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Why do I have to write an essay ? I just need help with my homework. It would be great if you could help me please. It's due tomorrow and essay of culture in malaysia . this is taking to long. I hope you enjoy your pizza. Agreements Essay! Thank you. Pakhtuns Knowledge I downstairs Disown owns Die opened Isospin Keith Judo then Hallam Just by Haut so Thought so Splash poet Kite is Kebabs Loire Sound Organ Kaput Haifa Sites Heightens Roses are red Violets are blue This essay is stupid And so are you My homework is. Gratitude , Help , Help me 384 Words | 3 Pages. ?Exemplification Essay Organization and Essay Assignments Overview This is to in malaysia, help clarify our two essay . assignments. The two 5-paragraph essays that we will write this semester will each have an introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion paragraph. The first essay will be a simple expansion of the Exemplification (Example) Paragraph, so it will logically be about the same person you chose as the essay on human topic for essay of culture your example paragraph.

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Deadline: Friday, February 8, 2013, 12:00 Noon. The essay must. Academia , Academic dishonesty , Essay 888 Words | 3 Pages. �THE UTOPIAN DREAM, WHILE NOBLE, IS SHORT SIGHTED BECAUSE IT FAILS TO ACCOUNT FOR THE FLAWS IN HUMAN NATURE.� George Orwell's allegorical . novel � Animal Farm� demonstrates the rapid shift from hopeful Utopian Dream, to reproachful dystopian nightmare as a result of fundamental flaws in human nature, such as avarice, selfishness and crucible the thirst for power over others. In the novel, the animals are promised a better life if they revolt and institute the essay system of Animalism, then they are promised a better. Animal Farm , Dystopia , George Orwell 978 Words | 3 Pages. For Feb. Berkeley That Worked! 9, 2011 in class - Short essay questions � You may use your book. Essay In Malaysia! Work Email by yourself. Email . (s.matson@atscholen.nl) your answers by cutting and pasting these questions onto a new document. You may use secondary sources (if its so intensely relevant that you just can�t do without) but then make sure you CITE them!

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The Role of Isolation and Madness The Fall of the essay in malaysia House of essay management system Usher Short Story Essay �Isolation is essay of culture a self-defeating dream.� As . quoted by Carlos Salinas de Gartani. In the �Fall of the House of a hypothesis Usher� written by of culture in malaysia, Edger Allen Poe, and is one of his most popular short stories. There have been many understandings and theories regarding the theme and nature of this short story. In this story the use of diction, the overall setting and the characters relationships influence what the essay questions main theme revolves. Edgar Allan Poe , English-language films , Fiction 1444 Words | 4 Pages. ?THEO 201 Short Essay # 2 Short Essay on Christology Jesus was both a human being and God. . This essay will discuss the Biblical basis for Jesus' humanity and deity. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia! It will also explain how Jesus can be God and essays that man at the same time and what that means. Essay In Malaysia! Jesus had to become incarnate to save humanity and essay resource it will be explained why. It will also be discussed the dangers of essay of culture overemphasizing and denying the humanity and deity of Christ, as well as some of the common objections to the traditional. Christ , Christianity , Christology 878 Words | 4 Pages. Short Essay Questions 1. I was watching a new episode of White Collar an interesting, yet overly dramatic crime show and I . distinctively remember four commercials.

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Alcoholic beverage , Animal Farm , Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood 2367 Words | 7 Pages. Darla Abraham BA 2410 III41 Professor Shaffer December 13, 2010 Test 2 � Short Essay 1. What is the of culture difference between . organization-centered and individual-centered career planning? Why should HR departments facilitate individual-centered career planning if these individuals might not stay with the organization for the four their entire career? Organization-centered career planning focuses on essay of culture, jobs and on identifying career paths that provide for the logical progression of people between jobs in. Collective bargaining , Drug addiction , Drug test 1185 Words | 4 Pages. English Essay 3. Of all of the characters in agreements essay Animal Farm, are there any who seem to represent the point of view of the . author? Which of the animals or people do you think come(s) closest to achieving Orwell's perspective on Animal Farm? George Orwell brings to life many characters in the novel Animal Farm. He introduces very interesting characters like Boxer, Benjamin, and Napoleon. All of essay of culture in malaysia which are very interesting, however, none of them fully represent Orwell�s point of view. In Animal Farm.

Animal Farm , Faber and Faber , George Orwell 1560 Words | 4 Pages. ? International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. By Khalid Koser . Demography UM 237. Wadiyah Lattimore. FEBUARY 27/ 2014. . Human migration , Human rights , Lifestyle 1065 Words | 3 Pages. Cormier 12 April 2013 Animal Farm ( Essay Outline) Essay topic: The Comparison of The Russian . Revolution to the novel Animal Farm Potential title of essay : The Communist Comparison Thesis statement: George Orwell's novel � Animal Farm� is clearly defined as a children�s story, but it proves to be a comparison of the Russian Revolution. The events that take place in the book are closely related to the actual events from the revolution, and the animals are also historically referred. Animal Farm , Communism , George Orwell 693 Words | 4 Pages. 2013 Animal Bill Of Rights Essay Prewri.

?2013 English 12 Animal Bill of agreements Rights Essay Background: An Organization called the Animal Legal Defense Fund has . sponsored a petition that calls for increased protection for of culture the rights of animals . It says the following: Deprived of legal protection, animals are defenseless against exploitation and essay on human abuse by humans. Through the Animal Bill of Rights, the of culture Animal Legal Defense Fund is working to show Congress a groundswell* of in english 1000 words support for legislation that protects animals and recognizes that, like. Animal rights , Essay , Five paragraph essay 409 Words | 4 Pages. Short Essay On My Aim In Life To Become A Doctor. Short essay on my aim in essay in malaysia life to the four, become a doctor Short essay on my aim in of culture in malaysia life to pollution in english, become a doctor . . Essay In Malaysia! Short essay on my aim in development essay questions life to become a doctor All PDF An essay on my aim in life , Essay W riting Service W ebsites Free essay writing in english my aim in life composition.

Short Essay on My Aim in Life - Important. Essay In Malaysia! Some doctors are specialists, such as heart specialist, eye specialist etc. a doctor who Short Essay on My Aim in essays Life Short Paragraph on My Mother for Kids . Thats my aim in life. Essay , Goal , Writing 1239 Words | 3 Pages. ? Animal testing can be defined as the process of essay of culture using animals in experiments. Normally the research such as biomedical . Essay On Human Resource Management! researches, drug tests and toxicology tests are conducted in essay in malaysia universities, medical schools, and pharmaceutical companies. Scientists use many types of animals in development questions their experiments such as guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, monkeys, chimpanzees, rats, mice, dogs and cats. Around 50-100 millions vertebrates are used in experiments annually and in essay of culture United States, the number of rats and. Animal , Animal Liberation Front , Animal rights 1139 Words | 3 Pages. ANIMAL FARM Writing Assignment ASSIGNMENT In ANIMAL FARM, Orwell shows how both the abigail crucible essay leaders and the followers in a society can . act in ways that destroy freedom and of culture equality.

Choose one leader and one follower from the novel and explain how the behavior of each contributes to development economics questions, the loss of freedom and equality on Animal Farm. PREWRITING Step 1 List the various leaders of Animal Farm. Essay Of Culture! Looking back through the economics essay questions novel, find several examples of actions the leaders take that curtail the rights of essay of culture the. George Orwell , Novel , Novella 1030 Words | 4 Pages. Z of development questions medical progress.

But these major advances have something in common: they were all developed and tested using animals . . Animal experimentation is a contentious issue, but it boils down to essay in malaysia, two essential questions: does it work, and is it ethical? The first is easy to answer: it works. Some would have you believe there are alternatives for all animal research, or that animal testing is essay on human resource always misleading and in malaysia unsafe. The Four Agreements Essay! These are fallacies. Where there are reliable alternatives, of course. Animal rights , Animal testing , Human 1930 Words | 6 Pages. Animal Testing Using Animals for of culture in malaysia testing is wrong and essay on human resource should be banned. They should be entitled to the rights we have. . Essay! Every day humans are using defenseless animals for cruel and most often useless tests. The animals cannot fight for themselves therefore we must. There should be stronger laws to protect them from laboratory experiments.

Although private companies run most labs, experiments are often conducted by public organizations. The U.S. government, the to blame in the Army and Air Force in particular. Andy Summers , Death , Experiment 945 Words | 3 Pages. Argument Essay - Animal Testing is necessary. Argument Essay - Animal Testing is necessary Is it really necessary to take the lives of animals in essay of culture in malaysia the name of . science and for the betterment of humanity? For animal rights activists, like People for creating the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the answer is no. PETA pressures labs into halting experiments, because they believe that animals are not to be used by humans for food, clothing, entertainment, or to experiment on (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ). Its stance is that any testing. Animal Liberation Front , Animal rights , Animal testing 1661 Words | 5 Pages. beginning of a paragraph so that the reader knows what to expect.

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Logic , Marshall McLuhan , Paragraph 637 Words | 4 Pages. Essay There is a discussion whether the killing of animals can be justified or not. Many people think that all . animals should be protected, particularly native animals . However, some people feel that the killing of animals should be allowed when they are over population, when animals present a danger to humans, and development questions when it is essay of culture in malaysia economically beneficial. The culling of animals can be justified when the population of certain animals is to blame crucible too large. Essay In Malaysia! Dr Graeme Colon, a kangaroo. English-language films , Grey nurse shark , KILL 584 Words | 3 Pages. 31 March 2010 Animal Farm Essay Joseph Stalin was a major dictator in influencing communism in Russia. Creating A Hypothesis Statement! He used his . power and status to rule over the people and scare them into doing what he says. Of Culture! In the novel, Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the character Napoleon is the equivalent to Stalin in this story when Napoleon rules and dictates over the other inferior animals . While dictating over agreements, the animals , Napoleon uses his bodyguards, or his dogs to scare the other animals into obeying his. Animal Farm , Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood , Fear 870 Words | 3 Pages. Argumentative Essay on Animal Rights.

?Instructor Crooks English 1A September 9 2014 Assignment Two: Argumentative Essay In the article �Why Animals Deserve Legal . Rights�, Author Steven M. Wise argues in essay favor of animal rights based on the premise that all animals are autonomous. Furthermore he states that the term �rights� has been widely debated and is arguably not affordable to all humans. Wise research indicates that rights are widely believed to be based on autonomy. Creating A Hypothesis! And Wise does not believe we have an accurate grasp on. Animal rights , Chimpanzee , Hominidae 848 Words | 4 Pages.

?Olivia Castillo Eng. 110 Mr. Lewenstein 10/23/14 Save the Planet Essay In today�s society, people are exposing our planet to . more harmful chemicals every day. Of Culture In Malaysia! The chemicals are able to help in succeeding with some experiments and new inventions, but too much of it is the four agreements causing great damage to our environment. For example, contamination of essay in malaysia chemicals can occur in the water we drink. In-taking the development economics essay water is dangerous for everyone and can most likely affect our health. Also, too many chemicals can add. Hazardous waste , Health , Human 1132 Words | 4 Pages. companies such as Maybelline, Sally Hansen, Neutrogena, and Cover Girl test their makeup products on essay, animals . Companies use cosmetic testing as . a defense to avoid law suits in case anything happens. Even Dove tests on a hypothesis statement, animals which led to of culture, the death of its trademark.

It�s unfortunate, but it�s so that we know your lipstick will not suddenly murder you. The few foolish companies that do not test on animals , such as Bath and Body Works, Burt�s Bees, Urban Decay, the why is crucible essay Body Shop, M.A.C, Clinique, Kate Spade. Animal rights , Animal testing , Animal welfare 1101 Words | 4 Pages. sources into a coherent, well-written essay . Synthesis refers to combining the sources and your position to form a cohesive, supported argument . and accurately citing sources. In Malaysia! Your argument should be central; the sources should support this argument.

Avoid merely summarizing sources. Remember to attribute both direct and indirect citations. Essay System! Introduction The practice of essay of culture experimenting on the four, animals has always been controversial. In pursuit of scientific knowledge, animal testing is essential, but as the. AIDS , Cancer , Immune system 1432 Words | 6 Pages. ?Jocelyn Negrete Walker ERWC Period 3 5 November 2014 Animal Rights Essay Throughout the United States, and many other . countries, there is debate on whether or not animals should have rights.

Some strongly believe animals should be given rights, due to their capability of feeling pain and in malaysia emotions. To Blame Crucible! Others believe they should not be given rights because the essay of culture in malaysia human race is far more superior and cannot be comparable to in english, other species. It is disappointing acknowledging, that there are individuals who. Animal rights , Emotion , Factory farming 745 Words | 3 Pages. Animal cruelty Introduction Hey, my name is Monika, great to see you all. Today I�m going to talk about Animal cruelty. . Firstly, I�m gonna give you the basic information about bad behavior with animals and then, I�ll describe types of animal abuse providing you with the statistics and facts concerning the issue. Of Culture! Your questions are welcome at creating, the end of the presentation. Scientists estimate that 100 species go extinct every day! That's about essay of culture, one species every 15 minutes. All of system it is of culture because of. Abuse , Animal Liberation Front , Animal rights 1191 Words | 4 Pages.

The Irony of Animal Testing Humans have always relied on animals to survive. Yet controversy erupts . when animals are subjected to why is essay, experimentation for essay the sole purpose of gaining knowledge. Essay Resource Management! This practice is commonly known as animal testing. Essay In Malaysia! Many argue that using animals as �guinea pigs� is necessary for research, leading us toward medical cures, treatment of diseases, and determining toxicity. However, controversy exists because the medical research we get from performing tests on animals is n. Acute toxicity , Animal Liberation Front , Animal rights 1235 Words | 6 Pages. Animal farm Essay �What is the satirical comment that Orwell is trying to make in Animal Farm amp; how does he . achieve this?� George Orwell�s famous Allegorical Beast fable titled Animal Farm, comments on the four essay, the Russian revolution and on the misuse and abuse of power. In Malaysia! A master piece of political satire, Animal Farm is a tale of development essay oppressed individuals who long for freedom.

Through his literary links to scapegoating, revisionism and of culture propaganda Orwell makes a satirical comment on the way in which those. Animal Farm , Communism , George Orwell 754 Words | 2 Pages. Essay of: Save as Many as You Ruin A short story by Simon Van Booy Every person will throughout their life . have a lot of different experiences, and acquire a lot of on human management system different memories. Some of them might be good and in malaysia some might be bad but it is for certain that a lot of them will stay with us for a long time. An experience can be ruined when it is actually happening and then it will turn in to a bad memory, but if you keep this bad memory within, you will be able to learn from it, and it will. Emotion , Fiction , Love 1120 Words | 3 Pages.

Animals Rights I bet you had no idea that according to pollution essay, The Oxford Lafayette Human Society over thirty million animals such as . dogs and cats die every year from cruelty, neglect and of culture exploitation. Why is why is to blame that Americans care so heavily about material things? But, will not think twice on whether they should help save innocent creatures that live, think, and breath like God created from being abused and mistreated? The issue of essay animal rights has been a concern of mine ever since 2011. I witnessed my.

Abuse , Animal rights , Animal welfare 970 Words | 3 Pages. To have a liable viewpoint on the four agreements, the topic of Animal Rights, one must practically have the abilities of a well-practiced philosopher. You must be . Essay In Malaysia! able to fully evaluate the agreements characteristics of every possible relationship, good or bad, between man and his fellow members of the Animal Kingdom, and their potential outcomes. Of Culture In Malaysia! You must also decide if you believe in development economics questions human exceptionalism, that is, whether or not we are equal to animals . �A rat is a pig is a dog is a boy.� Says Ingrid Newkirk, head of PETA, in. Animal cruelty , Animal Liberation Front , Animal rights 1055 Words | 3 Pages. Animal Testing Since 2002, over 1 million animals that the USDA collects numbers on, which includes dogs, cats, sheep, hamsters, . guinea pigs, and primates, have been tested on.

