Essays texts

are PhD programs in biblical studies ethical? a final thought from SBL. A few days ago I posted on my recent trip to the annual biblical scholars#8217; academic meeting, the Society of Biblical Literature, held this year in Baltimore#8217;s #8220;Inner Harbor.#8221; (If you prefer outer harbors, you#8217;ll have to go to Buffalo or Australia.) One thing I didn#8217;t mention there is something that weighs heavily on me (see here with links to other posts), and I am reminded of it each year at essays SBL: talented and promising scholarswho have much to companies offer, could potentially wind up being significant voices in the field, and have PhDs in handcan#8217;t get jobs. Essays? Which makes me wonder, yet again, about the ethics of institutions accepting students to train them for jobs that don#8217;t exist . Schools have all sorts of reasonsoverlapping and complexfor offering degrees in Biblical Studies (which normally includes related areas like ancient Near Eastern studies, early Judaism, early Christianity, and things like that). The institution has a long tradition of granting such degrees. Discontinuing PhD programs in Biblical Studies would put a lot of people out of work, and that#8217;s an doctrine, especially tricky business when endowed chairs are in the mix. Biblical Studies is a valued field for that school#8217;s mission and essays purpose. Granting PhDs lends prestige to the school. PhDs trained in a school#8217;s ideology can further that school#8217;s ideology. PhD programs are potential sources of revenue.

These reasons are, in the abstract, neither right nor wrong. They just are what they are. But regardless, if jobs do not exist for on christian, a vast majority of those trained to fill them, something is broken and it needs to essays texts be fixed. I had several conversations this year at SBL with freshly minted, soon-to-be minted, and have-been-minted-for-quite-some-time-now-thank-you-very-much PhDs all highly competent and all elbowing for the same few, precious, underpaying jobs with heavy workloads. One recent opening received over 200 applicants. Schools with confessional commitments are more self-selecting in ghostwriting their applicant poolsone I know of got over 100. Perhaps PhD programs should look at their track records over, say, the last ten years to see how many of their graduates found work either as they were completing their degrees or within 2 years of completing them. And by #8220;work#8221; I mean full time, gainful employment in the field of their choiceyou know, a joband not #8220;settling#8221; for teaching Bible at a private Christian high school, pastoring, or any other plan B. If the average is, say, 2 per year, rather than admit the number of students needed to sustain the program (which I know from texts, experience happens), admit 2 to help comparison essay 4 students and see how that goes for a few years. And be absolutely clear with the applicants , letting them know what the school#8217;s track record is for graduates finding conventional work in the field. (Students who enter with non-conventional career aspirationse.g., missionary work, pastoring, secondary school educationare not affected by these same market realities and comprise another category of applicant entirely.) But the bottom line is let the applicants know what they are getting themselves into , what career paths are likely open to them. Applicants should do their homework before entering a PhD program, but they don#8217;t.

And often their college or seminary professors don#8217;t think to sit their students down and give them the texts, 4-1-1. I am glad I no longer teach doctoral students for careers in an essay Biblical Studies. I would feel dirty. I#8217;m not sure, practically speaking, what can be done about it. Essays? Perhaps if students simply stopped applying for summary 'an essay, doctoral programs for a few years, the institutional problem would take care of itself. If it#8217;s any consolation, law schools are in the same dilemma: too many degrees for too few jobs, but there#8217;s too much institutional ego to do something different. Texts? Maybe there is a way to increase the supply side. IMHO Students are woefully under-educated in the Bible, which, a couple hundred years ago was a mainstay of a public university curriculum. (The same is gre essay help, true of the essays texts, Classics, History, etc.) Just turn on the TV and watch the most educational expose out there: that is go Jaywalking with Jay Leno, before it is too late. Language In India? Maybe there is a way to shoehorn Biblical Studies back into the required courses to graduate as an essays, undergrad or matriculate to any course of higher study. That is in india, get Biblical Studies into the GRE, LSAT, etc., also. On these Admissions Tests to grad or professional schools, you start adding questions about the Bible, students will sign up for many, multiple sections and they will have to hire, many more professors.

Current faculty could lobby test makers for this: more colleagues equals more collegiality. And more broad students, thinking about texts more topics than how to get their Ipad to sync their 18,000 song music library thru their car sound system, well that could not be bad. Or anything to get them in ghostwriting a bricks and mortar library. How about some like: Jeremiah would not go into the temple, but sent Baruch instead, because: A. He may have been ceremonially unclean. B. Baruch was really just a symbol for essays, blessings. C. Jeremiah had insulted the King with his prophesy.

Now shouldn#8217;t all Wharton School of Business candidates have to take a stab at something like that? Who are we sending to Wall St.anyway! Thank you for putting this together. I was recently accepted to 2 doctoral programs for NT studies, I wanted to get your opinion on something. I was accepted to Regent University in summary 'an essay Virginia Beach. It is essays, a PhD in jonathan prude essay factory New Testament studies but it has Pentecostal bent to it (renewal studies). How do you think this will affect my academic potential when I finish the program? How do you think Regent stacks up against other programs? Also can you provide some links to essays PhD theses and outlines for examples?

Thank you again for all you advice and on christian doctrine help. Sigh#8230; I was just accepted into a pretty high ranked doctoral program at the University of Edinburgh. Even if one can#8217;t find a teaching or research position at a university, there is the further problem of employers thinking a PhD is #8220;overqualifed#8221; for a job. I even ran into that recently while applying to places and texts I only have my Masters of Arts. Maybe McDonalds will take me; the 'an essay, turnover there is essays texts, already high, so if I flake out gre essay help, it won#8217;t distract their day to day operations. It#8217;s the same problem across the board with degrees in essays the US: just too many. If formal schooling actually produced absolute educational value, we#8217;d all be better off. But most schooling has little or no educational value (a bold claim, but I think demonstrable by rather damning studies that test students before and after college), at a high price (in addition to the price tag on higher ed, don#8217;t forget about the opportunity cost of years lost in the workforce learning real-life skills). Companies? It#8217;s mostly a costly signal. So, when everyone has a bachelor#8217;s, I need a master#8217;s to stand out. When everyone has a master#8217;s (which was good enough to teach college a generation ago), I need a PhD.

When everyone has a PhD#8230;well, a friend said to me this weekend at essays SBL, #8220;The postdoc is the new PhD.#8221; What#8217;s after postdoc? The only answer is to cut funding for the whole system. Get public funding out of higher ed completely, including subsidized loans. Force private funding sources to be more selective in in india essay their endowments. Ask yourself: how much academic research in the humanities does a society really need?

Let#8217;s funnel those smart folks into more productive/important jobs in essays texts industry or in high-school education. Most of them will end up working in industry anyway, and those that get jobs at community colleges are just teaching 19-year-olds what they should have learned in high school. (And, mind you: I#8217;m saying this as one of the soon-to-be-minted biblical studies PhDs without a job. I have the most to english in india essay lose if this happens.) The answer to #8220;there are not enough jobs#8221; is not #8220;destroy ALL the texts, jobs.#8221; The answer to #8220;there are not enough jobs#8221; is exactly what the author suggests: Be honest with students about their prospects. Help Contrast Essay? If there is, in fact, a beast that needs to be starved, that beast is not our heritage of studying the humanities, its the market which requires all people bow to its (supply and) demand. Something I wonder is how ubiquitous the problem is. I expect it in the US and the UK, but what about in Asian countries? Some countries like South Korea actually have quite a few seminaries and religious institutions. Is this all-pervasive, or can some of us brave new territory and perhaps find a burgeoning market in another part of the world?

There was an interesting article in the Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society a few months back that addressed this from a confessional point of essays, view. The author#8217;s point was that confessional evangelical scholars need to help essay spend less time competing over the shrinking number of positions in North America and start seriously considering taking their expertise to underserved parts of the globe. Essays Texts? Not sure if the link will work#8230;but here goes. Thanks for ghostwriting companies, that. As an example I see very large numbers of highly trained and very brilliant orchestral musicians emerging from conservatoires every year, with little hope of any work that uses their expertise. Essays Texts? There#8217;s a limit on in india essay the number of new orchestras and chamber ensembles that can survive commercially. Essays Texts? I don#8217;t know the answer. Many of our traditional institutions are in complete freefall. I agree!

When my parish closed back in 2010 I took it as an opportunity to de-stress from pastoral life and get that doctorate. I#8217;ve been applying for university and seminary positions without luck for an essay, months. Most of the regrets letters/emails reference the essays, extremely large number of applicants (sometimes in the hundreds) and it#8217;s simply a buyers market out there. Comparison? On the other hand, I#8217;ve interviewed with private industry for positions with equally poor results. One manager in texts the oil gas industry told me they simply don#8217;t know how to handle someone who has theological trainingit#8217;s a big risk in companies their eyes that the person could turn out to be a religious wingnut who terrorized the workplace and essays is an HR nightmare. This has been THE conversation at my PhD program for the last half decade. People are finding all kinds of reasons/rationales to get a PhD.

No one has any illusions. How have completed PhDs faired in essay the job markets for that past half decade? And do any have luck being creative with their degrees? I teach undergrads, but about essays texts one a year will talk to me about PhD programs and the job market in ghostwriting religious studies, especially biblical studies. I try to be a blunt as I can about job prospects. Which job market? It varies wildly.

Academia? Not-for-profit sector? Ministry? At orientation two years ago they brought in essays successful grads who were doing everything from serving a congregation to teaching or running an NPO. One grad was teaching journalism and social justice. Interdisciplinarity is comparison contrast, everything whether one is at GTU or at Cal Berkeley. This same conversation is happening in the Music Department at essays Cal, too. In general, the footnoting, #8220;placement rate#8221; from GTU isn#8217;t terrible given the general freefall for texts, the humanities industries in on christian doctrine general.

The tech (STEM) sector has effectively #8220;won#8221; the industrialization war. Texts? That said, if your dissertation and related work is gre essay help, about the rape narratives in the OT, you may find your passion for violence against texts women leads you to working in an agency that supports victims and advocates for help comparison contrast, legal reform. Your PhD is evidence of a decade or more of essays texts, serious thought and reflection from a faith perspective and in india gives one tools (critical thinking, research, project management) that cross-over well in most industries. Texts? All of prude essay, that to say, it may be wise to texts ask your students #8220;Are you looking for a job that looks a lot like what we do in class or are you looking for something else?#8221; They need to be able to answer that question. In India Essay? Given the forthcoming #8220;education bubble,#8221; theological education may actually be on the cutting edge of essays texts, responding to what is clearly a larger issue. I#8217;m in my third year of a PhD program in liturgics and ethnomusicology. English In India? I have no illusions about the job market.

None of us at the school hold any illusion. So, we#8217;re finding ways to get creative with our degrees. The problem of using adjunct faculty instead of hiring full-time, tenure track positions is widespread. If you#8217;re an adjunct and you#8217;re so inclined, you can take part in this survey about essays working conditions. Pete, are you sure you#8217;re assigning responsibility to the proper recipient? Isn#8217;t it much more likely that the message our culture is contrast, broadcasting (#8220;follow your dreams/do what you love#8221;) is the real problem? My common sense was absent when my son announced he wanted to change his major to Art. We paid the tuition. I think this was a foolish move on our part. People have a right to pursue a field they love; their ability to essays do so should not be hampered by closing programs (should my son#8217;s college stop offering degrees in Art?) However, they also have a responsibility to jonathan essay factory themselves to choose wisely.

I believe this has, for the most part, gone missing. How many college grads do you know who now work at Panera or Starbucks? No. Essays Texts? I#8217;ve said this before and summary I#8217;ll say it again: the job market for essays texts, people with STEM degrees is not much fucking better, especially for the S and gre essay help M slots. My BS in geology is just as valuable job-prospects-wise as my BA in essays religious studies, that is to say, neither is worth the paper they were printed on. 1) Are you assuming he was in a STEM program? 2) No, what? (And I don#8217;t mean, No, Ma#8217;am.) 3) Are you angry with me? Am I supposed to know what you said?

4) Do you have some kind of language in india essay, impulse control disorder? I worded myself unclearly, I apologize. I find the essays texts, very common argument that people who don#8217;t have jobs and also have supposedly #8220;usesless#8221; degrees (such as art) don#8217;t have jobs because their degree was useless and if they#8217;d only ghostwriting companies been smart enough to get a job in a good (by which is texts, usually meant STEM) field they#8217;d be fine. Which is BS. The problem isn#8217;t useless degrees, the problem is an economy that has been systematically restructured to ensure as high an unemployment rate as possible. Summary 'an Essay On Christian? apology appreciated. I am very concerned about our economy, too. It#8217;s a scary scenario being played out essays, before us. Companies? What to do? The bureau of labor statistics puts out top 10 job field projections.

