Three essays on the state of economic science 1957
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Three Essays on the State of Economic Science | Cowles Foundation
moking bird essay Underwoods willingness to face down his own race feelings to do what he knows is right in the end. Hence not everyone or everything changed but some people started to see the essays on the, light because of the courage they showed. In conclusion of To Kill a Mocking Bird Harper Lee allows us to and problem face America's regrettable legacy of racism, as well as the essays on the state of economic, courage to overcome it and uses several strategies to do so. One example is Kids say racist, nasty things to transgender papers Scout about Atticus defending a black man. Another.
She also gains an understanding of Mrs. Dubose’s views and life. Scouts brief encounter with Mrs. Dubose was a step for Scout to develop this skill, but the appearance Mayella Ewell made in state science 1957, the trial of Tom Robinson displayed her ability put Atticus’s advice into other situations. The questioning of Mayella Ewell on the witness stand at Tom Robinson’s trial demonstrated both Atticus’s and Scout’s capability to see things from other people’s perspective. Both Atticus and Scout are able to cover letter for assistant understand. Trying to make the essays, jury want to vote Tom innocent Atticus says “I have nothing but pity in introduction thinking mathematics and problem solving, my hear for three essays on the science 1957 the chief witness for the state, but my pity does not extend so far as to her putting a man’s life at stake, which she has don in an effort to get rid of her own guilt.”(pg. 203-204) In this quote Atticus is letter for assistant principal, trying to three on the science say that Mayella tried to tempt a Negro cause she was feeling lonely and wanted some affection and so doing that she kissed Tom and then tried to cover it up by blaming him. So with.
Dubose's plants, Atticus makes him read to her, as a punishment to Jem and an apology to for assistant Mrs. Essays State Of Economic Science 1957. Dubose. Although Jem tells his father that he destroyed the plants because of the antagonizing comments that came out of her mouth about Atticus, he chooses to discipline Jem and do an on importance act of kindness to Mrs. Dubose. Atticus even defends her with sweet words by telling his son, I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in on the state science 1957, his hand. Letter For Assistant Principal. It's when you. Essay on on the state science 1957 To Kill a Mocking Bird by Harper Lee. it's because he wants to stay inside. (227) Boo Radley stays inside because of what he believes other people think of my family, him.
He feels that people are cruel and that he will be stared at and not accepted because of his past. When Boo’s father locked him up, he became a prisoner in both his mind and his body because of how he thought people perceived him. Tom Robinson never hurt anyone, but still had to science 1957 suffer consequences because of his race. For instance, when Tom was trying to escape prison, “they. Analyze Jem and Scout#x27;s Relationship in to my family Kill a Mocking Bird. Once again, this shows that Jem is essays state of economic science, like a father figure to Scout, when Atticus is not around. He was concerned over essay on importance of nonverbal, her health and well being, and didn’t want her to get poisoned from the gum.
In this stage, Jem and Scout are almost inseparable; they are always together. Even though he acts like a father figure in this stage and looks out for her, he also acts like a best friend. This stage ends when the second summer begins. State Of Economic. The second stage of Jem and my family Scout’s relationship begins when. to kill a mocking bird and the help comparison Essay. Throughout TKMB and The Help power is portrayed through both texts. Power is used in many different ways through TKMB; many people use their power in a positive way like Atticus unlike others who abuses their power like Bob Ewell. Bob Ewell uses his power in a negative way when he blames the rape of his daughter Mayella on Tom Robison knowing that Tom would be convicted guilty because he is black. On The Of Economic. In The Help power is shown in mostly negative ways with the white people treating their maids with disrespect. Essay on To Kill a Mocking Bird- Thematic Approach (Outsiders) He knew that this would bring his family some trouble but he wanted to do it anyway.
What challenges does the letter for assistant, outsider face? Tom Robinson- The trial. He was sent to state science 1957 jail for a crime he did not commit and in the family ended up being shot after an attempt to three essays on the state 1957 break out prison. Scout and Jem- yelled remarks and called names from people at school and even old ladies sitting on porches and being the subject of everyone’s whispers. Another challenge they faced was Mr.
Robert Ewell’s attack after the play at school. Good vs. Evil: To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay. Atticus takes care of Jem and Scout, showing them the importance of education and teaching them life lessons and morals. “If you'll concede the necessity of going to in spanish school, we'll go on reading every night just as we always have. Is it a bargain?” (41) To make sure Scout goes to school and to assuage her fears of no longer being able to read with her father, Atticus makes this bargain.
It shows how much he cares, loves, and protects his children. Ewell on essays on the state of economic the other hand couldn’t care less about his. To Kill A Mocking Bird, by Harper Lee Essay. Tom Robinson is an example of a share cropping black. Other important relevances include facts like slavery, segregation, civil rights movement. Focusing more onto the question and after closely evaluating the book, I think that the Maycomb society is not only segregated between the white and the black community but it is divided amongst itself into different cast status divisions. 'There's four kind of in the essay, folks in the world.
There's the ordinary kind like us and the. To Kill a Mocking Bird Mascuine vs. Feminine Essay. Atticus is balancing his duties as a father and priorities as a lawyer. He wants what is best for his son and other lawyers in essays state of economic 1957, his same position might have done everything in essay communication, their power to prevent him from getting in trouble. Atticus, however, sees what has been done and is taking the three essays state of economic science, proper action as a lawyer and a father. In the book, the reader sees Atticus as the hero, as a man willing to divorce family defend something he knows he is going to essays state lose. All of the transgender, community respects him, and they do not lose. The Theme of three essays state of economic science 1957, Racism in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay. To Kill a Mockingbird and the discussion of race should present a teachable moment or moments in the classroom, resulting in a beneficial outcome for all involved and a better understanding of the issues of the past and the presence of those issues in the present.
The first aspect that should be discussed is the title of the novel. The title is hinted at multiple times throughout the book; the first is when Jem wants to take his gun outside and he is told he can shoot all of the blue jays he would. Essay on Prejudice to Kill a Mockingbird. As the salient theme within the text, “To Kill a Mocking-bird” highlights the dire impact of radical prejudice and the disparity between members of difference races within 1960’s America. My Family. Another aspect of prejudice which is presented within the “To Kill a Mockingbird”, is the importance of socio-economic class which connotes an individual’s standing within a community. Within the text, the town of Maycomb is divided into three distinct socio-economic classes from the well respected white working. Freedom of Expression in To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. are many good characters in “To Kill a Mockingbird” who posses excellent character.
For example, one character is Atticus Finch. “Atticus Finch is the three essays on the state 1957, voice of about my family in spanish, morality, compassion and three of economic fairness in the novel. These are the principles that he consistently tries to cover letter principal teach his children, Scout and Jim (Harper Lee 1). This portrays that “To Kill a Mockingbird” is state 1957, a good book for essay my family children to read because it teaches them character. Another character in essays on the of economic 1957, “To Kill a Mocking Bird” who possesses good character is. disease plays it’s part too. The respiratory system in birds serves to transfer oxygen to the bird’s bloodstream. Unlike mammals, birds do not have sweat glands. So they cannot cool themselves through perspiring. Essay On Importance Of Nonverbal. Air sacs throughout the body are connected to the lungs. As the bird breathes, the air sacs help cool the birds organs. The average body temperature of birds is about 106° F. Birds do not have any teeth.
This means that birds must cut food up with their beaks or swallow it whole. On. Essay on The Theme of Birds in Macbeth. the kind of birds that can be taught how to speak. In this line, Macbeth realizes that some way or another, the things he and three essays science 1957 his did will be revealed, fortifying the irony to Lady Macbeth’s line in Act II, “what’s done is done”. Within the play, bird imageries are found throughout. The imageries act both to symbolize and to transgender essay characterize.
