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Thesis Statements The thesis statement is usually the last part of your

Content of a thesis statement

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Thesis Statements Content

Bibliography management with bibtex. L a T e X supports bibliographies out of the box, either embedding the references in your document or storing them in an external file. This article explains how to manage bibliography with the thebibliography environment and the BibTeX system. Note: If you are starting from scratch it's recommended to use biblatex since that package provides localization in several languages, it's actively developed and content thesis statement, makes bibliography management easier and more flexible. Standard bibliography commands in L a T e X have a similar syntax to that of lists and items.

The environment thebibliography produces a list of references; such list will be titled References in harry prisoner essay questions a article document class, and Bibliography in of a thesis book and report document classes. A parameter inside braces, 9 in the example, indicates the number of entries to be added; this parameter can not be greater than 99. To create a bibliography entry the command bibitem is used. Student Essay! A parameter inside braces is set to label this entry and can later be used as identifier for this reference. After the closing brace the text with the of a thesis, name of the author, the book title, publisher and so on is entered. Share L a T e X provides several templates with pre-defined styles to manage bibliography. See this link. The Best Resume Writing Service! The example presented in content statement the introduction only contains list of references, the next example shows how to harry questions cite the entries of that list within the document. The command cite insert the number corresponding to the bibliography entry whose label is passed inside braces. For example, the output of content of a cite is [2].

The information printed by the best writing service, the command cite depends on the bibliography style used. Content Of A Thesis! See Bibtex bibliography styles. [edit] Bibliography management with Bibtex. BibTeX is a widely used bibliography management tool in L a T e X , with BibTeX the bibliography entries are kept in a separate file and then imported into the main document. Once the harry essay, external bibliography file is imported, the command cite is used just as in the introductory example. Below, a description of the commands: bibliography Imports the BibTeX file sample.bib to display the bibliography. To import several .bib files just write them comma-separated inside the braces, the file extension is not necessary. bibliographystyle Sets the bibliography style to be used in this document. Content Statement! The information displayed depends on the bibliography style used, even if the entry contains information about the date, author, title, publisher and abstract, the style used might only print the title and how do i write, the author. See Bibtex bibliography styles which contains examples of the default bibliography styles in L a T e X . cite This will print a number of of a statement text, depending on the bibliography style, to reference the azkaban, bibliography entry whose label is passed to the command. In this case, the label einstein produces [2]. Note: Unicode characters are not supported on BibTeX. Also, if there are too many bibliography entries (+100) it may not work properly.

See the further reading section for links to other bibliography management tools . Bibliographic references are usually kept in a bibliography file whose extension is .bib, this file consists of a list of records and fields . Each bibliography record holds relevant information for a single entry. This file contains records in a special format, for instance, the first bibliographic reference is defined by: @article This is the first line of a record entry, @article denotes the entry type and content of a thesis statement, tells BibTeX that the information stored here is about an article. Besides the entry types shown in a bibliography for a research paper the example ( article , book and misc ) there are a lot more, see the reference guide. einstein The label einstein is assigned to this entry, is an of a statement identifier that can be used to resume refer this article within the document. author = Albert Einstein, This is the first field in of a thesis statement the bibliography entry, indicates that the prisoner essay, author of this article is content of a thesis Albert Einstein. Nursing Student! Several comma-separated fields can be added using the same syntax key = value , for instance: title, pages, year, URL, etc. See the reference guide for a list of possible fields. The information in this file can later be used within a L a T e X document to include these references, as shown in of a thesis statement the next subsection. [edit] Adding the bibliography in the table of i write a bibliography for a paper contents. There are two ways of including the bibliography in the table of contents, either manually adding it or using the package tocbibind (recommended). To add it manually just insert the content of a thesis, next line right before the command begin or bibliography. for books and reports or. for articles. If you prefer to use tocbibind see the next example. Adding the line. to thesis the drinking age to 18 the preamble will print the References or Bibliography in the table of of a contents, depending on the document type.

Be careful, it will also add other elements like the essay revisor, Index, Glossary and list of Listings to the table of contents. For more information see [the tocbibind package documentation]. Standard entry types. article Article from a magazine or journal book A published book booklet A work that is printed but have no publisher or sponsoring institution conference An article in thesis a conference proceedings inbook A part of a book (section, chapter and so on) incollection A part of a book having its own title inproceedings An article in theory essay a conference proceedings manual Technical documentation masterthesis A Master's thesis misc Something that doesn't fit in any other type phdthesis A PhD thesis proceedings The same as conference techreport Report published by an institution unpublished Document not formally published, with author and title.

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Thesis Statements Content

How Burrowing Owls Lead To Vomiting Anarchists (Or SF’s Housing Crisis Explained) The Santa Clara Valley was some of the most valuable agricultural land in statement, the entire world, but it was paved over to create today’s Silicon Valley. This was simply the how do for a result of bad planning and content thesis statement, layers of leadership failure — nobody thinks farms literally needed to be destroyed to create the harry potter prisoner azkaban essay questions technology industry’s success. Today, the tech industry is content of a statement apparently on track to destroy one of the world’s most valuable cultural treasures, San Francisco, by pushing out the diverse people who have helped create it. At least that’s the how do i write research story you’ve read in hundreds of articles lately. It doesn’t have to be this way. But everyone who lives in the Bay Area today needs to thesis statement, accept responsibility for making changes where they live so that everyone who wants to thesis age to, be here, can. The alternative — inaction and self-absorption — very well could create the cynical elite paradise and middle-class dystopia that many fear.

I’ve spent time looking into the city’s historical housing and development policies. With the protests escalating again, I am pretty tired of seeing the content thesis statement city’s young and disenfranchised fight each other amid an prisoner questions extreme housing shortage created by 30 to content thesis, 40 years of NIMBYism (or “Not-In-My-Backyard-ism”) from the old wealth of the city and down from the peninsula suburbs. Here is a very long explainer. A Bibliography Paper! Sorry, this isn’t a shorter post or that I didn’t break it into 20 pieces. If you’re wondering why people are protesting you, how we got to this housing crisis, why rent control exists or why tech is even shifting to San Francisco in the first place, this is meant to provide some common points of understanding. This is a complex problem, and I’m not going to distill it into young, rich tech douchebags-versus-helpless old ladies facing eviction. There are many other places where you can read that story. It does us all no justice.

Homeowners have a strong economic incentive to content of a, restrict supply because it supports price appreciation of their own homes. It’s understandable. Many of them have put the bulk of on lowering the drinking age to 18, their net worth into their homes and statement, they don’t want to lose that. So they engage in the drinking age to 18, NIMBYism under the content thesis statement name of preservationism or environmentalism, even though denying in-fill development here creates pressures for sprawl elsewhere. They do this through hundreds of politically powerful neighborhood groups throughout San Francisco like the on lowering age to Telegraph Hill Dwellers. Then the rent-controlled tenants care far more about eviction protections than increasing supply. That’s because their most vulnerable constituents are paying rents that are so far below market-rate, that only an ungodly amount of construction could possibly help them. Plus, that construction wouldn’t happen fast enough — especially for elderly tenants. So we’re looking at as much as 80 percent of the city that isn’t naturally oriented to add to the housing stock. Oh, and content thesis statement, tech?

The industry is about 8 percent of San Francisco’s workforce. Then if you look at the cities down on the peninsula and in age to 18, the traditional heart of Silicon Valley, where home-ownership rates are higher, it’s even worse. The true culprit behind our housing problems: let us deflect blame to Mountain View’s burrowing owl! (Photo: Wikimedia Commons user Dori under a CC-by-SA 3.0 license) So the wealthy voting classes of the peninsula are also strangling themselves of housing too. The median rent in Mountain View is $2,700 compared to $3,400 in San Francisco, according to of a thesis, Zillow. Once you factor in the cost of owning a car — estimated at slightly more than $9,000 a year by the AAA — it’s not that much cheaper. If you look even closer to the Caltrain stations, rents go way up. The newly-opened Madera complex in downtown Mountain View rents out 1-bedroom units starting at $3,299 all the way up to 2-bedroom apartments at $8,000 per month. So one contributor to the tech industry’s spread into San Francisco is that the essay revisor peninsula cities are more than happy to vote for content statement, jobs, just not homes. 2) Why is the tech industry migrating to cities anyway? This is a demographic shift that is i write a bibliography research paper much larger than the technology industry itself — although there are some tech-specific reasons that have fueled a migration north from the content of a statement historic heart of Silicon Valley over the last 10 years.

This is what urbanist Alan Ehrenhalt calls “The Great Inversion,” a major shift where cities and suburbs have traded places over the last 30 to thesis the drinking age to, 40 years. As people marry later and employment becomes more temporal, young adults and affluent retirees are moving into the urban core, while immigrants and the less affluent are moving out. San Francisco’s population hit a trough around 1980, after steadily declining since the statement 1950s as the city’s socially conservative white and Irish-Catholic population left for the suburbs. The Best Writing Service! Into the vacuum of relatively cheaper rents they left behind, came the of a misfits, hippies and immigrants that fomented so many of San Francisco’s beautifully weird cultural and sexual revolutions. But that out-migration reversed around 1980, and the city’s population has been steadily rising for the last 30 years. This is how do i write a bibliography paper a phenomenon that’s happening to cities all over the United States. It’s happening in statement, Seattle, Atlanta, New York City, Boston and resume service, Washington.

D.C.: Its rapacious speed may even be accelerating. Witness hyper-gentrification in Brooklyn and Manhattan, or the “Shoreditch-ification” of London. People are getting married later and are living longer. Nearly 50 percent of content statement, Americans, or more than 100 million people are unmarried today, up from nursing student around 22 percent in 1950. The job market has changed as well. In 1978, the U.S.’s manufacturing employment peaked and the noise and grit of the blue-collar factories that once fueled the flight of the upper-middle-class disappeared. These vacant manufacturing warehouses turned into of a the live-work spaces and lofts that emerged in service, the 1980s and 1990s in cities like New York and San Francisco.

The concept of lifetime employment also faded. Today, San Francisco’s younger workers derive their job security not from any single employer but instead from a large network of weak ties that lasts from one company to the next. Content Of A Statement! The density of cities favors this job-hopping behavior more than the relative isolation of suburbia. There are also some tech industry-specific reasons too. The capital costs required to prisoner essay questions, found a company and launch a minimum viable product are much lower than a decade ago.

Startups also need fewer people, especially with the low distribution costs provided by platforms like Apple’s iOS app store or Facebook. So it’s easier for lots of small companies to find pockets of commercial real estate in the city for new offices. It’s also easier for VCs to fund an order of magnitude more experiments, even if the same proportion of of a thesis, them fails. The products that technology companies are making today are also different. In the 1970s, “Silicon Valley” literally meant making semiconductors in large fabs that required expensive equipment and clean rooms. But the big wave of the last decade has been social networking. And every notable consumer web or mobile product of this wave has been seeded through critical mass in the “analog” world. Facebook had university campuses. Snapchat had Southern California high schools. Foursquare had Lower Manhattan. Potter Prisoner Azkaban Questions! Twitter had San Francisco.

These products favor social density. An even newer generation of startups addresses distinctly urban questions. Airbnb exists because in content of a thesis statement, 2007, San Francisco didn’t have enough hotel capacity to house visitors in town for an industrial design conference. Uber exists because the nursing essay city’s taxi market was under-supplied with drivers and smartphones offered a new way of content thesis, summoning transportation on demand. Then there are very young startups like Campus, which is like a venture-backed communal living movement, Leap Transit, which is trying to shake up scheduled transport, or any of the companies out of Tumml, an essay revisor urban ventures incubator.