My son chose to return to school (this time on his dime, but the texts, tuition was reasonable) for the top spot: nursing. He has is degree now and a good job. Contrast? It#8217;s very sad that so few graduates are getting jobs in their fields. It wasn#8217;t like this for us. of course, legitimate concern over instutional disregard for essays texts, students aside, this argument only works if both our ethics and gre essay help our view of education are utilitarian#8230;which mine aren#8217;t. i still have great empathy for folks w/ phd#8217;s no academic jobs, tho (particularly as i#8217;m one of them), and wonder on texts other grounds about Christian institutions treating education as a commodity. I am very grateful that you and summary 'an essay doctrine others write about this topic. It helped prevent me from making a probably disastrous decision (fortunately I studied a discipline with decent job prospects as an undergrad). While I may not be pursuing my first love, I am providing for my family and don#8217;t hate my job. And at least I can still study on essays the side.

My husband is currently completing his PhD in Systematic Theology, and essay factory one thing we#8217;ve thought a lot about is whether he should serve as a pastor when he#8217;s done. Essays? I think this is a much overlooked but much needed use of the PhD (and historically, was much more common). The local church could really use pastors with doctoral level training, so I see this as a potential benefit for ghostwriting companies, the theology of texts, local churches, if we would just encourage more doctoral candidates to consider that route. I think this is a viable option, Sharon, though one potential problem (there#8217;s always a potential problem) is that the PhD pastor may run too far ahead of the congregation theologically, thus causing some tensions, or he/she may get frustrated for not being able to bring certain conversations to the church. Gre Essay Help? Sometimes these pastors can become scholar/pastors who write a lot of books, but then the challenge is to remain connected to the people. I completely agree. Of course, this brings up a whole other conversation about the disconnect between seminaries and essays texts the local church. When I was at Duke Div, a number of my profs had served as pastors, and their experience shaped their teaching in some important ways.

While not all Bible scholars have the call or gifts to serve in both the church and help contrast the academy, seminaries (and seminarians) would certainly benefit from hiring faculty with experience in texts and a love for the local church. But anyway, I#8217;m not going to hijack this thread. Just some thoughts from where we#8217;re sitting right now. Gre Essay Help? Sharon, I like your thinking. I#8217;m Presbyterian, so we don#8217;t have an appointment system like the essays texts, UMC, but I would love to on christian see our local governing bodies (districts, presbyteries, etc.) appoint/call Ph.D ministers, who would serve a congregation and also be a renumerated educational resource for that governing body. Sharon, thanks for posting this. I have a Ph.D in texts NT, and I serve as the lead pastor in my congregation.

I#8217;m in an evangelically minded, Lutheran congregation, and my academic training is a real asset in my ability to teach and lead here. I#8217;m sure it would be possible to #8220;run too far ahead#8221; as Pete says so well, but that#8217;s far from inevitable. In my view, it would be great to essay have more people with advanced education leading in texts congregational settings, and maybe even mentoring the next generation of leaders who can combine thoughtful reflection with pastoral practice. If your husband would like a conversation partner with whom to consider this kind of english language, option, I#8217;d be glad to share my experience. If your husband wants to be a pastor and is ambitious he should get his PHD.

In my denomination (Cooperative Baptist) a PHD is required (though no one would ever say this) to be hired at pastor at many of the larger churches. The problem isn#8217;t that there aren#8217;t enough jobs. There are plenty of jobs. However, those jobs are going to adjuncts or administrators instead of full time faculty lines. In any metropolitan area, a Phd can easily cobble together 4 5 courses a semester; there are plenty of courses that need teaching. There is actually an easy solution to the adjunctification problem: every accrediting body has a standard for an #8220;adequate number of full time faculty.#8221; If CHEA would define #8220;adequate#8221; as, say, 70% (it#8217;s about 30% right now), then schools would be forced to re-tool, which might include eliminating administrative positions, rethinking the relationship between research and teaching, rethinking how tenure is conceived and rewarded, etc. But doing so would make classroom instruction better, improve retention, and eliminate the rather embarrassing situation in essays texts which a university can have an an essay, adjunct who teaches the equivalent of a full time load while qualifying for texts, food stamps. There are plenty of jobs overseas. PhD students just are not interested.

Some are. My point here is that these opportunities should be presented to students at the outset as a much more viable career path than joining the overcrowded tenure track pool in gre essay help the west. Darren, can you give an example or two of these jobs that are #8216;overseas#8217;? What are the financial and essays social conditions of their employment, and summary 'an essay on christian the long-term sustainability of those conditions? Must support be raised and essays sustained? Will an gre essay help, equally trained citizen of the country be bumped to employ a citizen from elsewhere? Are these employers working with the same curriucular and pedagocial models that have proven inadequate in the West? There are so many differences here that to texts compare one job in the West to another job overseas is misleading. Let#8217;s not send our PhD#8217;s elsewhere, and if we are going to do that, let#8217;s solve our pedagogical and curricular problems first.

The West in general, and the church in particular, has a long history of exporting its problems #8216;overseas#8217;. Let#8217;s do everyone a favor and not start booking flights right away. Yeah, thankfully I#8217;ve had this discussion with my pastor (who has his D.Min) and a few seminary professors. I know my pastor struggles because he#8217;s educated himself beyond the congregation and in india often longs for essays, more academic and language in india thoughtful discussion. These have been my struggles for considering further education beyond my M.Div. I know you sort of educate yourself into essays a corner. Educated himself beyond his congregation#8230;I so wish our pastor would offer an opportunity for deeper thought and discussion.

I#8217;m a middle aged female who reads blogs and stacks of factory, books and essays goes to church and listens to ghostwriting companies shallow sermons by a D.Min pastor. Come on academics, Maybe there are outlets for your education you#8217;re overlooking. I think it#8217;s just the nature of our congregation. He has brought some deeper thought and essays texts discussion in english in india his sermons and bible studies, but he still wished for the more regular discussion that a seminary class or cohort provided. Essays? I think the tough part is a lot of people in summary doctrine the pews aren#8217;t coming for an academic education but for some spiritual enlightenment once a week or twice a week at texts best. It#8217;s tough balance to on christian doctrine be sure, especially when those who are of a like-minded focus are in the minority (at least at essays texts my church). the question is, after reading all the blogs and books, are you #8220;doing the help, ministry#8221;. Remember, Jesus said that his food was to do the essays texts, will of the Father. Maybe we focus so much on wanting to be #8220;fed#8221; with deeper truths that we are missing out on the fact that real maturity, and real feeding is doing God#8217;s will, not sitting around with other intellectuals trying to figure out whether Adam is english in india, real or not.

At least that is the argument I hear from my pastor. With a world going to hell, are we spending too much time in our Christian bubbles, rather than with the sinners and publicans that are around us? So all schools should stop teaching students simply because there are no jobs? What about the student#8217;s growth? Desire to learn?

I guess for essays texts, you to be honest, public schools should stop teaching students because of the high unemployment rate or the jonathan essay factory, bad economy. Texts? your type of ghostwriting, thinking is not right. You seem to be all over the place here. This is discussing, specifically, the texts, field of Biblical Studies. Therefore, the public school analogy does not work at all. There is a very high demand for science and jonathan essay math teachers but that is essays texts, a non sequitur here. Gre Essay Help? When someone has racked up over a hundred grand in loan debt, no amount of essays, #8220;desire to learn#8221; will satisfy the rigorous process of paying back that debt#8230;without a job.

If one is only interested in acquiring more advanced knowledge in a rather esoteric subject, then there should be programs for adult education that leads to no degree. Essay Factory? But obtaining a doctorate entitles you to be called #8220;Doctor,#8221; so there#8217;s obviously some desire for a level of texts, prestige. And what does a doctorate in biblical studies qualify you for? There is a lady writer in gre essay help Florida who calls herself #8220;Dr.#8221; but she only has a doctorate in biblical literature or so she claims. What is texts, biblical literature? Just the canon of the Old and New Testaments? Anything taught in these fields is strictly speculation, since even the authors of most books in the Bible are unknown, as well as the dates they were written. Why strive to english in india get a Phd. in a field that#8217;s almost entirely speculative? This assumes that the purpose for higher education is preparation for a job. Perhaps it is simply to further one as a person.

That is a decision for students to make. Enns teaches at a school that grants many, many degrees that don#8217;t lead into a plethora of job openings is it ethical for him to teach there? As i said in my post, I don#8217;t teach PhD students, which is texts, what this discussion is gre essay help, about. I#8217;m suggesting that whatever justification you find helpful for teaching students at essays an expensive private school where most recruited students are told about the great return on investment of private college should also, graciously, be extended to those who teach Ph.D. students under the same pretense. The discussions are closely related it is not seemly to throw stones at those who are doing what you used to english language do while you continue to do something that is very, very similar. If anything, Ph.D. programs are more justified since their students should have the texts, critical thinking and research skills necessary to make an informed decision. To be clear, I think there is great value in higher education, even in fields where gainful employment is questionable. I#8217;m working on my MTS thesis at Palmer fulling knowing that it is english essay, not likely to increase my earning potential. I love the study, I like the texts, focus of Eastern, and I enjoy the opportunities it affords to be in conversation with others. I will reiterate, that it is hypocritical at best to question the ethics of those who teach Ph.D. studies in Bible while working at jonathan prude essay factory an institution that recruits students less able to think critically into programs funded by high debt. A guy named Jesus tells a story about texts beams and specks that might be helpful.

Education was not invented so that people could get jobs. In India? Education in essays industrialized societies are occupied by those in companies #8220;jobs#8221;. What is specific to this post is the essays, lack of availability of jobs, again, specifically for Biblical Studies PhDs who hope to find a job on the other side. It is nonsensical to contrast train someone for a position in underwater basket weaving if no such job exists on the other side of the essays, educational chasm. It is almost as nonsensical to train someone in gre essay help Biblical Studies. This post is texts, generating an honest and very much needed question. I see a difference between training someone #8220;for a position in#8221; underwater basket weaving and training someone to weave baskets underwater. I see a further difference between teaching a technique (e.g., to weave baskets underwater) and increasing understanding of a subject. I admit, the name #8220;philosophiae DOCTOR#8221; implies PhD programs in biblical studies are/were supposed to train for a TEACHING position.

But also note the footnoting an essay, #8220;philosophiae.#8221; Education is essays texts, more about pursuing ideas than training for techniques. Ken, I think you are not hearing what Bryan is saying. Footnoting? Your last sentence esp. seems to be off base. We are not talking about #8220;education.#8221; You can stay home and read books for essays texts, that or attend seminars in local venues. We are talking about summary 'an essay entering years of doctoral workoften with family in towto earn a degree that prepares you for some paying vocation, normally teaching, which then allows you do do some research and writing.

It#8217;s not about pursuing #8220;training for techniques.#8221; Am I correct in assuming you do not have an earned doctorate and are not looking for work? I earned a Ph.D. in essays texts Religious Studies (Biblical field), and am tenured. Let me see if I understand what is being said. Pete, what I hear you saying is: 1. For the purpose of this discussion “work” is defined as a tenure-track job in biblical studies. 2. The vast majority of (including many talented) biblical studies PhDs can’t get “work”.

3. The recent rise in the use of adjuncts reduces the amount of an essay, “work” available. 4. Essays Texts? The main reasons for degree programs in summary 'an essay doctrine biblical studies are to benefit the essays texts, institution, not the student. 5. Institutions that accept vastly more students into biblical PhD programs than there is “work” available are taking advantage of their students’ ignorance of “work” availability. 6. It is wrong to take advantage of students for gre essay help, the benefit of the institution. 7. Essays Texts? It is wrong to teach in a biblical studies PhD program. 8. The solution is to correct students’ ignorance of “work” availability. Although I am not comfortable with your definition of help comparison contrast, “work,” I can see that it is essays texts, expedient for this discussion. Help Contrast Essay? Although I think your list of reasons for degrees in essays texts biblical studies is selective and uncharitable toward. universities and those of us who work in gre essay help them, and texts I don’t think it’s wrong to offer the PhD, I agree with you that it is wrong is to mislead the students into thinking there is more “work” than there actually is. Bryan, what I hear you saying is: It makes little sense to teach a biblical studies PhD student if there is little “work” available. Have I heard you both?

If so, I agree with most of what you’re saying, Pete. The part with which I disagree is. something I am inferring from jonathan factory, both of you, and that is expressed explicitly in your reply, Pete, namely that the only (main?) reason for a doctoral degree is to texts get “work.” I would rather say that if you’re considering a PhD, in David Miller’s words, “Go for it, if you love it because you love it” I was thinking more or less the same thing. Perhaps the problem is that low-level teaching or pastoring is settling for a plan B. Why don#8217;t schools encourage more entrants with #8220;non-conventional career aspirations#8221;? Maybe so. But if that#8217;s the operative thought in the mind of many educators, then it#8217;s their responsibility to proclaim that, boldly and publicly, to anyone even *prospectively* interested in getting an education from gre essay help, them.

It also might behoove them to price their product accordingly. At least, if that doesn#8217;t happen all on its own once they start letting would-be students know about their refusal to essays claim any responsibility for helping their graduates get employed. Thanks for this Dr. Enns. Would you say more jobs within and without evangelicalism exist in the global south? By jobs, I mean undergraduate/graduate teaching posts at seminaries or universities. Also, are you speaking about denominational and interdenominationals undergraduate/graduate posts in the US or just the universities?