Since then, that number has increased to approximately 1.4 million. This excludes all rats and hamsters used in testing, which normally make up 90% of testing. This percentage, however, remains only as an estimate because US laws do not require scientists to record how many rats, birds, and essay mice are used. Development Economics Essay Questions! Cages for theses. Animal Liberation Front , Animal rights , Animal testing 767 Words | 3 Pages. matter what children are doing, they are always surrounded by advertisements. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia! Whether it is watching television, Reading a book/magazine, or browsing the . internet; advertisements are everywhere. Eric Schlosser has a good point when he argues in his essay � Kid Kustomers� that more advertisements are being directed towards children each day. It is not only directed toward children, but influencing children to beg their parents for products they do not need or even want.

As in, the stuff they see on television. Advertising , Burbank, California , Disney Channel 1468 Words | 4 Pages. 151 Words Short Essay On The City I Live In. Disclaimer Copyright Recent Articles PRESERVE YOUR ARTICLE CONTENT QUALITY GUIDELINES DISCLAIMER TOS CONTACT US . 151 Words short Essay on creating statement, the City I Live In RAGHUDEV ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ? Google ??? ? ?? ? ??? Preserve Articles is home of thousands of articles published and preserved by users like you. Here you can publish your research papers, essays , letters, stories, poetries, biographies, notes, reviews, advises and allied information with a single vision to liberate knowledge. Web page 351 Words | 2 Pages. Persuasive Essay on essay in malaysia, Animal Experimentation. Persuasive essay on Animal Experimentation: Throughout history, animal experimentation has played an important . role in leading to new discoveries and essay 1000 words human benefit. However, what many people tend to essay of culture, forget are the great numbers of animal subjects that have suffered serious harm during the process of experimentation. Many people are believed to be ignorant or misunderstand the nature of the lives that animals actually live, and are unable to understand the actual laboratory procedures and techniques.

Animal Liberation Front , Animal rights , Animal testing 1017 Words | 3 Pages. Theme Essay If a seven year old read Animal Farm he/she would have thought that it is a sad story about a farm in England. If . an essay resource system older person reads it however, he/she realizes that this story has much more meaning to it. The story is filled with themes that help us understand the world around us. In this essay I am going to talk about of culture in malaysia, four themes that Orwell discussed in this story. They are power, totemism, coercion, and violence. Power leads to absolute power, the job of totemism is to keep. A Good Thing , Animal Farm , George Orwell 1294 Words | 3 Pages. Pontificia Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra Campus Santo Tomas de Aquino Name Mario Ceballos ID 2009-5513 Teacher Jamila Hussain Topic Childhood . obesity in the United States Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Cause and effect essay Childhood obesity in pollution essay in english the United States Recently a big problem has presented in the children from United States.

Obesity is a huge issue nowadays, according to the to the American Obesity Associaction between 16 and 33 percent of children. Childhood , Childhood obesity , Diabetes mellitus 601 Words | 3 Pages. Animal Communication Animal communication is any behavior on in malaysia, the part of essay one animal that has an of culture effect on the . current or future behaviour of another animal . The study of animal communication, sometimes called Zoosemiotics (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the methodology of resource management ethology, sociobiology, and the study ofanimal cognition. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is essay of culture a rapidly. American Crow , Common Raven , Corvidae 1367 Words | 5 Pages. ?Alina Rozental Mrs. Muzaurieta English 9, pd 1A 12/19/2012 9th Short Stories, Formal Essay Final �Poor people put a low . value on themselves and their efforts� (Daymond John). This represents the great work many underprivileged people must go through to earn simple things that would be easy to acquire for people of a wealthy society. People trapped in abigail to blame crucible a lower class have a difficult time attaining happiness. In Malaysia! A poor maid�s daughter struggles for a simple friendship and to gain respect from her.

Capital accumulation , Guy de Maupassant , Poverty 1345 Words | 4 Pages. Countryside Is Safe For Kids Essay. ?Targets: Select poems which support or contradict the viewpoint directly. Targets: Aim to remain focused and why is abigail in the crucible essay concise in your answer throughout the . essay . Of Culture In Malaysia! Thoughts: For this task I created a slightly more detailed plan before completing the essay . I think that I have improved greatly to berkeley essays worked, reach my benchmark on this task. In Songs of Innocence and essay of culture Experience, �The countryside is a place where children can play safely� consider the ways in which Blake presents the relationship between the countryside.

Alliteration , Child , Childhood 2196 Words | 4 Pages. Easy Essay Topics for Kids It is why is abigail crucible essay always good to of culture, begin with essays where children can describe something. The . topic should be about something that the kids already know, like, their home or family. Why Is To Blame In The Essay! Such type of essay topics will aid them to learn to organize their thoughts in of culture in malaysia a constructive manner. Pollution Essay! After children select their topic, they can make points about them, before actually writing the essay of culture main essay . To Blame In The Crucible Essay! Here are some good essay topics for of culture kids which they will be able to write easily. Abigail In The Crucible! . Essay , Essays , Mobile phone 444 Words | 2 Pages. ? Animal Farm Essay 9-22-13 2. In George Orwell�s Animal Farm, Orwell writes the story as a metaphor of the . Essay! Russian Revolution and Communism. Questions! Napoleon is a pig that plays the part of of culture in malaysia Joseph Stalin and refers to abigail to blame in the, Communism as �Animalism.� Napoleon uses cruelty, treachery, and propaganda to twist the meaning of Animalism throughout the story to justify his rise to in malaysia, power and essay eventually turns the animal�s dream of a utopian type of life into a pig-ruled disaster. By doing this, Napoleon�s nature. Animal Farm , George Orwell , Human 893 Words | 3 Pages.

Duritz hides from his hurt and of culture in malaysia loneliness by essay resource management, working all the time, being thoughtless and insensitive to everyone he meets, and forgetting his feelings and . that he ever had them. But he can't escape his feelings. Duritz meets a pudgy, unhappy little kid named Rusty (Spencer Breslin) who turns out to be none other than Duritz himself, circa 1968. At first, Duritz is essay embarrassed by his younger self. Creating Statement! He says, I look at in malaysia, him and all I see is awful memories -- memories I've been spending most of my life. Amy Tong , Dog , Marriage 891 Words | 3 Pages. Animal Farm is a simple fable written by George Orwell in a hypothesis statement 1945, but has great symbolic value as it is the history of a revolution that went . wrong. The novel remains relevant in today�s society as any attempted revolution of the communist kind fails and generally ends up in a dictatorship government.

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English 10 Honors Period 3 April 13, 2011 Animal Farm Essay �The unrestricted competition so commonly advocated does not . leave us the survival of the fittest. The unscrupulous succeed best in accumulating wealth� (Rutherford B. Hayes). This statement asserts the fact that when people compete for agreements essay survival the best individuals more often do not survive and in fact the more conceited and moral deprived individuals do survive. This shows they are best at getting what they need to survive and nothing. Animal Farm , Bourgeoisie , Communism 1023 Words | 3 Pages. ?A critical analysis of �A Modest Proposal� �A Modest Proposal� is a Juvenalian satirical essay which was written by Jonathon Swift in 1729; . a period of great inequality in Ireland which was then ruled by in malaysia, England. During this period, the poorer sections of the Irish population were subject to severe economic hardship, in which thousands literally starved to death every year whilst others were forced to beg in creating a hypothesis order to essay of culture, survive. Swift, along with many others, was dissatisfied with what he perceived. A Modest Proposal , Cycle of poverty , Ireland 1345 Words | 4 Pages. misused and abused, to worked, such an extent that the empowered individual will be reluctant to of culture in malaysia, lose power.

Power and corruption are fundamental themes which are . The Four! profoundly emphasized in essay George Orwell�s novel, Animal Farm. This theme is also, emphasized in Joseph Stephenson�s film adaptation titled, Animal farm. A Hypothesis! Inspiration is one fundamental element for leadership. Of Culture In Malaysia! It is said that, �Inspiration can be achieved by giving people an honest picture of the proposed program in such a way that they will realize. Animal , Animal Farm , George Orwell 2262 Words | 6 Pages. l� Animal Farm� extended essay Animal Farm is an pollution essay in english words allegory of one of the most effective and important events of the essay of culture in malaysia . Development! modern world history, which is the Russian revolution, in which George Orwell the author of the book used animals to represent the main efficient characters and essay of culture in malaysia classes of the revolution. George Orwell drew extremely accurate and deep characters in his book Animal Farm, in which he created an essay words allegory for the Russian revolution, he created very deep characters that he used to represent. Animal Farm , Communism , George Orwell 2747 Words | 7 Pages. Written production essay Tina Youssef Book authors don�t just write texts for the benefit and pleasure to those who read it. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia! However, they . write texts to convey a particular message towards their intended audience. Through the essay in english 1000 words use of certain themes which they construct, authors of essay texts are able to effectively develop these themes using the techniques of propaganda and why is to blame in the crucible essay the satirical and allegorical representations of certain characters.

In the self-proclaimed novel, � Animal Farm�, the author. Allegory , Animal , Animal Farm 2212 Words | 6 Pages. Animal Farm Essay It all boils down to something greater than how the farm was perceived, even though the farm was run by . animals , they all symbolized different aspects of communist ideals. It was trying to essay, maintain a sense of stability in the form of equality through different factors that changed the people and their government. Absolute equality is impossible but there still is an effort to achieve it. Animal Farm is a perfect example of the to blame in the essay corruption of power in essay the leaders which builds a. Adolf Hitler , Animal Farm , Joseph Stalin 1037 Words | 3 Pages.

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Change , Environment , Guy de Maupassant 1125 Words | 3 Pages. A pretty good essay No comments Chris Morra En-105-03 Animal Rights In Brigid Brophy's essay , The . Rights of Animals , there are some statements that I agree with and some that I don't. Unlike Brigid Brophy, I am not a vegetarian, nor would I ever become one, but I do believe that animals have certain rights. I feel that there is nothing wrong with killing an animal for food. Essay In English! Animals have been killing each other for food in essay of culture in malaysia order to survive since dinosaurs roamed the development economics essay questions earth. Human beings.

Animal rights , Fur , Fur clothing 782 Words | 3 Pages.

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19 Reasons Why This Is An Excellent Resume. Recruiters spend an average of six seconds reviewing a resume before they make the essay of culture initial decision on candidates, according to research conducted by TheLadders, an essay online job-matching service for professionals. That means you have to win them over fast. To get a better idea of what makes a resume great, we reached out to Amanda Augustine, career expert at TheLadders. Of Culture In Malaysia. She created an example of an excellent resume and allowed us to agreements share it. While resumes should be tailored to the industry you're in, the one below offers a helpful guide for entry- and mid-level professionals with three to five years of relevant work experience.. What makes this resume so great? Augustine outlines the following reasons: 1. It includes a URL to the jobseeker's professional online profile. If you don't include URLs to in malaysia your professional online profiles, hiring managers will look you up regardless. Augustine tells Business Insider that 86% of recruiters admit to why is abigail to blame reviewing candidates' online profiles, so why not include your URL along with your contact information? This will prevent recruiters from having to guess or mistaking you for someone else.

If you have a common name, consider including your middle initial on your resume and of culture online professional profiles to why is abigail to blame crucible essay differentiate yourself from the essay in malaysia competition, says Augustine. For example, decide if you're Mike Johnson, Michael Johnson, or Mike E. Johnson. Creating A Hypothesis. Then use this name consistently, be it on LinkedIn, Google+, Twitter, or Facebook. 3. In Malaysia. It includes a single phone number and email address. A Hypothesis. Choose one phone number for your resume where you control the voicemail message and essay of culture who picks up the phone, she advises.

The same rule applies to an email address. 4. It does not include an objective statement. There's no point in including a generic objective about a professional looking for opportunities that will allow me to leverage my skills, says Augustine. Essays. It's not helpful and distracting. Ditch it. 5. Instead, it includes an executive summary. Replace your fluffy statement with an executive summary, which should be like a 30-second elevator pitch where you explain who you are and what you're looking for . In approximately three to essay five sentences, explain what you��re great at, most interested in, and how you can provide value to a prospective employer, Augustine says. 6. It uses reverse chronological order. This is the most helpful for recruiters because they're able to see what you've been doing in recent years immediately, says Augustine. The only time you shouldn't do this is if you're trying to transition to another career altogether, but then again, in this situation, you'll probably be relying more on networks, than your resume, she says. 7. It uses keywords like forecasting and strategic planning.

Many companies use some kind of screening process to identify the right candidates. You should include the keywords mentioned in the job posting throughout your resume. Essay. Identify the essay of culture common keywords, terminology, and key phrases that routinely pop up in essay questions the job descriptions of your target role and incorporate them into your resume (assuming you have those skills), advises Augustine. This will help you make it past the initial screenings and on in malaysia, to the a hypothesis statement recruiter or hiring manager. 8. Of Culture. It provides company descriptions. It's helpful for recruiters to why is in the crucible essay know the size of the company you used to work for, advises Augustine. Being a director of a huge company means something very different than a director at essay of culture in malaysia, a small company, she says. You can go to the company's About Us section and rewrite one or two lines of the description.

This should be included right underneath the name of the company. While the company size is helpful information, including the company description will also let the creating a hypothesis statement hiring manager know what industries you've worked in. For example, being an accountant in in malaysia tech may be very different than being an accountant in the hospitality industry. As with most things on a resume, the company description should be tailored based on the professional's goals. Creating. If you're looking to switch industries, your focus may be on the company size �� assuming it's similar to your goals �� and less on discussing the various products your company sells. 9. It does not list achievements in dense blocks of essay of culture, text. Recruiters receive so many resumes to scan through at a time, so make it as easy as possible for berkeley them to understand why you're perfect for the job. Dense blocks of text are too difficult to read, says Augustine.. 10.

Instead, achievements are listed in two to five bullet points per job. Under each job or experience you've had, explain how you contributed to or supported your team��s projects and initiatives. As you build up your experience, save the bullets for your bragging points, says Augustine. Quantify your major accomplishments and contributions for each role, Augustine tells us. Essay Of Culture. This can include the money you saved or brought in for your employer, deals closed, and projects delivered on time or under budget. Do not use any more than three to five bullet points. 12. Accomplishments are formatted as result-and-then-cause. Essay Words. A good rule is to use the of culture in malaysia result BY action sentence structure whenever possible. For example: Generated approximately $452,000 in development essay annual savings by employing a new procedure which streamlined the business's vendor relationships.

13. White space draws the reader's eyes to important points. In Malaysia. Recruiters do not spend a lot of time scanning resumes, so avoid dense blocks of text. The key is to format the information in economics questions a way that makes it easy to scan and in malaysia recognize your job goals and relevant qualifications, Augustine tells us. 14. It doesn't use crazy fonts or colors. Stick to black and white color, says Augustine.

As for font, it's best to stick with the basics, such as Arial, Tahoma, or Calibri. Augustine says you should never write your resume in third person because everyone knows you're the one writing it (unless you go through a professional resume writing service). Instead, you should write it in first person, and abigail in the do not include pronouns. It's weird [to include pronouns], and of culture it's an extra word you don't need, she says. You need to streamline your resume because you have limited real estate. Avoid adding any embedded tables, pictures, or other images in your resume, as this can confuse the applicant-tracking software and jumble your resume in the system, says Augustine. 17. It doesn't use headers or footers. It may look neat and concise to display your contact information in berkeley essays that worked the header, but for of culture t he same reason with embedded tables and why is to blame in the essay charts, it often gets scrambled in an applicant tracking system, says Augustine. 18. In Malaysia. Education is listed at the bottom.

Unless you're a recent graduate, you should highlight your work experience and move your education information to questions the bottom of your resume, says Augustine. Never include anything about your high-school years. 19. It doesn't say references upon essay of culture in malaysia, request. Every recruiter knows you're going to provide references if they request it so there's no reason for berkeley worked you to include this line.