As tech workers have moved into cities, the industry has changed San Francisco’s culture and San Francisco has changed the technology industry. Nevertheless, while tech is of a thesis fueling San Francisco’s current boom and has helped cut the city’s unemployment rate by about half since 2010, this gentrification wave has been going on i write a bibliography for a research paper for decades longer than the word “dot-com” has existed. And it’s happening all over the country. So a great question of our time is how American cities handle this shift. Content Thesis! They have to do this in the face of global economic changes that are dividing our workforce into nursing student essay highly-skilled knowledge workers who are disproportionately benefiting from growth and lower-skilled service workers that are not seeing their wages rise at all. 3) OK, let’s build more housing! Y Combinator partner Garry Tan tweeted out a map the other week: Want to see why SF housing is of a statement so expensive? This is how do i write a bibliography for a paper a map of allowed building height. Yellow = 4 stories max. http://t.co/OgQ6JCId8I. Wouldn’t that be simple?

But it’s not that easy. While the real estate market is hot, developers are currently building 6,000 units. To go beyond that, you have to build political will. You have to win hearts and of a, minds. You have to make sure that people don’t get pushed out or left behind. Origins of SF’s cautious approach to essay revisor, growth are rooted in of a thesis, the freeway revolt and urban renewal struggles of the 1950s and on lowering the drinking age to 18, 1960s. San Francisco’s orientation towards growth control has 50 years of history behind it and of a statement, more than 80 percent of the city’s housing stock is either owner-occupied or rent controlled. The city’s height limits, its rent control and its formidable permitting process are all products of tenant, environmental and preservationist movements that have arisen and fallen over decades.

To this day, there’s distrust and harry prisoner azkaban essay, fear that the same thing will happen again, especially if it’s carried out by private developers. Advocacy group Causa Justa has been documenting this displacement through Census data, noting that the Mission has lost 1,400 Latino households while adding 2,900 white households between 1990 and 2011. In the same time period, Oakland lost 40 percent of its black residents. Anti-tech sentiment during the first dot-com boom. Content! (From FoundSF) During the first tech boom, there was the Mission Anti-Displacement Coalition, which pushed for a moratorium on i write for a research paper new market-rate housing and live-work lofts in the neighborhood. Of A! There were also more violent movements like The Yuppie Eradication Project, which slashed tires, keyed cars and motivation theory essay, broke windows. Throughout the years, these movements have found alliances with other neighborhood organizations, preservationist and environmental interests. To this day, 1972’s Transamerica Pyramid remains San Francisco’s tallest building.

It’s only in 2017 that a taller 1,070-foot tower anchored by content of a statement Salesforce will open. As political scientist and longtime San Francisco observer Richard DeLeon puts it: San Francisco has emerged as a “semi-sovereign city” — a city that imposes as many limits on capital as capital imposes on it. Mislabeled by some detractors as socialist or radical in the Marxist tradition, San Francisco’s progressivism is concerned with consumption more than production, residence more than workplace, meaning more than materialism, community empowerment more than class struggle. Its first priority is not revolution but protection — protection of the city’s environment, architectural heritage, neighborhoods, diversity, and overall quality of life from the radical transformations of turbulent American capitalism.

While we have to thank these movements for preserving so much of the land surrounding San Francisco and the city’s beautiful Victorians, one side effect is that the city has added an average of student, 1,500 units per year for the last 20 years. Meanwhile, the U.S. Thesis Statement! Census estimates that the harry potter prisoner essay city’s population grew by 32,000 people from 2010 to 2013 alone. Even today, you can see these factions engaging in behavior that might seem absurd in the context of a housing shortage. Exhibit A: Rich, Non-Tech People Trying To Downzone The Waterfront Amid An Acute Housing Crisis. On the ballot this June, is an initiative that will require voters to individually approve height limit exemptions for developments on the city’s waterfront. It jeopardizes three major projects including the content of a statement Warriors stadium (pictured below) and essay revisor, a plan to content thesis, turn Pier 70 into a mixed-use development with office space and apartments. Those developments are slated to deliver as much as 3,690 housing units and $124 million in affordable housing fees, according to a memo written by John Arntz, the director of the the best writing city’s department of elections. Content Of A Thesis Statement! This initiative is funded overwhelmingly by a non-tech couple named Barbara and Richard Stewart, who gave $75,000. (They did not reply to requests for comment.) It is overwhelmingly expected to pass, so even the mayor isn’t taking a position on it. “Would you like free ice cream San Francisco? ‘Why yes I would,’ ” is how one political consultant summed up Prop.

B’s voter appeal to the best service, John Cote at of a, the San Francisco Chronicle. “Why stand up against something where 60 to 70 percent are going to vote with the other side?” No. This is not free ice cream! The proposed Warriors stadium, which is in jeopardy along with 3,690 housing units because of a Waterfront Height Limits ballot initiative this summer. (From the NBA) Exhibit B: Protests Against New Housing Developments That Don’t Get Rid Of Any Existing Housing. You’ll also end up seeing demonstrations like this one at 16th and Mission, which protest a proposed 351-unit condominium development that replaces a Walgreens and a Burger King. I Write A Bibliography Paper! It does not remove any existing housing or directly displace anyone.

A coalition of Mission-based non-profits and activists demonstrating against a proposed 351-unit condominium development at 16th and content of a thesis, Mission. (From the Plaza16 Coalicion Facebook Page.) At face value, this might not make sense. On Lowering The Drinking! But there are a couple reasons that this happens. Thesis Statement! One is that gentrification raises the writing service gap between market-rate rents and rent-controlled rents, strengthening the financial incentive for landlords to evict longtime tenants. Unlike the wealthy waterfront NIMBYists, these communities are at risk of of a statement, being displaced. If they don’t speak up for themselves, who will? Look at Vida on Mission Street, which is a fancy new mixed-use building slated to open up next January (pictured below). The Vida project, which got green-lighted quickly through lots of collaboration with local Mission-based neighborhood groups. As Lauren Smiley wrote in San Francisco magazine last month, when developer Dean Givas wanted to build luxury condos in motivation, the heart of the content of a thesis Mission District, he bent over backward for motivation theory, local community groups to get the project quickly green-lighted. Over two years of thesis, negotiations with community groups, Givas agreed to buy a plot on nearby Shotwell Street for the city to develop 40 units of affordable housing, dwarfing the 14 units that would have been required within the Vida building.

He was already on the hook to pay $1.4 million in theory essay, city-mandated impact fees, yet the community got him to agree to much more. Statement! He donated $150,000 to a fund to help mom-and-pop Mission businesses—to be buoyed with a sales tax on future condo sales. Then, in what the motivation project’s attorney called an unprecedented move by a developer in the Mission, he donated $650,000 to 23 community groups, a strategy that drew sellout criticisms from purists in the nonprofit community and shakedown charges from pro-development forces worried that his philanthropic palm greasing would set a precedent. Next, Givas donated $1 million for the Texas-based Alamo Drafthouse Cinema chain to renovate the long-shuttered New Mission Theater next door into a five-screen dinner-and-a-movie cineplex. Content Thesis! The Texans agreed to hire 50 percent of its staff from the neighborhood and to let nonprofits host at-cost benefits at the facility. In principle, it’s fine to use the levers of writing, urban politics to statement, redistribute the wealth an economic boom creates in San Francisco. But these concessions are being negotiated housing development by essay housing development, which slows the content of a thesis statement city’s ability to produce housing — both market-rate and affordable — at scale. It’s a good first step, but…. 4) SF’s planning process is deliberately bureaucratic (or highly participatory!) for political reasons:

San Francisco’s construction permitting process (non-ironically written in Comic Sans). One of the things that makes housing development different in San Francisco compared to other major U.S. cities is that building permits are discretionary rather than as-of-right. In other cities, if a developer already matches the existing zoning and height restrictions of the city plan, they can get issued a permit relatively quickly. But for new housing developments in San Francisco, there’s a preliminary review, which takes six months. Then there are also chances for your neighbors to appeal your permit on either an entitlement or environmental basis.

The city also requires extensive public notice of proposed projects even if they already meet neighborhood plans, which have taken several years of deliberation to produce. Essay Revisor! Neighbors can appeal your project for something as insignificant as the shade of paint, although the city’s planning department and commission tries to content of a, get through minor appeals quickly. If those fail, neighborhood groups can also file a CEQA or environmental lawsuit under California state law, challenging the environment impact of the project. Perversely, CEQA lawsuits have been used to essay revisor, challenge a city plan to content of a, add 34 miles of bike lanes. Then if that fails, opponents can put a development directly on a citywide ballot with enough signatures. (Thanks, Hiram Johnson?) That’s what happened with the controversial 8 Washington luxury condo project last November even though it had already gone through eight years of deliberation. These barriers add unpredictable costs and years of thesis on lowering, delays for every developer, which are ultimately passed onto buyers and renters. It also means that developers have problems attracting capital financing in weaker economic years because of the political uncertainty around getting a project passed. The sophistication with which neighborhood groups wield San Francisco’s arcane land-use and zoning regulations for activist purposes is one of the very unique things about the city’s politics. But the city’s political leadership doesn’t want to change it, because it fears backlash from powerful neighborhood groups, which actually deliver votes. 5) Also, parts of the progressive community do not believe in of a thesis, supply and theory, demand. Yeah, I was surprised by this.

“We can’t build our way to affordability,” is a common refrain. Tim Redmond, who used to edit the San Francisco Bay Guardian, even suggested today that the government should take 60 percent of the city’s housing off the private market over the next 20 years. (I have no idea how you would fund this.) Why the private market can never solve SF’s housing crisis http://t.co/7vI2VPoV2r. Several activists also sent me this paper, authored by Calvin Welch, of the Council of of a statement, Community Housing Organizations. Admirably, Welch has been fighting for affordable housing in San Francisco for the last forty years and for a research, is part of the politically powerful Haight Ashbury Neighborhood Council, which has seen that neighborhood through, well, everything. But this paper conflates correlation with causation. He argues that when there is a decline in new housing units, there is also a decline in price. Namely, he points to content, 2001 and 2002, while brushing off the mega-gigantic-enormous confounding variable of the dot-com bust and essay, a regional recession. 6) OK, clarification: Affordable housing advocates would support development if it had a meaningful share of below-market-rate units. So I met Welch and he made good points. (He’s been working on this for nearly forty years.)

His organization, the Council of statement, Community Housing Organizations, argues that raw, additional construction will not make housing more affordable to working-class or lower-income San Franciscans. Left to its own devices, the essay revisor market will only produce housing that chases the very richest buyers. In a time of rising inequality, those market-rate units are increasingly out of reach, even for middle-class San Franciscans. He points to tables like this one, which shows San Francisco’s residential housing pipeline for the last quarter of 2013. Under state mandate, each city has a ‘Regional Housing Need’ allocation or RHNA. In San Francisco, the market is content of a producing almost double the number of housing units for student, people with ‘Above Moderate’ incomes, or 120 percent of the area’s median income, as the RHNA says it needs to build. So affordable housing advocates say that developers should be required to have a higher percentage of thesis, below-market-rate units built. The issue with inclusionary housing is that construction costs are so high in San Francisco — calculated here to be nearly $500,000 for an 800-foot square unit — that affordable housing requires generous public subsidies.

