is medical officer letter amplified in Table #x200B; Table1 1 . Clinical trials require strategy, management, marketing and sales. Footnoting! Undoubtedly they undertake the activities listed in the table #x200B; table1 1 in medical administration officer some way. However, what happens if those who define the strategy of a trial, establish its management processes, devise its marketing plan and attempt to sell the benefits of participation try to improve their practice by explicitly engaging with the discipline of management? The study described below provides some preliminary answers to this question. This study is a component of a three-part project #x02013; STEPS (Strategies for Trials Enrolment and Participation) [8]. The first part included a quantitative analysis of the association between different patterns of recruitment in trials and footnoting an essay factors thought likely to influence this pattern, based on medical an examination of Medical Research Council (MRC) and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) records [9]. This showed recruitment often fails to meet targets. The second part explored these issues further using qualitative analysis of transcripts from an essay semi-structured interviews with key players in four trials considered by MRC/HTA as exemplars [10], with a particular focus on the complexity of financial negotiations. Here we report the third part based on an in-depth investigation of a single trial from a business perspective to assess its marketing strategy, in order to officer cover letter, develop a reference model to aid future trials. The Corticosteroid Randomisation after Significant Head injury (CRASH) trial [11] was a large scale RCT of the effect of corticosteroids compared to placebo in thesis climate change improving important health outcomes [12].

The trial aimed to administration cover letter, recruit 20,000 head injured patients from essays on twilight movie hospitals world-wide. As the medical officer, trial participants were unconscious the marketing strategy needed to master thesis climate, focus on staff at participating hospitals (and not on the patients). CRASH had a marketing challenge since it needed to engage the interest and collaboration of hundreds of people internationally, including members of ethics committees, surgeons, doctors, nurses and administrators. During the recruitment phase, one of us (DLF), a marketing and strategy specialist from the academic business sector, was invited to medical administration officer cover, examine the trial as if it were a business, to comment on its marketing strategy and to help the trial team to understand and climate put in place a marketing plan over a two-year period. He was given access to all trial documents (apart from confidential investigators' personal details and patient data).

He visited three participating hospitals in England, observed training sessions and interviewed or facilitated group discussions with doctors, nurses and ancillary staff. He also conducted 11 interviews, and held numerous meetings with members of the administration cover, trial management team. The methodological approach used techniques drawn from personal bullying adaptive theory [13], case analysis [14] and action research [13]. The researcher's interview notes were analysed using a grounded theory framework [15] and medical letter the emerging model was compared with data from thesis change studies in commercial enterprises. Officer! The N-Vivo qualitative analysis software program was used to structure data initially but manual analytic methods were used later as often the purpose was to highlight what participating agents were not saying #x02013; rather than what they were saying. A professor of management (independent of the study team) checked the interpretative framework against the raw data. Emerging results were presented to a peer group (the STEPS research team) and to crucibles essay, the team members of the CRASH trial. A one-day marketing workshop using an action research approach was held with the trial team to medical cover letter, provide insights into the extent to which concepts and an essay practices from the business world [15] might have relevance to medical administration officer, management of clinical trials.

Early in 2004 an additional five-hour workshop was held with representatives from three trials (one of which was the CRASH trial) to gain further insight into change the practical implications of the officer, findings, providing a further opportunity to validate the researcher's theory building process. As the an essay, approach reported in medical administration officer letter this paper was part of a strategy to try to improve recruitment into the CRASH trial, the STEPS investigators decided that separate ethics committee approval would not be required for this process as the CRASH trial had already received approval from the North London MREC. When commercial companies sell a product they attempt to convince a potential customer that they will gain benefits directly from their purchase. In the CRASH the trial managers were seeking to gain a commitment to engage from clinical professionals who would make no material gain for themselves. Accordingly, the CRASH trial was selling an opportunity for clinical professionals to participate in improving future clinical practice #x02013; an activity that can be seen as being akin to a charitable endeavour [7]. A challenge for the CRASH trial was to promote the idea that if a clinician signed up to the trial then medicine itself would progress and the clinician would be fulfilling a professional obligation. A previously unexplored dimension of the marketing challenge was found to be the difficulty of gaining an evidence-based understanding the reasons why participants (in this case hospitals) signed up and what motivated them to fulfil a commitment that had no sanctions for non-performance. An analysis of crucibles essay feedback from participating hospitals concluded that they opted in for a variety of reasons, including the perceived merits of the study, the stature of the sponsors and advocates, the status provided to participants through participation and the affordability of medical officer participation (i.e how much time and effort would be required). A tentative reference model was developed from the research date that facilitated an ongoing assessment of the sales and marketing capability of the trial.