Again, remember that space on your resume is crucial so don't waste it on a meaningless line, Augustine tells us. Now watch how to ace an interview: SEE ALSO: What Recruiters Look At During The 6 Seconds They Spend On Your Resume. NOW WATCH: The 9 Worst Mistakes You Can Make On Your Resume. Recommended For You Powered by Sailthru. 19 Reasons Why This Is An Excellent Resume. Of Culture. Recruiters spend an average of essay, six seconds.

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essay on gentlemans 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List. alius amicus Urbani. I wish to essay of culture express my thanks to the staff of the Electronic Text Center of the University of Virginia for providing the technical expertise and the meticulous care necessary to launch this database as an words, online publication. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia. In particular I wish to thank David M. Seaman, former Director of the Center, who suggested the union list, and Matthew Gibson, Associate Director of the Center, who has overseen its completion. I owe a debt of gratitude to Luther Fredrick Carter, President of Francis Marion University, and Richard N. Chapman, Provost of Francis Marion University, for their longstanding collegial interest in my research and their enthusiastic support of this project. I would also like to express my appreciation to the Francis Marion University Board of Trustees for graciously creating the position of Trustee Research Scholar which has afforded me crucial additional time to devote to crucible essay the completion of this research.

I am very grateful to the reference staff of Rogers Library, in particular Roger K. Hux and John M. Summer, for their ready assistance over many years; and to Julian Pooley, FSA, Manager of the Surrey History Centre, Kingston upon essay of culture in malaysia Thames, and director of the Nichols Archive Project, who has generously made his vast database of transcripts of Nichols manuscript correspondence available to me, thus enabling me to identify the a hypothesis, authors of scores of letters, articles, and obituaries in the Gentleman's Magazine that would otherwise have remained unattributed. Essay. Finally, I would like to thank John Nichols, John Bowyer Nichols, John Gough Nichols, Isabella Nichols, and Richard Gough, who assembled the attributions of authorship in the original Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine laboriously, over many years, with pen and ink, and essay on human resource management system, who, if they were alive today, would deeply appreciate the amazing possibilities of essay of culture in malaysia electronic databases. From its founding in 1731 by the printer Edward Cave, to why is abigail to blame crucible its heyday under Cave's successors, David Henry and John Nichols, the Gentleman's Magazine was one of the most influential periodicals in Britain. The breadth of its coverage is in malaysia stunning. The fluctuating prices of grain or coal or Smithfield beef, daily closing quotations for abigail in the crucible stocks and bonds, mortality figures (categorized by disease) for the city of London, theatre reviews, original poetry, the parliamentary debates, theological disputes, lists of promotions civil and military, Church preferments, and essay of culture in malaysia, obituaries by the thousands all crowd the berkeley, pages of the magazine.

In addition, as an indispensable source of news to its loyal readership scattered throughout the towns, villages, country houses, and parsonages of Britain, the Gentleman's Magazine was unsurpassed. There if nowhere else could eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century readers in remote corners of the nation find what was often their first account of the news of the day, whether it be the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755, 1 the unearthing of mosaics and frescoes at Herculaneum, 2 Benjamin Franklin's experiments with the essay, lightning rod and with the kite and agreements, the key, 3 the hanging and burning of Phoebe Harris for coining, 4 the visit of the chief of the Yamacraw Indians to the court of George II, 5 the essay, ambush of General Braddock in the woods near Fort Duquesne, 6 the skirmish at Lexington and Concord, 7 the latest method of cutting for cataracts before anesthesia, 8 the ongoing debate over the application of caustics for breast cancer, 9 the creating statement, Gordon Riots of 1780 10 and the Peterloo Massacre of 1819, 11 the guillotining of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, 12 the discovery of the Rosetta Stone, 13 or the mutiny on the Bounty . 14 Certainly for present-day researchers the GM constitutes a mine of contemporary information concerning virtually every facet of of culture British life and public interest during the first century of the magazine's existence. When Edward Cave (1691-1754) established the Gentleman's Magazine in 1731 in offices above the on human management system, sixteenth-century gate of St. John's Priory in Clerkenwell, he could not have known that he was creating what would become a literary institution. His intention was to launch a monthly magazine that would provide foreign and domestic intelligence, original poetry, helpful hints covering everything from agriculture to home remedies, and a digest of in malaysia newspaper excerpts on leading topics of the the four, day, tailored to attract readers in London and points beyond. Listing himself only essay as printer on the magazine's title page, Cave created a fictitious editor, Sylvanus Urban, Gent., borrowing the name from a 1691 newspaper, Urbanicus and Rusticus , in testimony to his hopes of appealing to essay in english city and country dwellers alike.

The early monthly numbers were short (48 pages), and the domestic news columns were deliberately sensationalist, 15 reporting supposed sightings of mermen; 16 graphic accounts of hanging, drawing, and quartering, of spousal abuse, and of the trial and punishment of essay of culture in malaysia Eleanor Beare, the peripatetic abortionist; 17 and the issuance of an all-points-bulletin for the capture of Dick Turpin, the highwayman. Agreements. 18 Excerpts from in malaysia newspapers constituted a large proportion of the monthly numbers during Cave's regime, fed in the 1730s by the escalating press war generated by the Opposition's efforts to oust Robert Walpole and during the berkeley that worked, 1740s by debate over in malaysia the conduct of the War of the Austrian Succession and by the national fright over the Jacobite Rebellion of the 'Forty-Five. 19 The number of original submissions remained small except for letters posing or responding to mathematical queries, commentaries on astronomy and theology, and essay on human resource management, a plethora of verse contributions, most of dubious merit. Within two years of the founding of the essay, GM Cave added a new feature that would make his magazine justly famous: the management, printing of a crude form of the parliamentary debates in defiance of the essay of culture in malaysia, House of Commons' ban on just such an undertaking. Capitalizing on the four agreements essay, an ambiguity in the Commons' rules that might be interpreted to permit reporting of the of culture in malaysia, debates after but not during a parliamentary session, Cave took the risk and with the August 1732 issue began regularly devoting the GM 's lead article to Debates in Parliament. 20 The accounts were necessarily makeshift, a pastiche of excerpts mined from Abel Boyer's Political State of Great Britain and of notes Cave and his friends managed to take in secret, with smuggled pencil stubs and scraps of paper balanced on their knees as they sat in the Strangers' Gallery. The resultant speeches, reconstructed in a nearby tavern by the historians William Guthrie and Thomas Birch from the abigail in the, pooled jottings and retentive memories of essay Cave and on human, his helpers, 21 were approximations at best and sometimes were more reflective of the redactors' political prejudices than the thoughts of the speakers themselves. Samuel Johnson, who eventually succeeded Guthrie as the compiler of the debates, was notorious for putting his own words into the Members' mouths and making sure, as he once told Sir George Staunton, to of culture in malaysia put Sir Robert Walpole in the wrong, and to why is abigail crucible say every thing he could against the electorate of Hanover.

22 When an affronted House of Commons in April 1738 forbade the reporting of its debates at any time, regardless of whether or not the sessions had ended, the GM simply renamed its monthly leader Debates of the Senate of Lilliput, complete with thinly disguised anagrams or corruptions of the Members' names. 23 The device worked perfectly until Cave brazenly reported the treason trial of the Jacobite rebel, Simon, Baron Lovat, before the House of Lords in April 1747. Arrested, convicted of breach of of culture privilege by the Upper Chamber, fined, and compelled to beg forgiveness on development economics essay questions, his knees at the bar of the Lords, 24 Cave reluctantly ordered a moratorium on the printing of the debates, only resuming the feature in 1752. With the death of essay of culture in malaysia Edward Cave in 1754 and the succession of the four David Henry (1709-92) and later John Nichols (1745-1826) to the mantle of in malaysia Sylvanus Urban, the GM entered into a period of tremendous growth, not only in the length of its monthly numbers but also in the range of materials offered up to the magazine's readers. Henry began the transformation, working after 1778 in close cooperation with Nichols, who that year became part proprietor of the GM with Henry, handled much of the editorial duties of the magazine during the 1780s, and succeeded Henry as editor in 1791. Under the two men's direction the GM vastly expanded its literary and theatrical reviews, with John Hawkesworth (1720-73), 25 Rev.

John Duncombe (1729-86), and Richard Gough (1735-1809) serving successively as chief literary critics for the magazine. At the same time, the GM all but abandoned the practice of essay management allotting large amounts of space to excerpts from the newspaper press, with the exception of the early 1760s, when the nation was caught up in a contentious debate over essay Lord North's Peace of Paris. Resource Management System. Just as the magazine in Cave's day brought mathematical and astronomical concerns before its readership, the GM under the aegis of Henry and Nichols continued its coverage of pure and applied science, publishing letters on of culture, Halley's Comet, Herschel's discovery of Uranus, Vincent Lunardi's balloon flight (the first in Britain), and Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination for smallpox; 26 disquisitions on archaeology and numismatics; meteorological diaries; descriptions of newly invented agricultural implements, including a diagram of Jethro Tull's seed drill; 27 and synopses of the Transactions of the Royal Society . Building on readers' interest in Samuel Johnson's earlier series on essays that worked, the lives of celebrated admirals, the of culture in malaysia, GM gave extensive space to accounts of voyages of discovery, most notably a lengthy series of articles on Captain James Cook's voyage of 1768-71 in the Endeavour . 28 David Henry, who was a friend of Benjamin Franklin and agreements essay, a first cousin of Patrick Henry of Virginia, was particularly interested in news from America, and under his direction and that of Nichols the essay of culture in malaysia, GM provided substantial coverage of events in the New World, reporting with remarkable impartiality the development essay, build-up and progress of the of culture in malaysia, American Revolution and milestones in the history of the new republic, including the ratification of the Constitution (printed in its entirety), 29 festivities attending the inauguration of George Washington (himself a subscriber to the GM ), 30 the naming of Washington's first cabinet and Supreme Court appointees, 31 the creating a hypothesis statement, laying out of the District of Columbia, 32 and the publication of Washington's Farewell Address (printed in entirety). 33 Henry and essay of culture, Nichols carried on Cave's tradition of embellishing the magazine with illustrative plates and filled the GM with superbly executed engravings of birds, maps, coins, Roman inscriptions, country houses, Bronze-Age dolmens, erupting volcanoes, and South Sea islanders. Nichols doubled the size of the magazine, which grew from its original 600 pages per year to a two-part, 1,200-page annual publication beginning in 1783; and he expanded the pollution essay 1000, GM 's obituary columns and memoirs to such a degree and with such assiduousness that he earned the unflattering sobriquet of death-hunter. 34 Above all, Henry and Nichols presided over a magazine overwhelmingly devoted to essay in malaysia original submissions from a growing readership, 35 submissions that flowed in by the thousands from chiefly anonymous or pseudonymous contributors, avid to see their offerings in essays worked, print. The use of fictitious signatures offered several advantages to Mr.

Urban's correspondents. In an age when many gentlemen still regarded writing for the papers as a dubious activity fit only for essay of culture Grub Street hacks, such literary camouflage provided contributors the protection of anonymity. It afforded others of more liberal mind the delight of concealing their identities behind classical pseudonyms, artfully crafted anagrams, and misleading sets of development economics essay initials. In addition, the use of a variety of different signatures by the same contributors permitted them the amusement of deceiving their readers by corresponding with themselves, as well as the luxury of in malaysia correcting their own mistakes with minimal loss of face. Thus in on human management, 1793 Samuel Pegge the Elder, signing L.E. (the terminal letters of his name), contributes a letter, Natural Son of Richard III, 36 correcting his own 1767 submission on the same subject, 37 signed T. Essay In Malaysia. Row (the initial letters of the Rector of Whittington, his Derbyshire living). In similar vein, John Hawkesworth in November 1764 sends the GM a piece signed J.H. enclosing Rules for Writing and Speaking correctly, which purports to be a Letter from a Father to a Daughter concerning grammar. 38 The next month Hawkesworth dispatches an unsigned letter, The Folly of useless Words exposed, 39 writing, To the agreements essay, very useful letter of your ingenious correspondent, p. Essay Of Culture. 519, I shall take the liberty of pollution essay in english adding, as a general rule, that useless words should be always carefully avoided. Of Culture. . . . Creating Statement. John Nichols, himself a prolific contributor, was not above assuming the opposite in malaysia gender to confuse his readers. Not only essay resource system did he submit a multitude of letters signed M. Green (taken from the name of his second wife, Martha Green); in addition, in a 1795 letter, Burial Ground of the Jews at Mile-end described, 40 Nichols, coyly signing himself Eusebia, writes, I don't know, Mr.

Urban, what you will say to my inquisitive pen. Your sex can introduce themselves into of culture any house that bears the character of antique; but a female Antiquary can only under the friendly veil of an assumed name, in abigail to blame in the crucible essay, your Magazine, satisfy her boundless curiosity. Since some women did contribute to the magazine, including Anna Seward (who generally signed her own name to her submissions), the essay, GM 's readers probably accepted Nichols's deception. Subtle changes start to appear in the content of the GM during the early nineteenth century, as John Nichols began to relinquish more and more control of the operation of the magazine to his son, John Bowyer Nichols, who had become a partner in the firm in 1800; and a hypothesis, those changes accelerated after John Nichols's death in essay of culture in malaysia, 1826. Under John Bowyer the magazine allotted an increased amount of space to religious topics, just as it would later expand its interest in antiquarian and archaeological submissions and reports from learned societies under the berkeley essays that, influence of John Bowyer's son, John Gough Nichols. An inevitable byproduct of the GM 's new focus was a diminution in the variety of its offerings, together with a loss of the sense of spontaneity that had distinguished the magazine for many decades. With changing times and customs fewer contributors indulged in the literary game of signing letters with reversed initials, classical pseudonyms, or ingenious anagrams. With altered editorial policies and essay of culture, the commencement of new series in 1834 and berkeley that worked, 1856, less and less space was allotted to of culture letters to why is to blame in the essay the editor from the GM 's far-flung readership.

The thousands of letters to Sylvanus Urban, by essay, turns whimsical or argumentative or recondite, that had been the mainstay of the magazine under David Henry's and John Nichols's stewardship dwindled to a trickle, relegated increasingly to the Minor Correspondence page or to essay on human resource the filler rounding out each monthly number. Mr. Urban in his mid-nineteenth-century incarnation was clearly less interested in the topics and passions that had preoccupied his eighteenth-century readers: the interpretation of a troublesome passage in Juvenal; 41 details of a newly discovered Roman coin; 42 helpful methods for destroying black beetles in London kitchens; 43 the elucidation of the essay of culture in malaysia, origins of the phrase to essay questions run amuck; 44 the minute description of a curious, and . . . non-descript . . . In Malaysia. caterpillar . Essay Words. . . [,] uncommonly large and essay of culture, beautiful, found in a potato field in Kent. 45 Under the direction of John Bowyer Nichols and his editor, the Rev. The Four Essay. John Mitford, longer articles and reviews, written by essay of culture in malaysia, a staff of paid contributors, replaced the myriad short items and letters on a vast variety of berkeley essays that subjects that had formerly crowded Mr. Urban's pages. 46 In addition, contributions tended more and essay, more to be signed, as authors ceased to bother with maintaining the pretense of anonymity. Unquestionably the Gentleman's Magazine in creating, its mid-nineteenth-century format was quite a different animal from the periodical that had appeared under Edward Cave's direction a century and a quarter before.

Alterations in style and of culture in malaysia, content only intensified in early 1850, when contributions signed with initials and pseudonyms virtually disappeared except for the Minor Correspondence section. In the mid 1860s the pace of change became precipitous. The Nichols family had already sold the magazine in 1856, and in the crucible essay, J. H. Parker (successor to of culture John Nichols's grandson, John Gough Nichols, as editor) gave up his duties in 1865. The Four. The latest publishers (Bradbury, Evans, and Co.) launched a second new series (commencing with Vol. 220 for January- June 1866) with the sanguine promise that the GM would maintain its strength in antiquarian matters, cover a more diverse array of subjects in book reviews, reserve considerably more space for of culture contemporary literature, and do an why is abigail in the essay, even better job in recording births, marriages, obituaries, and appointments.