The Mayor’s Office of Housing and Community Development says there are 1,759 units of affordable housing that are currently being built or preserved at a cost of $824.5 million. About $274.1 million of that funding is coming from the essay revisor city, and the remaining $550.3 million has to content thesis statement, come from how do i write for a paper somewhere else. The federal and state government used to of a thesis, help with this, but their assistance has dropped off dramatically since the 1980s. (Cuts to the federal Housing and harry potter questions, Urban Development department budget under the Reagan administration coincided with the rise of urban homelessness in San Francisco.) 2,800 people applied to live in this 60-unit affordable housing building at content thesis, 474 Natoma. Also, inclusionary housing has its own trade-offs. Motivation! It can pass on the costs of building below-market-rate units to market-rate buyers, cutting out of a units that would be affordable to middle-class buyers. Hence, another reason for the disappearance of the San Francisco’s middle-class. You’ll see in the table above that the market is essay revisor mostly producing housing for ‘above moderate’ incomes, then some ‘low income’ housing units, but hardly anything for ‘moderate incomes.’ The lack of thesis, options for middle-class San Franciscans in turn feeds the two-tier systems that we’re seeing in transportation with MUNI-versus-Uber and in essay revisor, education, where 30 percent of the city’s students go to private schools at $30,000 per content statement year while the public school system will see almost all of its enrollment growth coming from public housing over the next three decades. The magic ratio is hard to find and it constantly shifts, depending on the state of the housing market and construction costs. 7) Yet we’re arguing over essay, shades of gray. Sorry, supply and demand still totally matter.

More construction probably won’t make prices go down , but it will prevent them from skyrocketing as much as they would otherwise. If you look at this Trulia study examining housing production since 1990 and prices in 10 of the U.S.’s biggest tech hubs, you’ll see that San Francisco had the highest median prices per square foot and had the content of a thesis statement lowest number of essay revisor, new construction permits per 1,000 units between 1990 and 2013. There are also many long-term studies like this one or this one or this one from economists like Edward Glaeser of Harvard University and thesis, Joseph Gyourko at the University of Pennsylvania examining the impact of land-use restrictions and age to, zoning on U.S. Content Of A! home prices in desirable areas like Boston, New York and Coastal California since 1950. But in places where zoning regulations create artificial limits on home production, the on lowering 18 final prices to home buyers jump far above construction costs. In the 1980s and 1990s, they found that virtually all of of a statement, San Francisco’s home prices were at least 140 percent above base construction costs. You can also look at historical housing production levels in New York City and California. Manhattan was permitting more than 11,000 units each year during the postwar boom years between 1955 and essay revisor, 1964.

But between 1980 and 1999, the content of a New York City borough was permitting just an average of potter essay questions, 3,120 units per year. Between 1970 and 2000, the median price of a Manhattan housing unit increased by of a thesis 284 percent in constant dollars. Similarly, California once accounted for one of harry potter prisoner essay questions, every five building permits issued in the U.S. during the 1960s. That construction rate slowed down, and real housing prices in statement, the state have increased by 385 percent from essay revisor 1970 to 2010. Here’s a similar historical chart for of a thesis statement, San Francisco housing production. It’s as if both cities reacted 10 or 20 years late — long after the Great Inversion started and before anybody had any idea about how big or transformative this suburban-urban migration would become. This issue is profound.

Regional economic booms normally benefit all workers by creating more jobs throughout the economy — supporting locally-owned businesses and bringing in more tax revenue for public services. Even if most people don’t have tech jobs in the Bay Area, they would get many more opportunities than if there was, say, no economic growth. The point is that if the essay revisor entire Bay Area had a more elastic housing supply, it would not only make living affordable for most people, it would allow a far larger portion of the population to find jobs and do things like save or spend money instead of moving somewhere distant and spending their money on driving, or even being unemployed. But in San Francisco, that spillover effect is much smaller. Content Statement! This is in a bibliography, no small part because so much of our incomes end up going toward housing costs.

The city’s economist Ted Egan estimates that each San Francisco tech job likely creates somewhere slightly north of two extra jobs, not five. San Francisco’s city economist, Ted Egan, argues above that the tech industry and its spillover effects have been responsible for content thesis statement, virtually all of the essay city’s job growth since 2010. Still, the content thesis statement multiplier effect in San Francisco at slightly more than 2 jobs created for every single tech job, is much lower than the 5-to-1 ratio UC Berkeley economist Enrico Moretti calculated nationwide. Motivation Theory! Housing costs dampen the spillovers since people end up spending so much more on rent and of a statement, mortgages. However, it’s hard to have even basic debates over modest increases in essay revisor, the housing supply here because of this ideological dispute. 8) 1978 and 1979: Proposition 13 and content thesis, Rent Control. I keep coming back to the late 1970s because both the city of San Francisco and the state of California made choices that have had enduring impacts on harry essay housing to this day.

If San Francisco seems torn apart by class war today, the city was in profound agony in of a, 1978. A charismatic, religious leader named Jim Jones had won the favor of the best writing service, city’s political elite and helped deliver the content of a mayorship to thesis on lowering the drinking 18, George Moscone. Amid emerging allegations of physical abuse, Jones and hundreds of his followers defected from San Francisco to Guyana, where he sought to build a utopia. Instead, he convinced more than 900 of his followers, including mothers and content of a thesis, infants, to age to 18, ingest cyanide mixed with punch in a mass suicide. It was an of a thesis statement enormous tragedy for potter, the city; nearly every family in content statement, the black Fillmore district knew someone they had lost in Jonestown. Then, just nine days later, there was a double blow. Essay! Supervisor Dan White murdered mayor Moscone and gay political icon Harvey Milk in content statement, the heart of San Francisco’s beaux-arts City Hall. Tens of thousands of grief-stricken people marched down Market Street in a candlelight vigil. It was into this chaos that Dianne Feinstein, who had recently been widowed after her husband passed away from colon cancer, stepped into thesis on lowering the drinking power and assumed mayorship. The broader U.S. economic picture was not great.

Inflation shot from of a thesis 9 percent at the time Feinstein became mayor to 13.3 percent a year later as the Iranian revolution triggered another energy crisis. Nursing! Gas lines formed once again around stations throughout the country — again, prompting another cultural re-consideration of suburban ideal. Earlier in the summer of content statement, 1978, a cantankerous former small-town newspaper publisher named Howard Jarvis led a “taxpayer revolt” as property prices were soaring, threatening to throw home owners out of their homes because of rising tax bills. Jarvis’ idea was to essay revisor, cap property taxes at 1 percent of their assessed value and to prevent them from rising by of a statement more than 2 percent each year until the property was sold again and its taxes were reset at a new market value. Howard Jarvis launched the taxpayer revolt that got Proposition 13 passed, capping property taxes for a bibliography for a research paper, homeowners. One argument that Jarvis used to of a, rally tenant support for how do i write a bibliography paper, Proposition 13, was that he promised that landlords would pass on of a thesis their tax savings to renters. They didn’t. The Best Resume! They pocketed the savings for themselves. Tenants were furious, and rent control movements erupted in at least a dozen cities throughout California, from Berkeley to Santa Monica. San Francisco might have gone a different way, but Angelo Sangiacomo was the alleged trigger.

The Italian-American landlord, who was born and content of a, raised in the Richmond District, demanded across-the-board rent increases of nursing essay, 25 to 65 percent in seventeen hundred apartments in March of 1979. Amid the outrage, Feinstein pushed for a 60-day rent freeze that would ward off the rise of a tenant-backed mayoral challenger. Both policies have had far-reaching and unanticipated ripple effects. Overnight, California’s property tax revenues fell by almost 60 percent, and content, the state had to make emergency allocations from a surplus that year to keep services afloat. Because the state’s K-12 schools are financed largely by the best resume service property taxes, California’s spending per student fell from content of a thesis statement 5th in the nation in the mid-1960s to 50th in this decade. Without the ability to service, rely as heavily on property taxes, city governments throughout the state had to favor office and retail development over housing in order to boost sales taxes. It may have even accelerated the homogeny of suburbs as smaller city governments had to of a statement, cut deals to attract “big box” retailers to boost sales tax revenue, crowding out theory essay independently-run stores.

It also created a lock-in effect as California property values soared, creating a bigger gap in property taxes on newly-sold properties and ones that homeowners had held onto for a long time. That rigidity further enhanced the political power that NIMBY-ist homeowners accumulated in suburban city councils throughout the content state. Proposition 13’s legacy? Owners of this Presidio Heights home, which just closed at a price of essay revisor, $5,125,000 earlier this week, had been paying around $2,885 in annual property taxes. The home’s new taxes should be around $60,885.

San Francisco’s 60-day rent control ordinance also stuck around, and thesis statement, it was subsequently strengthened through the following decades. The maximum allowable annual rent increase went from 7 percent to 4 percent in mid-1980s and then to a fraction of the inflation rate set by the Rent Board in 1992. Because both Proposition 13 and rent control insulate homeowners and rent-controlled tenants from dramatic tax or rent increases when the market undersupplies housing, they undermined political will for building homes. Both of these policies were enacted just as the “Great Inversion” started. 9) Rent control’s impact on the city’s housing stock and politics is more complex than any basic economics textbook would suggest. Rent control is a naturally divisive topic in essay revisor, the tech community. Progressives view it as a sacred right that protects the remnants of a working- and middle-class in the city. Content Thesis Statement! “It’s a non-renewable resource,” Erin McElroy, who is part of the Anti-Eviction Mapping Project, explained to me. But the tech community is i write research paper both socially liberal and market-oriented, with more than 90 percent of political donations from Apple and Google employees going to of a thesis, Barack Obama in the last election. So price controls in the name of community stability and motivation theory, equity just makes people’s brains explode.

Some influential tech leaders will be supportive (and, as I said, Conway and Benioff back Ellis Act reform). Then there are others, like venture capitalist Marc Andreessen, who has been vocal against rent control on Twitter. Stop SF evictions. Stop the Ellis act. http://t.co/sWk21dAvzj. Just know that it covers around 75 percent of the city’s rental housing stock.

If the Google Bus protests were centered on 216 Ellis Act evictions in the last Rent Board year, you could imagine what would happen if you broached the topic of rent control. Want to alienate about half of content of a, San Francisco? Have fun. Yes, rent control is a blunt instrument of income re-distribution in motivation theory, an increasingly unequal world. It is not means-tested, meaning anyone from well-salaried, white-collar workers to very low-income residents can benefit from it. It also forces a number of small-time, mom-and-pop landlords to individually subsidize someone else’s cost of living in content of a, the city. It creates two classes of tenants — one that is very legally protected and another that is not.

For market-rate tenants, there is no law compelling their landlords to motivation, give them as much as $44,842 in relocation expenses under new city legislation like they will for Ellis Act evictees if they raise rents beyond what they can afford. But tenants activists see San Francisco’s rent-controlled housing stock as a vital public good that gives middle-income residents a foothold in content statement, the city. And while the make-up of the city’s rent-controlled hasn’t been studied in more than a decade, it likely contains less-wealthy San Franciscans on average than the market-rate units do. In studies of other cities where rent control unexpectedly ended via a change in state law like Cambridge, Massachusetts, tenants in i write a bibliography paper, these apartments had lower incomes than those of market-rate renters. San Francisco’s version of rent control also does not apply to buildings constructed after 1979, so it shouldn’t dis-incentivize developers from producing new units. Instead, a lot of other factors are constricting supply. That said, I do think it undermines the political will that would otherwise exist for building more housing. 10) So a highly-restricted housing supply + rising demand + a volatile local economy prone to content of a, booms and busts + strict rent control without vacancy control = Eviction crisis every decade!

San Francisco’s version of on lowering age to 18, rent control lacks vacancy controls, which means landlords can re-set rents at whatever the market will bear when new rent-controlled tenants move in. The logic is that with vacancy controls, landlords won’t invest in maintaining their properties. But the flipside is that the landlord also has a strong financial incentive to evict longstanding tenants who are paying below-market rates. So every decade during a boom, there is a tragic, elderly face for the story of displacement. This past year, it was Gum Gee Lee and Poon Heung Lee, the elderly Chinese-American couple with a mentally disabled daughter who were evicted last fall from their home of thesis statement, 34 years. But back in the 1990s, there was Lola McKay. A year after her eviction fight started, McKay died alone in on lowering the drinking 18, her Mission apartment of 42 years at age 83 in of a thesis statement, 2000. It sucks. I sat in a high school gym in the Tenderloin full of terrified elderly and harry azkaban essay, disabled people at the citywide tenant convention. During every real-estate boom, no-fault evictions — typically of rent-controlled tenants — tick or skyrocket upwards. (From an October 2013 memo to thesis, city supervisor David Campos.)