As you know, Pete, I earned my Th.D. in english in india essay Hebrew Bible from an elite university. I had been told by a religion professor at my undergraduate university that I had the potential to be among the top scholars. Years later, when I tried to essays cash in gre essay help that endorsement, the now-elderly professor emeritus didn#8217;t even remember me. As several have suggested in the comments, when the job search turned up zeroes, I went into the pastorate. I was unsuited for the pastorate, and knew it, which is a major reason I pursued graduate work. It did not end well. Then I spent a year in the adjunct grind. I finally decided I was not going to work for essays, nothing, and I walked away from academia. Jonathan Essay Factory? Looking back, I kick my self for my naivete. I believed the essays, professors who were my authority figures, who assured me that many retirements were coming soon, and that an elite degree would be the ticket to the job. The reality was that as a middle-aged white male I didn#8217;t fit any affirmative action categories and didn#8217;t match any search committee#8217;s ideals of perfection.

I should have researched the academic job market before I invested a decade of gre essay help, my life in a dead end. Essays? I sympathize with your plight, but this brought me up short: #8220;The reality was that as a middle-aged white male I didn#8217;t fit any. affirmative action categories and didn#8217;t match any search committee#8217;s. ideals of perfection.#8221; Yeah, furrowed my brow too. Gre Essay Help? But be careful of essays texts, confusing group experience with individual experience. a) the majority of applicants are from one demographic, b) the majority of posts are currently filled by members of gre essay help, that demographic, c) the appointing committee rightly want better representation of diversity among their colleagues, then the essays, individual members of that dominant demographic will find it harder than those outside the demographic to get a job. Summary 'an Essay On Christian? Even though, at the same time, most jobs will go to members of that demographic. A situation I#8217;m more familiar with: it is *much* easier to get a job as a early years teacher around here if you#8217;re male. Texts? Because most schools have no male teachers. As a consequence male graduate teachers have no problem finding a job, but many female teachers are individually suffering from the lack of opportunity.

Even though, at the same time, the vast majority of jobs go to female teachers. I think Hopaulius speaks to factory a #8220;Real Reality#8221; that qualified white men are at a disadvantage because seminaries and divinity schools are predisposed to hire women and folks from essays texts, ethnic minorities. #8220;The reality was that as a middle-aged white male I didn#8217;t fit any affirmative action categories and didn#8217;t match any search committee#8217;s ideals of help comparison essay, perfection.#8221; Yeah. We non middle aged, minorities are hogging up all the PhD spots. Thank goodness affirmative action guarantees me tenure at texts that ivy league university I#8217;m eye balling. If not, I#8217;m sure any search committee will just trip over jonathan prude factory, themselves to hire me. Thanks for essays texts, perpetuating that cultural myth. Because we non middle aged, minorities love to hear #8220;you guys#8221; talk like that. There#8217;s one flaw here. It#8217;s the assumption that education is only for the purpose of obtaining employment. For some of essay factory, us, knowledge has value that surpasses the benefits of gainful employment.

While we may earn our daily bread in one field, we still find joy and enrichment from the education we have acquired in essays texts other fields. One of the problems in society today is that education, people and objects are seen to have only the value of the monetary gains they bring. That is the result of confusing vocational training with education. To move along the footnoting an essay, path toward wisdom, we need both. There#8217;s no flaw here.

Pete is #8220;specifically#8221; discussing 1) the ability to attain a teaching position 2) in Biblical Studies after 3) one has completed doctoral training. It is very rough in texts academia and perhaps rougher in the church. Nobody wants to take out over companies, a hundred grand in loan debt for no other purpose than to get an #8220;education#8221;. People who pursue a PhD have a passion for a particular field and after their education is complete, want to serve in a job that is rewarding for both them and texts their students. If #8220;education#8221; was the only subject under discussion here then one could simply refer to english Will Hunting#8217;s apt quote, #8220;You dropped a hundred grand on an education you could#8217;ve got for a dollar fifty in late charges at the public library.#8221; Apparently, I#8217;ve written a blog post where I disagree with what you said here. Essays? Not sure what post people read since your post only spurred me to reflect on my PhD experience, and gre essay help I concluded that practical concerns like my program not costing much and having a plan B for essays, work helped me finish.

I rather think that me suggesting students think about practical concerns meshes well with what you#8217;ve said, but such is the silliness that is the internet. At any rate, if any of those pingbacks have come on your radar, please ignore. If not, all the better. Perhaps there would be more jobs if more people thought that there is jonathan factory, a lot to discover in biblical studies. Essays? The overall sentiment I get from theologians—thankfully you are an exception—is that just about everything about God that will be discovered has been discovered. Kind of like those pesky physicists who, immediately prior to the quantum revolution, told students to not study physics because it had pretty much all been figured out. I get that your message is more one of #8220;Tell prospective students how likely this degree is to gre essay help land them increased pay over not having the PhD#8221;, but the thing that jumped out at me was that biblical studies is so undervalued that this is a problem. It reminds me of Scandal of the Evangelical Mind , which you blogged about in January 2013. Essays? I came across this phenomenon in college, when students would happily (well, willingly ) spend nine hours on a problem set, but spending that much time studying the Bible in a week (with as much concentration, and talking about it with friends and consulting resources) was out of the question. Until this changes, I doubt that Christians will sufficiently value biblical studies. To change this, I think the Bible must be made to summary on christian come alive to people much more than it is now.

I know it#8217;s possible, for it was done for me. Higher education was not constructed to gain employment. Then restructure the way degrees are funded so that we don#8217;t have to get high-paying jobs after graduation in order to justify the massive loans most of us have to take to get higher education. Why is essays, pastoring a secondary choice? Surely bridging the chasm between the classroom and the pew is a worthy pursuit. My tutor was honest with me saying that I will most likely not get an academic career after finishing the PhD programme#8230; I#8217;m cool with that, as I don#8217;t see academia as a profession that promotes a healthy attitude towards the work-life balance. #8230;. similar in that respect to being a stand-up comic. It#8217;s certainly not a secondary choice, but it does require a different skillset.

If you have a heart to 'an essay bridge that chasm, that#8217;s wonderful and essays texts the church certainly needs more people with that call. My suspicion is, however, that most people in ph.d. programs want to essay factory make careers in the academy and essays texts many may not have the necessary people-skills and footnoting compassion to successfully serve in the day-to-day grind of pastoral ministry. Props for bringing this issue up Peter- I am ABD from a top. tier institution in texts Theology, and in india essay due to the countless frustrating issues. experienced by myself and essays my classmates, I have long ago given up the dream of. teaching in a higher ed environment. Thankfully, I saw this coming, and keep up. my I.T. skills, and was able to return to that field. Gre Essay Help? However, I quickly. learned that my Ph.D. candidacy was a liability on my resume, as was my M.A. I was considered “overqualified” for many open positions. Essays Texts? This made. accounting for my years in school somewhat tricky, but I was eventually able. overcome to overcome the obstacles of my education. I will finish my degree, but I have little expectation that this will lead to any employment in higher. education- it MAY eventually be of some assistance in my professional career- but only as “proof” of critical thinking skills and jonathan prude essay factory ability to essays texts process new. Here’s a hint: if your graduate education is in companies a non-STEM. or non-business field, the real world couldn’t care less.

It’s not just Biblical. or theological fields- really all the humanities are in essays texts the same boat. I’ve. learned to keep my M.A. and Ph.D. Gre Essay Help? candidacy off my linkedIn profile and nobody. at essays texts my current job knows I have a graduate education in footnoting the humanities. Essays Texts? So my advice: if you have family wealth, a highly paid spouse, are bored, and. don’t really “need” a job, a graduate education in the humanities is jonathan prude factory, probably. an o.k. choice. On the other hand, if you hope to be employed in the field, ask. lots of questions, look long and hard at the conversations going on essays texts about the. Ghostwriting? plight of humanities adjuncts. Furthermore, pay attention to the whole landscape- 1+ trillion dollars in. student loan debt is unsustainable. We are beginning to texts see previously stable, financially. solid institutions forced to cut tenured positions to footnoting an essay make their budgets- due. to declining enrollment in essays non-STEM fields- so the next blow will be the waves. of experienced, published, previously tenured assistant professors competing. for any open tenure-track positions available. Good luck competing with those. folks for the few tenured positions opening up.

We are only essay factory seeing the beginning tremors of the higher. education financial tsunami…it’s going to be a difficult time for many. -thankful for my provision. It#8217;s odd that there are so many people interested in higher education in texts Biblical studies (and related fields too I suppose) and that there is so little real-world application for the degrees. What is the gre essay help, problem really? If there are that many people interested in education, why are there so few educator positions? I#8217;m one of the essays, people who never attempted to get a PhD, even though I have a very high interest in summary on christian doctrine doing so, precisely because I understood that getting a job would be very difficult. Not that getting two masters degrees in Biblical Studies helped anything. But at least I#8217;m in less debt.

Still, I think that teaching at a seminary or university is not the ONLY legitimate application for a Biblical Studies PhD. What others would you suggest? I can think of essays texts, vocational ministry and that#8217;s about it. Would love to know if there are other unturned stones. I think that what is also unethical is to continue to teach at a school where you no longer believe what that school believes. Salient post however, Biblical Studies PhD programs should be compared to english in india essay PhD programs in general as a control.

There are plenty of doctoral studies that don#8217;t make for a particularly directed career path.

PhD: is the texts, doctoral thesis obsolete? Should the foundations of a 21st-century academic career still be built on the traditional model? Communication within the 'an essay doctrine, science world and with the public is becoming shorter and essays snappier, yet our PhDs still seem to be stuck in the 1960s. Earlier this year, Jeremy Farrar, director of the jonathan, Wellcome Trust, examined a PhD candidate at Imperial College London. Although the student “sailed through”, Farrar was struck by how much time he had spent writing up his thesis compared with carrying out experiments. “Is it time to look at the PhD thesis?” he wondered aloud on Twitter. Essays Texts? “What is best for candidate and research in an essay the 21st century?” He estimates that the texts, average doctoral student spends about six months of their four-year programme writing their thesis, and prude essay another three “waiting for it to be examined”. “That is just not a wise balance,” he says – particularly when even examiners rarely have the essays, time to “wade through” theses in their entirety. “An awful lot is contrast, going unused and unread,” he says. Texts? “Is this really appropriate for summary 'an essay on christian doctrine, the modern world? Communication within the texts, science world and with the public is becoming shorter and snappier, yet our PhDs still seem to be stuck in gre essay help the 1960s.”

The Wellcome Trust currently supports more than 850 UK doctoral candidates, so Farrar’s views are significant. He feels some PhDs have become a demoralising “conveyor belt”, with students convinced that as long as they “churn out texts, 300 pages”, they will “get through”. Hence, theses become bloated with “page after page of methods”, along the lines of: “I pipetted 2.5ml of this enzyme into that tube.” Philip Moriarty, professor of physics at the University of Nottingham, also worries about wasted effort. He says too many doctoral theses in his field include up to 100 pages describing techniques and fundamental principles largely paraphrased from textbooks. This is “very often superfluous and provides little or no insight into the student’s work”. He would much prefer to see theses’ introductory sections “written along the lines of a good review article, where the in india essay, student does a critical appraisal of the state of the essays, field”. But what about going further and abolishing the thesis entirely, and instead allowing students to submit a bundle of footnoting papers?

For several decades most UK universities have offered doctorates “by prior publication”, but these are usually confined to essays staff and (sometimes) former students who have already published a substantial body of on christian doctrine work that adds up to a unique contribution to knowledge. Essays Texts? However, according to The Role of Publications and Other Artefacts in Submissions for the UK PhD , a report published earlier this year by the UK Council for Graduate Education, 72 per companies cent of 50 UK universities surveyed sometimes saw published papers incorporated into PhD submissions – although it was the norm in just 2 per cent of cases and was rare or absent in 83 per essays cent. A spokeswoman for Imperial says that the institution “does not currently accept a series of papers for submission as a thesis, although we are continuing to explore the help comparison essay, possibility of accepting alternative PhD thesis formats”. The “integrated format”, as the UKCGE calls it, is already common in many European countries, for which reason it is sometimes known as the “continental model”. And according to Margaret Kiley, a visiting fellow at the Australian National University, many higher education institutions Down Under offer something similar. The UKCGE report attributes the integrated format’s rise to growing pressure on texts students, particularly in footnoting the sciences, to publish their findings prior to graduation – not least so that they can compete for postdoctoral positions in an increasingly international job market. Some universities also want to eliminate the “opportunity cost to the institution if the PhD regulations forced candidates to rewrite…pre-published material”.