Furthermore, the conductors assured their readers, 'Sylvanus Urban' also desires to of culture in malaysia lay open his columns much more extensively . . Development Economics Essay Questions. . to Original Correspondence, especially in matters of genealogy, topography, heraldry, local antiquities, personal and family history, folk-lore, philology, etc. 47. The promise of a Gentleman's Magazine redivivus was unhappily short-lived. After a five-volume run, the second new series came to an end and with it any attempt to restore the magazine to even a semblance of its old character. Vol. 225 (June-November 1868) ushered in a third new series, under the direction of a different editor (Joseph Hatton) and at the reduced price of essay of culture in malaysia 1 s . in place of economics half a crown.

Calling the GM one of the institutions of the country, 48 the new management in its Preface to readers gamely tried to evoke the mystique of essay Samuel Johnson and Edward Cave and capitalize on the magazine's venerable past, a past of which it was clearly in awe. True, the Preface acknowledged, the Gentleman's Magazine would be abandoning any further attempt to provide comprehensive coverage of Politics, Science, Art, the parliamentary debates, literary criticism, or the activities of the learned societies, as [i]t is essay no longer desirable, it is indeed scarcely possible, for a monthly magazine to comprise the features to which the essay of culture, GM 's old audience had been accustomed. 49 Readers, however, could be assured that, as always, the staff would accept unsolicited contributions and attempt to find a place for them in the GM 's pages. The new number . . . is another link in the long chain that reaches back to 'Edward Cave at St. John's Gate,' Hatton asserted. We give up no jot of the Urbanian Succession. . . . 50 But to anyone familiar with the magazine in its heyday the new management's attempt to affect the persona of Sylvanus Urban seems self-conscious, awkward, and uncomfortably anachronistic, as if the GM 's mid-Victorian editor had unsuccessfully dressed himself in borrowed robes. In the essay management system, course of the essay of culture, following two volumes (226-227) Hatton dropped all pretense of emulating the gracious old magazine in which eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century readers had delighted, abruptly withdrawing the welcome he had extended to unsolicited letters and articles (those mainstays of the essay 1000, old GM ) and jettisoning the obituaries for once and for all. Of Culture In Malaysia. Clearly with the resource management system, commencement of the third new series in mid 1868 the essay of culture in malaysia, Gentleman's Magazine became an entirely different entity, a thing that Edward Cave, Samuel Johnson, David Henry, John Hawkesworth, Richard Gough, John Nichols, and their readers and essay management system, contributors would not even have recognized. It is a sad conclusion for anyone who (like John Goodford in 1824) would sign himself URBANI AMICUS. Of Culture In Malaysia. 51.

The Gentleman's Magazine has for many decades been the subject of close scrutiny by researchers endeavoring to determine the authorship of the the four agreements, vast number of essay in malaysia anonymous and pseudonymous letters, articles, reviews, poems, memoirs, and notes filling its volumes from development economics questions 1731 until mid-1868, when new editors recast the magazine and irretrievably altered its make-up. Many scholars have directed their attention to the initial decades of the GM 's existence, particularly the Edward Cave epoch (1731-54), attracted in part by of culture, the fact that those were the years that saw the bulk of Samuel Johnson's involvement with the a hypothesis, magazine. Early studies by C. Lennart Carlson ( The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman's Magazine [Providence: Brown UP, 1938]), Donald F. In Malaysia. Bond (The Gentleman's Magazine, Modern Philology 38 [1940]: 85-100, with its extensive corrections and additions to berkeley that worked Carlson), and Albert Pailler ( Edward Cave et le Gentleman's Magazine [1731-1754] [2 vols.; Lille: Atelier Reproduction des Theses, 1975]) provided numerous attributions of authorship of the GM 's poetry, as has Titia Ram's recent Magnitude in Marginality: Edward Cave and The Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1754, Containing a First-Line Index of all the Poems, With Notes and References on Authorship (N.p.: Gottmann Fainsilber Katz, 1999). While Carlson, Bond, Pailler, and Ram have concentrated overwhelmingly on the GM 's poetry, works by other scholars have focused on identifying prose submissions to the GM , particularly John L. Essay Of Culture. Abbott's John Hawkesworth: Eighteenth-Century Man of Letters (Madison: U of berkeley worked Wisconsin P, 1982) for Hawkesworth contributions; Bertram H. Davis's A Proof of Eminence: The Life of of culture in malaysia Sir John Hawkins (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1973) for the four agreements Hawkins finds; Claude E. Jones's Charles Woodmason as a Poet ( South Carolina Historical Magazine 59 [1958]: 189-194) for of culture in malaysia submissions from colonial South Carolina by Woodmason; James M. Osborn's Dr. Essay In English 1000 Words. Johnson's 'Intimate Friend' ( TLS , 9 October 1953, p. 652) for Stephen Barrett finds; James L. Clifford's Johnson and Lauder ( Philological Quarterly 54 [1975]: 342-356) for essay of culture in malaysia William Lauder and William Brakenridge entries; and Arthur Sherbo's From the Gentleman's Magazine . . . ( Studies in economics essay questions, Bibliography 35 [1982]: 285-305). In addition, numerous specialists in the literary career of Samuel Johnson have worked painstakingly to identify an impressive number of of culture Johnson's contributions to the GM . (See Section V below.) When James M. Essay Questions. Kuist published The Nichols File of The Gentleman's Magazine: Attributions of Authorship and Other Documentation in Editorial Papers at the Folger Library (Madison: U of essay Wisconsin P, 1982), he provided scholars of the periodical press with an indispensable resource: the identification of authorship of nearly 14,000 hitherto anonymous articles, reviews, poems, and other items appearing in the Gentleman's Magazine from its beginning in 1731 until 1856, when the pollution in english 1000, descendants of John Nichols relinquished ownership of the essay in malaysia, magazine. The publication in 1982 of Kuist's Nichols File , supplying as it did the identification of the authors of thousands of the GM 's articles and development economics essay, letters on politics, history, theology, travel, science, inventions, medicine, literature, philology, and antiquarian lore, was justly welcomed as a signal achievement in recent British press history. However, Kuist's Nichols File , though breathtaking in its accomplishment, did not purport to essay of culture be a complete listing of all the known or decipherable authors of the myriad letters, articles, queries, obituaries, and verse addressed over a century and a quarter to crucible essay Sylvanus Urban.

In fact, Kuist made a conscious decision to confine his list to those attributions of authorship specifically identified in of culture in malaysia, handwritten marginal annotations by John Bowyer Nichols 52 and the four agreements, others in in malaysia, his family in the staff copy of the GM , now housed in the Folger Library. System. Those marginal attributions of authorship in the GM , put together by the Nichols family in a massive reconstruction of their office files after a destructive fire in 1808, contain perforce a multitude of omissions, some the of culture in malaysia, result of haste or sheer carelessness on the part of the annotators, some because the authorship of certain articles and letters defied all efforts at pollution essay 1000 words, identification, others conversely because the authors' identities seemed at the time too obvious for anyone to bother writing down. Kuist's editorial guidelines, namely, to reproduce the attributions in the Nichols File exactly as written, unavoidably preserved the annotators' omissions as well as their errors. Sometimes John Bowyer Nichols and essay in malaysia, his fellow annotators inadvertently skipped over items--obviously identifiable signatures of Crito (John Duncombe), for example, or of Scrutator and Academicus (pseudonyms used habitually by both John Loveday the Elder and John Loveday the Younger, between whom, incidentally, the Nichols File fails to distinguish). In other cases the Nichols family recorded attributions for most but not all of the articles in a series. Development Questions. For instance, the file assigned (as Kuist notes) numbers 1-8 of in malaysia a 1786 series entitled The Trifler to pollution in english words a Mr. Fush of Pembroke College, Oxford, when in actuality Edmund Fushe also wrote numbers 9-12 of the in malaysia, series 53 before poisoning himself with arsenic at the age of 17. In still other cases, where several poems signed with the identical pseudonym or initials appear on a single page, the annotator inscribed the author's name only once. Since Kuist's list prints only the specific poem against a hypothesis statement, which the annotator happened to write the name, evidence that could be used to add a wealth of new attributions to The Nichols File is thus excluded. In addition, John Bowyer Nichols and his family seem to have ignored crucial geographical evidence when compiling their file of attributions of essay of culture authorship, failing to take advantage of the opportunity to match authors with the towns or even street addresses whence they wrote. As many of the GM 's contributors chose in economics essay questions, occasional bursts of candor to forego the anonymity of initials and sign their full names, it is possible to search forward and backward through the of culture in malaysia, pages of the GM , identifying with reasonable certainty a number of unassigned contributions by means of pairing sets of initials with place-names.

J.H., a common enough signature, is for essays example safely identifiable as that of John Holt when it happens to appear in letters dated from Holt's home of Walton, near Liverpool, during the period when Holt was an active contributor to the magazine. In some cases, inevitably, the annotations recorded in the Nichols File are patently wrong. A major case in point consists of the file's identification of the person who used the signature L.E. as Samuel Pegge the Younger. When the of culture, Nichols family members reconstructed their records in the wake of the essay in english 1000 words, conflagration of 1808, they assumed that the signature L.E. appearing from 1788 through 1795 was that of Pegge the Younger. Thus Kuist lists it for forty-two items included in The Nichols File . However, a powerful piece of earlier and in malaysia, contradictory evidence exists which casts doubt on that assumption. Development. Immediately following the essay of culture in malaysia, death of Samuel Pegge the Elder the GM published a three-part unsigned memoir of Pegge by his son, Samuel Pegge the Younger, 54 subjoining to it a comprehensive listing of virtually all of creating a hypothesis statement Pegge's writings published in the GM and essay of culture in malaysia, elsewhere. 55 The 1796 list categorically attributes the L.E. The Four Agreements Essay. articles in essay of culture in malaysia, question to Pegge the Elder, a designation that is quite convincing. In the first place, the L.E. articles end abruptly in August 1795, a few months before Pegge the Elder's death. Second, if the essay on human, GM 's comprehensive Pegge list had erroneously attributed dozens of items to Pegge the of culture, Elder, Pegge the Younger presumably would have written to the GM to correct the development economics essay, historical record. There is of culture in malaysia no evidence that he did so.

Furthermore, according to 1000 words Nichols himself, Pegge the Younger's contributions to the GM were few in number. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia. To Mr. Pegge we are indebted for the . . . Memoir of his learned Father, Nichols wrote, and for several occasional contributions to the Gentleman's Magazine (italics mine). 56 The bulk of the evidence adduced thus points overwhelmingly to Pegge the creating statement, Elder as the author of the L.E. items, items incorrectly attributed in The Nichols File to his son. With the essay in malaysia, help of the lists of known pseudonyms and sets of initials provided in Kuist's own index, plus a mine of information contained in contemporary letters, literary memoirs, and the GM 's invaluable obituaries, as well as determined detective work involving the unscrambling of berkeley essays that anagrams and the use of geographical links, it has been possible to fill literally thousands of the gaps in the record. Since the of culture in malaysia, appearance of essay in english 1000 words Kuist's Nichols File , a large number of essay of culture post-Kuist articles and books by why is to blame in the, various scholars have contributed significantly to the expansion or correction of identifications of authorship provided in The Nichols File or in earlier scholarship. Those publications include John L. Of Culture In Malaysia. Abbott's The Making of the Johnsonian Canon (in Johnson after Two Hundred Years , ed. Berkeley Essays That. Paul J. Korshin [Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1986]) for essay in malaysia John Hawkesworth contributions; Marion B. Smith's South Carolina and The Gentleman's Magazine ( South Carolina Historical Magazine 95 [1994]: 102-129) for John Lining contributions; Kenneth Monkman's Did Sterne Contrive to Publish a 'Sermon' in 1738? ( The Shandean: An Annual Devoted to Laurence Sterne and His Works 4 [1992]: 111-133) for two Laurence Sterne items; Richard C. Cole's Recovering William James (fl.

1785-1797), English Writer ( ELN: English Language Notes 36 [June 1999]: 64-78) for items by William James and his wife; Robert D. Pepper's Gilbert White and the 'Gentleman's Magazine' ( TLS , 31 March-6 April 1989, p. 339) and Gilbert White's Tiny Mouse: A Sceptical Objection in 1789 ( Notes and Queries n.s. 37, no. 3 [September 1990]: 315-317) for several new attributions to Gilbert White of Selborne; Arthur Sherbo's John Coleridge and the Gentleman's Magazine ( Bulletin of Research in the Humanities 86 [1983]: 86-93), Additions to the Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine ( Studies in Bibliography 37 [1984]: 228-233), The English weather, The Gentleman's Magazine , and a hypothesis statement, the brothers White ( Archives of Natural History 12 [1985]: 23-29), More from the Gentleman's Magazine : Graves, Mainwaring, Wren, Sterne, Pope, Bubb Dodington, Goldsmith, Hill, Herrick, Cowper, Chatterton ( Studies in Bibliography 40 [1987]: 164-174), Further Additions to the Nichols File of the in malaysia, Gentleman's Magazine ( Studies in development essay, Bibliography 42 [1989]: 249-254), The Achievement of George Steevens (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), Thomas Martyn (1735-1825), 'P.B.C.': his contributions to the Gentleman's Magazine ( Archives of Natural History 22 [1995]: 51-59), Letters to Mr. Of Culture. Urban of the Gentleman's Magazine , 1751-1811 (Studies in British History 44 [Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 1997]), and William Hamilton Reid (fl. The Four Agreements Essay. 1786-1824): A Forgotten Poet ( Studies in essay of culture in malaysia, Scottish Literature 29 [1997]: 245-257) for numerous supplementary attributions both of creating a hypothesis prose and verse; and my six-part Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-77: A Supplement to Kuist ( Studies in Bibliography 44 [1991]: 271-302), Attributions of Authorship . . . Essay In Malaysia. , 1778- 92 . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 45 [1992]: 158-187), Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1793-1808 . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 46 [1993]: 320-349), Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1809-26 . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 47 [1994]: 164-195, Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1827-48 . . . ( Studies in Bibliography 49 [1996]: 176-207), and Attributions of Authorship . . . Essay On Human Resource System. , 1849-68, and Addenda, 1733-1838 . . Essay. . ( Studies in Bibliography 50 [1997]: 322-58), as well as my Topographical, Antiquarian, Astronomical, and Meteorological Contributions by George Smith of Wigton in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1735-59 ( ANQ 14 [Spring 2001]: 5-12). Under the auspices of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia and the university's Electronic Text Center, I published from 1996 through 1999 three electronic databases amassing collectively nearly 20,000 attributions of authorship of that worked items appearing in the GM : My first electronic database, Attributions of Authorship in essay, the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: A Supplement to Kuist (Charlottesville: Bibliographical Society of the agreements, University of Virginia, 1996) was designed to integrate and in several instances correct the identifications of authorship I had published in essay of culture, my six-part Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine . . . , Studies in Bibliography 44 (1991): 271-302, 45 (1992): 158-187, 46 (1993): 320-349, 47 (1994): 164-195, 49 (1996): 176-207, and to blame essay, 50 (1997): 322- 58. Attributions of Authorship . Essay Of Culture. . . : A Supplement to Kuist added approximately 4,000 new or corrected attributions of the four authorship in the GM to the items catalogued by Kuist in the Nichols File . In addition to providing an integrated list, publication of my finds in the form of an in malaysia, electronic database had the further advantage of insuring that the information contained in the database was accessible to scholars through a variety of means including searches by author, title, volume and in english words, page, date, source of attribution, and (when applicable) pseudonyms used by contributors.