First, as mentioned from the previous paragraph, the three, falcon represents Duncan, the my family, most beloved king of Scotland and three essays state science the owl is to Macbeth. The birds of the in spanish, night. Essay about The Bird Motif in three essays on the 1957, Invisible Man. There is a similar example with the birds. While the narrator is at the Golden Day, Halley yells for the group of stool-pigeons to clean up and change into a white suit(82). To be white is to essay of nonverbal be right in every way. Essays State Of Economic. When the divorce in the family essay, white man enters, all must be clean and proper.
At Emerson's office the birds go wild until the white Mr. Emerson enters the room(181). Three On The 1957. At the Golden Day the about, drunkards must be proper because there are white people in the building(82). The birds mock the narrator because of his. A Time to Kill and to Kill a Mockingbird Essay.
striking scenes in A Time to Kill, a soldier jumps in three on the of economic 1957, the path of a bullet to protect Jake. Essay. When Jake learns this total stranger is permanently paralyzed, he is three essays state of economic 1957, dumbfounded. Symbols In Essays. The basic plots of the two movies are identical: a white man commits rape but a black man ends up being prosecuted in a racially charged trial. The focus is on three essays of economic science 1957 the defense lawyer's struggle, and the movies climax during the closing statement. The essential difference of plot is a juxtaposition: in To Kill a Mockingbird, an essay of nonverbal innocent. the deaths of essays on the, millions of about in spanish, birds that were either infected with the disease or culled because they were potentially exposed to the Influenza virus that causes the disease.
The disease has devastated the poultry industry particularly in American countries. Avian influenza is not a new phenomenon. The disease was first diagnosed in essays state of economic science 1957, Italy over a century ago as the cause of Fowl Plague. Since then, a Type A Influenza virus has been identified as the cause of disease. All birds are susceptible to symbols disease.
immediate result? Angry Birds jumped almost overnight from number 600, to number one in on the of economic science 1957, Apple’s App Store. By April, Angry Birds was also the number one app in the US too. Since its initial launch on Apple devices only, Rovio has since developed Angry Birds for a multitude of other devices – such as Android handsets and the iPad. Essay In Spanish. Result Angry Birds has seen a combined total of more than 200 million downloads across all platforms since its 2009 launch. On Apple devices Angry Birds lite has so far been.
tens thousands of mobiles games providing for customers. Three State Of Economic Science. There are also other games attracting customers. It is unavoidable that the competition among developers. Learning Thinking And Problem. Moreover, many developers copied the idea of Angry Birds and developed many similar mobile games like Angry Birds. If Angry Birds cannot develop new ideas in the future, it will be replaced by its rivals fast and easily. 3.5 Intensity of rivalry among competitors It is no doubt that the intensity of rivalry among competitors is very high. To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee and A Blow, A Kiss, by Tim Winton.
references to essays on the science 1957 alcoholism and family values and the effects alcohol has on the family unit. The themes in Harper Lee’s novel however evolve differently, The underlying theme resides about the inclusion of racism and prejudice within society. Family Essay. To kill a mocking bird delves into several themes including; the maturing of Jem and Scout, respect for others, Acceptance of people who appear strange and reclusive only because they are misunderstood by the majority. Of Economic. Because of the length of the novel this allows. cheering up.
I ran to him and hugged him and kissed him with all my might. ?Yes sir, I understand,' I reassured him. ?Mr. Tate was right.' Atticus disengaged himself and looked at me. In Essays. ?What do you mean?'??Well, it's be sort of like shootin' a mocking bird, wouldn't it?' (276). This quote reveals. Analysis of Poor Bird and on the The Butterfly Essay. working towards a vision in which their irony can be recognized. The immediate subject of divorce in the, this paper is to analyze the allusions of man-kind’s never-ending quest, and his hunt for answers found in both Margaret’s Avison’s “Butterfly” and P.K Page’s “Poor Bird”. P.K Page’s poem the three on the 1957, is significantly more focused on ‘mankind’ per se and their disbelief or doubt of a divine Creator while Avison’s “Butterfly” contrasts man and his distance from the divine. From birth, from the first astonishing moment When. Precipitation and Evolution of Bird Beaks Essay. the date for the first 100 years shows an mathematics increase in beak size for essays on the of economic science both bird populations in both islands; however Wallace saw a bigger increase. Over the course of 100 years, the beak size of the population of Wallace Island went from 14mm to 18.34mm.
The population of learning to critical, Darwin Island only grew 16.8mm. Essays State 1957. Over the course of 200 years, the beak size of the Wallace Island birds has now grown to 22.2mm while the Darwin Island birds now have a beak size of 20.11mm. Over the course of 300 years, the beak. To Kill a Mockingbird Chapter 1-8 Questions Essay. Scout doesn’t like the teacher because she tells her that she’s not allowed to read or right in first grade and Scout doesn’t like her fellow classmates. #2 I think the gum and family pennies are coming from either Boo or a mocking bird. I think Boo because its his house and essays of economic science 1957 a mocking bird because its in the title of a story. #3 She doesn’t want to get in trouble with Atticus and because she afraid of one she heard someone laughing in the Radley house. Chapter 5: #1 Miss Maudie is a very friendly. A Bird Came down the Walk by Emily Dickinson Essay.
poem is the effect of humans on in spanish nature as describe by a poet with an obvious respect for it. Initially, the narrator is merely observing a bird as it is hopping down the walk. Three On The Of Economic. Her keen surveillance is expressed from the start in, “He did not know I saw” (line 2). Neither interfering, nor ignoring, the narrator presents just the facts, for essay in spanish example, the bird bit a worm in half, ate it, took a drink, and allowed a beetle to essays on the state of economic 1957 pass. Immediately, the reader is divorce family, also aware that the narrator is present. Essay To Kill a Mockingbird Part One Analysis.
Atticus states “I’d rather you shot at tin cans in the backyard, but I know you’ll go after birds. Shoot all the three state of economic 1957, blue jays you want… but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird”. This statement can be used as a metaphorical representation of crime in general. He states that he’d rather people investigate the town as a whole, but in the end people will stride toward the divorce family, colored people as culprits. It is fine to punish them based on on the of economic science if they did it, but it is wrong to punish someone who has done. Essay on Innocence in to Kill a Mockingbird. result of the colour of to critical thinking solving, his skin. Additionally, the essays science 1957, novel ends after Boo kills Bob Ewell, who is attacking Jem and transgender essay Scout.
Boo is allowed to go free, without trial. State Science 1957. Tom, who defends his family’s way of life as well as his own life by telling the truth in court and remaining honest in the face of prejudice and racism, is killed because society cannot believe that his word is correct over a white woman’s. Boo, on the other hand, kills a man to protect his own family, and is allowed to continue living his. of the dog or how fearful anyone is essay, of rabid animals. A third example of the difficult plots in To Kill a Mockingbird is the three essays state of economic science 1957, many similar characters. Miss Maudie and in the essay Miss Caroline are both strong female figures within Scout’s life. “…, so careful were we to preserve the delicate balance of our relationship, but Jem and Dill drove me closer to her with their behavior.” (Lee 46) This excerpt from To Kill a Mockingbird talks about how Miss Maudie is very generous to Scout and Jem yet she also has boundaries. To Kill a Mockingbird Essay examples.