The reference model defines the capabilities required for successful marketing and does happiness selling of a medical trial that offered a holistic ideal type that the trial could use to define excellence [17]. It has four domains and 12 components and is illustrated as a wheel diagram (Figure #x200B; (Figure2). 2 ). The twelve components are described below. Brand values define what a brand is and what it is not #x02013; i.e. Medical Administration Officer Cover! its personality. A clinical trial can be seen as a brand. Without explicit brand values it is impossible to communicate a coherent and persuasive perception of a trial's promise #x02013; i.e. Crucibles Essay! what the trial intends to deliver to medicine, doctors, patients etc. Ib) Gaining legitimacy and prestige. Trials need legitimacy #x02013; they need to be positively tagged by officer cover letter association with prestigious individuals and institutions (so a hospital doctor may say, I know that this is an essays movie, important trial because Professor X, who I know and respect, is supporting it). Legitimacy and prestige provide persuasive credibility key to gaining access to administration officer letter, decision-makers who decide whether a trial should be supported and master thesis climate maintain engagement. It is vital to signal to likely participants that, this trial will create greater value than the costs (time, effort or money) involved.

Buy-in is more likely to medical administration cover, occur when participants realise, and identify with, the potential benefits that will be delivered by the success of the trial. Methods for on twilight movie doing this include presentations at conferences, journal publications, advertising, public relations and training materials. IIa) Providing simple, complete processes. Trials require participants to administration officer, undertake work that is essays movie additional to administration letter, their normal duties. Providing simple, complete processes reduces the costs of essay about participation and increases the chances that involvement will be affordable. IIb) Devising strategies for administration overcoming resistance. Potential participants frequently raise objections. Trials should have standard and persuasive answers to these. Having a persuasive answer for each objection increases the probability of making a sale. IIc) Adopting an explicit marketing plan.

The marketing of a trial is too important and too complicated to rubric essay, be done informally. A formal marketing plan is required that should include a definition of target market segments (groups that need to buy in to the trial) and the trial's unique selling points (USPs). It is to be expected that the marketing plan will need to be revised frequently #x02013; probably every quarter. It can be useful to medical administration cover letter, have separate plans for dealing with (1) The Uninformed (Inform and persuade with targeted stories), (2) The Unconvinced (Address concerns point-by-point #x02013; get to yes), (3) The Laggards (Enrol, cajole, facilitate and target), (4) The Steady Performers (Reward, renew, upgrade and recognise) and crucibles essay (5) The Stars (Honour, learn from, and nourish). IIIa) Engaging active sponsors, champions and change agents. Selling a trial to prospective participants requires persuasion. This requires enrolling sponsors (public advocates), champions (activists) and officer change agents (facilitators). Trial managers need a network of an essay supporters to spread the message. Persuasion is more likely to administration letter, occur if the advocate is respected and known personally to the prospective participant.

IIIb) Delivering a multi-audience, multi-level message. Trials need to convey sales messages through publicity, presentations, training materials, etc. These should be tuned to the distinctive needs of target groups #x02013; for example, surgeons are likely to does money equal, be persuaded by different messages than administrators or nursing staff. Speaking in the language of the medical officer letter, person being targeted and addressing their particular pattern of motivation is footnoting an essay more likely to succeed than a one size fits all approach. Public buy-in requires that intended participants announce their commitment to join the trial in a setting where others hear them. Letter! This is important because when someone states, in public, that they are willing to footnoting an essay, undertake an action, then they are more likely to abide by their commitment than if they take a silent decision #x02013; that can be forgotten easily. IVa) Ensuring positive moments of administration officer truth. People evaluate organisations (including trial management teams) on the basis of their experiences at moments of truth. For example, if a doctor has a technical question about entering a patient into a trial she will gain a strong impression of the master thesis climate, trial management team's competence by the way that the query is officer cover handled. If trialists behave well in a moment of truth then loyalty grows; if not, loyalty diminishes. IVb) Providing frequent positive reinforcement.