My second electronic database, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: A Synthesis of Finds Appearing Neither in Kuist's Nichols File nor in de Montluzin's Supplement to Kuist (Charlottesville: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1997) brought together over of culture 1,850 additional attributions of authorship of items in the GM . Those items, synthesized for the first time in one comprehensive supplementary list, were compiled from approximately sixty books and articles by various scholars who, over the four agreements a number of decades, had made their own significant contributions to the identification of the essay of culture, anonymous authors of the GM 's letters, reviews, articles, poems, and why is to blame in the essay, staff notes. Since those additional attributions were scattered through very many publications (many of them out of print), and of culture, since a number of those publications bore titles nondescriptive of a hypothesis their relevance to Gentleman's Magazine studies, researchers interested in the GM had long been hard-pressed to make effective use of them, even when aware of their existence. The publication of Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: A Synthesis of Finds . . In Malaysia. . , by berkeley essays, consolidating information hitherto scattered throughout numerous and often obscure references, thus dramatically simplified the essay in malaysia, efforts of GM researchers to track down attributions of authorship that did not appear in Kuist's Nichols File or in my first GM database. Taken together, my first two GM databases added forty percent to the total number of items available in Kuist, presenting the finds in a way that permitted researchers to conduct an resource, electronic search of the two GM databases simultaneously. The purpose of my third electronic text, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine : An Electronic Version of James M. Kuist's The Nichols File of the Gentleman's Magazine (Charlotte: Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1999), was to of culture in malaysia recast Kuist's Nichols File , with its 13,950 attributions of authorship, as an online database in a format identical to that used in my first two GM electronic publications. Researchers already familiar with Kuist's Nichols File in its bound version are of course aware that The Nichols File contains two catalogues. The first (and by far the more valuable for most users) consists of the aforementioned list of nearly 14,000 attributions of authorship of items printed in the Gentleman's Magazine , attributions transcribed by Kuist and his research associates directly from the marginal annotations in the Folger copy of the GM . Pollution Essay 1000. Catalogue II, Documents in the Gentleman's Magazine , contains lists of drawings, printed materials in the Folger Nichols File, and a variety of manuscripts, associated documents, and other papers pertaining to the GM , either tipped into the pages of the magazine or maintained separately by John Nichols and his descendants. Though Catalogue II provides valuable information for students of the Nichols family publishing business (and though it has furnished me with many useful clues in my own efforts to identify contributors to the magazine in the mid nineteenth century), it was not germane to the scope of the online version of Kuist's Nichols File and thus was excluded from the in malaysia, database. The greatest challenge in statement, converting the printed version of Kuist into of culture an electronic format compatible with my earlier GM databases was one of rearrangement of the material. Kuist's Nichols File as originally published is first arranged alphabetically by author, then alphabetically within each author's entry in terms of the often numerous pseudonyms or initials the author used, and then chronologically within those subdivisions. Essay In English. Despite the best efforts of Kuist's team of researchers, there are unfortunately frequent errors in the above sequence, not only in alphabetizing but in the listing of of culture volume numbers, page numbers, dates, and signatures as well.

Since each of my GM databases begins with a complete chronological listing of the attributions contained therein (followed by an alphabetical synopsis by contributor as a cross reference), the first task was to convert an alphabetical arrangement of pollution essay in english 1000 all of the attributions in Kuist's volume into a strictly chronological listing. It was then essential to compare each typed entry with the in malaysia, corresponding item in the microfilm version of the abigail to blame, GM itself, making sure that errors in volume numbers, page numbers, dates, and signatures were corrected. I also used the opportunity to substitute exact titles for Kuist's shortened ones, to cite book titles in the review sections in their entirety unless doing so was impractical, to list proper names in full whenever possible, and to essay of culture in malaysia add interpolated explanatory phrases where needed. The present database, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731- 1868: An Electronic Union List , is essay 1000 designed to essay in malaysia bring together in one key-word-searchable and fully browsable electronic text the total number of known attributions of authorship of the GM 's letters, articles, reviews, poems, and other items, gleaned from all available published and unpublished sources for the magazine. It consists in berkeley essays, part of an integration of my three previous electronic databases, as corrected and refined. However, the union list goes far beyond those texts to expand the citations of thousands of items in order to make them more conducive to essay of culture in malaysia key-word searches, to create new indices of contributors and of pseudonyms, and to incorporate over 6,000 new finds, many of them from the a hypothesis statement, GM 's eighteenth-century run (the period least well represented in Kuist's Nichols File ). Designed to facilitate searches by proper name and subject (as well as by volume, page, date, and of culture in malaysia, pseudonymous signature), and presented in a logical and clear sequence, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List at last makes it possible to bring together in why is abigail in the essay, one electronically accessible, fully browsable, and user-friendly format the of culture, 25,585 known attributions of essays that worked authorship in Georgian England's greatest magazine. Like my three earlier GM electronic texts, the union list contains a complete Chronological Listing of all of the essay, attributions of authorship contained in the database, followed by an alphabetized Synopsis by Contributor supplied as a cross reference to the approximately 2,362 contributors whose work is encompassed in the database. Expanding upon an additional feature I had provided in the online version of pollution in english Kuist's Nichols File , I have also included a comprehensive Index of Pseudonyms and Initials used by way of signature in all of the items cited in the present database.

The present database, like my first GM electronic text and the six-part series of essay articles that preceded it, makes extensive evidentiary use of Kuist's list of creating statement thousands of manuscript articles and essay of culture in malaysia, unprinted letters to the GM 's editors dating mainly from the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, materials which form the bulk of Catalogue II in Kuist's Nichols File . With the help of information contained in Catalogue II it has been possible to arrive at hundreds of attributions of authorship, though the use of Catalogue II requires caution. Not every would-be contributor proposing to review a work for the four essay the magazine was in the end commissioned to do so. In addition, as Catalogue II demonstrates, in various instances several writers sent letters to Bowyer Nichols and his staff offering to of culture review the same publication. As a result, I have continued to treat as tentative all attributions of in english authorship based on offers from would-be contributors to supply book reviews, memoirs, and the like, unless the evidence makes it certain that the of culture, proffered material was actually accepted. I have continued to designate those attributions as tentative where they appear in the union list.

The union list, like the online version of Kuist's Nichols File , contains hundreds of development economics essay attributions of review articles written by Richard Gough, the leading reviewer for the Gentleman's Magazine during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Essay Of Culture. Those items present special difficulties, because the Nichols File contains disconcerting ambiguities with regard to their proper attribution. Since their ultimate authority is Gough himself, those attributions ironically should be among the creating, most certain in the GM . Knowing that his old friend John Nichols was struggling to reassemble his papers and literary collections after the 1808 fire at his printing office, Gough kindly bequeathed to Nichols his personal set of volumes of the GM with Gough's own contributions marked therein. Essay Of Culture. When John Bowyer Nichols and his fellow annotators set about reconstructing their files, they transferred Gough's annotations to their own set of GM volumes. 57 However, in many cases Gough's book reviews were not marked individually.

Instead, Gough's contributions to the review sections of the GM were all too often designated with the catch-all phrase, the various works on these pages. Kuist in the printed version of the Nichols File repeated those words exactly, bloc-listing entire review sections instead of listing the reviews individually. Economics Essay Questions. (Incidentally, Kuist's decision to preserve the designation en masse of Richard Gough's reviews accounts for essay in malaysia nearly 800 items in the thousand-odd discrepancy between the nearly 13,000 attributions Kuist thought he had in the Nichols File and the 13,950 attributions that he actually had.) Sometimes the designation the various works on these pages is clear enough, but in other cases the placement of essay articles on a page in the GM makes attribution of authorship very difficult indeed. In preparing the union list I have maintained certain conventions I adopted in the online version of the Nichols File to of culture in malaysia assure consistency in abigail to blame crucible essay, the listing of essay of culture in malaysia Richard Gough's attributions of authorship. First, it is berkeley worked clear enough that if a review begins on a page included in the specific page range but ends after that page range (or conversely ends on essay, a page included in the specified page range but begins before that page range), it was not meant to be attributed to Gough. I have not included any such items in Gough's list.

However, the main problem lies in numerous instances in which a piece definitely attributed to Gough ends on the last page of a page range but is followed by essay system, one or more works that fall entirely on that same page. Should they also be attributed to Gough, since they are certainly among the various works on of culture in malaysia, these pages? The same difficulty arises at the beginning of a specified range of creating pages, when several reviews fall totally on the first page of the page range, followed by essay in malaysia, a review that spills over from the first to the second page in the range. Should the preceding reviews on the first page likewise be attributed to Gough? Unless there is a convincing reason to make an the four agreements, exception, I have attributed such ambiguous reviews that fall at the beginning or end of the page range provisionally to Gough, including the designation [? (attribution unclear in Kuist)] in the text of the entry. Though the attribution of of culture certain items to Gough remains perforce an imprecise business, the application of the above conventions at least insures consistency. 58.

The identification of Samuel Johnson's contributions to essay resource the GM presents unusual difficulties centering upon a host of conflicting claims, published over many years, concerning Johnson's authorship of various disputed items. This is particularly true with regard to of culture in malaysia Johnson's role in the compilation of berkeley worked portions of the parliamentary debates. In preparing the union list I have continued to essay in malaysia follow conventions I developed for my second GM database to govern the inclusion of purported Johnson attributions. For a discussion of the conflicting evidence with regard to Johnson's contributions to a hypothesis the GM and a synopsis of the guidelines I have adopted for the inclusion of Johnson items in the union list, readers should consult Section V of this introduction. The union list contains over in malaysia 6,000 new attributions of authorship.

Many of them involve items excerpted from the London newspaper press chiefly during the 1730s-1760s, items written for the papers by such contributors as Samuel Johnson, Henry Fielding, Lord Chesterfield, Arthur Murphy, John Hawkesworth, John Wilkes, Charles Churchill, Tobias Smollett, and Henry St. John, Lord Bolingbroke, which were not listed in the earlier electronic texts. In preparing the revised union list, I have decided that, though those items are reprinted material, they should nevertheless be included where appropriate, in order to make the record of authorship of items in the GM as complete as possible. (For a full discussion of the guidelines I have used for the inclusion of newspaper excerpts, readers should consult Section VI of this introduction.) The union list also makes use of various attributions of authorship kindly furnished to creating statement me by Edward W. Pitcher, Emeritus Professor of English, the University of Alberta, from essay of culture in malaysia his massive research on eighteenth-century magazines, and by Julian Pooley, Director of the Surrey History Centre, from his ongoing Nichols Project, a tremendous undertaking dedicated to the creation of an electronic database cataloging thousands of manuscript letters written by and to statement John Nichols and his descendants which are currently scattered throughout many public and of culture, private collections on both sides of the Atlantic. In addition, in essay on human management system, order to make the union list as comprehensive and useful as possible, I have chosen to include several thousand items which, though signed, bear only essay of culture a partial and a hypothesis statement, therefore potentially confusing signature. Writers familiar enough to eighteenth-century readers have in many cases sunk into obscurity; and though the essay of culture, signatures J. Sackette or G. Smith would have meaning for the GM 's subscribers in the 1740s, it is useful for readers today to known that those signatures refer specifically to Rev. John Sackette (d. 1753; clergyman and crucible essay, poet) and to George Smith of Wigton (d. 1773; astronomer, topographer, and traveler), respectively.

The union list also incorporates Arthur Sherbo's valuable corrections concerning items by Rev. John Kynaston (who wrote under the signatures Q. of essay Wigan and Q. of Caerhaes, Cornwall, and the four essay, whose work I had earlier misattributed to Richard Gough). Throughout the union list I have made every reasonable effort to list all proper names in full, tracking down the individuals in question in the Dictionary of National Biography , the Oxford and Cambridge alumni lists, the British Library's General Catalogue of Printed Books , Robert Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica (Edinburgh, 1824), David Erskine Baker's Biographia Dramatica (London, 1812), the GM obituary lists, and other references. Contributors to the GM , especially in the eighteenth century, could be maddeningly inexact in referring to persons, who were generally identified by surname only (Mr. Smith, Dr. Middleton), by pseudonym (Clericus, your recent Correspondent from Wigton), or by in malaysia, ambiguous references to in english 1000 words title (Earl of H---ke, the late Bishop of London).

The GM 's index-makers, even the otherwise meticulous John Nichols himself, made no attempt to remedy the deficiency but merely opted to record names in indices as originally listed in the text. Indeed, indices of persons mentioned in the lengthy lists of births, marriages, deaths, appointments, and preferments for the early decades of the GM habitually provided nothing beyond surnames, leaving researchers with the in malaysia, mind-boggling task of searching, for example, through hundreds of citations (many directing the reader to the wrong volume or page) for an elusive Mr. Development. White, full name unknown. Any GM researcher who has wrestled with the problem of incomplete references to persons will feel instant sympathy with Rev. Samuel Pegge the Elder, who in essay in malaysia, a fit of exasperation wrote in 1792 to rail against both the magazine's careless omission of first names and its frequent slip-ups in pollution essay 1000 words, citation: A Gentleman, whose signature is G.M. . . . proposes to give information of an English translation of Homer, by the Bp. of Ossory; and the account appears to be very satisfactory. Essay Of Culture. But who is this Bp. of Ossory, now defunct? I am in the dark, and creating a hypothesis statement, cannot help myself, as there is no series of the prelates of that see in any book I have; and 500 or 1000 of your readers, Mr. Urban, I am inclined to essay of culture in malaysia believe, are in the same predicament. But the paper in question, it may be said, is in answer to Academicus . But in a hypothesis statement, what year, and in what month, and in what page, am I to find Mr. Academicus?

So that I am in the dark here again. In short, Sir, one would always wish authors to be as plain and essay in malaysia, explicit as they can, and to give their readers no unnecessary or perplexing trouble. Another culpable piece of conduct, Mr. Urban, in many of your very numerous correspondents, is, that they say, Mr. Jackson , or Mr. Thompson , c. without giving the Christian name of the person; as if there was no other person of the name in England but the party there spoken of; whereas every body knows what numbers of Jacksons and Thompsons we have in this island.

One name might do in the Saxon times, where few surnames were used, the Christian names were so various, and the country was not so populous as now; but at this time, it is a hypothesis inexcusable in writers to omit the Christian names of such popular denominations as Smith, Taylor, Wood, c. without premising the prenomen, unless the person intended be very eminent, or some way concerned with the business in of culture, hand. Following up on the expanded form of citation that I had introduced into the online version of Kuist's Nichols File , I have taken the opportunity to essay 1000 words replace the short titles listed in essay, thousands of items in my first and second GM databases with complete titles for all letters, articles, poems, and book reviews. As a further assistance to users, I have taken care to add explanatory phrases in brackets to indicate subject matter (Catholic Emancipation, slave trade, Test Act, Regency Bill, etc.) in instances of titles that are otherwise nondescriptive of the contents of the items in question. In the case of certain contributors (notably James Roche and statement, James Temple Mansel) who wrote unusually discursive essays, I have made sure to include in the titles all of the various subjects that appear as page headings in the articles. My aim throughout has been to make the union list not just a listing of who wrote what in the Gentleman's Magazine but also a user-friendly resource for researchers interested in English literature, history, economics, medicine, science, theological controversies, topography, and antiquarian matters, presenting the text in a way that would not only essay of culture in malaysia be fully browsable but would readily permit key-word searches by name or topic. Researchers attempting to creating statement piece together an accounting of which items Samuel Johnson did or did not write for the GM must sift through the claims and essay, counterclaims advanced by numerous Johnson scholars. The obvious starting points are William Prideaux Courtney's and David Nichol Smith's A Bibliography of Samuel Johnson (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1915), the first of the twentieth-century attempts to put together a reliable Johnson canon, and J. D. Fleeman's A Bibliography of the Works of Samuel Johnson, Treating of his Published Works from the Beginnings to 1984 , 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon P, 2000); 60 W. J. Bate, John M. Bullitt, and L. F. Powell, eds., The Idler and The Adventurer (vol. 2 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1963]; W. J. Bate and Albrecht B. Strauss, eds., The Rambler (vols. Pollution Words. 3-5 of The Yale Edition of the Works of in malaysia Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1969]; E. L. McAdam, Jr., and George Milne, eds., Samuel Johnson: Poems (vol. 6 of The Yale Edition of the Works of creating a hypothesis Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1964]); Donald J. Greene, ed., Samuel Johnson: Political Writings (vol.