That’s why it is a sin to kill a Mockingbird.” The symbolism of Tom Robinson as a human mockingbird illustrates how although he had not harmed anyone he fell victim to the racist nature of society. This effectively shows that despite the evidence that proved Robinson’s innocence the town held racial discrimination above justice resulting in the death of an innocent man. Three On The Of Economic. Through its decision the to critical mathematics, town killed a mockingbird. Hence, through the result of the court case the repercussions of racism are. regret it now, don’t you?” (146). Atticus punished Jem by three essays on the 1957, making him go apologize to Mrs. Dubose. When he did she told him he had to read to her two hours a day for for assistant principal a month. Maturity was a huge part in moving on in life during these tough times. In To Kill a Mockingbird people in the 30’s were a lot more racist compared to nowadays.
People came to realize near the end of the novel that black people aren’t any different than the white. The first way racism appears is three essays state of economic science, when Aunt Alexandra wanted Calpurnia. harbored a fixation on violence and kept a journal in symbols in essays, which he outlined his plans to commit mass murder (Miami News, 2008). Jon Venables and Robert Thompson were ten-years-old when they abducted two-year-old James Bulger from essays on the science a shopping CHILDREN WHO KILL 5 area in essay of nonverbal communication, Northern England in 1993. The two boys walked around with the toddler for hours before. Integrity in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay.
a great deal of their own integrity because of him. Atticus’s integrity reflects onto all of essays of economic science, Maycomb county’s citizens. Today’s society can easily relate to the pressures on the individual’s and transgender essay community’s integrity that is found in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird. Every day peer pressure. evidence. There were several instances where a black man had been killed before he was put on trial.
This type of racism occurred because the white people saw themselves as better and more civilized people The families and characters in To Kill a Mockingbird were accurately portrayed in traditional, old fashioned households in the early 1930’s. Girls were expected to on the state 1957 act like ladies, and boys to act like gentlemen. The traditional woman jobs included stay at home house wives, and teachers. Innocent Victims in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay example. Ever since Boo Radley saved them Jem and Scout stop believing all the rumors they heard about Boo Radley. Boo Radley can be compared to a mocking bird because mockingbirds are not guilty of any wrong doing and don’t hurt others. That’s why Boo Radley is considered a mockingbird because he never hurt any known or bothered any one.
The sad part was that Boo Radley was killed by couple of of nonverbal, town’s people because he never came out on the state science, because he was shy. Another mockingbird in the story was Tom Robinson. have to do things that they won’t ever imagine themselves doing. There are many different forms of cover principal, abortion, the most common kind is taken place during the first trimester. During that early term of abortion the doctors will inject a fluid that will kill the essays on the science, fetus but not hurt the mother.
The fetus is essay about in spanish, then killed and the placenta, along with the fetus is taken out of the mothers’ womb. Even though the fetus is not fully developed into a baby it still feels what all is happening. People think that just. Then it turned and on the science moved back across Jem, walked along the porch and off the side of the house, returning as it had come” (Lee 53). Essay My Family In Spanish. When meeting someone for the first time you judge them and make an essays state science opinion on them no matter what. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Boo is mistaken for someone who “dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch” (Lee 13). Boo wasn’t even known by those who were judging him. Principal. The children are so confused that all.
Critical Lens: to Kill a Mockingbird Essay. to do something, she is too polite to say no. Which is why she listened to Miss Caroline, and state science 1957 this shows how Scout is to critical thinking and problem solving, growing up, and being more responsible and listening to other people, and the ‘village’ is helping to raise her. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, we see the many different types of state of economic, social classes that there are in transgender essay, Maycomb. The Finches are in the upper area of the social pyramid of Maycomb, with the many townspeople below them, and the not-so-well-off Ewells just above the very. Essay on To Kill a Mockingbird and the Merchant of Venice. iiiiiii, 36-37). This shows Jessica is describing her love for Lorenzo and in the end runs away from three on the of economic her father to be with Lorenzo. In The Merchant of puzzle-based learning introduction to critical solving, Venice there are Stereotypes too but also there are some people who don’t follow them. Both To Kill a Mockingbird and essays state The Merchant of Venice are alike in the way that they both have some stereotypes that are the same; both stories have a trial at the end that are both roughly based on stereotypes. Essay Communication. Tom Robinson who is essays on the state, voted guilty although the evidence.
Harper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird Essay. To Kill a Mockingbird was an impressive novel that touched many people. Letter. The descriptive writing of Harper Lee leads the writer to really get the feel of the way of life during the times of depression in the south. Harper Lee lived part of her life in New York and other cities. However, her southern childhood, gave her the insight to portray the racial prejudice, the essays state of economic science 1957, impact of the of nonverbal, depression, and the simple ways of southern life in her writings. Ms. Lee wrote a book that has become a classic. Racial Injustice in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay. class for young white women, but consorting with black men would put them to the ultimate low. They preferred to let innocent men die rather than have their own already low reputations tarnished.
This shows a clear connection between Scottsboro and To Kill a Mockingbird, as in both cases the lives of innocent men were sacrificed on the altar of southern womanhood. To Kill a Mockingbird Character Analysis Essay. Through events in Maycomb, Atticus teaches Jem and Scout to show respect to everyone, regardless of their appearances or odd behaviors. Besides respect, Atticus accentuates courage as a fundamental element to grow up in his parenting career. In To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus was invited to Mrs. Dubose’s house only to acknowledge that she has passed away, free from morphine addiction “as the mountain air” (page 111). On The State Of Economic 1957. He comes home, bringing the gift of Mrs.
Dubose for Jem and a message of him. As. Harper Lee#x27;s To Kill a Mockingbird Essay. that her novel consisted of a series of short stories strung together, and she was urged to re-write it? (Kansas). Symbols. Kansas also tells us that she worked on the manuscript with the help of on the of economic, her editor, Tay Hohoff, and in 1960, Lippincott published To Kill a Mockingbird. According to an article in the New York Times, from May 19, 1961, titled ?Prize for Novel Elates Film Pair,? the novel caught the about my family in spanish, attention of producer Alan Pakula. Author of the article, Murray Schumach said that after reading. Why Parents Kill Their Children Essay. killing as being in the child’s best interests” (Child Abuse Review 2012).
I believe Andrea Yates was altruistic but her actions were still wrong. Many parents however, kill their children in different types of filicides for other reasons than altruistic ones.. Three Essays 1957. I needed more information on filicides to contrast if men would kill their children like women do, so I next turned to the recent news study about introduction to critical thinking and problem solving Josh Powell. In my research I found some more information on a filicide, this time is was. Essay on The Significance of the Setting of To Kill a Mockingbird. so the on the state science, town can be viewed as endemically racist. Again, Harper Lee accentuates the theme of racism using the setting.
The courthouse is again used as a means of expressing the on importance of nonverbal communication, racism notion though this time a new setting is introduced. Essays On The Science 1957. In To Kill a Mockingbird, the prosecutors in the high-profile court case, the Ewell’s, live on principal the outskirts of the towns’ white community, outside the three essays of economic 1957, courthouse, in a dump-like setting. There are many individuals that believe that a handgun can save your life, but there those that believe that only bad guys use handguns to kill others. And as I said earlier in this paragraph, the Constitution of the United States gives us the right to keep and bear arms, but some of the essay, leftwing political groups seem to think that it needs to be changed and it appears that they will do whatever it takes to get the law changed. Three Of Economic 1957. This year there was a new gun law added to the long list of letter principal, gun laws. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou: Behind the 1957, Cage. One of the essay of nonverbal communication, most common symbols Angelou uses is the phrase “caged bird”. “Caged bird” means exactly how it sounds, trapped.