Positive reinforcement for existing participants should be an important part of a trial's participant retention strategy. It is more expensive to recruit new participants than to retain existing participants. IVc) Facilitating incorporation into routines. Activities that become embedded as routines are more likely to be done than one-offs. Trial procedures should be incorporated into the routines of units undertaking the work. We found that the CRASH trial faced challenges in marketing and selling that were mission critical #x02013; i.e. if goals were not achieved then the trial would fail. Farrell, amongst others, has been arguing for a greater recognition of the role of management in the conduct of clinical trials [5]. Rubric Essay! The key strength of the study reported here is that, for the first time in academic literature, it offers a reference model that provides a conceptual framework that can support and guide trial managers in assessing their marketing strengths and weaknesses [18] The reference model described above should be seen as a tentative framework rather than a definitive template. It was developed from a theory-building process from a single trial and is best considered as a set of provocative hypotheses #x02013; later they may be developed as provisional audit tools. It may be that the administration letter, reference model could be used as a diagnostic tool to identify if, and at what points, a trial is failing so that remedial interventions could be undertaken.

An audit of the CRASH trial enabled components that were considered to be weaker than others to crucibles essay, be identified and initiatives undertaken to improve in these areas. Further research is medical administration cover letter needed in other trials to explore whether the model is complete and correct and whether useful audit tools can be developed. Clinical trials are not only research activities- they are also time-bound businesses that have two interdependent sets of processes #x02013; one clinical and the other managerial. In the main, since trials are seen as clinical endeavours, they are dominated by clinical issues and led by master thesis people with clinical skills. This is essential for cover certain policies and practices but this cultural bias can result in the managerial aspects of master climate trials being, relatively, neglected. If this is true, even if only in part, it means that the radical improvement of clinical trials could require different ways of defining the challenges of running successful trials #x02013; in particular, to ensure that they are seen as management challenges that can benefit from the informed use of selected management processes and medical officer cover letter techniques. These considerations suggest that looking within past trials for the answers to the problem of under-performing trials is personal essay necessary but will not be sufficient.

In order to medical officer, improve trials it will be necessary to look outside the world of clinical practice, into the worlds of business strategy, management, marketing and sales to for art history essay, gain a fuller understanding of what can be done to upgrade performance of clinical trials. This insight is not new. Donovan, Mills et al [19] state that the, methodological literature (on trials) is almost exclusively statistical and epidemiological, and very little of it is concerned with the conduct or the particular demands that trials put on trialists and participants (pp766). This study could begin to change the ways that trial managers undertake their work. Also, it provides a different way to think about the skill sets and competencies needed by those who manage clinical trials. In essence, the message of this study is medical administration cover letter simple #x02013; even simplistic. Equal Happiness! It is that trials are both complex projects and businesses (they need to find customers). Administration! The key implication for clinicians is that insufficient attention to management issues and marketing or sales activities will degrade the performance of the trial. There are significant implications for master climate change policy makers and funding bodies as well. If the officer cover, tentative conclusions of history essay this study are correct, then the funders will need to examine more than the officer letter, scientific case before sponsoring a trial. They will need to see a marketing and footnoting sales plan, and be assured that all of the required elements of the business system will be developed.

Since a successful trial requires both good science and good management, both need to be given their due weight. But there are differences. Business is about profit. Medicine is driven by human values. It would be wrong to infer that publicly funded trials need to medical officer letter, be more like businesses #x02013; rather, we suggest, that trials may benefit from using business concepts and crucibles essay business techniques.

This cross-disciplinary study was based on the premise that something new would be gained if a researcher from the world of business and management studied a clinical trial from his disciplinary perspective and worked with trialists to devise a useful framework. Since innovation is frequently facilitated by a clash of disciplines, it may be some of the insights needed to improve trial recruitment will come from fields other than medicine. The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. The idea for medical administration STEPS was jointly conceived by essays movie the Principal Investigator, MKC, with AMG, VAE, DE, JG, CS, IR, DF, AMM and RCK. DF and IR proposed the case study.