However, there is also a “general consensus” that the bundle of papers submitted “needs to be coherent and to texts demonstrate explicitly the candidate’s individual contribution to knowledge”. Jonathan Essay? The UKCGE itself, in a statement issued to Times Higher Education , notes that examiners “need to be confident that the essays, research has been conducted soundly, securely, ethically and with a robust methodology. Therefore it is necessary for a PhD thesis to contain more information than other types of publication that researchers might produce later in their careers when they become more established. Shorter, multi-authored publications alone, without accompanying overviews, do not provide this.” The report’s lead author, Bruce Christianson, professor of informatics at the University of Hertfordshire, says that universities typically require students to append an introduction, setting out the context in which the papers fit, and a critical summary at gre essay help, the end, bringing all the strands together. Essays? Despite all that, he estimates that the jonathan factory, amount of material candidates have to texts write from scratch under the integrated format is footnoting, about a fifth of that required for a traditional thesis. Although it is “unheard of” for a department to insist on essays the integrated format, some supervisors “very much prefer” it, Christianson says. One is David Leigh, Sir Samuel Hall professor of chemistry at help contrast, the University of Manchester. He has successfully “encouraged” all but one of his doctoral students during the past dozen years to submit for examination a series of papers, published or not – including the literature review favoured by Moriarty.

He says this approach fits perfectly with his discipline, where beyond the initial “discovery phase”, work is planned specifically “with the article we hope to publish in mind”. “It makes no sense to rewrite the work in a way [that was not intended] and dissect out just your own little contribution to the team’s work in order to report it in a PhD thesis,” he says. As well as teaching students how to plan and write papers, Leigh adds, the approach also teaches them “how to plan and execute a research project efficiently and effectively; focusing at a relatively early stage on what needs to be done rather than…carrying out essays, a lot of experiments…sitting down to write the paper and only then realising that to publish the story they need some model compounds that they haven’t made yet and ghostwriting companies don’t need some of the others that they have spent much time and effort making”. Any potential loss of information to future group members about tried and failed approaches (which typically aren’t reported in papers) is compensated for essays texts, by requiring everyone in the lab to produce monthly “flowsheets” setting out what they have done, which are then stored in ghostwriting companies a “group repository”. Any extra work that this involves is essays, more than compensated for summary 'an essay, by the texts, fact that Leigh’s students typically spend just four weeks writing up their integrated thesis. One concern about the integrated format voiced by 'an essay on christian, many respondents to the UKCGE survey is that it can be difficult to identify students’ individual contributions to multi-author papers; 64 per cent of institutions require each student to state their own contribution to each paper and essays texts 22 per footnoting cent require claims to be endorsed by texts, the co-authors. Comparison Essay? According to Christianson, such measures make it harder for students to “fudge” their own contributions, as they can in the traditional thesis. Leigh has his students state their individual contributions in a preface to essays each paper, which also sets out where it fits into their wider research.

Experimental details are provided by editing each paper’s supporting information down to just the candidate’s own work. Although Farrar sees the rise of the integrated thesis as “progress”, he is wary of going too far down that road. He is concerned that the approach risks turning the PhD into a “paper machine” that disadvantages candidates who are unlucky with their experiments and pushes supervisors to avoid any project that doesn’t obviously hold out the promise of a paper – “and there is already too much of that in 'an essay on christian doctrine science”. But Leigh argues that unlucky students with no results “shouldn’t be getting a PhD anyway”, since the degree is awarded “for a contribution to knowledge, not for a good try”. He does not require his students to produce any particular number of papers (five is texts, typical but numbers range from three to nine) and insists that the level of results they have to achieve is no different from that required for a traditional thesis. Since his lab always lists the names of paper authors alphabetically, there is no issue about english essay authorship order. But Leigh accepts that other labs and disciplines in which order is determined by often fraught judgements about each author’s contribution could run into essays problems with the contrast essay, integrated format – if a university department insisted on a particular authorship position before a paper could be submitted as part of an integrated thesis. One academic to respond to Farrar’s tweet was Simon Hay, professor of epidemiology at texts, the University of Oxford, who said that doctoral theses should consist of “a series of linked chapters, prepared like peer-reviewed articles with strict word limits” – as they do in prude his lab. The relevant departmental regulations at Oxford stipulate that “papers written in collaboration should not be included unless the greater part of the work is essays, directly attributed to ghostwriting the candidate” – although “joint papers may however be included as appendices”. The latter provision allowed one of Hay’s current doctoral candidates, Oliver Brady, to include a Nature paper on which he was a minor author as an essays, appendix to his thesis, and to write a chapter expanding on his role in the project based on ample “supplementary information” published alongside the paper.

That decision, Brady says, was based on the fact that his contribution “formed a significant and independent body of work that could have been published in ghostwriting isolation, but was instead combined with other complementary work in order to obtain a higher impact publication”. He adds that a previous student of Hay’s was able to essays texts combine several papers on which she was second author into a single thesis chapter. He sees the thesis as the ‘gold standard’, since it remains the best means by prude factory, which to texts capture ‘the unfolding of the mind’ that a doctorate constitutes. Such “hybrid” approaches, which allow students to “demonstrate their contribution to a larger piece of english language in india published work”, would also be helpful in groups with fiercely hierarchical structures, Brady adds. In such scenarios, “a significant proportion of the DPhil students’ time will be devoted to advancing the goals of the group”, making it unlikely that they will generate many first-author papers of their own. Everyone appears to accept that the integrated format is essays texts, not appropriate for all students, labs and disciplines, and gre essay help that the essays texts, traditional thesis still has its merits. Help Comparison Essay? Moriarty – who is not aware of any opportunity at Nottingham to switch to the integrated format – notes that part of the laudable trend towards equipping doctoral students with transferable skills should include ensuring they are capable of “clear and essays texts coherent writing”. This is much easier to assess in a thesis than in papers that are “drafted and redrafted, modified and re-modified…so many times before publication that the student’s contribution to the writing is often not easy to determine”. Andrew Harrison, chief executive of the help contrast essay, Diamond Light Source synchrotron in Harwell, Oxfordshire – which offers PhDs in collaboration with numerous universities – also thinks there is “some merit in testing how well students can express themselves through the written word without the intervention of the essays texts, paper’s editors”.

He stresses the importance of doctoral candidates putting together a body of work “that supports a thesis – in the ‘proposition’ sense of the word – because this demonstrates a rather broader approach and a more in-depth view of problems than would be common in individual papers”. And Harrison worries that even requiring candidates to have a certain number of papers in preparation could be “problematic” for some. For these reasons, the traditional thesis that confines itself to “the most essential background material…still has value”, he believes. Robert Bowman, director of the Centre for Nanostructured Media at Queen’s University Belfast, says there have been discussions at his institution about moving to the integrated format, and he believes that a “hybrid” system will ultimately come into existence. But he prefers the traditional thesis. For a start, he doubts that the typical science thesis is “anywhere near” as long as the 80,000-word maximum. Those he has supervised or examined have consisted, he estimates, of only 30,000 to 40,000 words (plus figures). “So the idea that science students are spending months writing prose is probably wrong,” Bowman says. Furthermore, research in his field is “messy and doesn’t immediately lead to a few neat, tidy papers”.

It is help contrast, often the thesis writing and examination process itself that identifies the data and essays observations that might be publishable, he adds. Bowman also values the ability of traditional theses to “stretch” students, making subsequent writing tasks “that bit less intimidating”. They also offer greater scope to summary 'an essay doctrine describe and discuss techniques – particularly important when the doctoral candidate has developed a new piece of equipment. And he prefers to see positive and negative results presented “in a consistent description, rather than artificially sewing together successful published strands”. Theses, in Bowman’s view, are also invaluable documents for introducing new candidates to particular topics and techniques, and for tapping into former students’ views about what research should be taken forward. He accepts that requiring students to write an overarching introduction and discussion under the integrated format could address many of his objections – “but then you might argue that is just a conventional thesis, with the results chapters as papers”. According to the UKCGE report, the essays texts, debate in some institutions about the merits of the an essay, integrated format pits older against younger researchers, with the latter being more receptive to it. But it also finds, unsurprisingly, that attachment to the traditional thesis is deepest outside the sciences, where publication prior to submission remains rare and where monographs often remain the research medium of choice.

In economics, PhD candidates at the London School of essays Economics are examined on the basis of a thesis formed of papers (which may have been published), together with an introduction and an integrating conclusion. However, this approach is still rare, according to Andrew Oswald, professor of economics at the University of Warwick. He notes that the research excellence framework has led to an increasing emphasis on producing articles, but he remains a fan of the thesis. Although the traditional requirement that chapters fit together explicitly has been relaxed, thesis writing, in Oswald’s view, still helps instil in students the idea that “different parts of one’s thinking should be consistent”. “The problem with [only] writing endless articles…is that it is gre essay help, possible to hold mutually contradictory views in different [ones]. Hence the academic disciplines that stick up for books have got a point,” Oswald says. Chief among them, of essays texts course, is companies, English. Texts? Robert Eaglestone, professor of contemporary literature and thought at Royal Holloway, University of London, sees himself as a progressive on most academic issues, but still considers the thesis – and, relatedly, the monograph – as the “gold standard”, since it remains the best means by english language in india, which to essays texts capture “the unfolding of the mind” that a doctorate constitutes. A doctorate is summary 'an essay doctrine, about “making and essays testing a cogent, coherent and original argument in detail and over length. That’s a ‘book length’ thing to do,” he says. In India Essay? Hence, even if integrated theses were permitted, they would be the victim of “snobbery”.

But even the humanities are not immune to the rise of papers and, hence, integrated theses. Oxford’s famous Faculty of Philosophy has begun to permit theses consisting of several publishable papers on essays the same general theme (see ‘An athlete does thousands of laps on the track with no one watching’ box, below). Meanwhile, according to the UKCGE report, arts students are typically permitted to footnoting submit a “wide range of essays texts exhibits or performances” such as novels, paintings and musical scores as part of summary 'an essay on christian their PhDs, provided they can “show how the essays texts, artefacts relate to the thesis and gre essay help its defence”. The rise of doctoral training centres across the texts, disciplines – with their increased focus on gre essay help student employability – has prompted some of the academics running them to start to question whether the thesis is essays texts, still the best means for a PhD candidate to demonstrate their ability to undertake independent research. Michael Saward, director of ghostwriting Warwick’s Economic and Social Research Council-funded doctoral training centre, believes the thesis remains the “ideal vehicle” to articulate and explore “the overarching issue” in the various aspects of candidates’ research – even if supervisors and students are “becoming increasingly skilled at seeing the thesis as a source of (ideally) two or three good journal articles”. But for Terry McMaster, director of the University of Bristol’s Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, a centre for doctoral training funded by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the time is texts, right for a sector-wide discussion about the footnoting an essay, merits of moving to the integrated format in science and engineering. He shares Farrar’s concerns about the amount of time it takes to write a traditional thesis in science and engineering: “In their fourth year, candidates are at essays texts, their most effective and productive, with high technical expertise, writing skills and research judgement.

But then they are busy writing a large document, most of which will be read by only a small number of summary 'an essay doctrine people.” The issue is brought into particular relief if students leave science after their doctorates and so do not write up their results in papers, McMaster adds. “In an era when we are driven by producing REFable outputs, it seems sensible to encourage skilled final-year science PhD students to produce as many papers as possible,” he says. According to the UKCGE report, a “substantial number” of institutions expect the integrated format to essays become more common over the next five years. But for his part, Farrar remains unclear that the model offers the best solution to summary 'an essay on christian doctrine his concerns. His hunch is that theses should be shortened and focused more on analysis and reflections about research avenues.

But he admits that the future of the essays, doctorate is comparison contrast essay, a “huge topic” that needs a lot more thought. For this reason, he is contemplating trying to convene a discussion with other major UK biomedical PhD funders to “think about what we want individuals to [gain from] a classic three- or four-year PhD in order to essays enhance their careers and the science contribution they are making during [it] and afterwards”. Farrar concludes: “I am not necessarily in ghostwriting companies favour of overregulating things, but it is fascinating how if you look at the whole educational piece from primary school, the PhD is the last bastion of stuff that is totally Wild West. Essays Texts? There are all sorts of different models.” ‘An athlete does thousands of laps on the track with no one watching’ The University of contrast essay Oxford’s Faculty of essays Philosophy gives DPhil candidates two choices: they can submit a traditional thesis or one consisting of several journal-style papers (which may have been published) that “collectively represent a coherent and focused body of companies research into texts a single subject”. Such theses also require “a further integrative chapter, stating how the gre essay help, papers…relate to essays each other and to an overall field of learning”. As with the standard thesis, integrated ones must “contain material adequate for two publishable papers” – although according to Luke Brunning, a recent graduate of the help comparison contrast, programme, they typically contain three. Brunning attributes the texts, faculty’s move to its recognition that publication is becoming ever more important for doctoral students intent on academic careers – as most Oxford candidates are likely to be. “If you can get a thesis already parcelled up into chunks that can be made into gre essay help an article, it is essays, something they are encouraging people to do,” he says.

However, in Brunning’s view, the integrated format lends itself to some temperaments and subject matter more than others. And although the model is prude essay factory, becoming more popular, he chose to stick with the traditional approach since “that is how I think about things”. Even if very few people read theses, he believes that writing one provides valuable training in how to “get to essays texts grips with a large amount of material”, tying it all together and comparison essay situating it in a broader context. “An athlete does thousands of laps on the track with no one watching but that doesn’t mean it is valueless,” Brunning points out. He accepts that a good thesis is texts, no longer enough to secure an academic job, but he is unclear about the extent to which a good unpublished writing sample, culled from a thesis, can make up for comparison essay, a lack of publications. Brunning knows that the essays texts, time it will take to turn his thesis into english journal papers or a monograph could slow down his job search.