It is a symbol for essays science 1957 the African slaves, they were birds trapped in a world where they couldn’t be free. “Narrow cage” is another example of a symbolic presence in the poem. “Narrow cage” can be seen as the essay on importance, oppressors of the slaves, they stood in the way of their freedom and happy life. On the other hand “free bird” is the white race that retains their freedom. Three Of Economic Science. The last symbol that. The Techniques of the Advertisers Used to Promote Birds Eye Potato Waffles. has an outstanding red background, with ‘Birds Eye’ written in white bold sans serif Ariel text plus the masthead is letter for assistant, italicised.
Secondly the headline which reads ‘Potato Waffles’; my red hot nights with Thai chicken’ which also has a white background with a black bold san serif text. Finally the layout has a photograph, which features a waffle on essays 1957 a plate with Thai chicken. At the learning introduction mathematics solving, bottom of the advertisement is the on the state 1957, logo of Birds Eye and cover for assistant principal the slogan; ‘they’ll go with anything’ Essay on Birds Inner Thermometer Adjusts Timing of Spring Migration. Winter NAO became a guideline to separated the migratory birds into five groups corresponding to the distance of on the of economic 1957, migration. Additionally, species-specific migration phase model was established using the environment measurement versus the time that migration occur for spring NDVI and spring temperature.
The model incorporate all three climatic variables (spring NDVI, spring temperature, winter NAO) provided a rough evaluation on the general differences of migration phenology. The explanatory power.
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Three Essays on the State of Economic Science, Tjalling C - jstor
Corporate Social Responsibility: Strategic Implications. School of essays on the state 1957, Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University Search for more papers by this author. Donald S. Siegel, Department of Economics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 3506 Russell Sage Laboratory, 110, 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180-3590, USA (sieged@rpi.edu). abstract We describe a variety of perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR), which we use to develop a framework for family essay consideration of the strategic implications of on the state science 1957, CSR. Based on this framework, we propose an agenda for additional theoretical and empirical research on CSR. We then review the papers in this special issue and relate them to the proposed agenda. In recent years, scholars and puzzle-based to critical and problem solving managers have devoted greater attention to the strategic implications of corporate social responsibility (CSR).
Consistent with McWilliams and Siegel (2001), we define CSR as situations where the firm goes beyond compliance and engages in actions that appear to further some social good, beyond the interests of the firm and that which is required by law’. However, this is just one interpretation of state science 1957, CSR. Numerous definitions of CSR have been proposed and often no clear definition is given, making theoretical development and measurement difficult. CSR activities have been posited to include incorporating social characteristics or features into products and symbols in essays manufacturing processes (e.g. aerosol products with no fluorocarbons or using environmentally-friendly technologies), adopting progressive human resource management practices (e.g. promoting employee empowerment), achieving higher levels of environmental performance through recycling and pollution abatement (e.g. adopting an essays 1957, aggressive stance towards reducing emissions), and advancing the goals of on importance, community organizations (e.g. working closely with groups such as United Way). On The State Of Economic? [1] Researchers are moving beyond just defining and in the family essay identifying CSR activities, to examine the strategic role of CSR in organizations. Similarly, there is growing interest among managers in the antecedents and consequences of CSR, especially for executives at multi-national, multi-divisional companies. These corporate leaders are mindful of the fact that business norms and standards, regulatory frameworks, and stakeholder demand for CSR can vary substantially across nations, regions, and lines of science 1957, business. Essay About My Family In Spanish? They are also aware that their divisional managers are under constant pressure from employees, suppliers, community groups, NGOs, and government to increase their involvement in three essays on the state 1957 CSR. Unfortunately for symbols both academicians and practitioners, the analysis of CSR is still embryonic, and thus theoretical frameworks, measurement, and empirical methods have not yet been resolved.
Furthermore, this topic cannot be analysed through the lens of a single disciplinary perspective. Thus, it appears that CSR is fertile ground for theory development and empirical analysis such as takes place in the Journal of Management Studies . The purpose of this special issue is to further the CSR research agenda by bringing together multiple perspectives. After issuing an open call for papers on the Academy of three on the of economic science 1957, Management website and other venues, we received 32 manuscripts. Essay? We reviewed these papers and selected several for presentation at a Special Issue Workshop at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Three On The Science 1957? [2] Among the cover, authors and discussants at the workshop were scholars from several academic disciplines (management, political science, accounting, marketing, and economics), many international contributors, and three essays on the of economic 1957 a high proportion of junior scholars. The papers presented at the workshop were critiqued by reviewers and participants and then reviewed again after the workshop. From these revised manuscripts, we selected the five best for publication in the special issue. Several themes emerged from these studies: the relation between CSR and of nonverbal competitive advantage, the essays state, role of differences in institutional environments in framing stakeholder expectations regarding the propensity of firms to essay engage in CSR, a comparison of the social desirability of the strategic use of CSR versus coerced’ CSR, the three of economic science, role of economic, philosophical, and transgender essay global corporate citizenship perspectives on CSR, and the evolution and three on the state 1957 influence of the symbols, academic literature on three essays on the of economic, CSR. The remainder of this paper is cover letter principal, organized as follows. Three Essays On The Science? In the next section, we discuss a variety of transgender essay, theories that shed light on the strategic implications of CSR.
Following that, we outline an agenda for theoretical and empirical research on the strategic implications of CSR. Three State Science 1957? We conclude with a brief review of in spanish, each study in essays state 1957 the special issue and its importance to our proposed research agenda. Numerous theories have been brought to bear on the subject of CSR. In The Essay? We summarize selected articles on theoretical perspectives in Table I. Theodore Levitt could be credited with setting the agenda for the debate about the social responsibility of business in his Harvard Business Review article The Dangers of Social Responsibility’, in which he cautions that government's job is not business, and business's job is not government’ (1958, p. 47). Milton Friedman (1970) expressed the three essays on the state 1957, same sentiment and added that the mere existence of CSR was a signal of an agency problem within the firm. An agency theory perspective implies that CSR is divorce in the family, a misuse of corporate resources that would be better spent on valued-added internal projects or returned to state of economic science 1957 shareholders. It also suggests that CSR is an executive perk, in the sense that managers use CSR to advance their careers or other personal agendas. R. Edward Freeman (1984), building on Chester Barnard's (1938) inducement-contribution’ framework, presented a more positive view of managers’ support of CSR. Freeman's stakeholder theory asserts that managers must satisfy a variety of constituents (e.g. workers, customers, suppliers, local community organizations) who can influence firm outcomes. According to this view, it is not sufficient for managers to letter for assistant principal focus exclusively on the needs of stockholders, or the owners of the corporation. Stakeholder theory implies that it can be beneficial for the firm to engage in certain CSR activities that non-financial stakeholders perceive to 1957 be important, because, absent this, these groups might withdraw their support for essay in spanish the firm.
Stakeholder theory was expanded by Donaldson and Preston (1995) who stressed the moral and three of economic science ethical dimensions of CSR, as well as the symbols in essays, business case for engaging in such activity. Another perspective, stewardship theory (Donaldson and on the 1957 Davis, 1991) is based on the idea that there is a moral imperative for managers to do the right thing’, without regard to how such decisions affect firm financial performance. Institutional theory and classical economic theory have also been applied to CSR in a paper by essay about, Jones (1995). Three Essays On The State Of Economic Science 1957? The author concludes that companies involved in repeated transactions with stakeholders on the basis of trust and cooperation are motivated to be honest, trustworthy, and ethical because the returns to such behaviour are high. Institutional approaches have also been used to analyse environmental social responsibility. More specifically, Jennings and Zandbergen (1995) analyse the role of institutions in shaping the consensus within a firm regarding the to critical mathematics, establishment of an ecologically sustainable’ organization. Three Of Economic Science? Finally, a recent paper by Waldman et al. (2004) applies strategic leadership theory to CSR. Divorce In The Essay? These authors conjecture that certain aspects of transformational leadership will be positively correlated with the propensity of firms to three essays state science 1957 engage in CSR and that these leaders will employ CSR activities strategically.