At the heart of the Google Bus protests are a specific kind of eviction called an Ellis Act eviction. There are 16 types of evictions, eight of which are considered “For Cause” and another eight which are considered “No Fault.” The Ellis Act is one of essay revisor, these. While it’s hard to fight a surge in other kinds of no-fault evictions like “Owner Move-In” evictions, the tenants movement has a stronger moral upper hand with the of a statement Ellis Act. That’s because the law, which was passed in 1985, was explicitly designed to essay revisor, let landlords go out of business . Tenants activists say that the content thesis statement Ellis Act is instead abused by essay revisor real estate speculators, who evict their tenants, turn these rent-controlled apartments into tenancies-in-common and sell them at a profit.

They point to a list of a “Dirty Dozen” landlords, who are the worst serial Ellis Act evictors. One of them is Urban Green Investments, which is content of a thesis statement evicting 98-year-old Mary Elizabeth Phillips and Balboa High School teacher Sarah Brant, who live up my street. Phillips moved to the city in the late 1930s as a war bride and moved into this 1950s-era apartment building on Dolores Street, across the way from what is now a huge apartment complex containing a brand-new bottom-floor Whole Foods Market. Her last day was supposed to be six days ago on April 8. But she’s still there, at essay, least until the content thesis sheriff receives a court order to take action. At 98, she has nowhere to go. 98-year-old Mary Elizabeth Phillips and Balboa High School teacher Sarah Brant are being evicted from their apartments in how do for a research paper, the Mission District by content Urban Green Investments.

Phillips’ last day was supposed to be six days ago. She doesn’t have anywhere to go and doesn’t have enough money to essay revisor, afford current market-rate rents in San Francisco. Brant, her neighbor, helps care for her. (From VanishingSF) The city government is trying to respond as quickly as it can, but it can only do so much because the Ellis Act is state law. Earlier this week, city supervisor David Campos, who represents the other part of the thesis Mission, pushed legislation through the Board of Supervisors that would raise compensation for Ellis Act evictees. It’s going from essay $5,200 per tenant to the difference between the tenant’s current rent and the market-rate rent for a comparable apartment over two years. At current rates, this would be more than $44,832 for a two-bedroom apartment. They’re trying to change the content of a thesis law at harry prisoner azkaban essay questions, the state level too. Mark Leno, who represents San Francisco in the California State Senate, also introduced a bill that would require landlords to hold a property for five years before invoking the Ellis Act to evict tenants. Content! It just passed the resume writing Senate Transportation and Housing Committee earlier this week. 12) Fuck, this is content complicated.

Anti-tech sentiment becomes a catalyst. But the thesis the drinking age to Google Bus protests worked. — Jessica Kwong (@JessicaGKwong) April 1, 2014. They were a media sensation. They tapped into this inchoate sense of frustration around everything from rising income inequality to privacy to content, surveillance to the environmental impact of the hardware we buy to a dubious sense that today’s leading technology companies aren’t living up to the best resume service, their missions of not being evil.

“The we-hate-tech-workers is mostly a media narrative,” said organizer Fred Sherburn-Zimmer. “It’s not about that. It’s about income disparity. Thesis Statement! It’s about speculators using high-income workers to displace communities.” Sherburn-Zimmer acknowledged that the a bibliography for a paper bus protests were a tactic. But she said, without them, the movement wouldn’t have been able to content, get 500 people to nursing student, march in Sacramento for Ellis Act reform. She also said that the support of Conway, the advocacy group he founded called sf.citi and other tech companies will be invaluable in of a, turning votes on the peninsula to get Leno’s bill moving. Essay Revisor! It just passed the Senate Transportation and Housing Committee this week. So the protests will keep going, because they are what keep Leno’s bill and Ellis Act reform in the news. (Don’t take it too personally. You can blame us — the media — for content thesis, finding protests against globally-recognized brands like Google much sexier than protests against individual Mountain View city council members.) 13) Who are the essay revisor protesters and what do they want? Hundreds still marching in the mission to demand no more evictions of content statement, #SF teachers.

Going bldg to bldg under threat. pic.twitter.com/ApHZ4ljxwN. — David Zlutnick (@DavidZlutnick) April 12, 2014. Like the tech community itself, the research activist community is pretty heterogeneous. Of A! There are groups like Causa Justa, which focuses on Latino and black communities. The are housing focused groups like the nursing Housing Rights Committee and others affiliated with the thesis statement San Francisco Tenants Union.

There are efforts like the nursing student Anti-Eviction Mapping Project, which is of a thesis asking San Franciscans to boycott renting at places where Ellis Act evictions have happened. McElroy, who is crammed into writing a two-bedroom, non-rent-controlled apartment with four other people in Bernal Heights, built it along with other tech workers including Kelsey Gilmore-Innis, Sasha Magee and Silvia Amtmann. She’s been leading many of the protests several times a week at different real estate offices, Google Bus stops and homes where long-time tenants are being evicted. The broad point here is statement that while tech-fueled economic growth can be good, gentrification carries enormous and often tragic costs for a bibliography, certain individuals and content statement, communities. If those costs aren’t being recognized by a purely market-based system, then the political system should rectify it. “We implore tech to start talking to us. Come out into harry potter azkaban questions the streets with us. Of A Statement! I don’t think it occurs to theory essay, people that they can be a body too.

People live in bubbles here,” McElroy said. “If you’re scared, what does that compare to people who are being forced out of their homes?” But there are times when it can just get weird or borderline disturbing. The Counterforce left creepy flyers at Kevin Rose’s house demanding $3 billion for an anarchist utopia and showed up one morning at the Berkeley home of Google engineering manager Anthony Levandowski. While McElroy communicates with The Counterforce, they are a separate group with different tactics. And it often feels like protests meant to stir meaningful discussion about thesis income inequality, gentrification and housing veer off into misguided anger or hatred. At an anti-eviction protest on Friday, hundreds of people marched through the essay revisor streets of the Mission with a brass band. It was totally non-violent, with lots of content of a thesis statement, children, parents, teachers and seniors singing and shouting.

Lowell High School senior Natalia Arguello-Inglis took the theory microphone and of a, said, “We can’t blindly hate on the techies and yuppies. Who are we to judge who can come into this city and who can not? Gentrification is not going to potter prisoner azkaban questions, go away. But we can work with the people who are causing it.” But there was also one ‘Tech = Death’ sign in a visual reference to early 1990s anti-AIDS documentary ‘Silence = Death’ and a few other people carried pictures of Jack Halprin, the Google lawyer who is evicting multiple tenants from his house on content of a thesis statement Guerrero Street. Following the protests, a Business Insider reporter named Kyle Russell also had Google Glass ripped off his face and essay, smashed.

Three protests so far have also individually targeted Google employees, including Kevin Rose, who came home to thesis, a large banner and flyers reading “Kevin Rose Parasite” (pictured below). Also, a protester climbed on top of a Yahoo bus at the MacArthur station and vomited on how do i write a bibliography it. Randy Shaw, who houses low-income San Franciscans in 1,600 units under the non-profit Tenderloin Housing Clinic, calls this backlash a new form of nativism. When he moved here in the late 1970s, he remembered straight residents making the same complaints about an influx of content of a statement, gays into the Castro or a flood of Latino immigrants into what was a largely Irish-American Mission District a generation ago. “…the war on essay tech workers—as opposed to tech companies or policies— is not really a “class war.” Rather, it is about one group of predominately white people complaining about a similar demographic group that likes many of the same restaurants, bars, street festivals, and Samba classes that they do—but who makes more money.” He points out that many of the union-affiliated protesters blasting Twitter in front of the company’s headquarters are simultaneously requesting budget increases from the mayor’s office, which is content thesis statement largely possible because of the tech-fueled economic boom. In other cases, it feels like activists are misusing state laws to make a point. Several groups spent eight hours at i write a bibliography research paper, the Board of Supervisors meeting earlier this month challenging the city’s decision not to put the new tech commuter shuttle pilot program under environmental review via CEQA. Of A! This is even though the questions buses take cars off the road for as many as 4,000 commuters every day. They argued that displacement of content, existing communities should be counted as an environmental impact of the how do for a research shuttle program.

The Board of Supervisors disagreed, voting 8-2 to of a thesis, uphold the exemption. “We’re not saying no buses,” Sherburn-Zimmer said. “We’re saying that there are consequences that happen when these buses move into the neighborhood.” Certainly, charging $1 per use of prisoner azkaban essay questions, a public bus stop is low when the regular MUNI fare is $2. But under California Proposition 218, the transportation agency is not allowed to create a revenue-generating program. So the program can only pay for its $1.7 million in content thesis statement, costs now. But the activists aren’t happy with that. “Google never came to us and asked us what we would like to see,” McElroy said. “We are not into backdoor deal-making with politicians.” Also, none of this — the increased eviction protections, the a bibliography for a paper push to content of a thesis, stall the how do a bibliography research paper shuttle program under CEQA, Ellis Act reform — amounts to content, massive, systems-level change.

It protects long-time residents who are already here, but it doesn’t make San Francisco affordable or available to future middle- or working-class residents. The activists know this. “We’re playing fastball right now,” McElroy said. “These are Band-Aid solutions.” Indeed, this is politics! 14) So complicated! What are compromises that have actually worked?

Normally, city policy makers favor constructing housing where there are no pre-existing units because new housing is harry azkaban essay questions generally less affordable than old housing. Content Of A! But because we are a city that has been built out since the 1950s, we have very little unused space left. One project that could point the way is essay Trinity Plaza at 8th and Mission. Content Of A Statement! It’s a 1,900-unit complex that came about through an agreement in the best resume service, 2005 between the statement unlikeliest of allies. Trinity Plaza in 1962. Described as “San Francisco’s new, luxurious, fully air conditioned 400 room motor hotel.” Eric Fischer/Flickr.

On one side was the infamous “Father of Rent Control” Sangiacomo. Trinity was a rundown 1960s-era motel that ended up being turned into an apartment building with 360 rent-controlled units. When Sangiacomo originally proposed re-developing the area, it stirred up progressive opposition led by Daly and theory, a two-year political battle ensued. It was a big win. Longtime residents weren’t displaced and got brand-new homes at near their old rent, plus the city got to provide many more homes to other San Franciscans. 15) What is the city government doing? If you can see any possible silver lining in being antagonized every day in protests, it’s that the thesis city government will be really, really, really focused on harry prisoner azkaban essay questions housing. A lot of things that weren’t considered politically possible for years are happening now. The Board of Supervisors was able to pass a bill to legalize in-law units, which can be anything from garages to attics that have illegally housed tens of thousands of San Franciscans for decades in content statement, a shadow housing market.

They also voted to increase Ellis Act relocation compensation, although landlords represented by the San Francisco Apartment Association say they are considering a lawsuit to challenge this. The mayor doubled the city’s downpayment assistance program to first-time home buyers to $200,000. The mayor pledged to build or rehabilitate 30,000 units in the best resume service, the next six years, with one-third of those being permanently affordable to lower and moderate-income families. He also convened a working group representing more than 75 different interests that will come up with solutions to the housing crisis. You can read different ideas for solving the housing crisis here from SPUR, the of a thesis San Francisco Housing Action Coalition or the Council of motivation theory essay, Community Housing Organizations. Content Statement! There is essay revisor no silver bullet in any of these. It’s a hard problem. Lee, Leno and others are collaborating on thesis statement this Ellis Act bill in the state legislature. They’re also working on using city-owned land for essay revisor, affordable housing developments. Of A Thesis! Ahead of all these protests, Lee also got voters to pass an motivation Affordable Housing Trust Fund back in 2012.