All authors contributed to the study design. DF, IR, DE and HS wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all the authors read and approved the medical letter, final manuscript. Personal About! MKC is guarantor for STEPS, and DF is the guarantor for letter the case study. We would like to rubric, thank the National Co-ordinating Centre for Research Methodology for administration commissioning this research; the equal happiness essay, MRC and the DH for providing funding; and medical the CRASH trial team. The Health Services Research Unit is funded by rubric history essay the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Executive Health Department.

The views expressed are not necessarily those of the funders and the funders had no involvement in the study.

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chess player resume STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT. REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION. In the game of Chess and in some other games, such as Go and Shogi, the time that it takes a player to make his moves can become a deciding factor in medical administration letter, the outcome of the game.

It therefore very important that a player resume play as soon as possible after an opponent makes a move. Also sitting at a table for the length of a long chess game can be uncomfortable and needs often arise which require a player to leave a table for a short period, such as going to the bathroom, an important phone call, medication, smoking a cigarette, or even a drink or a snack. Essays? It is of course important that the time away from the chess table be as short as possible after the opponent makes his move. Remote pagers are known. Medical Administration Cover Letter? For example see U.S. Pat. 3,937,004 of Natori et al (1976).

Natori discloses, “An electronic timepiece, used as a pager watch, has a speaker . Does Equal Essay? . . for reproducing an external call signal intercepted by officer letter, a receiver for incoming magnetic waves . . Essay Bullying? . . Sensors responsive to abnormal ambient conditions, e.g. temperature or blood pressure of the wearer, may also operate the speaker. (See the abstract) “Unit 25 A comprises a plurality of sensors 25 , 26 , 27 designed to detect certain abnormal ambient conditions such as gas or radiation;” (See Col. 2, lines 38-40) A “game timing” unit is officer cover letter, described at Col. 1, line 50 and footnoting line 67 to Col. 2, line 6. “Unit 8 A further includes a 100 Hz signal generator 6 and a reset circuit, the latter being controlled by external switches not shown. Circuits 6 and 7 work into changeover circuit 8 for medical administration modifying the time display of unit 1 A, in a manner not relevant to our present invention, . . . ”. It follows the term “game timing unit” is a mistranslation. Beepers in combination with chess clocks are also known, but these are not remote beepers. They are beepers built into the clock to notify each player when the player's time for playing has expired. These timer-beeper combinations are advertised at http:/www.chessmate.com/chessclocks.html. They are known as the A- 19 The “Chronos” Digital Timer, and the A- 10 “The Duel Timer”. The sound of the beepers in footnoting, a chess tournament is distracting though helpful.

The timers can be digital or analog. Normally two timers are contained in a single case, however the timers could be separate timers. For a discussion of medical administration officer cover letter remote pagers that alert a user by vibration and or light and or sound, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,181 Murray (1997) assigned to money essay, Motorola.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION. The present invention is directed to medical administration officer cover letter, an improvement in game timers, and more specifically chess clocks. The terms “Chess Timers” and Chess Clocks” are used herein to include other game timers such as timers for Go and Shogi, which measure the time it takes for a player to make a move. Footnoting? Each electric Chess timer has a switch to administration officer, stop the timer when a player has made a move. The present invention is directed to a radio frequency transmitter activated by the switch to essays movie, send a signal to a remote receiver tuned to receive the signal sent by the transmitter.

The receiver in turn preferably generates a vibration and/or turns on administration a warning light and/or generates a sound. Footnoting? A sound is not preferred as quiet is essential in chess tournaments. By the use of the apparatus of the present invention a player can be quietly notified at a remote location that an opponent has made his move. The player can then return as soon as possible to medical letter, the chess board to resume playing. Climate? This is important because in tournament chess a player has only a limited amount of time to complete a game. The player can also wait in order to medical administration officer cover letter, cause the personal narrative bullying, opponent to wonder what the waiting player is up to. The remote receiver can be based upon medical administration cover, a conventional pager, a wrist watch pager, a small telephone pager, or a remote door alarm chimes among other things. Essays? The vibrating alarm, light or audio alarm generated by medical cover, the remote receiver can be any indicating devices commonly used in conventional pagers, such as Motorola's AmeriPage pager or the Motorola Minitor III pager. Pager technology is known in the art and will not be described in detail in this application. The present pager systems of the an essay, present invention however preferably operate at administration cover, frequencies and outputs allowed by the FCC without a license.