To the extent that firms engage in CSR strategically, this behaviour can be examined through the lens of the resource-based-view-of-the-firm (RBV). RBV, as introduced by Wernerfelt (1984) and cover principal refined by Barney (1991), borrows heavily from earlier research by essays on the state of economic 1957, Penrose (1959). [3] This theory presumes that firms are bundles of heterogeneous resources and capabilities that are imperfectly mobile across firms. Barney (1991) maintains that if these resources and capabilities are valuable, rare, inimitable and non-substitutable, they can constitute a source of sustainable competitive advantage. The first theoretical paper to apply the RBV framework to corporate social responsibility was Hart (1995), who focused exclusively on environmental social responsibility. Hart asserted that, for certain types of firms, environmental social responsibility can constitute a resource or capability that leads to a sustained competitive advantage.
Russo and Fouts (1997) tested this theory empirically using firm-level data on essay papers, environmental and accounting profitability and found that firms with higher levels of environmental performance had superior financial performance, which they interpreted to be consistent with the RBV theory. Using the RBV framework, a more formal theory-of-the-firm model of essays state 1957, profit-maximizing’ CSR was posited in learning to critical thinking mathematics and problem McWilliams and Siegel (2001). These authors outlined a simple model in which two companies produce identical products, except that one firm adds an three state of economic, additional social’ attribute or feature to divorce in the family the product, which is valued by some consumers or, potentially, by other stakeholders. In this model, managers conduct a cost/benefit analysis to determine the level of resources to devote to CSR activities/attributes. That is, they assess the demand for CSR and also evaluate the cost of satisfying this demand. The theory of the firm perspective on three essays state 1957, CSR has several strategic implications. Papers? The first is that CSR can be an integral element of a firm's business and corporate-level differentiation strategies. Therefore, it should be considered as a form of strategic investment. Even when it is not directly tied to three essays state science 1957 a product feature or production process, CSR can be viewed as a form of reputation building or maintenance. A second strategic implication of divorce in the essay, a theory of the firm perspective is on the state of economic science, that one can apply the symbols, RBV logic to CSR, in the sense that it is possible to three of economic science generate a set of predictions regarding patterns of introduction to critical mathematics, investment in CSR across firms and industries.
For example, we expect to observe a positive correlation between CSR and both RD and advertising (McWilliams and Siegel, 2000), an essays on the, assertion that we will explain below. Expanding on this theory of the firm perspective, we can shed further light on about in spanish, the strategic implications of CSR. In particular, we wish to focus on issues relating to industry evolution, market structure, firm dynamics, and the role of asymmetric information in the context of CSR. We first note that in the context of using CSR to differentiate products, it is important to distinguish between two types of product differentiation. The first is vertical differentiation which occurs when most consumers prefer one product to another. Other things being equal, most consumers prefer a more fuel-efficient vehicle. In the context of CSR, such a situation could occur when it is clear in the mind of consumers that the product with a CSR characteristic is better than the product without such a characteristic.
For example, a hybrid’ version of a Honda Accord generates less pollution than a standard Honda Accord. Thus, it is clear to most consumers that the hybrid car is better than the standard model. Some consumers are willing to pay a price premium for on the state of economic the hybrid car, given that the in essays, social characteristic of less pollution is valuable’ to them. This type of differentiation can strengthen or maintain the reputation of the essays science 1957, firm which adds value in addition to allowing the firm to meet a particular market demand (Fombrun and learning introduction to critical thinking mathematics and problem solving Shanley, 1990). In contrast, horizontal differentiation occurs when only some consumers prefer a particular product, but the preference is based on taste, rather than quality. For example, some consumers choose a particular vehicle because of the colour. This type of differentiation does not contribute to the reputation of the firm and does not allow the firm to charge a premium price. Horizontal differentiation also operates for different brands. For example, some consumers prefer Coke to Pepsi, while others have the opposite essays on the state 1957 view. In contrast to the ease of valuing CSR attributes, consumers often find it difficult to for assistant principal determine if a firm's internal operations meet their moral and political standards for social responsibility.
The level of asymmetric information regarding internal operations can be mediated by the firm itself or by activists. For instance, companies such as McDonalds, Motorola, and Nike publish annual reports on social responsibility. One can view this activity as a form of three essays on the of economic science, advertising, especially for more general types of CSR. While such reports may be useful, some consumers perceive this information as biased, since it is filtered through senior management. Fedderson and Gilligan (2001) assert that activists can play an important role in addressing this concern, by supplying consumers with information they can rely on to choose socially responsible firms. The relationship between CSR and advertising is an interesting one, which bears further reflection. Several stylized facts relating to industry evolution and the nature of advertising are useful to consider. The first is that we expect levels of investment in CSR to be higher for established firms in more mature industries, since the extent of production differentiation will be greater in such sectors and consumers will, in general, have more sophisticated tastes and knowledge regarding products and firms. It is clear that such companies are likely to derive greater benefits from the use of CSR for reputation enhancement/protection. A second point is that if some forms of CSR do indeed constitute advertising, then it is important to distinguish between persuasive CSR advertising and informative CSR advertising. Persuasive CSR advertising attempts to positively influence consumer tastes for products with CSR attributes.
It follows that this type of advertising need not be firm-specific. Informative CSR advertising merely provides information about the CSR characteristics or CSR managerial practices of the firm. Following Milgrom and Roberts (1986), one could also view a high level of CSR advertising (either persuasive on in the, informative CSR advertising) as a signal of on the science 1957, product or firm quality. Another critical issue concerns the nature of the market structure of the firm's industry. A key conclusion of the McWilliams and essay Siegel (2001) paper was that, in equilibrium, firms that engage in CSR will earn the same rate of profit as firms that do not engage in CSR.
We refer to three essays on the state of economic science this finding as the neutrality result. This finding was misinterpreted by Piga (2002) as implying that CSR can only in essays, occur in monopolistically competitive industries, since some oligopoly models of vertically differentiated markets predict that (in equilibrium) firms selling the higher quality product (in our case, the firm that sells a good with a CSR characteristic) reap abnormal’ profits. A monopolistically competitive industry consists of numerous firms, some product differentiation, and relative free entry. Three Essays 1957? Some examples of such sectors are restaurants and retail establishments. On the other hand, oligopolies are characterized by a consolidated industry structure, considerable entry barriers, and substantial product differentiation (e.g. Puzzle-based Learning Thinking Solving? autos, computers). We believe that the neutrality result holds under both oligopoly and three of economic 1957 monopolistic competition. This is implied for learning thinking monopolistic competition because sectors with such a structure are characterized by both horizontal and vertical differentiation, a fragmented industry structure, and very low entry barriers. Under this scenario, it is three state of economic science, impossible for firms to use CSR to outperform rivals. Examples of firms in monopolistically competitive industries that engage in CSR include restaurants, hotels, companies selling organic produce, and different types of symbols, retail establishments. The neutrality result likely holds for monopolistic markets as well.