But any projects from content of a thesis statement it are also likely to be mired in essay revisor, that crazy planning process. 16) What is the content of a thesis tech industry doing? Ron Conway is asking tech CEOs across the nursing essay industry to speak up in favor of of a thesis statement, Ellis Act reform, which would help longtime tenants at essay revisor, risk of no-fault evictions stay in their rent-controlled units. Of A Statement! Google also gave $6.8 million as a temporary source of funding for a MUNI program that gives free rides to low-income youth. In March, the company also opened a Bay Area Impact Challenge, which will grant $5 million to 25 Bay Area non-profits. Two weeks ago, they also funded all of the Bay Area projects on Donors Choose, which is a platform where teachers can list projects that they need funding for the best resume, in their classrooms. Content Of A! The amount was roughly $600,000 for thesis 18, 600 area projects.

Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff also challenged tech industry workers to raise $10 million in of a thesis statement, the next 60 days for anti-poverty organizations. Google was also a founding partner in the effort, called the Tipping Point SF Gives fund, with a $1 million donation. Just a few days ago, Benioff and his wife also gave a second $100 million to the UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital and its affiliate, the Children’s Hospital Research Center in Oakland. 18! The mayor and sf.citi have been brokering meetings between tech companies like Jawbone, Pinterest, Airbnb and non-profits like the YMCA, the Tenderloin Housing Clinic and content of a thesis, the Mission Economic Development Agency. Jawbone CEO Hosain Rahman and YMCA San Francisco CEO Chuck Collins co-authored a piece outlining a “One City” strategy today. Airbnb is now remitting San Francisco’s 14 percent hotel occupancy tax. Then there are lots of other efforts (and I can’t remember them all), like Zendesk’s and city’s new mobile site for homeless services called LinkSF. Motivation Theory! Square, which has been doing trash clean-ups every Friday on content thesis statement the streets of Mid-Market for more than a year, starting hiring security guards with equity instead of contracting this work out to other companies. There was a Hacktivation for the Homeless, where developers donated their time to build projects requested by local non-profits.

Consider these things just a start. 17) What about this “Twitter tax break” that the student unions say is thesis costing the city $56 million? There is a ton of theory, anger at the tech industry over thesis, two tax exclusions that were passed in 2011. David Campos, the essay revisor city supervisor who represents the Mission, recently called for content, a hearing on the so-called “Twitter tax break.” (Not so coincidentally, he is currently running to represent San Francisco in the California state assembly against David Chiu.) It’s a complicated issue if you look into it. Yes, San Francisco is an extremely desirable place and it has more leverage than most cities in the entire country to squeeze corporations for additional taxes or concessions. But those taxes can’t be so out of line with neighboring cities that companies just move one city south, leaving San Francisco with the same housing problems but nothing in business tax revenue to show for it. This is one reason for why the biotechnology industry has historically been centered in South San Francisco with companies like Genentech, even though San Francisco is home to UCSF, one of the best medical schools and research facilities in the world. At the time that the city passed both exclusions, San Francisco was the only city in the state of California to derive all of potter prisoner questions, its business tax revenue from thesis payrolls and one of the how do a bibliography for a paper few in the nation that taxed employee stock options. So this uncapped, unpredictable tax liability that could stretch into tens of millions of dollars was a huge reason to leave even though Twitter’s leadership wanted to stay.

At the content of a statement same time, San Francisco’s unemployment rate was north of 8 percent at thesis on lowering age to 18, that time, so the city’s priority was to create jobs. The Mid-Market payroll tax exclusion (a.k.a. Of A Thesis! “Twitter tax break”) will be a moot point by 2018 when the city shifts entirely to a gross receipts tax. The new @twitter HQ sign is an nursing student essay homage to of a thesis, the civic importance of its predecessor. Here’s old vs new. pic.twitter.com/XNF3Lurwbs. The Mid-Market payroll tax exclusion, was created with Twitter in mind in 2011 to incentivize companies to stay in San Francisco and harry potter prisoner azkaban essay, move to a part of Market Street that had 30 percent storefront vacancy rates. The point was to create a tech cluster that would generate meaningful tax revenues over the long-run through an content of a thesis statement estimated $54 million over 20 years and boost economic activity in the area. The exclusion was available to all companies with more than $250,000 in payrolls that moved there. Twitter was the resume service anchor, and it moved its headquarters to a Shorenstein-owned SF Mart building that had been vacant for five years.

Companies like Zendesk, Spotify and One Kings Lane also joined the program and got a break from the city’s 1.5 percent payroll tax on additional headcount for up to content thesis statement, six years if they moved to motivation, Mid-Market. In 2012, this amounted to $1.9 million in foregone taxes on content of a thesis statement $126.8 million in payroll expenses. Because these companies had more than $1 million in payroll expenses, they also had to create ‘Community Benefit Agreements’ that documented how they’re giving back to the community through donations and a bibliography for a, volunteership. While the advisory committee overseeing the program loves IPO candidate Zendesk, its members are frustrated with Twitter and other companies for being too vague on commitments or not even showing up to meetings. Then, the whole payroll tax was subsequently reformed or scrapped by voters the following year through Proposition E in favor of a tax on gross receipts that’s starting to be phased in. The argument was that payroll taxes penalize job creation.

On top of that, the city was only collecting the payroll taxes from less than 10 percent of the roughly 100,000 registered companies in of a thesis statement, the city at that time. A gross receipts tax focuses on student essay revenues; it’s generally good for thesis, service businesses like restaurants and pre-revenue companies that could scale quickly like tech startups. The Best Writing Service! The city used to charge either the greater of content statement, a gross receipts tax or a payroll tax, but the California state court system ruled that this was illegal after companies like Eastman Kodak and General Motors sued the city of Los Angeles for the same practice more than a decade ago. Essay Revisor! The city had tried to shift from statement a payroll tax to a gross receipts tax before, but the measure didn’t pass until 2012. So this whole tax break that people are screaming about will be a moot point by 2018, when the gross receipts tax is fully baked in for everyone. And if San Francisco is able to convince tech companies to stay instead of moving down south to the peninsula, and one of writing, them turns into a Facebook, Oracle or Google-sized company, the of a thesis city will be able to capture a percentage of what will be billions of essay revisor, dollars in annual revenues. The city said today that the program had already helped generate $8.4 million in property and real estate transfer taxes, attracted 18 tech companies and convinced 17 small businesses to open on the street.

The Mid-Market payroll tax exclusion zone. Companies that move to this area receive a break from the content of a thesis 1.5 percent payroll tax until 2017. Harry Potter Essay Questions! By 2018, the of a thesis city will be fully shifted over into a gross receipts tax, however. The employee stock options tax is the one that cuts to the best service, the heart of a broad inequality debate. There was a second temporary tax exemption that was passed in 2011 that focused on employee stock options and was created to retain pre-IPO companies in San Francisco like Zynga, Twitter and Zendesk. Content Of A Thesis Statement! TechCrunch covered it back in 2011 and on lowering the drinking age to, it should also be over-ridden by the shift to content thesis statement, gross receipts taxes. This is the one that is more controversial in the context of the broader inequality debate. James Temple, who now works at Re/Code, wrote a piece for the San Francisco Chronicle last fall saying that this tax break cost the city $34 million on top of the projected $22 million in the best writing, foregone revenue from the content of a Mid-Market program.

This is how do a bibliography for a where this $56 million figure keeps coming from, even though if Twitter had moved, the city wouldn’t have seen any of it. Thesis! It’s phantom money. Paying $56 million to San Francisco-versus-paying business taxes in other neighboring Silicon Valley cities. (From a 2011 Budget and Legislative Analyst memo.) At the time it was passed, San Francisco was one of the harry potter prisoner azkaban few cities in the nation to tax employee stock options and it included them as part of the 1.5 percent payroll tax. The controller’s office also found that San Francisco had a higher propensity to lose businesses to other locales than Santa Clara, San Mateo, Alameda, or Contra Costa counties.

The city government studied more than a dozen San Francisco-based IPOs since 1997, and found that no single company paid more than $685,000 in taxes on employee stock options in content thesis, any one year. So they capped the employee stock options tax at prisoner azkaban essay questions, $750,000 for content of a statement, pre-IPO companies on equity granted before a public offering. The city’s leadership made a choice to retain startups as they matured into growth companies, keep those jobs and then earn taxes on gross receipts later. Yet I can see how witnessing hundreds of early Twitter employees become millionaires overnight would be aggravating to San Franciscans who are feeling squeezed or who feel like public services aren’t adequately supported. A lot of other VCs and founders are also digesting Thomas Piketty’s new book, “Capital in harry potter azkaban questions, the 21st Century.” With more than 200 years of data, it chronicles an inexorable rise in inequality that was punctuated in the middle of the 20th century by the Great Depression and World War II followed by 30 years of evenly-spread prosperity. Ultimately, it advocates a globally-coordinated tax on wealth. The keyword there is coordinated . If this issue re-emerges again in content thesis statement, San Francisco (and it will), you’d have to make sure that the motivation theory proposed solutions don’t end up driving away jobs or growth-stage companies. The previous employee stock options tax was poorly-designed in the context of what neighboring cities were doing — which is nothing. Moreover, it’s a highly volatile source of content statement, tax revenue.

No one had any idea that Twitter’s IPO would go so well, or that Zynga’s would go so terribly. You’d either have to design something less punitive compared to neighboring cities or create something that is coordinated with the rest of Silicon Valley. If not, there are plenty of ways that the tech boom is supporting city coffers. Resume Writing! At an annual $7.9 billion, the city’s current budget is more than $1.5 billion more than what it was at the recession’s low point, largely because of the tech-fueled economic recovery. Also, remember Proposition 13 and all those houses that are paying taxes tied to 1970s or 1980s assessments? Now that there’s a revived real estate market, all of those homes are being re-assessed at current market values when they get sold.

So the city expects to thesis, see $79 million more in the best service, property taxes than the $1.15 billion it had originally budgeted for of a thesis statement, this fiscal year, according to an update last month. And again, we’re switching over to essay revisor, gross receipts anyway. 18) Isn’t the tech community made up of content of a statement, a bunch of libertarians who have total disregard for government and taxes? The tech leadership of this generation doesn’t have a reflexive anti-tax orientation like that of the Reagan era. They’re not secretly having Laffer Curve parties in their private jets to Burning Man. Facebook’s first angel and essay revisor, Silicon Valley’s most visible libertarian, Peter Thiel.

“I wouldn’t mind paying more in taxes if I could do anything I wanted to do with the rest of the money, which I’m largely restricted in what I can do, from the FDA on of a thesis down to the best writing, the San Francisco zoning department.” “I live in the Marina area in San Francisco. Of A Thesis! They built the Golden Gate Bridge in three and a half years in the 1930s, ‘33 to ‘36. They’re now building an access road to the bridge that’s taken eight years and possibly will end up costing more in inflation adjusted dollars than the whole bridge cost in the ‘30s. So it’s one of the reasons I personally don’t want to pay more taxes, because I feel the government spends the money so extraordinarily badly. Thesis On Lowering Age To 18! I’d be fine with paying more if I felt the government was run as well as it was run in the ‘50s, ‘60s, ‘30s.” Even venture capitalist Tim Draper, who is of a thesis statement pushing this far-out plan to motivation, break California into six states, conceded that Silicon Valley was the least likely to support it out of all the hypothetical Californias he wants to create.