Briefly, the chess timer of the present invention has a switch to stop the timer when an opponent has made a move, a radio frequency transmitter activated by the switch, and a receiver tuned to receive the signal sent by the transmitter to generate a vibration and/or light and/or sound whereby a player can be notified at a remote location that an opponent has made his move. As an option, the receiver can contain a timer reading the same time as the an essay, players' game timer. By players' game timer is meant the timer that records the time the player has consumed making moves. By chess clock or chess timer, is meant in the present application, a single chess clock or chess timer. In normal usage, a chess clock often refers to two clocks in administration officer cover letter, a single case and movie a chess timer often refers to two timers in a single case, one for each player. Many chess players will utilize the present invention, the users will be opponents. Two players at the same board can have two transmitters incorporated into two corresponding chess timers. The two chess timers are usually in medical administration, a single case.

Preferably each of the transmitters are tuned to generate a different frequency, and for art history essay each of the receivers are tuned to receive a single from a different corresponding transmitter. The transmitters can be on separate circuit boards, or on the same board. The transmitters can be contained in the dual timer cabinet or attached to the cabinet. Administration Officer Letter? The two transmitters can transmit at the same frequency, though this is not preferred, but the system only requires one transmitter for both remote receivers. In a timed chess match using a timer having a switch to stop the timer when an master thesis climate opponent has made a move, the present invention is medical administration officer letter, directed to activating a radio frequency transmitter by the switch to transmit a radio frequency signal to a remote receiver tuned to receive the crucibles essay, signal, receiving the radio frequency signal by the receiver, and generating a physical indication in response to the received radio frequency signal whereby a player is notified at a remote location that the opponent has made his move. Preferably the physical indication is a vibration. Administration Cover Letter? The physical indication can also be a light, alone or in combination with the does, vibration.

The physical indication can also be a sound, alone or in combination with the light and/or vibration. The chess timer has a conventional switch to stop the administration officer cover letter, timer when an opponent has made a move. The present invention adds a radio frequency transmitter activated by thesis, the switch in combination with a receiver tuned to receive the signal sent by the transmitter to generate a vibration and/or light and/or sound whereby a player can be notified at a remote location that the opponent has made his move. An added feature of the present invention is a timer reading the same time as the game timer incorporated into the receiver. Normally two game timers are contained in a single case. The present invention adds two transmitters to either the inside or the outside of the medical cover letter, case and includes two receivers, each tuned to a corresponding respective transmitter and each receiver capable of climate receiving a signal remote from the corresponding transmitter. The two radio frequency transmitters preferably transmit different frequencies, and each of the two receivers is tuned to a corresponding different transmitters. One transmitter can be used for both players, but this creates confusion.

Also both transmitters can be incorporated into a single circuit or chip, with a switching device to switch to different oscillating frequencies. For example two oscillating crystals, oscillating at medical administration officer cover, different frequencies can be switched to and from. Footnoting An Essay? It is necessary that all transmitters in a game room transmit at different frequencies, to prevent the medical administration officer cover, wrong player from footnoting being paged at the wrong time. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING. FIG. 1 shows the combination of chess timer-transmitter and remote pager.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the modifications of the present invention as applied to medical administration officer cover, player number one leaving the table. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the modifications of the present invention as applied to player number two leaving the table. FIG. 4 is a top view of the pagers employed in the present invention showing the equal happiness, pager timers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION. Turning now to FIG. 1, there is shown a dual digital timers 1 in a single case 2 . A push button electrical switch 3 is medical administration officer cover letter, provided for money player number one and a second push button electrical switch 5 is provided for player number two. There is a conventional rocker arm 6 (see FIG.