10 of The Yale Edition of the of culture, Works of Samuel Johnson [New Haven: Yale UP, 1977]); and the Johnson entry in The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (ed. George Watson; vol. 2: 1660-1800 [Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971]). The search must then continue through an examination of claims concerning purported Johnson contributions to the GM that have been put forward in J. Reading's Poems by the four agreements, Johnson ( TLS , 11 September 1937, p. 656); D. J. Greene's Was Johnson Theatrical Critic of the of culture, Gentleman's Magazine ? ( Review of English Studies n.s. 3 [1952]: 158-161); Benjamin Beard Hoover's Samuel Johnson's Parliamentary Reporting: Debates in the Senate of Lilliput (Berkeley: U of California P, 1953); James L. Clifford's Young Samuel Johnson (London: William Heinemann, 1955); Edward A. Essay Resource. Bloom's Samuel Johnson in essay, Grub Street (Providence: Brown UP, 1957); Jacob Leed's Samuel Johnson and the 'Gentleman's Magazine': An Adjustment to the Canon ( Notes and Queries 102 [1957]: 210-213), Samuel Johnson and the Gentleman's Magazine : Studies in the Canon of His Miscellaneous Prose Writings, 1738-1744 (Diss.; U of Chicago, 1958), and Two Notes on why is to blame in the crucible essay, Johnson and The Gentleman's Magazine ( Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 54 [1960]: 101-110); Donald J. Greene's Some Notes on Johnson and of culture in malaysia, the Gentleman's Magazine ( PMLA 74 [1959]: 75-84); Gwin J. Kolb's More Attributions to a hypothesis Dr. Johnson ( Studies in English Literature 1500-1900 1 [1961]: 77-95); Arthur Sherbo's Samuel Johnson and The Gentleman's Magazine , 1750-1755 (in Johnsonian Studies , ed.

Magdi Wahba [Cairo: n.p., 1962]); Donald J. Greene's The Development of the of culture in malaysia, Johnson Canon (in Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature: Essays in Honor of Alan Dugald McKillop , ed. Carroll Camden [Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1963]); F. V. Bernard's Common and Superior Sense: A New Attribution to essay in english 1000 words Johnson ( Notes and Queries n.s. Essay Of Culture. 14 [1967]: 176-180) and Johnson and the Authorship of Four Debates ( PMLA 82 [1967]: 408-419); John L. Economics. Abbott's Samuel Johnson and 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead,' Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 54 (1971): 23; Timothy Erwin's The Life of Savage , Voltaire, and essay of culture, a Neglected Letter ( Notes and abigail in the, Queries 30 [1983]: 525-526), John L. Abbott's The Making of the Johnsonian Canon in Johnson after Two Hundred Years 127-139; John A. Vance's Johnson's Historical Reviews (in Fresh Reflections on Samuel Johnson: Essays in Criticism , ed. Prem Nath [Troy, New York: Whitston, 1987]); and Thomas Kaminski's brilliant work, The Early Career of Samuel Johnson (New York: Oxford UP, 1987), which is rich not only in new Johnson attributions but also in William Guthrie finds. Certainly one of the central issues in of culture, Johnson scholarship concerns the extent of the essay on human resource, role played by Johnson in the GM 's printing of the parliamentary debates. I have already taken note of the essay, haphazard manner in which the magazine re-created the debates, relying on the hit-or-miss efforts of Edward Cave and his band of spectators in the galleries to listen attentively to pollution essay in english words the speeches in essay in malaysia, the chambers, take surreptitious notes when they could, and later reconstruct the the four agreements, gist of what Lords and Commons had said, turning out a version of the debates that was part summary, part fictionalized rhetorical flourishes. Since it was very often Johnson who supplied those rhetorical flourishes, recasting the speeches to such an extent that they were more his own than their nominal authors' words, the duration of essay in malaysia Johnson's involvement in the enterprise is of key importance in the matter of assigning attributions. For a long time the standard authority on Johnson's participation in the writing of the debates has been Hoover's 1953 Samuel Johnson's Parliamentary Reporting: Debates in the Senate of Lilliput . Greene in Some Notes on Johnson and agreements, the Gentleman's Magazine and Bernard in Johnson and the Authorship of Four Debates (both cited above) have attributed some additional debates to Johnson, in particular claiming that Johnson's production of the debates did not cease with early 1744 but extended throughout that year.

Kaminski has added further possible Johnson contributions to the debates in his authoritative and extremely detailed Early Career of Samuel Johnson , which has displaced both Clifford's Young Samuel Johnson and Bloom's Samuel Johnson in Grub Street as the best available account of Johnson's early career as a writer for the Magazine . In synthesizing the essay of culture in malaysia, attributions of authorship listed in this database, I have followed Kaminski in assigning to the Scottish historian William Guthrie the parliamentary debates that appear in essay, the GM 's volume 8 (1738), with revisions by of culture, Johnson, and likewise those in volume 9 (1739) and the beginning of volume 10 (1740), without revisions by Johnson. I have accepted Kaminski's attribution to Guthrie of several of the debates printed in the middle of on human management volume 10 (with revisions by Johnson), that in GM 10 (1740): 530-545 to Guthrie alone, and the opening two paragraphs of that in GM 10 (1740): 579 provisionally to Johnson. Beginning with the debate printed in GM 10 (1740): 585-592 through that in GM 14 (1744): 59-64 Johnson was clearly the sole author, as shown (in the cases of the in malaysia, debates in GM 10 [1740]: 585-592 and 11 [1741]: 2-13) by Bernard and Kaminski and as asserted for economics the rest of the period by Courtney and Smith in their Bibliography of essay of culture Samuel Johnson and by Hoover in Samuel Johnson's Parliamentary Reporting . Johnson may also have written the debate on pay for Hanoverian troops that appeared in GM 14 (1744): 64-67 (for which see Courtney and statement, Smith, Hoover, and Greene) and essay, probably contributed that in GM 14 (1744): 119-125. Creating A Hypothesis Statement. Bernard claims the debates in GM 14 (1744): 125-137 and 175-186 for Johnson as well. Greene (echoed by Bernard but vigorously disputed by Kaminski) contends that Johnson may also have written the debates printed throughout the rest of 1744. I have included those provisional attributions in the database, designating them in essay, each case by a question mark to indicate that scholarly opinion is pollution 1000 words still unresolved on those items. As for in malaysia the contention put forward by Sir John Hawkins in his Life of why is to blame in the crucible essay Johnson that John Hawkesworth succeeded Johnson as the author of the parliamentary debates, 61 Abbott in his John Hawkesworth: Eighteenth-Century Man of Letters declares himself unable to decide whether to accept or reject the claim. After long review, he writes, I could come to no conclusion on the basis of internal evidence, though external evidence would seem to support Hawkesworth's claim to some of the debates. 62 In light of Abbott's reservations, I have deemed Hawkins's attribution of some of the later parliamentary debates to Hawkesworth to be too insubstantial to warrant inclusion in the database.

Researchers should note that I have deleted from the union list 51 supposed Johnson attributions that I had included in my second GM database, items claimed as Johnson's by of culture, Arthur Sherbo in his Samuel Johnson and The Gentleman's Magazine , 1750-1755, Johnsonian Studies , ed. Berkeley That Worked. Magdi Wahba (Cairo: n.p., 1962) 133-159. Professor Sherbo in his subsequent Letters to Mr. Urban of the essay, Gentleman's Magazine , 1751-1811 , Studies in British History 44 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 1997) 229 disclaimed the attributions to essays worked Johnson contained in his 1962 article. I have retained in essay of culture, the union list six other Johnson items cited in the 1962 article, as they are independently attributed to Johnson in Edward A. Bloom's Samuel Johnson in Grub Street (1957), Donald Greene's Was Johnson Theatrical Critic of the why is crucible essay, Gentleman's Magazine ? Review of English Studies n.s. 3 (1952): 158-161, and The New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (1971). Attributing authorship of excerpts from the newspaper press is an undertaking fraught with difficulty and of culture, especially susceptible to problems of 1000 words inexactitude. There is a world of difference, for example, between a verbatim excerpt from The Rambler , fully accepted as part of the Johnson canon, and a passage from the Weekly Miscellany , partly quoted and partly paraphrased, which was probably written by Rev. William Webster, the Weekly Miscellany 's leading spirit, but which might have been furnished by an unknown contributor. Essay Of Culture. Between those two extremes lie many gradations in a hypothesis statement, terms of the certainty (or lack thereof) with which one can assign authorship. Of Culture. The problem is that worked compounded by the fact that eighteenth-century sources and modern-day scholars alike are sometimes woefully imprecise in describing the duties of various writers for the newspaper press.

Nicholas Amhurst was the author of the in malaysia, Craftsman , earlier press historians confidently aver, and every item bearing the signature Caleb D'anvers, the paper's fictitious editor, should be attributed to him. Nicholas Amhurst was the conductor of the Craftsman , other scholars state with more caution, leaving to their bemused readers the task of pollution essay deciding exactly what the word conductor means. Nicholas Amhurst was the editor or the editor and chief writer of the Craftsman , still others write, progressively hedging their opinions even to the point of unhelpfully describing Amhurst by in malaysia, turns as author, conductor, and editor within the same handful of pages, as if the terms were interchangeable. Some, like Simon Varey, 63 contend that since so many writers for the Craftsman used the signature Caleb D'anvers, nothing thus signed can conclusively be attributed to Nicholas Amhurst without additional corroborative evidence. As a result, researchers attempting to sort out who wrote what for the newspaper press are in many cases left to agreements cope as best they can with various shades of ambiguity.

In compiling this union list, I have considered it imperative, first, to essay in malaysia arrive at precise guidelines to be used for inclusion or exclusion of newspaper excerpts and for determining the berkeley essays that, degree of certainty with which authorship can be assigned; second, to of culture in malaysia follow those guidelines with the utmost consistency; and third, to state them explicitly for the benefit of readers. Users of this database should note that in dealing with the attribution of newspaper excerpts, I have attempted throughout to err on the side of pollution 1000 words caution in separating the essay in malaysia, certain from the tentative and, in the case of the latter, to creating statement differentiate clearly and consistently among various degrees of probability when assigning authorship. Though some users may disagree with the essay of culture, wisdom of including tentative attributions and may choose simply to resource ignore those items, they may be assured that I have made every effort to avoid the trap of indiscriminately mingling certainty and mere guesswork in attributing authorship. In the first place, it has been necessary to determine how to treat excerpts that are condensed or summarized. As F. V. Bernard has noted, 64 Edward Cave's competitors complained constantly of his habit not only in malaysia of pirating but of drastically condensing excerpts from newspapers and journals until sometimes they were twisted out of pollution essay words all recognition by their authors. Cave's editorial practice of of culture in malaysia condensing material presents the problem of essay on human resource arriving at of culture in malaysia, a standard to use in dealing with excerpts that are sometimes printed verbatim, sometimes printed with quoted material interspersed with editorial connective tissue, sometimes paraphrased, and the four agreements, sometimes simply summarized (on occasion with approving or disparaging comments by in malaysia, the GM included for good measure). In the GM union list I am including excerpts if they contain any verbatim material, even though passages in some instances are condensed. I am excluding items that are simply paraphrases or summaries. In addition, I am using the following conventions with regard to assigning authorship of newspaper excerpts: I am including excerpts from a number of newspapers in cases in which their authorship is a certainty or highly likely: The Adventurer : 13 John Hawkesworth and 3 Samuel Johnson excerpts (all accepted items in the Hawkesworth and Johnson canon) plus one Adventurer item that has been provisionally but convincingly attributed to Bonnell Thornton Auditor : 15 Arthur Murphy excerpts (all accepted items in the Murphy canon) Briton : 17 Tobias Smollett excerpts (all accepted items in the Smollett canon) Champion : two James Ralph excerpts signed Lilbourne and generally acknowledged as Ralph's Common Sense : 13 Chesterfield excerpts (accepted items in the Chesterfield canon) Connoisseur : some dozen excerpts jointly written by George Colman the Elder and Bonnell Thornton and one written by John Boyle, 5th Earl of Orrery (authoritatively attributed to their authors in Alexander Chalmers's Historical and Biographical Preface to The Connoisseur 65 ) Corn-Cutter's Journal : four items provisionally attributed to Rev.

John Henley, who is thought to have been the chief writer of that newspaper. Covent-Garden Journal : some dozen Henry Fielding excerpts (all accepted items in the Fielding canon) Craftsman : 48 Bolingbroke items (including excerpts from his Remarks on the four, the History of England and essay in malaysia, his Dissertation upon Parties ); 36 probable Henry Fielding excerpts, convincingly attributed to essay on human management him by Martin Battestin; 3 tentative Samuel Strutt items; and 2 George Lyttelton items; as well as 3 items tentatively attributed to William Pulteney and 111 items tentatively attributed to Nicholas Amhurst by Simon Varey 66 Daily Gazetteer : two known William Horsley items Drury-Lane Journal : one excerpt by Bonnell Thornton Englishman : one W. Prynne item which formed part of one of the only two issues in the run of the Englishman , conducted by Prynne) Fog's Journal : three Chesterfield item Gray's Inn Journal : several Arthur Murphy excerpts (all accepted items in essay in malaysia, the Murphy canon) Hyp-Doctor : approximately a dozen excerpts attributed to pollution essay 1000 John Henley, the acknowledged author of that paper The Idler : 25 Samuel Johnson excerpts (all accepted items in the Johnson canon) and of culture in malaysia, one excerpt that has been conclusively attributed to Bennet Langton The Inspector : several excerpts from Dr. John Hill, the known author of development economics questions that paper Jacobite's Journal : some 16 Henry Fielding excerpts (all accepted items in the Fielding canon) Nonsense of Common-Sense : one item attributed to Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the essay of culture, author of that short-lived newspaper North Briton : 11 John Wilkes excerpts, one Charles Churchill excerpt, and one piece by essay, William Temple of Trowbridge (all attributed conclusively) Prompter : 20 items by Aaron Hill and 22 items by William Popple, as well as 11 items provisionally attributed to Aaron Hill The Rambler : 24 Samuel Johnson excerpts (all accepted items in essay of culture in malaysia, the Johnson canon) True Patriot : several Henry Fielding excerpts (all accepted items in the Fielding canon) Universal Spectator : one Fielding excerpt provisionally attributed to Fielding by Martin Battestin World : several dozen attributions to Edward Moore, Chesterfield, and others (identified in the collected issues of the World issued as part of Alexander Chalmers's British Essayists ) In the case of five newspapers, I am including tentative attributions of authorship for items signed with a pseudonym that is to blame crucible essay generally associated with a particular writer: Daily Courant : several Ralph Courteville items signed Freeman or R. Freeman Daily Gazetteer : over twenty James Pitt items signed F. Of Culture. Osborne, some five William Arnall items signed F. In The. Walsingham, and of culture in malaysia, fifteen Ralph Courteville items signed R. Freeman Free Briton : two William Arnall items signed F. Walsingham Grub-Street Journal : various Richard Russel items signed Maevius and contributions by either Russel or John Martyn signed Bavius 67 London Journal : nine Ralph Courteville items signed R. Freeman and some two dozen James Pitt items signed F. Creating Statement. Osborne In three cases in which a newspaper was conducted by one or two persons known to have been the principal author or authors, I am including excerpts from that newspaper but attributing them tentatively: Old England: or the Constitutional Journal : dozens of items which I am including with the following provisional attribution: William Guthrie [?] or James Ralph [?] (or others) Read's Journal : over a dozen items which I am provisionally attributing to Richard Burridge, ascribing their authorship to Richard Burridge [?] (or others) Weekly Miscellany : over a hundred items which I am provisionally attributing to Rev. William Webster, ascribing their authorship to Rev. William Webster [?] (or others). The Old England Journal presents special difficulties, as the tenure of its conductors has never been determined satisfactorily. William Guthrie and James Ralph were the co-editors and principal, perhaps exclusive, authors of the Old England Journal , which they conducted under the pseudonym of Jeffrey Broadbottom. Of Culture In Malaysia. The Old England , founded by Chesterfield to a hypothesis be the in malaysia, chief mouthpiece of the economics essay questions, Broad-Bottom Opposition to the Carteret ministry, was left in limbo when Chesterfield and his fellow Broad-Bottom politicians joined the government in late 1744 upon Carteret's retirement and withdrew their support for the paper. 68 Despite the fact that Guthrie was given a pension by the new regime in January 1745, the Old England in its 2 February 1745 issue fired a warning shot, declaring that unless the new ministers pursued new policies, the Old England Journal would then attack them with the ferocity that had characterized the dismemberment of the metamorphosed Actaeon by his dogs.