“But publication is always difficult. There is still work to be done to essays turn a 20,000-word [integrated format] chapter into jonathan prude a journal article,” he says, noting that the eight chapters contained in essays texts a typical traditional thesis are more “article-sized”. “My regret is not focusing on publication sooner. Ghostwriting Companies? But that is not about whether the thesis is texts, a valuable thing to write, and help comparison contrast essay more about what is valued in academia in terms of getting a job,” Brunning says. Cut to the paper chase: a happy example of the integrated approach.

David Pigott is pursuing an integrated format PhD in essays the laboratory of Simon Hay, professor of epidemiology at the University of Oxford. Hay does not impose a lower threshold on the number of papers that must be submitted, nor do they need to have been published. Pigott’s thesis on mapping the global diversity of infectious diseases – which he expects to submit this summer – has four chapters. Comparison Essay? Each is texts, linked to a first-author paper on mapping a specific disease, together with the requisite introduction and discussion tying everything together. Pigott enjoys the comparison contrast, integrated format because “you are always working towards small goals instead of, like an undergraduate, leaving all the writing to the last minute” – a period that can potentially clash with the beginning of essays texts a postdoctoral contract.

Although he says he would pitch some of the discussions in his early papers differently if he were to write them now because of what he has since learned, this is more than compensated for by their contribution to building his profile within the field (and breaking the ice at essay, conferences). Pigott also hopes that recruitment committees will be more willing to flick through the essays texts, abstracts of his papers than they would be to engage with a long thesis. The fact that papers typically have much lower word counts than thesis chapters also “teaches the skill of culling everything that is not necessary but you feel obliged to write about because it took you two weeks to do”, he adds. Pigott admits the integrated approach can encourage the publication of several smaller papers rather than one big one, but hopes his final chapter will consist of a “higher impact” paper that synthesises his previous publications. He admits the integrated format is not for language in india, everyone: “I have a colleague doing something on vaccines. Publishing as he goes along wouldn’t be viable because of all the essays, dead ends that occur in [vaccine development]. You can publish method protocols but that doesn’t represent the same [level of] output.” But Pigott certainly thinks that where papers can be incorporated into theses they should be. Companies? And he is struck by a story he heard about a PhD student who was censured for self-plagiarism after including one of his papers in essays a conventional thesis.

“He was told he needed to rewrite it: that sounds to me like a complete waste of time.” Registration is free and summary doctrine only takes a moment. Once registered you can read a total of 3 articles each month, plus: Sign up for the editor's highlights Receive World University Rankings news first Get job alerts, shortlist jobs and save job searches Participate in reader discussions and post comments Register. Or subscribe for texts, unlimited access to: Unlimited access to news, views, insights reviews Digital editions Digital access to 'an essay on christian doctrine THE’s university and college rankings analysis Unrestricted access to the UK and global edition of the THE app on IOS, Android and Kindle Fire Subscribe. Already registered or a current subscriber? Sign in now. Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research)/Vice-President.

Research Assistant/Research Fellow in Modelling Root Traits to Bio-engineer Soil. Lecturer in Data Science - Data Sciences with Analytics. Digital Marketing and Recruitment Executive. We need to essays call off the witch-hunt and 'an essay doctrine trust in the capacity of texts our students to learn, says Bruce Macfarlane. Last week, the UK’s universities minister threatened to fine institutions that pay their v-cs more than the prime minister without a strong justification.

We present three perspectives on the debate. The bullying and companies subsequent suicide of a talented Ivy League scientist exposes ugly truths about the cruelty and dysfunction at the heart of academic science. No tax inspector or police officer can claim rights over what they write for their jobs, so why should academics, asks Gabriel Egan. Find the best universities in the United States through Times Higher Education’ s World University Rankings data. If you like what you're reading online, why not take advantage of our subscription and get unlimited access to all of Times Higher Education 's content?

You'll get full access to our website, print and digital editions, and the Times Higher Education app for iOS, Android and Kindle Fire devices.

Free Downloadable Resume Templates. Free resume templates designed selected by RG professionals. Simply choose your favorite and texts get started. Just scroll down and find a Microsoft Word template that suits your work experience and language in india essay sense of essays design. Don’t worry – using a template is perfectly acceptable. If you don’t feel like designing your own resume, you can instead jump to our free and easy to use online resume builder. Summary On Christian Doctrine? Save time and effort – it does all of the writing and formatting for you. Click the essays texts button below and ghostwriting get started! Resume Template Library 1: Resume Genius' Original Designs - Expert's Choice. The above basic resume library was designed by our resident resume experts and have been battle tested by texts, job seekers.

As this set performed the best, we included them in our resume builder software– and now we are offering them to you for free to download in summary 'an essay doctrine, Microsoft Word format. Each professional template comes in five colors. Essays? Explore these templates, download them, personalize them, and start getting more interviews. Resume Template Library 2: Advanced Layouts. Professional Brick Red. Timeless Dark Blue.

Elegant 2.0 Dark Blue. Modern Brick Red. Due to gre essay help, the popularity of our professional Microsoft Word templates, we decided to spend more time adding to essays texts, our database after hearing from customers about what they’d like to see. For these new designs, we’ve created five NEW layouts and updated three of our most popular selections from our resume builder software. Each resume has its own unique aesthetic — but don’t let that fool you. Each resume is footnoting, thoroughly tested for clarity and essays readability, meaning that you could use ANY of essay these resumes and essays texts land more interviews. So have fun, and pick one that suits your sense of jonathan prude factory design. But remember — the way you format your resume is extremely important depending on how much experience you have, or if you have any job gaps.

So be sure to texts, modify downloaded files to you get to an essay, match your experience accordingly. Template Library 3: Professional Profile Layouts. Washington Brick Red. Murray Dark Blue. Trump Brick Red.

Introducing our newest batch of texts Microsoft Word templates, hot off the presses. We created these new designs due to gre essay help, the growing popularity of texts our explainer on how to write a professional profile. People interested in a layout featuring a PP introduction skyrocketed, so we toiled to create 8 brand new HR-approved documents for you to footnoting an essay, download for free. Remember — this particular template is best for those of you with some or significant work experience only. Template Library 4: Creative Layouts. Brooklyn Bridge Black. Taj Mahal Dark Blue. White House Brick Red. Empire State Gray. Mount Rushmore Dark Blue. Are you having trouble separating yourself from your competitors?

Have you been using the texts same resume format since you graduated college over a decade ago? Then it might be time to 'an essay on christian doctrine, add some style to your resume! We’ve come up with a new set of essays texts creative designs that are the perfect blend of professionalism, personality, and just the right amount of style. These styles are great for graphic designers, artists, or anyone who wants to add a hint of character to their job search. Template Library 5: Career Life Situations. Job Hopper Original. Mid-Level Dark Blue. Career Changer Brick Red. Whether it’s entry-level, manager, or executive, every job seeker experiences different phases throughout their career. Some phases, like being in the middle of a complete career change or hopping around short-term jobs, are quite difficult to jonathan factory, transfer on a resume.

Fortunately, we have created a new library of essays templates specifically tailored to contrast, the various stages of texts a career. Remember: You can download any of these resume templates for free and add the bullet points yourself, or you can make a resume in help comparison contrast, minutes with Resume Genius’ renowned resume builder software. It can save you a lot of essays hassle designing and filling up your resume, and land you more interviews faster. However, if you’d still like to make the resume on ghostwriting companies your own, use our industry-specific resume samples to give you guidance and inspiration when writing your own resume. Lastly, don’t forget to check out our professional cover letter examples.

Not Sure Which Template to Choose? The answer is yes — if you want to. Every person’s experience is unique, so you’ll need to choose a template that best reflects and promotes your skills and experiences.Our templates are built to be customizable to any industry and essays texts are great for any of the 3 resume formats. The fact is, the web is filled with so many fantastic and creative template designs that there is undoubtedly something for english language in india you out there. We are proud of the designs we’ve created, and have seen that they are effective at landing interviews.

But we’re not finished yet — we’ll be adding template designs to this page extensively in the near future. If you feel like creating your own, that’s fine too. Readability is king when creating a good template — it is the most important factor, followed by essays, how the resume itself is english language in india essay, structured to showcase your best experiences and conceal your negative ones. You may have read on the Internet that it’s inappropriate to essays texts, use a resume template. You’ll hear these arguments:

1. It shows you’re lazy and uncreative, and unable to design your own. Wrong, it shows you’re efficient. An Essay? (Creating your own is fine, too.) 2. Since your experience is unique, a resume template won’t cut it. Wrong again. Your experience is essays, personally unique, but you still generally fall into pattern that many other people have traveled before. 3. Prude Essay? The hiring manager will be tired of looking at that resume template design because a lot of other people use it. That hiring manager should be fired.

It’s the content of essays texts your resume that matters, not the aesthetic (unless it’s not readable.) We hope that clears up any misconceptions you may have had. We invite you to scroll back to the top and on christian choose from one of our many resume libraries, and start writing. cover letter for nursing. Should i include collegiate sports in essays texts, my resume? And if so where? It depends how much professional experience you have. If you are a recent college grad, then it is acceptable to include on your resume.

Good luck on the job hunt! Good luck on the job hunt! If the jobs are relevant to the ones you are applying for, then you can go as far back as you like. With regards to your military experience, check out our military to civilian resume guide: https://resumegenius.com/blog/go-shooting-guns-coffee-runs. Any of the templates in library 2 would be suitable for manufacturing careers. Best of luck! I’ve worked in the same industry for the past 13 years. Multiple employers with jobs lasting two to comparison contrast essay, three years each. Essays Texts? The jobs have been similar, so the experience looks a bit repetitive.

I need to find a template that highlights my experience without getting bogged down in the chronology, Any suggestions? It provides ample space for your professional experience, while also highlighting your top qualifications. Good luck on the job hunt! hi resume genius.. i need template resume that suitable for gre essay help trainer and coach.. can u suggest to me with template is suitable.. #128578; I had a job for 7 years and during that time I wore many hats, Executive Admin, Purchasing, Vendor Management, Project Coordination, etc.

How would I write that on my resume? Perhaps the texts Company name and then all the related roles under that and the times I did those jobs? I was always the Executive Admin, but I did other jobs during that period. Yes, your suggestion is correct. Start with the company name and prude factory included the related jobs with their own bullet points underneath. Good luck! Consider trying the ‘Job Hopper’ or the ‘Executive.’ They should able to fit all your jobs nicely. Ive never had a job so what should I use? Most of the templates above would suit your situation, but we suggest trying the Career Changer template because it emphasizes skills over the dates of your professional experience. Essays Texts? (https://resumegenius.com/resume-templates/career-level-life-situation-templates#career-changer-templates) Best of luck! We suggest using the ‘Gatsby’ Template. Good luck with grad school!

As far as style, we suggest our ‘Professional’ template. In terms of format, if you want to companies, include your restaurant experience, then you might want to essays texts, consider using a functional format:https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats/functional-samples-writing-guide. Hope this helps! We suggest using our ‘Entry-Level’ template. Summary On Christian? Good luck with the internship! Good Day Resume Genius.I’m a midwife by profession an has worked in a military hospital for 16 years in texts, KSA. I’m trying to apply as a home based ESL educator and footnoting an email respondent . Since I’m from the medical profession, I’m having difficulty in choosing the perfect resume.The skill I know is more on essays the medical.,clerical which involes data entry for appointments and summary, interpreter and my part time informal english lessons to native speaking arabs. What template should I use? Try the ‘Murray’ template.

Good luck! Hello. Which is good for cabin crew applicant? I have no many work experience in service. So i want to ghostwriting, highlight the other things. Thanks #128578; Take a look at texts, our Flight Attendant resume sample: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/flight-attendant-resume-example You can download it and input your own information. Which template would you recommend for a career in education?

Check out jonathan prude essay factory, our teacher resume samples: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/teacher-resume-example You can download them and input your own experience. Try using the ‘Freeman’ template. Best of luck on the promotion! Hi! What resume template would you recommend for texts a college freshman trying to on christian, apply for texts a competitive summer program with the USDA and South Dakota State University? Sound like the ‘Entry-Level’ template would be a good fit for what you’re trying to do. Good luck with the summer program. Hi!

Which resume template would you recommend for an essay someone trying to tap into the finance and accounting market. Looking for an entry-level position. You should go with the ‘Entry-Level’ template. Good luck with the job hunt. I have worked 32+ years as a nurse, the essays texts last 4 years taking care of my elderly father and online work. Now seeking to get back into the job market for extra income, not necessarily in the health field, just to language in india essay, earn some income and socialize. What resume do you suggest? Try the ‘Job Hopper’ template.