2) associated with dual digital chess clocks that provides when one clock switch is opened all the way, the other clock switch is closed. When player number one presses push button switch 3 , the timer 7 (clock) associated with player number one stops and medical officer cover letter the timer 27 associated with player number two starts. When the money equal happiness essay, switch 3 to timer 7 is opened A transmitter 9 associated with the case 1 is turned on medical administration officer cover letter sending a radio frequency signal by antenna 11 to antenna 13 of pager 15 . In pager 15 the signal turns on a vibrator 17 which alerts player number two that player number one has made a move and that it is time to resume play. Optionally or alternatively LED 19 (a light) is also turned on essays to alert player number two. Least preferably, a sound is optionally or alternatively generated by sound generator 21 . Clip 23 is a conventional pager clip used to attach pager 15 to a belt or garment. Clip 23 can be removed to cover, carry pager 15 in a pocket. The operation of the money equal essay, remote paging system will now be described in relation to the play of cover player number two, who has now returned to the board in response to being paged by player number one pushing button switch 3 . Essays Movie? Player number one leaves the officer cover letter, room, and player number two resumes play. After player number two makes a move, player number two presses push button switch 5 . Master? When player number two presses push button switch 5 , the timer 27 associated with player number two stops. A transmitter 29 associated with the case 1 is turned on sending a radio frequency signal by antenna 31 to medical administration officer letter, antenna 33 of pager 35 . In pager 35 the signal turns on a vibrator 37 which alerts player number one that player number two has made a move and that it is time for player number two to resume play.

The circuit modifications made in crucibles essay, the construction of one embodiment of the present invention are shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3. A push button electrical switch 3 is provided for medical officer cover player number one and does happiness essay a second push button electrical switch 5 is medical administration letter, provided for player number two. Thesis Change? There is a conventional rocker arm 6 associated with dual digital chess clock 1 . When player number one makes a move and presses switch 3 , the current from conductor 45 is to timer 7 is cut off and timer 7 stops. The current comes from battery 47 and flows through conductors 49 and 51 to switch 3 . By the opening of switch 3 , rocker arm 6 closes switch 5 causing a current to flow from administration cover battery 47 through conductors 49 and 53 to switch 5 . Essay? When switch 5 is medical, closed a current also flows through conductor 54 to timer 27 starting timer 27 of player number two and current flows through conductor 57 to transmitter 9 turning on transmitter 9 . Transmitter 9 sends a signal to for art history essay, receiver 15 which alerts player number two that player number two's timer is running. The signal also switches on remote timer 59 in receiver which displays the time left on player number two's clock. Medical? The closing of switch 3 and the resulting opening of switch 5 stops the transmission of crucibles essay transmitter 9 and medical letter the reception by receiver 15 and stops remote timer 59 (See FIG. Does? 4 ). Player number two now returns to play. Officer? After player number two makes a move and presses switch 5 (see FIG. 3 ), rocker arm 6 opens switch 5 cutting off current through conductor 54 to timer 27 and does money equal happiness essay stopping timer 27 . Switch 3 of player one closes sending current through conductor 45 and timer 7 starts.

The current comes from battery 47 and flows through conductors 49 and 51 to switch 3 . Current is also sent through conductors 45 and medical administration officer cover 57 to money happiness, transmitter 29 . Transmitter 29 sends a signal to receiver 35 which alerts player number one that player number one's timer 7 is running. The signal also switches on remote timer 61 in receiver 35 which displays the time left on player number one's clock. The closing of administration officer switch 5 and master thesis climate change the resulting opening of switch 3 stops the transmission of transmitter 29 and the reception by receiver 35 turning off remote timer 61 (See FIG. Medical? 4 ). In the actual construction of the remote pager, one Radio Shack remote door chimes transmitter was electrically connected to crucibles essay, one timer switch and a second Radio Shack remote door chimes transmitter was attached to the second timer switch. The two transmitters operated at different frequencies so that only one transmitter would activate only medical administration officer letter, one receiver. In the preferred embodiment a vibrator and/or light is activated by the receiver to notify a player that the opponent has made a move.

The specific electronics is either known in thesis, the art or is officer cover, enabled by the present disclosure. Crucibles Essay? The present invention is administration, directed to the application of happiness electronics and is the best mode known to the inventor.

inserted by FC2 system