69 When the regime failed to alter its policies, the Old England did indeed become a furious critic of the administration. 70 As the of culture, GM , drawing extensively from the Old England 's own account, summarized the paper's volte-face : While the exact date of Guthrie's and berkeley worked, Ralph's departure is essay of culture in malaysia uncertain, the 4 October 1746 issue of Old England (no. 179) suggests that the two men continued to edit and serve as principal writers for the paper until just prior to that date. Certainly as of the agreements essay, 4 October 1746 issue a new editor had assumed command, one Argus Centoculi, whose identity has never been established. Essay Of Culture. 72. In the case of the berkeley essays worked, Weekly Miscellany , the problem lies not in determining when its editor resigned but when he ceased to be assisted by others in writing material for the journal. Rev. William Webster, a High-Church divine, was clearly the principal author of the Weekly Miscellany , conducting business under the fictitious name of Richard Hooker, of the Temple, the newspaper's supposed editor. It was Webster who established the paper's rabidly anti-Dissenter, anti-Methodist, and anti-Catholic character, dedicating the essay of culture, Weekly Miscellany so exclusively to religious and moral topics that it came to be known as Old Mother Hooker's Journal. Though he was assisted in the beginning of the undertaking by several other contributors, he notes in the final issue of the economics questions, Weekly Miscellany (27 June 1741) that those writers gradually withdrew their assistance, as did the essay in malaysia, booksellers he had originally engaged as backers, so that eventually he was left the sole prop of the enterprise, to his own financial loss.

As it is unclear at the four essay, what point Webster's occasional contributors ceased to provide materials for the paper, I am taking the precaution of attributing all but the of culture, last of the essays that worked, Weekly Miscellany excerpts printed in the GM to Rev. William Webster [?] (or others). Except for specific items the authors of which have been independently identified, I am not including attributions of authorship for excerpts from newspapers that utilized a staff of unidentified writers. Those newspapers include the Champion and the Universal Spectator . Though James Ralph became the editor and leading writer for the Champion after the withdrawal of Henry Fielding in early 1741, it has so far proved impossible to determine the in malaysia, authorship of articles published during 1742-44, the period during which the in english words, GM published excerpts from the newspaper. As for the Universal Spectator , though originally edited by of culture in malaysia, Henry Baker under the name Henry Stonecastle, the Universal Spectator was in fact written by a team of contributors.

Others besides Baker apparently used the pseudonym Stonecastle, as items bearing that signature appear as late as 1741, while Baker seems to have written no articles for the Universal Spectator after 19 May 1733. 73. A careful count of development economics essay all of the letters, articles, reviews, poems, and other items in essay, Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List , reveals the why is in the, following incidence of attributions: The greatest incidence of identification of authors comes from the of culture, period beginning with volume 53 (1783), the first volume for pollution essay which John Bowyer Nichols and others in his family began a systematic attempt to record contributors to the GM , through 1856, the year the Nichols family sold the magazine. Determined efforts by numerous scholars have nevertheless identified the authors of 10,428 items from the period of essay 1731-1800, with the other 15,157 attributions dating from the years 1801-68. There would be far fewer identifications of contributors to the GM 's eighteenth-century volumes were it not for the fact that Richard Gough, the GM 's single most prolific contributor, bequeathed his marked copies of the GM to John Nichols after the fire in 1808, with the result that his own multitudinous reviews, articles, and berkeley essays, letters found their way into the Nichols File, though sometimes in in malaysia, a maddeningly ambiguous way. Because Attributions of Authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , 1731-1868: An Electronic Union List is an Internet database, it is of course fully searchable electronically by volume number, page number, date, title, author, pseudonym, and key word. As noted above, I have interpolated explanatory words or phrases as needed to facilitate key-word searches. However, readers conducting key-word searches should be aware that I have strictly preserved quirks of original spelling, punctuation, and capitalization in listing titles of articles and crucible essay, of books reviewed in the Gentleman's Magazine . The Union List is also designed to essay be fully and easily browsable.

Users who choose simply to read the text will find that it is divided, as stated earlier, into four sections, the Introduction, a Chronological Listing, a Synopsis by Contributor, and why is abigail crucible essay, an Index of Pseudonyms and Initials. The Chronological Listing is exactly what the name implies, a chronological sequence of all of the 25,585 known attributions of authorship in the Gentleman's Magazine , beginning with the earliest attribution (a paper by Henry St. Of Culture. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, excerpted from the Craftsman and reprinted in GM 1 [1731]: 3) and ending with the last (a letter from Bernard Bolingbroke Woodward, librarian in ordinary to Queen Victoria, in GM 224 [1868]: 661). Each item in the Chronological Listing contains the volume number, year, and page number followed by the item in question, the a hypothesis, author's name (listed in essay of culture in malaysia, bold type for ease of viewing), the source of or authority for the attribution, and the original signature appended to on human resource management the item (if there is one). Each item in the Chronological Listing bears one of the following designations: L: letter to Sylvanus Urban (the GM 's fictitious editor) A: article R: review V: poetry O: obituary P: plate S: staff item of essay in malaysia editorial content. The Synopsis by in the, Contributor consists of a listing of all of the approximately 2,362 contributors known to have written items printed in the GM , arranged alphabetically by of culture, author and providing in each entry the fullest possible version of the author's name, the author's birth and death dates (when available), and essay 1000 words, a succinct description of the author's occupation (antiquary and essay of culture, topographer, schoolmaster, divine and development essay, historian, etc.) if known, followed by a complete listing by essay of culture, volume, date, and page numbers of the author's contributions to the GM set forth earlier in on human management system, the Chronological Listing. Volume numbers in of culture in malaysia, the Synopsis by Contributor are listed in bold type for ease of use. The Synopsis by Contributor is thus designed to a hypothesis statement be an alphabetical cross reference to the entries that appear in of culture, the Chronological Listing. Users of the Synopsis by Contributor should be aware of an important caveat involving the problem of whether or not to assign to an author a number of items which seem to crucible essay have been written by the same person but which have been attributed to him (by authority of whatever source) under slightly different versions of of culture his name. That difficulty occurs especially in instances of certain contributors who were originally listed in Kuist's Nichols File by surname only.

Obviously in some cases the members of the Nichols family who produced the marginal annotations used by Kuist did not know a given contributor's full name, whereas in other cases the annotators probably considered a contributor so well known that they did not bother to write his full name into essay words their copy of the GM . Since Kuist made a conscious effort to print the attributions of authorship exactly as they are written in the staff copy, in some cases items by a single contributor appear in in malaysia, Kuist under multiple authorial entries, a fact that can lead users of the on human resource, printed version of Kuist's Nichols File to the erroneous conclusion that the items in question were written by essay of culture, more than one person. For example, contributions by development essay questions, Rev. William Charles Dyer appear in Kuist's Nichols File under two separate headings, that of Mr. Dyer and that of essay of culture in malaysia Rev. Mr. Dyer. Whether deriving my information from Kuist or from any other source, in cases in which I have been able to determine that such items were in fact by the same contributor, I have merged the lists. In cases in which there is insufficient proof to the four essay be sure of that assumption, I have continued to list the items under separate authorial headings, believing that caution is essential in such instances.

Separate listing of contributors should not, however, preclude the possibility that the contributions in question are by one and the same person. The Index of Pseudonyms and Initials provides an additional way for users of the database to search for authors. Though in in malaysia, many cases attributable items in the Gentleman's Magazine bear no signatures at all, tremendous numbers of others are signed in ways designed to conceal the economics questions, identity of the contributor. Scholars familiar with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century periodicals know that in some cases contributors wrote simultaneously for several magazines or reviews and that occasionally they signed their work in various publications with the same pseudonyms. In order to essay assist researchers investigating other facets of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British periodical press, I have provided for easy reference an index of pseudonyms and initials used by known contributors to the GM , dividing it for creating convenience into four parts. Part I, pseudonyms exclusive of symbols and Greek characters, I have arranged alphabetically by the first letter of the word or phrase (other than articles) used in in malaysia, the signature. Pollution In English Words. Part II, signatures in the form of initials (exclusive of Greek characters), requires a different system of determining sequence, since in essay of culture, many cases the letters used as signatures are simply the initials of the authors' own names. Therefore I have followed the method used in Kuist's Nichols File of alphabetizing sets of initials first according to the terminal letter in statement, each signature and essay of culture in malaysia, then in sequence according to the letters that precede it. Thus the agreements essay, entries for the letter A begin as follows: A., A.A., E.A., F.B.A., F.R.A., F.S.A., G.A., G.E.A., J.A., J.P.A., J.Y.A., etc.

Part III (pseudonyms and initials using Greek characters) begins with a list in alphabetical order of the signatures using Greek words or phrases followed by of culture, the handful of signatures consisting of Greek initials, the latter (like the entries in in the crucible essay, Part II) listed sequentially according to essay of culture in malaysia terminal letters. Part IV contains a very short list of signatures consisting of symbols, mainly patterns of asterisks. Most of the pseudonyms or sets of initials were used only once or twice by any one particular contributor, while some of them (especially generic terms such as An Old Correspondent, An Observer, or Clericus) were used by more than one author. To distinguish between signatures used rarely and those used frequently by any given contributor, I have arbitrarily designated as recurrent any signature that was used five or more times by the same person. Short titles used in the database are given below, followed by a list of other works consulted:

Abbott, John Lawrence. Samuel Johnson and development essay, 'The Life of Dr. Richard Mead.' Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 54 (1971): 12-27. -------. John Hawkesworth: Eighteenth-Century Man of Letters . Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982. -------. Essay Of Culture. The Making of the Johnsonian Canon. Johnson after Two Hundred Years . Essay. Ed. Paul J. Korshin. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1986. 127-139.

Ackerman, Robert W., and Gretchen P. Ackerman. Sir Frederic Madden: A Biographical Sketch and Bibliography . New York: Garland, 1979. Alumni Cantabrigienses . Ed. John Venn and J. Essay In Malaysia. A. Venn. 10 vols.

Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1922-54. Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1500-1714. Ed. Joseph Foster. 4 vols. Agreements. London, 1891-92. Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886 . Ed. Joseph Foster. 4 vols.

London, 1887-88. Appleton, William W., and Kalman A. Burnim, eds. The Prompter: A Theatrical Paper (1734- 1736) by essay in malaysia, Aaron Hill and William Popple . Statement. New York: Benjamin Bloom, 1966. Banerji, Hiran Kumar. Henry Fielding: Playwright, Journalist, and Master of the essay, Art of Fiction: His Life and Works . New York: Russell Russell, 1962.

Bate, W. J., and John M. Bullitt. Introduction to The Idler . The Idler and The Adventurer. Vol. 2 of The Yale Edition of the Works of Samuel Johnson . New Haven: Yale UP, 1963. xv-xxviii. Bate, W. J., and Albrecht B. Strauss.

Introduction to The Rambler . Vol. 3 of The Yale Edition of the economics essay, Works of Samuel Johnson . New Haven: Yale UP, 1969. Of Culture. xxi-xlii. Battestin, Martin C., and Ruthe R. Battestin. Henry Fielding: A Life . London: Routledge, 1989. Battestin, Martin C. New Essays by Henry Fielding: His Contributions to the Craftsman (1734-1739) and Other Early Journalism, With a Stylometric Analysis by Michael G. Farringdon . Charlottesville: UP of pollution essay in english Virginia, 1989.

Bernard, F. V. Common and Superior Sense: A New Attribution to Johnson. Notes and Queries n.s. 14 (1967): 176-180. -------. Johnson and the Authorship of Four Debates. PMLA (Publications of the Modern Language Association of America) 82 (1967): 408-419.

Bertelsen, Lance. Have At You All: or, Bonnell Thornton's Journalism. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia. Huntington Library Quarterly 44 (1981): 263-282. Baker, David Erskine, et al. Biographia Dramatica . 3 vols. London, 1812. Biography Database 1680-1830 . Ed. J. Cannon and F. Robinson. CD-ROM.

3 discs. Newcastle upon Tyne: Romulus P, 1995-2000. Black, Jeremy. The English Press in the Eighteenth Century . Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1987. Bloom, Edward A. Samuel Johnson in Grub Street . Providence: Brown UP, 1957. British Museum.

General Catalogue of Printed Books . 263 vols. Photolithographic ed. to 1955. London: Trustees of the British Museum, 1959-66. Bond, Donald F. The Gentleman's Magazine. Modern Philology 38 (1940): 85-100. Bowles, William Lisle. The Poetical Works of William Lisle Bowles . 2 vols.

Edinburgh, 1855. Brett-James, Norman G. The Life of Peter Collinson, F.R.S., F.S.A. In English 1000 Words. London: published for the author by Edgar G. Dunstan, [1926]. Brewster, Dorothy. Aaron Hill: Poet, Dramatist, Projector . New York: Columbia UP, 1913. Bronson, Bertrand H. Joseph Ritson, Scholar-at-Arms . 2 vols. Berkeley: U of California P, 1938.

Burke's Peerage and Baronetage . 105th ed. London: Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1970. Carlson, C. Lennart. The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman's Magazine. Providence: Brown UP, 1938. Carnie, Robert Hay. Lord Hailes's Contributions to Contemporary Magazines. Studies in Bibliography 9 (1957): 233-244. Caskey, John Homer. The Life and Works of Edward Moore . Yale Studies in English 75.

Ed. Albert S. Cook. New Haven: Yale UP, 1927. Chalmers, Alexander. The British Essayists: with Prefaces, Historical and Biographical . 38 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1856-66. Clifford, James L. Young Samuel Johnson . London: William Heinemann, 1955. -------. Johnson and Lauder. Philological Quarterly 54 (1975): 342-356.

Cole, Richard C. Essay Of Culture. Recovering William James (fl. Agreements Essay. 1785-1797), English Writer. ELN: English Language Notes 36 (1999): 64-78. -------. William Tasker Revisited. Notes and Queries n.s. 46 (1999): 365-368. Courtney, William Prideaux, with David Nichol Smith. A Bibliography of Samuel Johnson . Oxford Historical and Literary Studies 4. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia. Ed. In English 1000 Words. C. H. Firth and Walter Raleigh. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1915.

Fielding, Henry. The Covent-Garden Journal and A Plan of the Universal Register-Office . Ed. Bertrand A. Of Culture. Goldgar. Middleton, CN: Wesleyan UP, 1988. The Craftsman. By Caleb D'Anvers, of Gray's-Inn, Esq . [a reprint, omitting some numbers, of the Craftsman , 5 Dec. 1726-17 Apr. 1736]. 14 vols. London, 1731-37.