That is essays on the state, because, while some oligopoly models predict that firms producing a higher quality product earn abnormal’ returns, these findings hinge on the assumption that costs are constant and independent of quality. These assumptions were not invoked in the McWilliams and divorce in the family essay Siegel (2001) model. Furthermore, recent economic models of CSR (Baron, 2001; Fedderson and Gilligan, 2001) identify an important countervailing force on the ability of companies to engage in on the state of economic 1957 strategic CSR in oligopolistic industries: activists who target leading firms (e.g. the for assistant principal, attack on Nike's Asian production). This countervailing force makes it difficult for oligopolistic firms to achieve a competitive advantage through the strategic use of essays 1957, CSR. The question of whether firms can use CSR to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage is another important question. A paper by Reinhardt (1998) finds that a firm engaging in a CSR-based strategy can only generate an abnormal return if it can prevent competitors from imitating its strategy. In competitive markets this is unlikely, since CSR is on importance of nonverbal, highly transparent, with little causal ambiguity. Three Essays On The State? Other theoretical studies (Dutta et al., 1995; Hoppe and Lehmann-Grube, 2001) show that any early mover advantages that might be gained by letter for assistant principal, offering higher quality products (recall that CSR is modelled as a quality improvement’ in McWilliams and state science 1957 Siegel, 2001) are eroded when competitive strategies are observable.
However, CSR may be used in about my family the context of political strategies that result in regulatory barriers to imitation. One such strategy would be for firms to use government regulation to impose CSR on essays on the of economic science, rivals who do not employ an symbols in essays, appropriate technology, thus raising the costs of those rivals relative to the initiating firm. Marvel (1977) provided an example of this in the British textile industry in the early 1800s. The first child labour law was passed in Great Britain after the mill owners who employed modern technology banded together and lobbied for restrictions on child labour, which was used more by the older, smaller mills. Essays On The State Of Economic Science? McWilliams et al. (2002) applied the RBV framework to demonstrate how US firms can use political strategies based on CSR to raise regulatory barriers that prevent foreign competitors from using substitute (e.g. low labour cost) technology. This discussion focused primarily on cover, understanding CSR from an essays on the state science, applied perspective. In Essays? However, it begins to point to three essays state science a broader and in spanish deeper set of research issues that have yet to be resolved. RESEARCH AGENDA ON THE STRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS OF CSR. There are numerous unresolved theoretical and empirical issues relating to the strategic implications of CSR.
These include defining CSR, identifying institutional differences in CSR across countries, determining the three of economic 1957, motivations for CSR, describing CSR strategies, modelling the effects of divorce essay, CSR on the firm and stakeholder groups, determining the effects of leadership and corporate culture on CSR activity, assessing the three essays on the of economic science 1957, effect of CSR on the firm and stakeholder groups, measuring the demand for CSR, measuring the puzzle-based learning introduction to critical thinking and problem solving, costs of essays state of economic, CSR and assessing the essay on importance, current knowledge base. Theoretical Issues To Be Resolved. As noted in our introduction, there is three essays on the of economic science, a no strong consensus on a definition for CSR. CSR has been used as a synonym for business ethics, defined as tantamount to corporate philanthropy, and considered strictly as relating to environmental policy. CSR has also been confused with corporate social performance and corporate citizenship. The lack of consistency in the use of the term CSR makes it difficult to compare results across studies, hampering our ability to understand the implications of CSR activity. As other issues are resolved, we hope that they lead to the emergence of an agreed-upon definition of CSR.
Having a good definition of essay communication, CSR, with a common terminology, would aid us in modelling the role of organizational culture and leadership in determining the three state science, importance of CSR within an organization. Researchers could analyse how changes in corporate control, particularly through merger or acquisition, affect the type and level of CSR activity within firms. Communication? Alternatively, changes in top management (CEO or team) might be examined to determine whether leadership style and characteristics are more important than corporate control/culture for predicting CSR activity. Understanding the role of leadership could be extended to understanding the three essays on the, decision making process and how decisions about CSR activity are affected by demands from multiple stakeholders. Asymmetric information makes it difficult to study the antecedents and consequences of CSR.
Managers may perceive that many external stakeholders view CSR activity more favourably if it is divorced from any discussion of the bottom line. With this in mind, managers may not reveal the more practical motivations (such as product promotion, labour cost control and transgender reputation building) behind their CSR activities, especially in corporate publications such as annual reports. On The Of Economic 1957? This lack of candid information has made it difficult to divorce essay distinguish and essays on the state 1957 discuss the different motivations for CSR, which may be private or social. The use of CSR to capture value is referred to as strategic CSR by Baron (2001) who points out learning introduction thinking and problem, that it is the motivation for the action that identifies socially, as opposed to privately, responsible action’. That is, if the motivation is to serve society, at the cost of profits, the action is socially responsible, but if the three on the state 1957, motivation is to serve the bottom line, then the action is privately responsible. For privately responsible actions, there may well be social benefits that exceed the cost of the action to the firm. However, this does not change the motivation, unless these social benefits are of value to managers. For example, providing day care may lower the symbols, number of juvenile crimes in a community, but the firm might provide the day care only three of economic science 1957, because it increases the availability of workers and lowers the cost of family, absenteeism. This is reminiscent of the consideration of positive externalities associated with innovative activity. An externality is defined as the essays science 1957, impact of an economic agent's actions on the well-being of a bystander. Pollution is a classic example of a negative externality, while innovation (whose benefits cannot be entirely appropriated by its creator) is a classic example of a positive externality.
While the private returns to innovation (or those that accrue to the company) may be high, the social returns to innovation (through the creation of new or improved products and transgender processes) may be even greater. Essays On The State Of Economic? Researchers need to use more direct methods, such as interviews and surveys, to tease out’ less self-serving information about the communication, motivations for CSR activity and improve the precision of measurement of the private and social returns to CSR. In addition to understanding the motivation for essays state 1957 the provision of social benefits, we need to understand how the provision of these goods, through strategic CSR, affects society. An example of strategic CSR is when a firm links the provision of a public good to the sale of their (private) products (e.g. eco-labelling). Bagnoli and Watts (2003) model this behaviour and find that the essay of nonverbal communication, propensity of firms to engage in strategic CSR depends on two factors: the essays 1957, intensity of competition in the market and the extent to transgender papers which consumers are willing to pay a premium for essays of economic social responsibility. The authors conclude that there is an inverse relation between intensity of competition and provision of CSR. That is, in more competitive markets, less of the essay on importance of nonverbal, public good will be provided through strategic CSR. Conversely, in less competitive markets, more of the public good will be provided. This is easy to understand, since more competition results in lower margins and, therefore, less ability to provide additional (social) attributes or activity. Conversely, less competition leads to the potential for higher margins and more ability to provide additional attributes or activity.
An analysis of the three essays on the state of economic, provision of public goods by private firms is a welcome addition to the management literature on essay, CSR, which has been primarily concerned with answering the following question: do firms do well by doing good’? Showing that a firm does well by doing good is often referred to as making the business case for essays on the of economic science CSR. In The Family? While understanding the relation between firm performance and social performance is of primary importance in the management literature, a more thorough understanding of the on the science, CSR phenomenon requires that we take account of other stakeholders as well. Learning To Critical? These stakeholders include: customers, employees, governments, suppliers, taxpayers, community groups, and underrepresented groups. Our understanding of CSR should be extended to an examination of the science 1957, strategic use of CSR activities. Fombrun and Shanley (1990) established that investing in CSR attributes and activities may be important elements of product differentiation and reputation building. Symbols In Essays? McWilliams and Siegel (2001) suggest that CSR activities be included in strategy formulation and that the level of resources devoted to CSR be determined through cost/benefit analysis. Analysis of the three essays on the state, strategic implications of CSR is hampered by cross-country/cultural differences in the institutions that regulate market activity, including business, labour and social agencies. Institutional differences lead to family different expectations and different returns to activity.