Good luck with your job search! Hi! What resume template would you recommend for a 9th grader trying to apply for a doctor (any)?? Apparently, resume making and interviewing is our project for texts the fourth quarter this year. I couldn’t find any clear examples on summary 'an essay on christian doctrine the web, and essays I was hoping you could help me out with what template I should use.. Try using the ‘Elegant 2.0’ template. Good luck on your project. Yes, if you click the View all Resume Designs button and click the download link for the template pack of your choice. If you’ve never written a resume before, I’d recommend checking out our “How to Write a Resume” guide to get a clearer idea (it’s much more comprehensive than any answer I can give here). Footnoting? https://resumegenius.com/how-to-write-a-resume.

Hit us up with any follow-up questions after giving that a read we’ll see if we can help further! Good luck! Hey there Margaret, In order to best understand which template works, it’s a good idea to check out which resume format fits your particular needs; then you can take it from essays texts there. Help Comparison? https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats. All of the essays texts templates were created by professional resume writers, so it’s hard to go wrong with any of them — it just depends on companies your preference. Good luck!

It really depends on what job you’re applying for. Since you have substantial work experience, try quantifying that in your resume (think: any numbers that a hiring manager can look at texts, and better understand what you accomplished during your time working there). Check out this page and choose the footnoting an essay one you find most fitting, that should be a good start: https://resumegenius.com/resume-formats. Good luck on the job hunt! Hey there hbil036, This way, you can focus on your skills qualifications critical to the job application. As an aside, you may want to look into whether you’re qualified to essays, get back into accounting after that many years outside of the field. Summary On Christian Doctrine? I understand that some regulations and texts rules change over the years — it may just be a matter of taking a test or updating your certifications, but I’m not certain. If that doesn’t seem to be a problem then go with the jonathan essay factory functional resume for sure.

Good luck on the job hunt! If you are lacking in major experience, I’d recommend using a reverse chronological format for essays texts your resume. Our “Classic” template on this page should do the prude essay factory trick: https://resumegenius.com/resume-templates/ Good luck at the job fair! I recommend you first check out our internship resume sample page: https://resumegenius.com/resume-samples/internship-resume-example. Afterwards, feel free to choose any format – just use a comprehensive education section instead of a professional experience section, and you should be good. Good luck landing that internship! Share Free Downloadable Resume Templates

Our code geeks and HR experts are proud to introduce our new Free Resume Builder software to help you land more interviews in essays, today’s competitive job market. Essay? We provide HR-approved resume templates, built-in job description bullet point phrases to choose from, and easy export to MS Word and PDF. Get awesome job opportunities sent directly to your inbox. By clicking Send Me Job Alerts, I agree to texts, the Resume Genius Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Play the One-Minute Game That’ll Show You How to Improve Your Resume. Think you can judge the quality of a resume within 6 seconds? The answer may surprise you. Put your skills to the test, and learn how to make your resume 6 second worthy! 3 Reasons Why I Wouldn't Hire Tom Brady. Tom Brady’s resume is a couple yards short of a touchdown. Footnoting An Essay? There are tons of essays errors throughout.

See why. How to Modify and Maximize your Resume Template. Need a resume template? Feel free to jonathan prude essay factory, download one, but be sure to make small modifications to unlock your. Would You Rather Work for a Man or a Woman? Do people still care whether they work for a man or woman, or do most people simply look for essays texts a nice job. Resume Builder Comparison | Resume Genius vs. LinkedIn Labs. What are the english language essay differences between the major online resume builders?

Here's an in depth analysis of what. Resume Genius' builder, resources, advice and career tips are regularly featured on some of the texts world's leading online and offline publications including: Our code geeks and HR experts are proud to prude factory, introduce our new Free Resume Builder software to texts, help you land more interviews in jonathan, today's competitive job market. Texts? HR-proven resume templates, built-in job description bullet point phrases to choose from, and easily export to MS Word and PDF.

alternative resume INTERVIEW AND RESUME SUGGESTIONS. EDUCATION CAREER ALTERNATIVES PROGRAM. Essays Texts. The following suggestions are provided to assist you in preparing to an essay, apply to school districts for teaching positions. As with all professions, there are certain attributes, phrases, and essays experiences that school districts will look for in considering someone for doctrine a position in that district. These #147;suggestions#148; are not meant to be all inclusive nor will they guarantee success. However, they should help you to better understand your new profession and its expectations as you prepare to be a teacher. As you prepare your resume or get ready for the interview, you should consider the #147;assets#148; you bring to the profession. For example, you bring maturity, a commitment to children, a work ethic, and experience in another profession to the classroom. You are also part of an outstanding program that provides strong support and training in the latest #147;best practices.#148; All of these will help you to essays texts, better meet the ghostwriting companies, needs of your students and to essays, enrich your instruction. The use of resumes will vary from district to district.

Some districts will want only jonathan prude factory their application form completed and your references. Others will want their application form, references, and your resume. You should be prepared for either eventuality. In addition to your resume, some districts will want you to provide other documents along with your application. For example, you may be asked to submit copies of your college transcripts as well as to complete their application form. You should also attach a copy of your Acceptance Letter from texts ECAP. If you have taken and passed any of the jonathan prude essay factory, TExES certification exams, attach a copy of the essays texts, score sheet to english in india essay, the application.

Although you should mention on your resume having been accepted into ECAP and essays having passed a TExES exam, including copies of these with your application is helpful to the school district. Summary 'an Essay On Christian. Below is a sample resume/vita to help you in getting started on your resume or vita. Sample Resume/Vita format: Complete mailing address. Telephone numbers (home, cell, work) B.S. degree- May, 1969. Texts. M.A. degree- Dec 1979. Math grades 8-12: Accepted into language in india essay the ECAP certification program in essays texts, Tier ____. Passed TExES Math 8-12 exam. INSTRUCTIONAL RELATED EXPERIENCES: List all work or volunteer experience that is tied to teaching/leadership. For example: Substitute teaching- (timeframe) district.

Describe how often you were a substitute, the subjects taught, and the grade levels. Youth Soccer Coach- (timeframe) where. Include a brief description. An Essay. Sunday school teacher, tutoring, work with special needs children such as Special Olympics, scouting, band/chorus involvement, cheerleading, or religiously related instruction and work with youth groups. Developed curriculum and texts taught professional development courses. (time frame, where, subjects taught) Also cite jobs yielding practical applications of theory #150; e.g., in math, science, and health. 'an Essay On Christian. (Why?

It shows you can explain why geometry is texts, useful as an adult.) OTHER PROFESSIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPERIENCE: Brief description of each position held covering the last 10 to 15 years. Member of help contrast, ____ school PTA. REFERENCES: NOTE: This should be a separate page with your name at the top followed by essays texts, your references. Footnoting. List full name, address and phone number for each reference. The Interview Process and Resources.

Many districts will do a two part interview. One will be a #147;feeling#148; type interview and the other will be more of a knowledge type interview. The feeling interview reveals how empathetic and understanding a person is. Texts. There really is no way to prepare for this type of interview. The knowledge interview allows you to factory, articulate what you have learned in the Summer Academy in texts, such areas as instructional strategies, classroom management, helping children with special needs, and use of the TEKS. Summary 'an Essay On Christian Doctrine. Keep in texts, mind that the interview process is, in reality, a two part process. The obvious part is the interview questions.

The not so obvious part is how you present yourself in the interview. And, also keep in mind, that the interview is not just for the administrator you are interviewing with; it is for comparison contrast essay you to decide if this school is texts, right for you. Tips for Preparing for the Interview. How you present yourself is very important to your success in the interview. As many researchers have found, the ghostwriting, first impression can be very important to your success. The following are some tips that may be of use to texts, you in getting ready for that first impression. The first thing is to dress appropriately. You are a professional and you should look like a professional. Dressing as if it is Casual Friday comes only after you have the job. Be yourself.

No matter how bad you want or need the job, you do not want to be in language in india essay, a job that will make you miserable. Don#146;t pretend to essays texts, be someone you are not. It is not the best way to find the right job for you. Arrive early so that you can take care of those personal necessities and then start the interview on time. Companies. This will also allow you the opportunity to focus yourself as well. If you are going to be late, be sure to call so that the essays texts, interviewers know what is gre essay help, going on. When you agree to the interview, try to determine who will be there at the interview.

Will it just be the essays, principal? Or a group of teachers? Some school board members? Or a combination of these? The point here is to be prepared for whoever sits on the interview team so you are comfortable, focused and ready for the interview. If you are not familiar with the location for the interview, plan ahead and drive to the site the day before.

This ensures you know where to go for the interview, where to park, how long it will take to get there, etc. and is one less thing to worry about on gre essay help, the day of the interview. When introduced to your interviewers, smile, make eye contact, and repeat their names as you shake hands with a firm handshake. This will help you to quickly associate names and faces. The purpose is to be able to respond to essays, questions and include the person#146;s name as well. Keep in in india, mind that everyone feels better when others remember their names.

And then wait to be invited to be seated. Bring extra copies of texts, your references, your ECAP acceptance letter, test scores, college transcripts and your resume. You may not need them, but it is best to be prepared. Be a good listener. As each question is english in india essay, presented, pause briefly and reflect on what the interviewer has asked. If necessary, ask for essays texts clarification so you are answering the question they asked and not the comparison, one you thought they asked. After you have collected your thoughts, answer the question completely. Be concise and use specific examples, but don#146;t get so verbose that you put the interview team to sleep. Ask intelligent, appropriate questions when the opportunity is provided. This means you need to learn as much as you can about the district and the campus before the interview.

Some questions you might want to ask about: general background on the population of students; parental involvement in the school; type of essays, discipline used in the school; how much autonomy is allowed in companies, the classroom. Do express an texts, interest in the job and in your willingness to work hard at summary on christian doctrine it. You should refrain from discussing personal problems or criticizing former employers. Be positive during the interview. The interviewers are looking for more than just the #147;answers to questions#148;. They are also looking for texts those #147;intangibles#148;. For example, your sincerity, your passion, your respect for others and your willingness to be a team player are very important.

And too, your openness to the interview committee and your desire for this job as opposed to another one makes a favorable impression on everyone. After the interview is over, thank the team for the opportunity to visit with them. As a follow up, send a #147;Thank You#148; card expressing your appreciation again, but also indicating your availability to meet with the interview team again if needed. Sample Interview Questions. The following questions are provided in addition to those on the websites to give you an help contrast, idea of what you might encounter in the knowledge type interview questions. 1. Please tell me about yourself: your background, work experience and education. Why do you want to be a teacher? 2. Essays Texts. How have your previous experiences prepared you for summary on christian doctrine the classroom? 3. What training or experience have you had in essays texts, developing curriculum or in teaching? 4. An Essay. What characteristics or qualities do you feel that a teacher should have to be successful in working with students, parents, and fellow colleagues? 5. Give an example of how you would gain the attention and interest of essays, your ___ grade students on your subject.

6. How will you promote literacy in comparison essay, your students? 7. As a new teacher, what help do you think you would need most in getting ready for the classroom? 8. What experience do you have working with people from different cultures? 9. What experience do you have working with individuals with special needs? 10. What experience do you have working with other parents, teachers or administrators in the school setting? How would you maintain a positive relationship? 11.

Describe how you would develop a lesson plan and incorporate the appropriate TEKS. Essays. 12. What instructional strategies would you use for your students who are second language learners? What ESL strategies would you use? 13.

What instructional strategies would you use to teach a low ability student group as opposed to a high ability student group? 14. Describe how you would establish discipline in your classroom. When would the gre essay help, principal become involved? 15. How does a student know if you are a good listener?

16. Texts. If an observer walked into your classroom, what would he/she see? How would the observer know if your students are engaged and learning? 17. What assessment methods will you use, and footnoting an essay when, to determine if your students have mastered your learning objectives or goals? 18. If a student is having difficulty understanding your instructional focus, how would you help that student? 19. What are your greatest strengths in relation to essays, this position?

20. What are your greatest weaknesses in relation to this position? 21. What is your philosophy on classroom management? 22. What is the most difficult educational situation you have experienced and how did you handle it?

23. How will you use technology in the classroom? 24. Companies. What can you contribute to making ours an Exemplary School? 25. Essays. How will you teach to meet the needs of every student in the classroom? 26. Companies. How will you adjust, if at all, instruction in the classroom based on ethnic differences? 27.

What do you think of essays, collaborative teaching? 28. Do you wish to get involved with extracurricular activities at school? To what extent? 29. Gre Essay Help. Will you treat all students equally? 30.

What is an acceptable failure rate? 31. How will you motivate unmotivated students? 32. Essays. What do you expect from on christian your principal? 33. Define #147;at-risk#148; student. How will you teach students who are considered as #147;at-risk#148; students?

34. How will you accommodate the different academic levels in your classroom? 35. How will you involve parents in the learning and essays decision making process? 36. Footnoting. What do you know about #147;different intelligences?#148; 37. How would you integrate reading and writing into a math or science classroom? 38. How will you get students to do what you have asked them to do? 39.

What do you do when faced with a problem or stress? 40. How will you get parents involved in essays texts, your classroom? 41. Footnoting An Essay. What is your philosophy of education? Give a couple of examples of how you will implement your philosophy in the classroom. 42. What do you think the most important thing about teaching is? 43. What is the best way to deal with a #147;troublemaker#148;?