He didn’t say why though. And your renegade law-breaking companies of Airbnb, Lyft and Uber? They proved product-market fit, built something that people were willing to content thesis, pay for, scaled their businesses and now they are both transforming and being reined into the existing regulatory and tax infrastructure. Essay! Airbnb is now remitting its 14 percent in hotel taxes and seeing enforcement from the city’s planning department. While there is a visible libertarian fringe, the tech community on of a the whole donates overwhelmingly to how do i write research, the Democratic party (which means they’re pro-business moderates in San Francisco’s terms). 19) Real change on taxes, transit and housing will require a region-wide body with more political teeth. In 1912, a Greater San Francisco movement emerged and the city tried to annex Oakland. Understandably, Oakland refused. For more than a century, the Bay Area’s housing, transit infrastructure and tax system has been haunted by the region’s fragmented governance.

We aren’t like New York City, where the government has oversight over five boroughs containing 8.4 million people. For the content 7 million people of the San Francisco Bay Area, it’s every city and nursing student essay, county for themselves. While there is a council of city governments called the Association of Bay Area Governments that was started in 1961, it’s not sufficiently powerful. That means NIMBY-ists in every city try and content of a, shove the housing issue onto someone else. That means it’s a race-to-the-bottom on business taxes. That means we have a fragmented transportation system between BART, MUNI, AC Transit, VTA Light Rail, SamTrans and so on. BART would have run around the student entire Bay Area, but San Mateo County dropped out in of a thesis statement, 1961 and then Marin did too. Not only is transportation down the peninsula fragmented between all of these different systems, the suburbs have also blocked many denser housing developments along the Caltrain stations that would have supported workforces for companies like Google and essay questions, Facebook. 20) This seems overwhelming.

Why doesn’t Google just move to Detroit? Actually, this is happening. Thesis! Just not in Detroit. Yet. During the last tech boom, it was hard to think of more than a handful of cities that boasted a startup ecosystem. Today, there are many.

The high cost of essay revisor, living in content of a thesis statement, the Bay Area is the thesis age to 18 rest of the world’s gain. A Startup Genome Map measuring the statement depth of various tech entrepreneurial ecosystems around the world. Look all over the world. In the Mitte and Kreuzberg neighborhoods of Berlin. Harry Potter Azkaban Essay! In Zhongguancun, Beijing where Tsinghua University is sprouting companies.

In Greenpoint, Brooklyn where Kickstarter is headquartered. In Israel, where the country is having a run of consumer exits with the Waze and Onavo acquisitions. In Noida and of a thesis, Gurgaon. The world’s leading virtual reality startup, just acquired for $2 billion by nursing essay Facebook, is content run out of essay revisor, Orange County. The world’s leading mobile gaming companies are run out of content thesis statement, London and Helsinki. The world’s most interesting emerging handset maker, Xiaomi, is run out of potter prisoner azkaban, Beijing. Statement! Just four years after launch, they expect to essay revisor, ship $11 billion worth of phones and accessories.

Snapchat, started by a handful of Stanford graduates who would have probably stayed here a decade ago, is run out of a beach house in content, Venice. Soylent — OK, make fun of them — just decamped for Los Angeles because warehouse space was too expensive here. Silicon Valley is still the densest and strongest tech ecosystem in the world. But it is only ahead because — in startup parlance — it was a first mover. Consider when Silicon Valley’s building blocks were laid in the 1940s through the 1970s through foundational companies like Hewlett-Packard, Fairchild and Shockley Semiconductor and essay, Xerox PARC.

At that time, the of a thesis rest of the world’s major economies were being rebuilt. Europe was undergoing World War II reconstruction and India and China were just establishing a sense of national unity and systems of harry, governance. Both India and China have made major economic reforms and content, today, the how do i write a bibliography for a choice between Bangalore, Beijing and Silicon Valley is more of a coin toss for entrepreneurial talent than a no-brainer. While Silicon Valley certainly isn’t in peril, its continued resilience depends on whether it can keep attracting the thesis best talent and new ideas from harry potter essay questions everywhere. No, we’re not fucked. If you’ve actually read this far, you know why we’re here. We’re paying crazy rents and mortgages or rolling around on gMuni bouncy balls in the streets because the Bay Area has done a lot of things right. But do you know what else is true? They found that children in San Jose and of a, San Francisco had the harry prisoner essay questions highest chances of moving from the content of a bottom income quintile to motivation theory essay, the top quintile out of thesis, all major metropolitan areas in the United States. Then there are the more realistic ones, like that of essay revisor, my mother, who moved to the Bay Area in the late 1970s as a Vietnamese refugee.

Because my grandparents were too old to thesis statement, work and they couldn’t speak English, my mother and her five sisters pooled together their earnings to collectively buy a home in San Jose all while in their mid-twenties. Thesis The Drinking 18! They then parlayed the equity from of a thesis that home into buying homes of their own when they were ready to start families. We have to remember that cities are unequal because the opportunities they provide attract both the very rich and the very poor. San Francisco’s extreme juxtapositions of wealth and poverty exist because the city is both an extremely desirable place to live and thesis on lowering age to 18, it maintains protections for residents through programs like rent control and $165 million a year in spending on homelessness. The gleaming, onyx NEMA towers exist side-by-side with homelessness because San Francisco created the statement Mid-Market program to lure companies like Twitter and the single-room-occupancy hotels and non-profits that house and nursing student, feed the city’s poorest residents have been politically protected in the Tenderloin for decades. Both the tech industry and San Francisco have delicate ecologies that have taken decades to cultivate. Statement! As they become more intertwined, the essay revisor political winds of the city are shifting. They could go in an increasingly antagonistic direction or a new consensus could emerge. What will it be? Tech workers: It’s not as easy as just building up.

This battle has been raging on since the sand dunes of the content of a thesis Sunset district were flattened for single-family homes in the 1950s. Try to understand where others are coming from. There are people out there like Mary Elizabeth Phillips, who could really use your help right now, whether that means signing a petition for Ellis Act reform, calling or e-mailing Urban Green, or boycotting Ellis Act eviction properties. How can your actions where you live benefit others who are losing out during this economic boom? How will you participate in nursing student, your community? Will it be through charity?

Through volunteership? Through taxes? Are you willing to fight the political battles and form the alliances necessary to create housing for tech workers and thesis statement, teachers alike? You need to vote, to show the city government that there is political will for motivation theory essay, development or else the of a old, anti-growth regime will keep dictating preservationist policies that turn housing into the best resume a zero-sum game. Companies like Gap, Wells Fargo, Levi Strauss Co. and Salesforce also have long histories of participating in San Francisco’s civic life.

What legacy will companies like Dropbox, Square, Airbnb and Twitter leave? Homeowners in the neighborhood associations and in the peninsula: The tech industry is helping your home values skyrocket, but your property taxes have not kept up with the cost of providing services or schools. Stop sitting in the background while the city’s workers, the content poor, the the best resume elderly and its young duke out in this ugly charade. While there are some tech workers who do strike it rich, most just have salaries and would love to raise families in the Bay Area just as you did when you came here years ago. The Bay Area risks becoming a victim of content of a thesis, its own success if it can’t make more room. Nursing Student! At this point, blocking individual housing developments to protect your views is tantamount to generational theft. Activists: Invoking CEQA clauses to content, stall the city’s tech shuttle program through an environmental impact review so that 1,400 of 4,000 tech bus riders may or may not decide to move slightly south is not a game-changing way to address housing affordability in San Francisco.

The industry’s leadership like Conway are asking tech companies to back Ellis Act reform. But without serious additions to nursing student essay, the entire region’s housing supply, these crisis measures just make San Francisco’s existing middle- and working-class a highly-protected, but endangered population in the long-run. With such limited rental stock available on the market at any time, what kind of of a thesis, person can afford to move here today when the harry questions city’s median rent is content $3,350? For the more extreme groups, you cannot logically fight both development and resume writing, displacement. The real estate speculation running through the city right now is just as much a bet on political paralysis in the face of a long-term housing shortage as it is on of a thesis statement San Francisco’s desirability as a place to resume writing service, live. Furthermore, the antagonism only ensures that deals will happen behind closed doors. The unfortunate path of thesis statement, least resistance for how do i write a bibliography for a, most tech companies will be to just pay their workers more, instead of engaging in regional politics. Content Of A Thesis! That is a loss for everyone. For the more pragmatic groups, the tech community could easily be persuaded to support inclusionary housing, provided the numbers still work out the best writing service profitably for developers and that lots more overall housing units gets built. The same goes for Trinity-like projects.

In conclusion: The crisis we’re seeing is the of a thesis result of decades of choices, and while the tech industry is a sexy, attention-grabbing target, it cannot shoulder blame for this alone. Unless a new direction emerges, this will keep getting worse until the next economic crash, and then it will re-surface again eight years later. Or it will keep spilling over into Oakland, which is a whole other Pandora’s box of gentrification issues. The high housing costs aren’t healthy for the city, nor are they healthy for the industry. Both thrive on a constant flow of ideas and people. So while Google may not be opening a giant office in student essay, Detroit anytime soon, the people of Detroit and the Midwest are coming here. I meet them every day. There are people like Brian Clark, who actually did move from content Detroit, and was living off various hackathon winnings while teaching coding in MissionBit’s after-school programs for San Francisco’s public school students. Earlier this spring, he was literally sleeping on motivation essay friends’ couches, eating one meal a day.

But he won the Launch Hackathon and thesis, now has initial funding for essay revisor, a new startup called Vue, a mobile feedback and user engagement tool he built. Or like Rey Faustino, who I wrote about last month. He grew up in a working-class family in thesis, Southern California that relied on social services to prisoner questions, make ends meet. Content Of A Thesis! Now he’s working on fixing the problems he remembered as a child through One Degree, which is a Yelp-like platform that helps Bay Area families find the right non-profits and social services for them. It’s supported by Y Combinator and has thousands of users. Many of the people who come here will stay, and make vital contributions for decades through their work, their taxes and their charitable contributions. Thesis 18! Some will come for of a statement, awhile and essay, then go back and invigorate entrepreneurial ecosystems back home. This circulation of creative talent is content thesis crucial not only for the Bay Area, but for the rest of the United States.

I would not want to for a, deny anyone — rich or poor — the chance to transform or be transformed by this place. Top image: A hearse rolls up to a Yahoo bus at the BART MacArthur Station in Oakland. Of A Statement! A protester who had climbed on top of the resume service bus later vomited on the vehicle. Content Thesis Statement! (From Andrew Kenower)

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10 skills developers will need in the next five years. Thesis Statement? If you're a developer looking to get ahead in your field (or in some cases, to simply stay employed), this is not a good time to be complacent. Justin James lists the harry potter essay, skills you'll want to work on now to maximize your future job prospects. If you're a developer looking to get ahead in content statement, your field (or in some cases, to simply stay employed), this is student, not a good time to be complacent. Justin James lists the skills you'll want to work on now to maximize your future job prospects. Content? With the essay revisor, recent changes in content thesis, the economy, a lot of developers are focused on their short-term job prospects. At the essay, same time, it's important to make sure that you get the most bang for your buck when it comes to of a thesis taking the time and energy to learn new skills.

Here is our list of 10 skills you should be learning right now to make sure that your resume is relevant for the next five years. The list is hardly exhaustive, and there are huge swaths of the industry it won't cover (mainframe developers, for example). Nonetheless, for average mainstream development, you can't go wrong learning at least seven of these skills — not only to the point where you can talk convincingly about them at a job interview, but actually use them on the job. Essay? Note: This article is also available as a PDF download. 1: One of the Big Three (.NET, Java, PHP) Unless there is a radical shift in the development world (akin to an asteroid hitting Redmond), most developers will need to know at least one of the Big Three development systems — .NET (VB.NET or C#), Java, or PHP — for the near future. Of A Thesis? It's not enough to know the the best, core languages, either.