Dictionary of American Biography . 1929 ed. Davis, Bertram H. A Proof of Eminence: The Life of Sir John Hawkins . Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1973. de Montluzin, Emily Lorraine. The Anti-Jacobins, 1798-1800: The Early Contributors to the Anti-Jacobin Review. London: Macmillan, 1988. -----.

Attributions of Authorship in the British Critic during the berkeley, Editorial Regime of Robert Nares, 1793-1813. Studies in Bibliography 51 (1998): 241-258. -----. Topographical, Antiquarian, Astronomical, and Meteorological Contributions by George Smith of Wigton in essay of culture in malaysia, the Gentleman's Magazine , 1735-59. ANQ 14 (2001): 5-12. Dictionary of National Biography . 1908-1909 ed. Burke, Bernard. A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Peerages of the British Empire . London, 1883. English Catalogue of Books . . . , 1801-1836 . Ed. Robert Alexander Peddie and Quintin Waddington. Why Is Abigail To Blame In The Essay. London: Publishers Circular, n.d.

Erwin, Timothy. In Malaysia. The Life of Savage , Voltaire, and a Neglected Letter. Notes and Queries n.s. 30 (1983): 525-526. Fairer, David. Authorship Problems in The Adventurer . Review of English Studies 25 (1974): 137-151. Fleeman, J. D. A Bibliography of the Works of Samuel Johnson; Treating his published works from the beginnings to 1984 . Prepared for publication by essays, James McLaverty.

2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P, 2000. Foster, Gretchen M. Pope Versus Dryden: A Controversy in Letters to The Gentleman's Magazine , 1789-1791 . English Literary Studies 44. Ed. Essay. Samuel L. Macey. Why Is To Blame In The Crucible Essay. Victoria: U of Victoria, 1989. Smollett, Tobias.

Poems, Plays, and The Briton. Ed. Essay Of Culture In Malaysia. Byron Gassman and O. M. Brack, Jr. Athens: U of Georgia P, 1993. Goldgar, Bertrand A. Fielding, Sir William Yonge, and the 'Grub-Street Journal.' Notes and Queries n.s. 19 (1972): 226-227. -------. Pope and the Grub-street Journal . Modern Philology 74 (1976-77): 366-380. Grace, Matthew.

Introduction. The Lives of Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson together with Essays from why is abigail in the essay The Gray's Inn Journal. By Arthur Murphy. Gainesville, FL: Scholars' Facsimiles Reprints, 1968. vii-xxiii. Gray, Charles Harold. Essay Of Culture. Theatrical Criticism in London to 1795 . Columbia University Studies in English and Comparative Literature. New York: Columbia UP, 1931. Green, Boylston. Possible Additions to the Johnson Canon. Yale University Library Gazette 16 (1942): 70-79. Greene, D[onald] J. Was Johnson Theatrical Critic of the Gentleman's Magazine ? Review of English Studies n.s.

3 (1952): 158-161. -------. Some Notes on Johnson and the Gentleman's Magazine . PMLA (Publications of the Modern Language Association of America) 74 (1959): 75-84. -------. The Development of the Johnson Canon. Restoration and Eighteenth-Century Literature: Essays in Honor of a hypothesis Alan Dugald McKillop . Ed. Carroll Camden. In Malaysia. Chicago: U of essay in english words Chicago P, 1963. 407-427. -------.

Johnsonian Attributions by Alexander Chalmers. Notes and Queries n.s. 14 (1967): 180-181. Greene, Donald J., ed. Samuel Johnson: Political Writings . Vol. 10 of The Yale Edition of the Works of in malaysia Samuel Johnson . Pollution In English 1000 Words. New Haven: Yale UP, 1977. Griffith, Philip Mahone.

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The English weather, The Gentleman's Magazine , and the brothers White. Archives of Natural History 12 (1985): 23-29. -------. More from the Gentleman's Magazine : Graves, Mainwaring, Wren, Sterne, Pope, Bubb Dodington, Goldsmith, Hill, Herrick, Cowper, Chatterton. Studies in the four, Bibliography 40 (1987): 164-174. -------. The Earliest (?) Critic of the Ireland Shakespeare Forgeries.

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-------. Portrait of a Grub: Samuel Boyse. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 7 (1967): 415-425. -------. Some Reprintings of the Gentleman's Magazine . Essay Of Culture. Studies in Bibliography 17 (1964): 210-214.

-------. 'The Last of the in english 1000 words, Learned Printers': John Nichols and the Bowyer-Nichols Press. English Studies 65 (1984): 11-22. -------. Christopher Smart, Reader of Obituaries [in the of culture, Gentleman's Magazine ]. MLN [ Modern Language Notes ] 71 (1956): 177-182. -------. John Kynaston (1728-83), A Neglected Shakespearean.

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17 (1966): 382-390. -------. Samuel Johnson's Critical Opinions: A Reexamination . Newark: U of Delaware P, 1995. -------. Samuel Johnson's 'Essay' on Du Halde's Description of China . Papers on Language and Literature: A Journal for Scholars and Critics of Language and pollution in english 1000 words, Literature 2 (1966): 372-380. -------. Samuel Pegge, Thomas Holt White, and Piers Plowman. The Yearbook of essay in malaysia Langland Studies 1 (1987): 122-128. -------.

Studies in the Johnson Circle . Locust Hill Literary Studies Series 25. A Hypothesis. West Cornwall, CN: Locust Hill P, 1998. -------. Thomas Holt-White on Johnson's Lives of Prior and Milton. ANQ 13 (2000): 24-27. 3. GM 20 (1750): 208 and GM 22 (1752): 560-561, respectively.

10. Of Culture In Malaysia. GM 50 (1780): 266-268, 312-314, 367-369. 12. GM 63-i (1793): 85-86; 63-ii (1793): 963-964. 15. C. Lennart Carlson, The First Magazine: A History of the Gentleman's Magazine (Providence: Brown UP, 1938) 84, n. 3. 17. GM 1 (1731): 26; GM 2 (1732): 584 and 7 (1737): 250-251; and GM 2 (1732): 931-932, 981, respectively. 19. See Jeremy Black, The English Press in the Eighteenth Century (Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1987); Michael Harris, London Newspapers in the Age of Walpole: A Study of the Origins of the Modern English Press (Cranbury, NJ: Associated UP, 1987); and Robert Harris, A Patriot Press: National Politics and the London Press in the 1740s (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993). 20.

The GM 's rival, John Wilford's London Magazine , printed its own version of the parliamentary debates, commencing the same month. 21. See for example accounts of the GM 's re-creation of the parliamentary debates in Carlson, First Magazine 87-104; Edward A. Bloom, Samuel Johnson in Grub Street (Providence: Brown UP, 1957) 51-62; and Sir John Hawkins, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D. Berkeley Essays That. , 2nd ed. (London, 1787) 95. 22. James Boswell, Life of Johnson , ed. R. W. Chapman (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1953) 1308. 23. The GM 's rival, the London Magazine , took the similar precaution of renaming its feature Debates in the Political Club, a fictitious forensic society. 24. The same sentence was imposed upon essay Thomas Astley, conductor of the London Magazine . 25.

The union list, like my first GM electronic database, includes approximately 300 reviews bearing the signature X. Essay. which appeared from of culture April 1767 through March 1773 and which have been proven the work of John Hawkesworth. The complete X. list had never appeared in essays that, print before its inclusion in essay of culture, my Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1731-77 . . . , Studies in Bibliography 44 (1991): 271-302. Donald D. Berkeley That. Eddy, following up on a claim in Charles Harold Gray's Theatrical Criticism in London to 1795 (New York: Columbia UP, 1931) 171- 172, was the first to publish convincing evidence that Hawkesworth wrote the X. reviews. (See Eddy's John Hawkesworth: Book Reviewer in the Gentleman's Magazine , Philological Quarterly 43 [1964]: 223-238.) G. J. Finch (John Hawkesworth, 'The Gentleman's Magazine', and 'The Annual Register,' Notes and Queries 22 [1975]: 17-18), James F. Tierney (Edmund Burke, John Hawkesworth, the Annual Register , and the Gentleman's Magazine , Huntington Library Quarterly 42 [1978]: 57-72), and John L. Abbott ( John Hawkesworth 213, n. 10) corroborate Gray's and Eddy's claim. I am grateful to essay of culture Arthur Sherbo for correcting two X. items ( GM 40 [1770]: 510-511 and 616-617) and one J.H. item ( GM 24 [1754]: 413-415) I had tentatively and erroneously attributed to why is to blame crucible essay John Hawkesworth in Attributions of Authorship . . . , 1731-77 . . . , Studies in Bibliography 44 (1991): 271-302. Those three items have been excluded from the of culture in malaysia, union list, as they were from my first GM electronic database. 26. See for example GM 26 (1756): 71-72 and 29 (1759): 154; 52 (1782): 520; 54-ii (1784): 711; and 69-ii (1799): 876, respectively. 27. GM 34 (1764): plate facing p. 632. 28. GM 43 (1773): 589-596, 547-652; 44 (1774): 17-22, 68-74, 111-115.

29. GM 57-ii (1787): 1009-1011, 1110-1112. 34. Such was John Walcot's characterization of Nichols. Why Is To Blame In The Crucible Essay. (Julian Pooley, review of Emily Lorraine de Montluzin's Daily Life in Georgian England as Reported in the Gentleman's Magazine [Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen P, 2002), in Reviews in History , published online by the Institute of Historical Research, February 2002 http://ihr.sas.ac.uk/ihr/reviews/pooleyj.html, p. 6.) 35. The GM 's circulation, approximately 3,000 copies in 1746, rose to some 4,450 by 1800. (Alvin Sullivan, ed., British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and the Age of Johnson, 1698-1788 [Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1983]: 137-138; Richard D. Altick, The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public, 1800-1900 [Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1957] 392.) 46. James M. Kuist, The Nichols File of The Gentleman's Magazine: Attributions of Authorship and Other Documentation in Editorial Papers at essay in malaysia, the Folger Library (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1982) 4. 52. Kuist, Nichols File 6, 13-20.

53. GM 56-ii (1786): 758-760, 840-842, 958-960, 1057. 54. GM 66-i (1796): 451-454; 66-ii (1796): 627-630, 803-807. 55. GM 66-ii (1796): 891-895, 979-982, 1081-1085. 56. John Nichols, Literary Anecdotes of the Eighteenth Century (9 vols.; London, 1812- 15) 6: 259. 57. Kuist, Nichols File 9-10, 11-12 (n.

42). 58. Certain exceptions are instructive. Kuist assigns to Gough the items in GM 72-ii (1802): 833-850 (the various works on these pages). However, the Gough contributions in fact end with a review that concludes on p. Development Economics Essay Questions. 850, the essay, other items that follow on a hypothesis statement, p. 850 having been written by essay, John Nichols, to system whom Kuist correctly attributes them. Conversely, in the case of the bloc-attribution of items in GM 59-i (1789): 141-144 to Gough, I made the decision to include in Gough's list a plethora of of culture very short reviews on p. 144, since they all concern the Regency Question, as do the reviews on p. Creating Statement. 143. I have not, however, attributed to Gough the of culture in malaysia, review of Gilbert White's Selborne , which spills over onto pollution in english words the next page. 59. GM 62-ii [Supplement to 1792]: 1195-1196.

60. Of Culture. I have compiled the Johnson entries in the union list from twentieth-century studies of the Johnson canon (beginning with Courtney and Smith), as those twentieth-century studies have incorporated all previous attempts (by Boswell, Sir John Hawkins, and the four agreements essay, others) to construct a reasonably reliable Johnson canon. 61. Sir John Hawkins, The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. Essay. (2d ed., rev.; London, 1787), p. 132. George Steevens's Account of the the four, Writings of Dr. Samuel Johnson, including some Incidents of his Life ( European Magazine 7 [1785]: 9) and John Gough Nichols's The Autobiography of essay of culture Sylvanus Urban. Chapter VIII ( GM 202 [1857]: 285) disagree with Hawkins's claim. 63. Essay Resource. The Craftsman, Prose Studies 16 [April 1993]: 74, n. 2. 64.

Common and Superior Sense: A New Attribution to Johnson, Notes and Queries n.s. 14 (May 1967): 176. 65. Alexander Chalmers, Historical and Biographical Preface to The Connoisseur , The British Essayists: with Prefaces, Historical and Biographical (38 vols.; Boston: Little, Brown, 1856-66) 25 (1864): 15-16, 34. 66.

Simon Varey, Lord Bolingbroke: Contributions to the Craftsman (Oxford: Clarendon UP, 1982) xxiv-xxv makes a strong case that the initials appended to the essays in the 1737 reprint edition of the Craftsman , when combined with corroborative evidence, point convincingly to Bolingbroke's authorship of the Craftsman papers signed O and essay of culture in malaysia, strongly suggest William Pulteney's authorship of the C papers and Nicholas Amhurst's authorship of the D papers. Varey also states that Nicholas Amhurst, editor from the management, start, appears after 1737 to have been the principal, perhaps the only author of the Craftsman until his death in essay, April 1742 (Varey 82: xv). Economics Essay. However, Martin C. Battestin in of culture in malaysia, his New Essays by Henry Fielding: His Contributions to the Craftsman (1734-1739) and Other Early Journalism, With a Stylometric Analysis by the four essay, Michael G. Farringdon (Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1989) convincingly attributes a number of essays in the Craftsman , 1738-39, to in malaysia Henry Fielding. In light of Battestin's evidence, I believe that Varey's conjecture that Amhurst was the principal, perhaps the only author of the Craftsman from 1738 through early 1742 is not strong enough to justify making any attributions to Amhurst during that period, for essays worked which there exists no collected edition to provide the corroborative evidence of initials. 67. Originally edited jointly by John Martyn and Richard Russel, the essay, Grub-Street Journal became Russel's responsibility after Martyn retired from the enterprise to become professor of botany at Cambridge. (James T. Hillhouse, The Grub-Street Journal [Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1928] 40 [n.

50] believes that number 67 [15 April 1731] was the last issue to which Martyn contributed.) Russel remained sole editor of the Grub-Street Journal until he resigned his post in late 1735, whereupon his place apparently was taken by James Miller. (Hillhouse 30 [n. Creating Statement. 38], 45-46) Nineteenth-century commentators, swayed by the letter designations included in Russel's preface to his collected edition of the periodical's first twenty months ( Memoirs of the Society of Grub Street , 2 vols. [London, 1737]), tended to attribute early contributions signed B[avius] to of culture Martyn and those signed M[aevius] to Russel. As Alexander Pettit notes, It is now generally accepted (and is suggested by the 'Preface') that both Russel and John Martyn . . . used 'Bavius' [until Martyn's departure] and that Russel alone used 'Maevius.' (Alexander Pettit, The Grub-street Journal and the Politics of Anachronism, Philological Quarterly 69 (Fall 1990]: 448, n. 6) Russel and Martyn recruited the services of a number of other contributors, a few of whom have been identified, notably Rev. Joseph Trapp. Recent scholarship has vastly diminished the role in essay on human resource management, the Grub- Street Journal formerly ascribed to Pope, both in terms of influencing the day-to-day conduct of the journal or contributing to its weekly numbers. In Malaysia. (See Bertrand A. Essays. Goldgar, Pope and the Grub-street Journal , Modern Philology 74 (1976-77): 366-380.) 68.

Robert Harris, A Patriot Press: National Politics and essay of culture in malaysia, the London Press in the 1740s (Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993) 50. 71. GM 16 [1746]: 540, quoting from Old England , no. 179 (4 October 1746). 72. Harris, Patriot Press 50, n. 5; Martin C. Battestin and Ruthe R. Battestin, Henry Fielding: A Life (London: Routledge, 1989) 429.

73. Alvin Sullivan, ed., British Literary Magazines: The Augustan Age and the Age of why is abigail essay Johnson, 1698-1788 , Historical Guides to the World's Periodicals and Newspapers (Westport, CN: Greenwood P, 1983) 346.