44. How can you calm an upset parent who does not like what you are teaching?

essay on new media What's New About New Media? Lisa Gitelman and Goeffrey Pingree. In the short space of essays a current college student's lifetime, the jonathan prude internet has gone from a specialized, futuristic system to the network that most significantly structures how we engage daily with the essays world at large. It is now obvious to anyone who uses a computer that intellectual exercises as basic as reading the factory newspaper or doing research have become fundamentally different activities largely because of the internet. So too have our views of communication in general; the very notion of globalization, so consuming in today's world, is predicated on the possibilities engendered by a technology barely twenty years old. Such is the nature of new media. Computers, and the digital systems and products for which they are currently a shorthand, are what most of us think of when we hear the words new media . And why not?

The world of computer hardware, software, email, and essays texts ebusiness is for most of us the latest communication and information frontier. Part of our experience of digital media is the experience of an essay their novelty. Yet if we were asked to think of other new media, we might have a harder time coming up with obvious examples. We would have no problem citing instances of old media: typewriters, vinyl record albums, eight-track magnetic tapes, and the like. Essays Texts! And we would have a point: These are, from our current standpoint, old media. But they were not always old, and studying them in terms that allow us to understand what it meant for jonathan prude factory them to be new is a timely and culturally important task, an texts exercise that in this volume we hope profitably to apply to help contrast essay, media much older than we are. As our title suggests, this collection of essays challenges the notion that to study new media is to texts, study today's new media. All media were once new media; and our purpose in these essays is to consider such emergent media within their historical contexts#151;to seek out the past on its own passed terms. Comparison! We do so, in part, to counter the narrow devotion to the present that is often evident today in new media studies, a growing field whose conceptual frameworks and methods of inquiry are heavily influenced by experiences of digital networks and the professional protocols of the social science of texts communications.

But we undertake this inquiry mainly to encourage thinking about what newness means in the relationships among media and societies. There is on christian a moment, before the material means and the conceptual modes of new media have become fixed, when such media are not yet accepted as natural, when their own meanings are in essays texts flux. At such a moment, we might say that new media briefly acknowledge and question the mythic character and gre essay help the ritualized conventions of existing media, while they are themselves defined within a perceptual and semiotic economy that they then help to texts, transform. This collection of essays explores such moments in order to enrich our contemporary perspective on what media are, and on when and how they are meaningfully new. New Media, 1740-1915 focuses on the two centuries before commercial broadcasting because its purpose is, in gre essay help part, to recuperate different (and past) senses of texts media in transition and thus to deepen our historical understanding of, and sharpen our critical dexterity toward, the experience of modern communication.

Indeed, we have marked the years between 1740 and 1915 as boundaries for our project because this period is crucial to understanding how electronic and digital media have come to mean what and how they do. The term media itself hails from precisely this period, as do the structures of today's entertainment and information economies. Thus, the media forms and practices studied in this collection are new in a double sense: First, they newly receive the scholarly attention they deserve; and second, they are considered within their original historical contexts, their novelty years. In this, these essays provide a new perspective on the meaning of newness that attends to all emerging media, while they also tell us something about what all media have in common. Yet our intention is not only to acknowledge the initial novelty of diverse media, but also to understand better how such media acquire particular meanings, powers, and characteristics. Help Essay! Drawing from Rick Altman's idea of texts crisis historiography, we might say that new media, when they first emerge, pass through a phase of identity crisis, a crisis precipitated at least by the uncertain status of the given medium in relation to established, known media and comparison their functions.

1 In other words, when new media emerge in essays a society, their place is at first ill defined, and their ultimate meanings or functions are shaped over time by that society's existing habits of media use (which, of course, derive from experience with other, established media), by essay shared desires for new uses, and by the slow process of essays adaptation between the help comparison two. The crisis of a new medium will be resolved when the perceptions of the medium, as well as its practical uses, are somehow adapted to existing categories of public understanding about what that medium does for whom and why. This collection, like Carolyn Marvin's wonderful When Old Technologies Were New focuses on essays texts, such moments of crisis. Footnoting! 2 While it begins with the zograscope and ends in the heyday of silent cinema, the volume does not aspire to cover all forms of texts media that emerged during the years named in its title. Footnoting An Essay! Indeed, New Media, 1740-1915 addresses only obliquely some of the more influential media of its period, print media in particular. Texts! Most of the foliowing essays (unlike Carolyn Marvin's work) focus on media#151;zograscopes, optical telegraphs, the physiognotrace#151;that failed to survive for english language essay very long. They are, in Bruce Sterling's words, today's dead media. 3 Yet because their deaths, like those of all dead media, occurred in relation to texts, those that lived, even the most bizarre and gre essay help the most short lived are profoundly intertextual, tangling during their existence wlth the dominant, discursive practices of representation that characterized the total cultural economy of their day.

Despite their inseparable relations to surviving systems, however, failed media tend to receive little attention from historians. Lacking the validation that comes with imitation, Altman notes, unsuccessful innovations simply disappear from essays texts historiographical record. His suggested corrective for english language in india essay this excessive focus on, for example, cinema-as-it-is, is an attention to cinema-as-it-could-have-been or cinema-as-it-once-was-for-a-short-time-but-ceased-to-be. New Media aims to apply some of this could-have-been and was-for-a-short-time kind of thinking to past new media. Because our understanding of what media are and why they matter derives largely from our understanding and use of the media that survived#151;those devices, social practices, and forms of essays texts representation with which we interact every day#151;the importance of this kind of analysis is easy to ghostwriting companies, overlook. By getting inside the identity crises, by essays exploring the failures (in some cases) of footnoting older new media, the essays in this collection will help to counter what Paul Duguid has warned are two reductive futurological tropes characteristic of the experience of texts modern media. Gre Essay Help! The first trope is the idea of supercession , the notion that each new medium vanquishes or subsumes its predecessors. From this idea follows the current belief that in essays the digital age the gre essay help book is doomed, or, according to the peculiar auguries of earlier times, the conviction that typewriters would replace pens or that radios would replace phonographs. Essays Texts! The second futurological trope is the idea of increasing transparency , the assumption that each new medium actually mediates less, that it successfully frees information from the constraints of previously inadequate or unnatural media forms that represented reality less perfectly. 4 This notion#151;that because of their greater transparency, newer media supersede their predecessors#151;shapes both the experience and the study of contrast essay media today.

Both of Duguid's tropes point to a frequent and shared misconception, which supposes the value and (at least theoretical) possibility of pure avenues of information, pathways that allow knowledge to pass without interruption or interference-free of texts mediation. This assumption creates an interesting paradox. The best media, it would seem, are the ones that mediate least. They are not, as we think of them, media at all. A new medium therefore supersedes its predecessor because it is more transparent. Few would disagree, for example, that a conversation with a friend on footnoting an essay, the telephone allows for a greater exchange of personal, idiosyncratic information than a dialogue conducted via telegraph.

And to a large degree, this thinking is persuasive. Essays! New media generally are more efficient than their predecessors as means of communication. Yet there is ghostwriting more to understanding what happens when people communicate through a given medium than merely ascertaining what level of essays accuracy and amount of data the exchange involves. This observation#151;that there is more than accuracy and amount to any exchange#151;comprises a founding rationale for the field of media studies, whether characterized aphoristically by Marshall McLuhan (the medium is the message) or more recently expressed (and complicated) in Derridian terms, that the supplement #151;the specific characteristics of material media#151;can never be mere supplement; it is 'an essay a necessary constituent of [any] representation. 5 To put it simply, looking for content apart from context just won't work. Owing in part to the linear progress unthinkingly ascribed to modern technology, media (so offen referred to portentously as the essays media) tend to gre essay help, erase their own historical contexts. Whether shadows in a darkened cave or pixelated images on a luminous monitor, the essays media before us tend, anachronistically, to 'an essay doctrine, mediate our understanding of essays texts their past. In the process, we lose any understanding of the nuanced particulars of specific media. In part, we forget what older media meant, because we forget how they meant.

Once they emerge and become familiar through use, media seem natural, basic, and therefore without history. Of course we say Hello? when we answer the telephone; of course we hear a dial tone when we pick it up to place a call. Media seem inevitable in an unselfconscious way; we forget that they are contingent. Alexander Graham Bell apparently wanted people to say Ahoy! when they picked up the phone, but English speakers settled on summary doctrine, Hello? through the sort of unthinking social consensus that attends the essays texts uses of all media. In a similar fashion, the dial tones, 12-volt lines, and modular jacks we use today all were shaped historically by a complex of forces#151;technological, to be sure, but also social, economic, and representational. When we forget or ignore the doctrine histories of each of these new media we lose a kind of understanding more substantive than either the commercially interested definitions spun by today's media corporations or the causal plots of technological innovation offered by some historians. 6 For example, it is undoubtedly important to be able to note, as many scholars have, how the invention of the cinema is linked to texts, past practices of, say, lecturing with slides, as well as how it predicts certain elements of future practices. But what we often overlook are the kinds of things that only gre essay help, a deep analysis of texts specific media cases can offer#151;how interpretive communities are built or destroyed, how normative epistemologies emerge. No medium new or old exists as a static form. Each case invites consideration of numerous and dynamic political, cultural, and social issues. We might say that, inasmuch as media are media of communication, the emergence of a new medium is always the occasion for the shaping of a new community or set of communities, a new equilibrium.

As we have suggested, when a new medium is introduced its meaning#151;its potential, its limitations, the english language in india essay publicly agreed upon essays sense of what it does, and for whom#151;has not yet been pinned down. And part of the lure of a new medium for any community is surely this uncertain status. Ghostwriting Companies! Not yet fully defined, a new medium offers possibilities both positive (one of our authors argues that zograscopes helped construct polite society) and texts negative (another traces the threat telephones posed to Amish communities). In other words, emergent media may be seen as instances of both risk and potential. Today, for contrast example, the internet offers unprecedented possibilities for global villages to coalesce, even while it threatens national or ethnic cultural traditions and provokes anguished discussions of privacy in a connected age. The same sorts of issues and anxieties surrounded the emergence of other media. Indeed, it seems that technological change inevitably challenges old, existing communities. The particulars of each case, however, are valuable to our larger understanding of how media help to essays texts, shape and prude reshape culture. Essays in texts this collection therefore examine media as socially realized structures of communication, where communication is culture#151;as James Carey explains it#151;a cultural process that involves not only the actual transmission of information, but also the ritualized collocation of senders and summary recipients.' 7 Habits of communication mediate among people, pragmatically and conceptually. How do structures of essays texts communication reflect, challenge, reinforce, or mystify authority?

How do they help imagine community? How do they help construct the aesthetic, or the mimetic? How do they orient the production and help comparison experience of meaning? How do they acquire and carry epistemological authority? These are just some of the questions raised by New Media, 1740-1915 , which presents an open and diverse interrogation of emerging media as sites and as agents of cultural definition and of cultural change.

Ultimately, then, this is a book about essays, framing: about how particular habits and media of communication frame our collective sense of time, place, and space; how they define our understanding of the ghostwriting public and the private; how they inform our apprehension of the real; and how they orient us in essays texts relation to competing forms of representation. We have selected the cases of new media that follow because they support these inquiries, casting such habits and english language in india essay media into essays, relief, affording a vantage point from which better to see how cultural meanings are negotiated. But this collection is also about how we frame our own discussions of new media, for if this interrogation of emergent media is gre essay help genuinely to illuminate our understanding of cultural definition and of cultural change, then we must be responsible about essays, our own language. We must, in other words, acknowledge the comparison key terms that are in play in our own discussions and attempt to define and deploy them as precisely as possible, not only for us now, but as they were used in earlier#151;and different#151;contexts. In a work on new media, terms such as media, culture , public , and representation will appear often.

But insofar as this collection seeks to texts, understand how the very idea of media evolves over time, we wish to employ such critical terms with care and to essay, bring questions about their use and meaning squarely into the discussion itself as it proceeds. Our use of the essays word technology is footnoting an essay a good example. This term denotes, as Leo Marx suggests, a necessary but hazardous concept; in this book the term helps organize our thinking about the essays texts material, instrumental conditions of modern life, yet for many readers it will also come larded with less considered shades of meaning, assumptions about Progress with a capital P, or about 'an essay doctrine, technology as a preeminent cause in texts history. 8 Thus although we rely on this term as an help essay organizing device in this collection (the essays proceed from technology to technology as a form of texts convenience), we also wish to urge particular awareness of its hazards. English Language! Likewise with other key critical terms. We know that we cannot exhaustively define media, for essays texts instance, any more than we can completely pin down culture (a notion that is, as Naomi Mezey observes, everywhere invoked and virtually nowhere explained).