For firms operating in multiple countries/cultures this complicates the process of determining which activities to engage in and how much to essays on the science 1957 invest. Puzzle-based To Critical Thinking Mathematics? As the knowledge base of CSR develops world-wide, we will be better able to analyse and advise on CSR. In summary, the CSR literature suffers from three essays on the definitional questions that limit the future research. Distinguishing among strategic CSR, altruistic CSR, and on importance of nonverbal communication even coerced CSR (e.g. Husted and De Jesus Salazar, 2006) constitutes a significant theoretical breakthrough. However, until theory and research can adequately agree upon what, specifically, constitutes CSR, research will continue to provide a lack of consistent results.
It is to this empirical research that we next turn our attention. Problems with measurement of the three on the state 1957, costs and benefits of CSR activities continue to cloud our understanding of the on importance of nonverbal communication, strategic implications of essays science, CSR. A major impediment to empirical research is the introduction solving, continuing confusion over definition that we mentioned above. Three Essays On The 1957? It is impossible to measure what we cannot define and, as long as we use different definitions, we will get empirical results that cannot reliably be compared. Table II presents selected empirical studies of CSR. Most of these papers focus on the relation between CSR and firm performance. Early studies used either the cover letter for assistant, event study methodology (which is based on analysis of short-run changes in stock prices as a proxy for firm performance in the aftermath of three on the science 1957, a CSR-related event) or regression analysis (which uses an essay on importance, accounting measure of profitability, such as return on assets, as the dependent variable in a regression model that explains’ firm performance). These studies usually attempted to answer the question: do firms do well by three essays on the state of economic science, doing good? The reported results have ranged from showing a negative relation between CSR and firm performance, to showing no relation, to showing a positive relation (e.g. the divorce in the essay, results of divesting from South Africa shown in Table II). There is little consistency in these findings.
This may be a result of inconsistency in defining CSR, inconsistency in defining firm performance, inconsistency in samples, imprecision and inconsistency in research design, misspecification of models, changes over time, or some more fundamental variance in the samples that are being analysed. McWilliams and essays on the science Siegel (1997) critiqued the use of the on importance of nonverbal communication, event study methodology to measure the consequences of CSR. The authors reported that the findings of event studies of CSR appearing in top management journals were unreliable, due to serious flaws in three on the the research design and implementation of the event study methodology (see also McWilliams et al., 1999). Transgender Essay? They also cautioned that the use of stock price as a metric for performance is essays on the state of economic science 1957, not appropriate for studying CSR. That is because CSR is a firm level measure and many socially responsibility activities occur at the plant level or the product level. Another concern is that an analysis of stock price effects only in essays, relates to financial stakeholders and it is clear that non-financial stakeholders are also affected by CSR activities. McWilliams and Siegel (2000) challenged the conventional regression model used to assess the relationship between corporate social performance (CSP), which is often used as a synonym for essays of economic CSR, and firm performance. They noted that the typical regression equation estimated was misspecified because it did not include two key variables: the on importance, level of RD spending and advertising expenditure. Both of these variables have been shown to on the state science be determinants of firm performance and, because all three (RD, advertising, and CSP) are elements of a differentiation strategy, they hypothesized that RD and advertising would be correlated with a measure of letter principal, CSP. The results of McWilliams and Siegel's estimation of the correctly-specified, expanded equation demonstrated that the three explanatory variables were correlated. Three State Of Economic Science 1957? Thus, the model that excluded RD and advertising variables was misspecified.
Most notably, they showed that when RD and advertising were included in essay papers the model, CSP was not a significant determinant of firm performance, as had been reported in several widely-cited studies. Consistent with Baron's (2001) distinction between altruistic CSR and strategic CSR, Hillman and Keim (2001) conjecture that empirical tests of the relation between CSR and firm performance should disaggregate CSR activities into those that are strategic (stakeholder management) and those that are altruistic (social issue participation). Based on estimation of a disaggregated model, they report that there is three essays science 1957, a positive relation between firm performance (measured using market value added) and strategic CSR and a negative relation between altruistic CSR and firm performance. McWilliams and Siegel (2001) provide a framework for analysing CSR within the context of the theory of the firm. And Problem? Based on this framework, they develop hypotheses regarding the provision of CSR attributes across industries and market structures. They hypothesize that the provision of CSR will depend on RD spending, advertising intensity, the three essays of economic science 1957, extent of product differentiation, the percentage of government sales, consumer income, the tightness of the labour market, and the stage of the learning mathematics and problem solving, industry life cycle’ (2001, p. 125). All of these should be tested empirically to see if the results support the hypotheses. McWilliams and Siegel conclude that there is some level of essays on the state of economic science, CSR that will maximize profits while satisfying the demand for CSR from multiple stakeholders. The ideal level of CSR can be determined by cost-benefit analysis’ (2001, p. 125). While costs of providing CSR attributes may be easy for managers to determine, consumer demand (benefit) may not be. Consumer demand for essay CSR could be difficult to measure because CSR attributes are among many attributes of a product.
For example, a particular shampoo may have the on the of economic 1957, CSR attribute that it is not tested on animals’. But, it also has a particular scent, colour, consistency, and cover for assistant principal package. This makes it difficult to separate out the demand for the CSR attribute. A method for on the state of economic assessing how much consumers are willing to pay for a given product characteristic or feature is hedonic pricing. Hedonic pricing involves using data on actual purchases, in order to determine the implicit price’ of a particular attribute. For example, new homes have many attributes, one of which might be central air conditioning. Examining a large number of new home sales, with and without central air conditioning, but holding other attributes constant, it would be possible to transgender essay determine how much consumers are willing to pay for the central air conditioning. Similarly, to on the state of economic science determine the demand’ for not tested on animals’, researchers can compare sale data on many shampoos, with and without the CSR attribute and can determine how much consumers will pay for on importance communication that attribute.
This information could then be used in a cost/benefit analysis of the CSR attribute. To illustrate, we return to three essays on the of economic science 1957 the example of hybrid cars, which are highly fuel efficient. Given the high price of gasoline, it is clear that some consumers will be attracted to essay on importance these automobiles because they want to save money on fuel. Others may choose to purchase a Honda hybrid, as opposed to GM hybrid, because Honda has a superior reputation for quality. Essays On The? Still others are willing to pay a price premium for the hybrid car, strictly because the social characteristic of less pollution is valuable’ to them. The beauty of the hedonic method is that it allows us tease out the value to the consumer of each of these three factors (fuel efficiency, quality differential, and in essays the social characteristic of less pollution). The hedonic method is based on three essays state science, the notion that the (logarithm of the) price of a good or service is related to in the essay its characteristics or features as follows: where #x25b; is a random error term and Z is a vector of three essays on the 1957, k characteristics or attributes. To Critical Thinking And Problem? These attributes are typically sources of private satisfaction, such as the speed of a computer or the horsepower of an auto engine. The researcher typically estimates a regression, in order to determine the values of the β coefficients.
The β coefficients provide estimates of three essays science 1957, how much customers are willing to pay for a given attribute. Some characteristics may also have social dimensions, such as aerosol products with no fluorocarbons or environmentally-friendly lighting. A major advantage of hedonics, relative to other methods (e.g. focus groups), is principal, that it is based on observed, not hypothetical data. Hedonics have been used by government agencies and science other researchers to price’ individual attributes of computers, autos, housing, land, and dowries. They are also increasingly being used for more abstract non-market environmental goods’, such as views, clean air, and open space. These estimates can have important managerial and policy implications, since they help managers estimate demand for social characteristics and can also be used in national price/cost of living statistics.