As projects encompass more and more disparate functionality, you'll need to know the associated frameworks and libraries more deeply. Of A? 2: Rich Internet Applications (RIAs) Love it or hate it, in essay revisor, the last few years, Flash is suddenly being used for more than just animations of politicians singing goofy songs. Flash has also sprouted additional functionality in the form or Flex and AIR. Flash's competitors, such as JavaFx and of a thesis statement Silverlight, are also upping the ante on features and performance. To make things even more complicated, HTML 5 is incorporating all sorts of motivation essay, RIA functionality, including database connectivity, and putting the formal W3C stamp on AJAX. In the near future, being an RIA pro will be a key resume differentiator. Web development is not going away anytime soon.

Many developers have been content to lay back and ignore the Web or to just stick to the basics their framework provides them with. But companies have been demanding more and more who really know how to work with the underlying technology at a hand code level. So bone up on thesis statement JavaScript, CSS, and HTML to motivation succeed over the next five years. REST or SOAP? JSON or XML? While the choices and the answers depend on the project, it's getting increasingly difficult to be a developer (even one not writing Web applications) without consuming or creating a Web service. Of A Statement? Even areas that used to be ODBC, COM, or RPC domains are now being transitioned to Web services of how do a bibliography for a paper, some variety. Developers who can't work with Web services will find themselves relegated to legacy and maintenance roles. One trend that has been going for quite some time is the of a thesis, increasing visibility of harry potter azkaban, IT within and outside the enterprise. Developers are being brought into more and of a statement more non-development meetings and processes to provide feedback.

For example, the CFO can't change the accounting rules without working with IT to the best resume update the thesis, systems. And an operations manager can't change a call center process without IT updating the azkaban questions, CRM workflow. Likewise, customers often need to work directly with the development teams to make sure that their needs are met. Will every developer need to go to Toastmasters or study How to Win Friends and Influence People ? No. But the developers who do will be much more valuable to of a statement their employers — and highly sought after in the job market. 6: One dynamic and/or functional programming language. Languages like Ruby, Python, F#, and Groovy still aren't quite mainstream — but the ideas in them are. For example, the the drinking, LINQ system in Microsoft's .NET is a direct descendent of functional programming techniques. Both Ruby and Python are becoming hot in some sectors, thanks to the Rails framework and thesis Silverlight, respectively. Learning one of these languages won't just improve your resume, though; it will expand your horizons. Every top-flight developer I've met recommends learning at least one dynamic or functional programming language to learn new ways of thinking, and from personal experience, I can tell you that it works.

When Agile first hit mainstream awareness, I was a skeptic, along with many other folks I know. Essay? It seemed to of a thesis be some sort of knee-jerk reaction to tradition, throwing away the i write a bibliography for a, controls and standards in favor of content of a thesis, anarchy. But as time went on, the ideas behind Agile became both better defined and better expressed. Many shops are either adopting Agile or running proof-of-concept experiments with Agile. While Agile is not the ultimate panacea for project failure, it does indeed have a place on many projects.

Developers with a proven track record of understanding and succeeding in Agile environments will be in increasingly high demand over the next few years. Hand-in-hand with Agile methodologies, development teams are increasingly being viewed as partners in the definition of projects. This means that developers who understand the problem domain are able to the best writing service contribute to the project in a highly visible, valuable way. With Agile, a developer who can say, From here, we can also add this functionality fairly easily, and it will get us a lot of value, or Gee, that requirement really doesn't match the usage patterns our logs show will excel. Content? As much as many developers resist the idea of having to know anything about the problem domain at all, it is motivation essay, undeniable that increasing numbers of organizations prefer (if not require) developers to of a statement at least understand the basics. A few years ago, many (if not most) shops did not have access to bug tracking systems, version control, and other such tools; it was just the developers and their IDE of choice.

But thanks to the development of new, integrated stacks, like the Microsoft Visual Studio Team System, and the explosion in availability of high quality, open source environments, organizations without these tools are becoming much less common. Essay? Developers must know more than just how to check code in and out of source control or how to use the content of a statement, VM system to build test environments. They need to have a rigorous habit of essay, hygiene in place to content of a make sure that they are properly coordinating with their teams. How Do I Write For A Research Paper? Code cowboys who store everything on a personal USB drive, don't document which changes correspond to which task item, and so on, are unwelcome in more traditional shops and even more unwelcome in Agile environments, which rely on a tight coordination between team members to operate. The late 1990s saw Web development rise to mainstream acceptance and then begin to marginalize traditional desktop applications in of a thesis, many areas. In 2008, mobile development left the launch pad, and over the next five years, it will become increasingly important. There are, of course, different approaches to mobile development: Web applications designed to work on mobile devices, RIAs aimed at that market, and applications that run directly on the devices. Regardless of which of motivation theory, these paths you choose, adding mobile development to content of a thesis your skill set will ensure that you are in demand for the future. Get the key facts on a wide range of technologies, techniques, strategies, and theory skills with the help of the concise need-to-know lists featured in TechRepublic's 10 Things newsletter, delivered every Friday. Automatically sign up today. Justin James is the Lead Architect for of a, Conigent.

Justin James is the Lead Architect for Conigent. We deliver the top business tech news stories about the companies, the nursing student essay, people, and the products revolutionizing the planet. Our editors highlight the TechRepublic articles, galleries, and videos that you absolutely cannot miss to stay current on the latest IT news, innovations, and content of a statement tips.

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essay greek art September 19, 2017. Grecian Art Essay, Research Paper. #038; # 65279 ; Grecian art is a really of import in the upper palaeolithic period. Art objects and artefacts are. of import beginnings of information about civilisation prior to written history. The figure of.

graphicss lost because of their impermanency can merely be imagined, since many were created by. utilizing organic stuffs subject to devastation by fire, inundation, and decay. By comparing, objects. made from metal or rock are more likely to last The Aegean basin was a centre of artistic. activity from early times see Aegean CIVILIZATIONS the depredations of clip and nature. They. excessively, nevertheless, are susceptible to impairment and may convey to our eyes a unquestionably different. visual aspect than they possessed originally. Among the earliest objects that have survived are.

rock figures archeologists have given the rubric of content statement, Venus of willendorf a little rock figure. found in Austria, dating from 20,000 B.C.. I think it is a symbolic sculpture most likely. designed to stand for and name forth human birthrate. In many early civilisation, people associated. fruitfulness with the female instead than the male and take to stand for i write a bibliography for a, females in their ceremony. images. The decrease of item and the hyperbole of facets of the human from in the. twentieth-century sculpture, in statement, which a realistic representation of from is similarly non the creative person? s. Because of their artistic quality, province of saving, and antiquity, the pictures in the.

Lascaux caves near Montiganac, France, are among the most of import art finds of the. 20th century. Harmonizing to one widely accepted narrative, the pictures were discovered in. 1941 by harry prisoner, kids playing in a field. Content Of A? Deep within those caves, early creative persons had painted worlds. and animate being figures and arms, utilizing mixtures of yellow and ruddy ochre-natural found in Fe. ore. In malice of delicate nature of stuff used in these pictures, the images have survived. In. topographic points, the walls are about covered with conventionalized figures stand foring animate beings that inhabited. western Europe 15,00 old ages ago.

It is resume, one thing to stand for content of a statement, an animate being with relative. truth, but rather another to show its nature and age to 18 motion. Content Of A Thesis? These nameless creative persons captured. the kernel of the essay animate beings, by utilizing expressive lines and elusive colourss. Because most of the record of the of a thesis statement people of the Paleolithic period has been destroyed by. natural every bit good as human forces, we will ne’er cognize with certainty the intents of their art. objects.

They may hold been used in spiritual rites related to some facet of the Hunt: they. may hold express acknowledgment of the common sprit among living things. However, we can. safely speculation that both the Venus of Willendorf and the cave pictures of Lascaux were. objects associated with the early faith.

One thing is known: in those early millenary, art played. an of import function in life. The western universe has ever looked upon ancient Greece as the cradle of its cultural. development. The Greeks have ever stride for flawlessness. In the Archaic age of Greek art, widening from about100 B.C.. , is the age in which the autochthonal Greek art was easy. developing. The 2nd period, frequently called the Lyric Age and widening from 800 B.C. Essay Revisor? , to the. 6th century B.C. , is noted for its expressiveness and pragmatism.

This is the great age of lyric. poesy, from which the thesis statement period takes its name. The Golden Age flourished in nursing student, the 5th century. B.C. and went on to the 4th century B.C. , is content thesis, considered the high point of Grecian civilization. During this epoch, there occurred such a development in play, architecture, sculpture, and music. that the age is still looked upon prisoner as the beginning from which our ain civilization emerged. The. Hellenic period of of a thesis statement, Grecian civilization day of the months from about 325 B.C. to 100B.C. and is viewed as a. period of decadent Greek art. The importance of Greek art and architecture for the history of Western civilisation can barely. be overstated, for the Greeks established many of the most abiding subjects, attitudes, and signifiers.

of Western civilization. The narratives told in the best resume writing service, Greek art and literature of Gods and content heroes have been. retold of essay revisor, all time since and go on to organize a common land for the art, literature, and even popular. civilization of the Western universe. Grecian creative persons were the first to content thesis statement, set up mimesis ( imitation of nature ) as a guiding rule for art, even as Grecian philosophers debated the rational value of a bibliography for a, this attack. The perennial. word picture of the bare human figure in Grecian art reflects Grecian humanitarianism a belief that #038; # 8220 ; Man is.

the step of all things, #038; # 8221 ; in the words of Greek philosopher Protagoras. Architecture is another. Grecian bequest that the West has inherited, as Greece established many of the statement structural elements, cosmetic motives, and edifice types still used in harry potter essay, architecture today. Two great cultures-the MINOAN CIVILIZATION and content statement the MYCENEAN CIVILIZATION- developed complex and delicate art signifiers. After the invasion of the Dorians and other savages. ( before 1000 B.C. ) , the curvilineal designs and realistic representations of the Mycenean age. were replaced by geometric strategies with additive forms.

The transmutation is seen in late. geometric ( c.900-700 B.C. ) clayware. The Best Resume Writing? Between 700 and 600 B.C. , Asiatic influence led to the usage of. flowered and arabesque forms and content of a thesis monster and carnal subjects. Then, during the antediluvian period. ( c.660-480 B.C. ) , sculpture became the chief signifier of nursing, artistic look. The statues of nude. walking young persons, kouroi, proposing Egyptian paradigms but distinguishable in stylisation and tenseness of. motion, e.g. , Kouros ( Metropolitan Mus. Of A Statement? ) , day of the month from this period.

Draped female figures show. Asiatic influence, e.g. , Hera of Samos ( Louvre ) . The outstanding Athenian school of black-figure. vase picture led by Execias depicted fabulous and modern-day scenes. A greater concern. with 3-dimensional infinite and realistic item emerged with red-figure vase picture. ( c.525 ) . Euthymides and Euphronius were early Masterss. The early classical period revealed new. penetration into the construction of the motivation theory essay human signifier ( c.480-450 B.C. Content Thesis? ) . e.g. The Best Resume? , the thesis statement sculptures from the.

temple of Zeus at Olympia, the bronze Charioteer ( museum ; Delphi ) , and how do i write the Zeus or Poseidon. ( Athens, National Mus. ) . During the Golden Age, the of a tallness of the classical period ( 450-400. B.C. ) , Polykleitos arrived at a rational norm for the best writing service, the ideal figure. The brilliant sculptures from. the ACROPOLIS and its PARTHENON, thought to hold been designed by PHIDIAS, represent. this ideal. In the late classical period ( 400-300 B.C. Content Of A? ) , there was more accent on emotion in art. The plants attributed to PRAXITELES are elegant and graceful ; to student, SCOPAS, strongly emotional ; and to LYSIPPOS, individualized, though their sculptures mostly survive as fragments or Roman. transcripts. The plants of the painters of the period, e.g. , Apollodorus and APELLES, are known merely. through description.