Indeed, the cases we offer are about culture as struggle and media as means in that struggle#151;a fabric continually rewoven according to the interests of a given time and place. Rather than fixing such terms and pinning them to moving targets, however, we can frame our discussions of such pervasive concepts in self-conscious ways that make our attempts to understand them more useful. Prude! 9. In this volume we offer cases that foreground the relationship between material and idea, between what people think or believe or wish and essays texts what they feel with their hands or see with their eyes or hear with their ears. Each of the essays in the collection thus reveals, in companies some fashion, the strong relationship between the contexts for some material, technological development, and shifts in self-imagining and essays texts public understanding. Erin Blake, Wendy Bellion, and Laura Schiavo, for example, consider the jonathan prude essay cultural meanings of perspective and representation in essays the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by focusing on the emergence of particular visual media (zograscopes, the summary on christian doctrine physiognotrace, and stereoscopes, respectively) and discussing how such media influenced notions of individual identity. Patricia Crain, Katherine Stubbs, and essays texts Diane Umble, by jonathan essay factory contrast, consider the cultural meanings of communication by focusing on the arrival and adaptation of particular networked media (optical telegraphs, electric telegraphs, and telephones, respectively) that helped shape notions of identity in relation to larger communities. All of the authors engage new media as evolving, contingent, discursive frames, sites where the unspoken rules by which Westerners know and enjoy their world are fashioned.

Such rules continually change, as new media become situated and as such adjustments inevitably redraw the boundaries of essays texts communities, including some individuals, and excluding others. Each new medium in effect helps to produce a distinct public. Erin Blake's work on zograscopes, for example, elaborates the idea that media assist in prude factory the construction of the essays texts modern, Western public sphere, with its corresponding liberal subject (today known as the consumer). Although she draws upon the work of Jurgen Habermas, Blake ignores the footnoting an essay often-mentioned circulation of texts print media as the basis of the public sphere, instead looking to shared social practices to language essay, understand how space is visualized. Her public is essays texts literally a sphere; in her essay the bourgeois circles of eighteenth-century London pop into 3-D as they enter the rational and impersonal arena of public space via engravings glimpsed through new optical devices. This new medium, according to Blake, helps the public to map itself.

Wendy Bellion's work on the physiognotrace depicts an 'an essay on christian American public that also maps itself, but this public is one more complicated by its own experiences of both graphic and political self-representation. Essays Texts! By analyzing the American reception of this profile or silhouette-tracing device, Bellion introduces her readers to the cartography of the public sphere, showing the ways in which new media are adapted within the very discursive conditions, the very rules that they help to transform. The rules for footnoting an essay inclusion, for drawing the boundaries of a public sphere, are less concealed in Patricia Crain's essay, which examines how elaborate pedagogical systems designed to resemble new media interpellated and located their subjects, in this case by essays making them perform as optical telegraphs within larger, oppressive systems of cultural replication. Gre Essay Help! Like the tinfoil phonographs of Lisa Gitelman's essay, optical telegraphs were more powerfully imagined than they were implemented. Very few were ever built or used, yet the idea of them circulated widely within the mentality, the public imagination, of their age. Joseph Lancaster's classroom telegraphs literally disciplined students, while even broader disciplinary measures may be read in their controlling institutional contexts, as well as glimpsed in the titles of early American newspapers like the American Telegraph [Conn.], Hillsboro [N.H.] Telegraph , and Lincoln [Me.] Telegraph . Essays Texts! (None of these titles referred to electrical telegraphs, which had not yet been invented.) In Benedict Anderson's formulation, the circulation and ritualized consumption of newspapers like these assisted in the imagination of a national community. What their titles and Lancaster's system suggest, according to Crain, is that the imagination of media conditioned the imagination of communities. Newspapers were imagined in circulation, while optical telegraphs were outright imagined. The perceived promise of any new medium can have wide-ranging import, even if those promises eventually go unfulfilled. On Christian Doctrine! To many observers, the tinfoil phonographs of 1878 promised a new, more modern and immediate type of text, as recordings might indelibly capture speech, without the intercession of literate humans wielding pencils and paper.

To other observers, the telephones that spread to rural America around 1900 promised to enlarge the very communication practices that self-defined Amish and Mennonite communities themselves attempted to regulate. The wide popular reception of the texts first promise, Lisa Gitelman speculates, challenged and helped to transform vernacular experiences of footnoting writing and print, while raising questions about the instruments and the subjects of public memory. The Old Order perception of the second promise, Diane Umble shows, helped divide the texts aggregate Amish and Mennonite population, for factory this perception coincided with the texts ongoing regulation of intra- and inter-group communication and excommunication. Although so often the focus of great attention and optimism, new media are not, as these authors pointedly demonstrate, inherently benign; they bite back. 10 They thrive amid unforeseen consequences, often despite the best, most vigorous intentions of gre essay help their inventors, their promoters, their initial consumers, or of the customary arbiters of public intelligence. Nowhere are the unforeseen consequences of new media more obvious than when they engage the culturally authoritative practices of essays science, with its Enlightenment logic of rational inquiry, objective experience, and accurate representation. The stereoscope, for instance, emerged from the laboratory of British scientist Charles Wheatstone as an optical instrument charged with explaining new theories of vision. To scientists, the stereoscope could be used objectively to demonstrate that vision is subjective, that the body can produce its own experiences of depth when presented with the right cues. As Laura Schiavo puts it, Wheatstone's stereoscope newly insinuated an arbitrary relationship between stimulus and sensation. An Essay! Yet within the context of commercially exploited and popularly apprehended photography, stereoscopes were ultimately recast as mimetic amusements that tendered to consumers an essays instructive and positivist model of how their eyes actually worked to see the world as it really is.

Vernacular discourse, in other words, completely inverted the meaning of gre essay help what the stereoscope proved. This inverted meaning helped to make the stereoscope popular, fueling its commercial success as later nineteenth- and early twentieth-century viewers consumed stereograph images as a form of virtual travel, appropriating the world through pictures. At stake was far more than the essays texts prestige of Wheatstone or the anti-intellectualism of the marketplace. The rules by which the West knew the world had again come into play. The popularity of stereoscopes helped redraw the very category of the real, the gre essay help consensual practices of accurate representation. Assumptions about what count as rules, about what is real or accurate or normal, are no less at essays texts issue when new media are less popular than stereoscopes were or less patently involved in describing normal human perception. Media emerge and exist in ways that both challenge and regulate notions of footnoting what it means to be human.

Gregory Radick's essay provides a clear-cut case. An amateur ethologist using the new medium of recorded sound set out to essays texts, learn the language of monkeys and stumbled into one of the hottest debates in Victorian evolutionary biology and linguistics: How is language uniquely human? In the course of jonathan prude his research, Richard Garner's recording phonograph became an instrument of knowledge deployed in various philosophic and scientific controversies#151;in the tension between amateur and professional science, for example, or in essays the dispute over whether abstraction or instinct founds thought and language, or in discussions about the fundamental differences between humans and animals. Garner worked on monkeys, but not without meddling with the category of the prude essay human in two ways.. Essays Texts! First, he raised anew the an essay definition of Man as the talking animal; second, he wielded his phonograph as if it were a necessary#151;and better#151;third ear.

As Garner's third ear suggests#151;and as many authors have noted#151;new media can be viewed as an endeavor to improve on human capabilities. Texts! Like a telescope added to the eye of an astronomer or a microscope added to the eye of a biologist, media can extend the body and its senses. Yet media do more than extend; they also incorporate bodies and are incorporated by them. 11 Media are designed to fit the human, the way telephone handsets or headsets literally fit from ear to mouth, but also the way telephone circuits, satellites, and antennas fit among their potential consumers, as integral parts of jonathan prude essay factory communication/ information networks that literally shape what communication entails for individuals in the modern age. And if media fit humans, humans adjust themselves in essays texts various ways to fit media, knowingly and not. Hands physically adjust themselves to different keyboards, different keypads, and different pointing devices, while users subtly adjust their sense of who they are. Some of these complexities may be glimpsed in Katherine Stubbs's essay, which reads the history of electrical telegraphy in footnoting the United States against and within the fiction that appeared in essays texts telegraph trade journals. Published during the 1870s and 1880s, telegraph fiction shows how new media can remain new through the agency of users.

Amid ongoing conflicts between labor and capital arising in part from the feminization of the summary 'an essay workforce, telegrapher-authors both used and represented the essays texts telegraph as a means to explore identity in an essay its relation to the body. Texts! In remaking themselves, by negotiating gender-at-a-distance-and-by-telegraph, for instance, telegraphers kept the footnoting character of their medium unsettled. In other words, the newness of new media is more than diachronic, more than just a chunk of essays history, a passing phase; it is relative to the oldness of footnoting old media in a number of different ways. As many have noted, media often advertise their newness by depicting old media. 12 The first printed books looked like manuscripts, radios played phonograph records, and the Web has pages. Essays! Ellen Gruber Garvey and Paul Young each explore less familiar instances in which the new represents the english essay old in order to understand more fully the essays purchase that newness has on the process of representation. As Garvey's account of scrapbooks explains, scrapbook-makers took old media#151;literally the help comparison contrast old books and periodicals they had lying around#151;and made them into new media in essays texts the form of scrapbooks. Newness in this case resonated as much with personal and domestic experiences as it did with public and footnoting collective apprehensions of essays novelty, posterity, or periodicity.

Scrapbook-makers tampered with the meanings of the footnoting an essay scraps they collected by collecting them, a practice Garvey refers to as gleaning and connects to the composition and use of the texts Web today. Young, on summary 'an essay, the other hand, presents a telegraphic history of early American cinema, reading filmic representations of telegraphs as only the most obvious link between these two media, which seem, in retrospect, so different. As he explains, these media shared a history as the subjects of technological presentations and electrical spectacles. From the start, both became instruments of news reportage, one in the transmission of stories on the wire (that is, by telegraph wire services like the essays texts Associated Press) and an essay the other in the projection of essays stories onto the screen in companies actualities and protonewsreels. Newness in this case resonated with emergent conventions for representing narrative time, with experiences of essays texts currency (of news as either new or old), and with new technology#151;all experiences that transform our sense of time and space. We hope these essays will help to broaden the inquiry of media studies by calling attention to essay factory, the ways media are experienced and studied as the subjects of history.

No ten essays can do more than open the question, but opening the question is crucial, we think, particularly as today's new media are peddled and saluted as the ultimate, the end of media history. Newness deserves a closer look. To that end, we include a brief section of documents for discussion. These documents are not illustrations of our text as much as they are artifacts that themselves point toward the rich and diverse record available to texts, media historians. We hope that they will suggest specific historical and cultural meanings for media and promote a broader discussion of media history. Like the essays in this volume, our captions to these documents are meant as initial gestures toward that broader discussion. We include them to remind readers that the history of ghostwriting media is an ongoing, highly self-reflexive conversation about what we mean and#151;literally#151; how we mean it. 1. Rick Altman, A Century of Crisis, How to Think About the History (and Future) of Technology (February 2000), and Crisis Historiography, unpublished MSS., personal communication, May 1, 2001. 2. Carolyn Marvin, When 0ld Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century (New York: Oxford Llniversity Press, 1988).

3. Deadmedia.org. See Bruce Sterling, The Dead Media Project: A Modest Proposal and a Public Appeal, n.d., http://www.deadmedia.org/modest-proposal.html, June 2001. 4. Material Matters: The Past and Futurology of the texts Book, in The Future of the Book , ed. Geoffrey Nunberg (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 65. 5. Timothy Lenoir, Inscription Practices and Materialities of Communication, in Inscribing Science: Scientific Texts and the Materiality of Communication , ed.

Timothy Lenoir, 1-19 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 7-8. 6. As Walter Benjamin cautions, Newness is companies a quality independent of the use value of the commodity. It is the origin of the illusory appearance that belongs inalienably to images produced by the collective unconscious. It is the quintessence of that false consciousness whose indefatigable agent is fashion. This semblance of the new is reflected, like one mirror in another, in the semblance of the ever recurrent. The product of this reflection is the phantasmagoria of essays 'cultural history' in which the factory bourgeoisie enjoys its false consciousness to the full; The Arcades Project , ed.

Howard Eiland and essays texts Kevin McLaughlin, trans., Rolf Tiedemann (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 11. 7. James W Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and footnoting Society (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988). 8. Leo Marx, Technology: The Emergence of a Hazardous Concept, Social Research 64 (fall 1997), 965-988. 9. Naomi Mezey, Law as Culture, Yale Journal of Law the Humanities 13, no. 1 (2001): 35. See also Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985). 10. Bite back is from essays Edward Tenner's title, Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996). 11. The trope of bodily extension or prosthesis is not an 'an essay on christian anachronism applied to new media.

As James Lastra shows, it is one of two tropes that have played a normalizing role in essays the emergence of modern media (the other is that of ghostwriting companies inscription); Sound Technology and essays texts the American Cinema: Perception, Representation, Modernity (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); see Introduction and chapter 1. See also N. Katherine Hayles on incorporating practices and help essay embodied knowledge, 199-207 in How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago: University of essays texts Chicago, 1999). 12. The remediation of one medium by another newer medium has recently been explored by Jay David Bolter and on christian Richard Grusin in Remediation: Understanding New Media (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999). As Rick Altman explains so succinctly, Anything that we would represent is already constructed as a representation by previous representations (A Century of Crisis, 5; see note 1 above).