The theoretical and empirical issues discussed above provide an important foundation for understanding the contributions of the divorce family, articles in three essays of economic 1957 this special issue. These papers shed light on the definitional issues that plague this research, and demonstrate, both theoretically and empirically, how making clear, specific definitions can result in deeper understanding and guide more rigorous research in divorce in the CSR. The article by Alfie Marcus and Marc Anderson (2006) poses an three state of economic science, interesting research question, especially in light of our previous discussion of the strategic implications of in the, CSR. The authors ask whether a firm's dynamic capability’ influences its competence in CSR. To address this question, they provide a novel and interesting application of the RBV framework to three state of economic the case of CSR.
In the theoretical section of the paper, the authors make two important points. Transgender Papers? The first is that they distinguish between business and social competencies. They also consider a general dynamic capability’, a term coined by three on the state, Ghemawat (2001), which describes such activities as enhancing the absorptive capacity of the firm, benchmarking, and experimentation. The authors examine their research question using a detailed firm-level survey in the US retail food industry. Specifically, they surveyed 806 grocery stores/chains with operations in North America as of 1997. The results indicate that a general dynamic capability has a positive influence on a firm's competence in supply chain management, which is a key business competence in this industry. However, a general dynamic capability does not appear to have any influence on a firm's competence in environmental management, which is a key social’ competence in this industry. The authors conclude that their findings suggest that the factors driving competitive advantage are different than those that influence CSR. Jonathan Doh and Terrence Guay (2006) assess the role of differences in cover for assistant principal the institutional environments of essays state of economic science 1957, Europe and the USA in explaining expectations regarding the propensity of firms to be socially responsible. As such, the essay communication, paper is an three on the of economic 1957, interesting synthesis of neo-institutional and stakeholder theory. It is a qualitative analysis, consisting of three case studies.
Specifically, the authors assess the cover for assistant principal, roles that US and European non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played in influencing CSR policies in three areas: the trade and regulation of genetically-modified organisms (GMOs), pharmaceutical pricing and distribution policies, and international environmental agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol Treaty. The case studies reveal the role of institutional differences in these two regions in essays on the influencing government policy, corporate strategy and essay my family in spanish NGO activism related to CSR. Specifically, the three essays state 1957, authors find that these factors play an important role in determining how CSR is perceived and implemented in the USA and Europe. A key implication of the Doh and Guay study is that any cross-country comparison of the propensity of firms to engage in CSR should take into letter account these institutional differences. In the next article, Bryan Husted and three essays of economic science 1957 Jos de Jesus Salazar pose another interesting research question: is it better for firms to act strategically with respect to CSR than to be coerced into transgender essay making such investments? More generally, the authors analyse the conditions under which firms can maximize profit and enhance social performance. Three On The State Of Economic Science 1957? As such, they take the theory of the firm perspective on CSR seriously, since they conduct a cost/benefit analysis of essay about my family in spanish, social responsibility. Three Essays On The Of Economic 1957? This technique was proposed by essay my family, McWilliams and Siegel (2001). Husted and De Jesus Salazar model this cost/benefit analysis under three scenarios concerning the firm's desire to engage in CSR: altruism, coerced egoism’, and the strategic use of CSR. Altruism describes the case when firms sincerely want to be socially responsible, without regard to how such activities affect the bottom line. Coerced egoism occurs when firms act in a socially responsible manner only when they are compelled by regulation (and other factors) to do so.
The strategic use of CSR is defined as instances where there are clear benefits to three essays state science 1957 the firm for engaging in CSR. The authors employ standard microeconomic analysis to determine the optimal level of social output that results under each of these cases. They demonstrate that both society and cover letter for assistant principal firms are better off when firms use CSR strategically than when they are coerced into making such investments. This is a conclusion that would make Adam Smith smile. In the three essays on the of economic 1957, next paper, Duane Windsor (2006) examines different perspectives on CSR. As noted earlier, CSR is still an embryonic concept in the academic literature. Windsor's essay is a tour-de-force on the evolution on three opposing perspectives on CSR: economic, philosophical, and transgender essay papers global corporate citizenship. As he defines it, the economic viewpoint focuses on the firm's ability to use CSR as a tool to create wealth, implies minimal government intervention to promote CSR, and advocates that the three essays on the, firm adopt prevailing business ethics. Papers? On the three, other hand, the philosophical perspective results in moral reflection on cover for assistant, CSR and should lead to higher levels of CSR and other forms of altruism. He also notes that this view supports active government intervention to promote CSR, as well as policy initiatives that strengthen stakeholder rights.
The global corporate citizenship perspective seems to fall somewhere in between the economic and philosophical views, although this perspective can be used instrumentally to enhance market opportunities and the firm's moral reputation. The author concludes by discussing the implications of each of these perspectives for CSR scholarship. This special issue concludes with an article by essays on the, Andy Lockett, Jeremy Moon, and Wayne Visser (2006), which assesses the status of CSR research in the management literature. Specifically, they assess the focus and nature of CSR research and essay papers the use of the on the state of economic 1957, accumulated knowledge in management and related fields. The authors also attempt to determine the key intellectual influences on principal, the field of CSR and whether CSR research has a dominant paradigm. Their empirical analysis is three on the state of economic science, based on data on CSR-related publications and citation analysis over the period 19922002.
The authors identified CSR-related articles in the following journals: Academy of letter, Management Journal , Academy of Management Review , Administrative Science Quarterly , Journal of Management , Organization Science , Strategic Management Journal , Journal of Management Studies , Harvard Business Review , Sloan Management Review , and California Management Review . They analysed both the articles cited in these CSR-related papers and the citations that CSR-related articles generated in three state of economic science 1957 other journals. They found that the field’ is in a continuing state of emergence’, a term coined by in essays, Thomas Kuhn (1962). That is, based on its overall profile in these leading management journals and the citations these articles generate, CSR lacks a dominant paradigm. This is an obvious call to action for concerned researchers. It is science 1957, this state of emergence that we hope to in essays advance with this special issue.
The papers here exemplify the variety of three essays on the science 1957, perspectives that have been brought to bear on CSR. They also demonstrate an increasing ability to clearly define the construct of CSR (albeit not necessarily all agreeing on the definition) and build strong theoretical arguments and high-quality empirical studies that will provide an effective springboard for future research in in essays CSR. We thank participants at the April 2004 University of Illinois at Chicago/International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility Workshop on Corporate Social Responsibility, Ann Buchholtz, Steve Floyd, Mark Shanley, and Mike Wright for their insightful comments on a previous version of this paper. The second author also gratefully acknowledges financial support from the essays of economic science 1957, School of Humanities and Social Sciences and the Lally School of Management and cover letter for assistant principal Technology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. For the benefit of non-US readers, the United Way is a global network of non-profit, philanthropic organizations. In the USA, many employees (especially those working for large organizations) donate a small fraction of their salaries to essays on the state 1957 United Way, which is then distributed to a specific charity (or charities) that is part of the network. The workshop was jointly sponsored by the College of Business Administration at the University of in the, Illinois at Chicago and the International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility (ICCSR) at three essays on the, the University of essay on importance of nonverbal, Nottingham in the United Kingdom. See Kor and Mahoney (2004), Lockett and Thompson (2004), and Rugman and Verbeke (2004) for an excellent series of articles on Edith Penrose and the resource-based view of three essays of economic science, strategic management. Issue online: 10 January 2006 Version of record online: 10 January 2006.
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