The Hellenic period began with the conquerings of content statement, Alexander the Great. Masterpieces of the period include the Nike ( Victory ) of azkaban, Samothrace and Aphrodite of Melos. ( both: Louvre ) ; the Pergamum Frieze ( Berlin Mus. ) ; the Roman transcripts of the thesis statement Odyssey Landscape. ( Vatican ) , a picture with great spacial illusionism ; and the Laoco? ? N and his Sons ( Vatican ) . Despite its diminution, Grecian civilization and art inspired Western art throughout history. The Greeks developed a manner that incorporated an idealised yet realistic attack to the. representation of the figure.

Grecian creative persons moved toward an look based on observation of. living existences and polish of anatomical elements. Supreme beings and goddesses were imagined in. human signifier but ideal in proportion, without imperfectnesss. The unclothed human figure in its. most perfect manifestation was admired for its harmonious beauty. The archetypal proportions. of the human organic structure were the step and criterion of beauty for all things. The ancient Greeks lived in a universe filled with Godhead and semi-divine existences. Their spiritual. beliefs and common people traditions were expressed in human footings with Gods and goddesses, demi-gods, and heroes frequently suppressing animate beings and fabulous animals.

Even such an abstract thought as poetic. inspiration was given human signifier. Representations of all these existences are found in Grecian art: in. temples or in public infinites, on mundane objects of bronze, ceramic, and a bibliography for a research cherished stuffs. Concepts which today are considered entirely spiritual were an built-in portion of day-to-day. Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the fertile river field.

where civilisation was born and where composing foremost appeared. Of A Thesis? Southern Mesopotamia was under. the control of a series of male monarchs from 3000 B.C. to the sixth century B.C. In its early history, Mesopotamia was a aggregation of agricultural city states. These subsequently gave manner to centrally. controlled imperiums which spread through conquering. There were non excessively much around this clip but small there was like this piece The fabulous. Dragon of Marduk with scaly organic structure, serpent #038; # 8217 ; s caput, viper #038; # 8217 ; s horns, front pess of a felid, hind pess.

of a bird, and a Scorpio #038; # 8217 ; s tail, was sacred to the God Mard. United Kingdom, chief divinity of Babylon. The striding firedrake was a part of the ornament of one of the Gatess of the thesis on lowering 18 metropolis of Babylon. King Nebuchadnezzar, whose name appears in the Bible as the plunderer of Jerusalem ( Kings II. 24:10-16, 25:8-15 ) , ornamented the monumental entryway gate dedicated to Ishtar, the goddess of. love and content war, and the processional street taking to it with tonss of pacing glazed brick animate beings: on the gate were jumping grades of Marduk #038; # 8217 ; s firedrakes and bulls of the conditions God Adad ; along.

the street were the king of beastss sacred to Ishtar. All of this superb ornament was designed to for a, make a. ceremonial entryway for content of a statement, the male monarch in essay, spiritual emanation on of a thesis the most of essay revisor, import twenty-four hours of the New. Year #038; # 8217 ; s Festival. Besides this Magnificat sculpture Of all the swayers of ancient Mesopotamia, Gudea, ensi. ( governor ) of Lagash, emerges the most clearly across the millenary due to the endurance of many. of his spiritual texts and statues. He ruled his city state in content of a thesis statement, sou’-east Iraq for twenty old ages, conveying peace and prosperity at a clip when the Guti, tribesmen from the northeasterly.

mountains, occupied the land. His letterings describe huge edifice plans of temples for his. Gods. Essay Revisor? This figurine depicts the governor in content of a thesis statement, worship before his Gods have oning the persian-lamb pelt. cap of the nursing student ensi and a shawl-like fringed robe with tassles.

The serene, to content statement, a great extent lidded eyes and. composures pose create a powerful portrayal of this pious swayer. A Sumerian cuneiform lettering on the. back describes the age to 18 edifice of a temple to the goddess Geshtinanna, consort of Gudea #038; # 8217 ; s personal. God, and the devising of content of a statement, this statue for her. Of all the i write research paper swayers of ancient Mesopotamia, Gudea, ensi ( governor ) of Lagash, emerges the most. clearly across the millenary due to the endurance of content statement, many of his spiritual texts and theory statues. Content Of A Thesis? He. ruled his city state in sou’-east Iraq for twenty old ages, conveying peace and prosperity at a clip.

when the Guti, tribesmen from the northeasterly mountains, occupied the land. His letterings. describe huge edifice plans of temples for a bibliography for a research, his Gods. This figurine depicts the governor in. worship before his Gods have oning the persian-lamb fur cap of the content thesis statement ensi and a shawl-like fringed. robe with tassles. The serene, to essay revisor, a great extent lidded eyes and composures pose create a powerful portrayal of content of a thesis statement, this. pious swayer. Theory? A Sumerian cuneiform lettering on the back describes the content thesis statement edifice of essay revisor, a temple to.

the goddess Geshtinanna, consort of Gudea #038; # 8217 ; s personal God, and the devising of this statue for her. Grecian pots and vases were painted by skilled creative persons, but they were besides strong and practical. They. were non treated as decorations, but were made merely for day-to-day usage. Here is a usher to assist you. acknowledge the chief forms and of a thesis statement manners. The protogeometric manner day of the months from 100 to 900 BC. Look. out for circles or semi-circles on the design.

Later is the manner with the geometric forms, dating. from 900-700 BC. The sixth century BC was the period of the orientalizing manner, influenced by essay, the. East. The ornament includes animate beings and workss.

Some throwers made cups in the signifier of animate being. or human caputs. From about 400 BC, the criterion of of a thesis, clayware declined. Prisoner Azkaban? Pots either imitated metal. vases, or were crabbed and over-decorated. Acknowledging shapesGreek pots and of a thesis statement vases were painted by skilled creative persons, but they were besides. strong and practical.

They were non treated as decorations, but were made merely for day-to-day usage. Here. is a usher to assist you acknowledge the chief forms and manners. The protogeometric manner day of the months from. 100 to 900 BC. Look out for circles or semi-circles on the design. Later is the manner with the. geometric forms, dating from 900-700 BC. The sixth century BC was the period of the. orientalising manner, influenced by the East. The ornament includes animate beings and workss.

Black figure ware -black figures on a ruddy background- was produced between 600 and 530. Red figure ware -red figures on a black background- day of the months from 530 BC. Figures painted on a. white background are found on essay revisor vases dating from 500 BC. Some throwers made cups in the signifier of of a, animate being or human caputs. Motivation Theory Essay? From about 400 BC, the criterion. of clayware declined.

Pots either imitated metal vases, or were crabbed and over-decorated. Amphorae were used for hive awaying vino. They are one of the most common types of pot. A. stamnos and of a a pelike were besides storage jars. The Greeks drank vino assorted with H2O, which. was served from a jug, such as an olpe or an oinochoe. Some cups were big, so that they could. be passed round all the invitees at a ceremonial. The grips were designed so that people lying on.

sofas could keep them easy. Writing Service? Grecian adult females carried H2O in a jar, called a hydria. It was. specially designed with three grips. Kraters and spiral kraters were bowls for blending vino and. H2O. Oils and aromas were kept in thesis statement, little bottles, like an aryballos, an alabastron and a. lekythos. Pyxis used for thesis age to, hive awaying cosmetics.

The beginnings for ancient Grecian myth are myriad. Indeed, mentions to myth scope from those. written by modern-day Greek historiographers and writers ; to poems composed in award of the Gods. and goddesses ; to plays ( comedies, calamities, and alleged lecher dramas ) meant to dramatise adult male #038; # 8217 ; s. relationships with the Godhead ( and content of a thesis sometimes adult male #038; # 8217 ; s aspirations to be godly #038; # 8230 ; ) ; to plants of art. created to stand for a peculiar divinity, hero, or fabulous animal. Motivation Theory Essay? Truly, to roll up a complete.

list of ancient beginnings is far beyond the resources of most persons. However, the option is. likely more utile, in that a description of the major characters of Greek myth has the. differentiation of being accessible. Grecian Art and of a thesis Architecture, painting sculpture, edifices, and harry essay questions cosmetic humanistic disciplines produced in antediluvian. Greece, from content of a, about 1050 BC to 31 BC. Grecian civilisation encompassed non merely mainland. Greece but besides nearby islands in the Aegean Sea, the thesis the drinking age to western seashore of Turkey ( known as Ionia ) , southern Italy and Sicily ( known as Magna Graecia, or Great Greece ) , and by the late 300s BC, Egypt, Syria, and other Near Eastern lands. Among its best-known memorials are stone temples, statues of human figures, and content thesis statement painted vases. The importance of Greek art and architecture for the history of Western civilisation can barely be.

overstated, for the Greeks established many of the most abiding subjects, attitudes, and signifiers of. Western civilization. On Lowering The Drinking 18? The narratives told in Greek art and literature of Gods and heroes have been retold. of all time since and of a thesis go on to organize a common land for the art, literature, and even popular civilization. of the Western universe.

Grecian creative persons were the first to set up mimesis ( imitation of nature ) as a guiding rule for art, even as Grecian philosophers debated the essay rational value of this attack. The perennial. word picture of the bare human figure in Grecian art reflects Grecian humanitarianism? ? a belief that #038; # 8220 ; Man. is the step of all things, #038; # 8221 ; in the words of Greek philosopher Protagoras. Architecture is. another Grecian bequest that the content statement West has inherited, as Greece established many of the structural. elements, cosmetic motives, and edifice types still used in architecture today. Painting, subdivision of the ocular humanistic disciplines in which colour, derived from any of legion organic or. man-made substances, is applied to the best resume writing service, assorted surfaces to thesis, make a representational or abstract image. or design.

This article traces the history of Western picture ; for its development in other. civilizations, see cross-indexs at the terminal of this article. The importance of Greek art and architecture for the history of Western civilisation can barely be. overstated, for the Greeks established many of the most abiding subjects, attitudes, and signifiers of. Western civilization. The narratives told in Greek art and literature of Gods and heroes have been retold. of all time since and go on to organize a common land for the art, literature, and even popular civilization. of the Western world.Our cognition of ancient Grecian picture, particularly wall and harry potter azkaban panel. picture, is limited by the little figure of illustrations that have survived. Content Statement? Most of what we know. about Greek painting comes from ancient literary beginnings, lasting Roman transcripts, and a. figure of Grecian vases and mosaics that likely reflect some of the properties of Greek wall.

paintings.Literary beginnings reference merely a smattering of how do i write a bibliography research, painters #038; # 8217 ; names from the Archaic period, including Cleanthes of Corinth, Boularchos, and Cimon. For the most portion bookmans can merely. conjecture at content of a thesis, how these pictures looked, but some grounds survives in how do a bibliography for a, garbages of pictures by. unknown creative persons that decorated the walls of a temple at Isthm? ? a, near Corinth ; in painted. terracotta metopes from Th? ? rmon in western Greece ; and in a few wooden and clay plaques.

from Corinth and Athens. Some of the most complete lasting illustrations of early Grecian panel picture are scenes of. feasting and content statement diving painted by an unknown creative person for a grave at Paestum, Italy ( 490? -470? BC, Museo Archeologico, Paestum ) . The figures in the Paestum frescoes demo adept drawing and a. developed apprehension of a bibliography for a research, human anatomy.

The creative person has drawn eyes in thesis statement, profile, alternatively of.

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