Charles dickens a christmas carol essay

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KurzweilAI | Accelerating Intelligence. The Computer as a Communication Device. This landmark 1968 essay foresaw many future computer applications and a christmas essay advances in communication technology, such as distributed information resources and online interactive communities that are commonplace today as Internet chat rooms and peer-to-peer applications. Originally published in Science and Technology , April 1968 . Published on KurzweilAI.net November 9, 2001. In a few years, men will be able to concrete essay contest communicate more effectively through a machine than face to carol face. That is a rather startling thing to say, but it is our conclusion. As if in confirmation of it, we participated a few weeks ago in a technical meeting held through a computer. In two days, the group accomplished with the aid of a computer what normally might have taken a week. We shall talk more about the mechanics of the meeting later; it is sufficient to note here that we were all in the same room.

But for all the communicating we did directly across that room, we could have been thousands of miles apart and phd thesis communicated just as effectively-as people-over the distance. Our emphasis on people is deliberate. A communications engineer thinks of communicating as transferring information from dickens essay one point to another in codes and signals. But to communicate is more than to published lee send and to receive. Carol Essay. Do two tape recorders communicate when they play to each other and record from each other? Not really-not in college letter our sense. We believe that communicators have to do something nontrivial with the information they send and receive.

And we believe that we are entering a technological age in which we will be able to interact with the richness of living information-not merely in the passive way that we have become accustomed to charles dickens a christmas using books and libraries, but as active participants in an ongoing process, bringing something to 4 essays published by nelle harper lee it through our interaction with it, and not simply receiving something from it by a christmas essay, our connection to it. To the people who telephone an phd thesis airline flight operations information service, the tape recorder that answers seems more than a passive depository. It is an charles dickens essay often-updated model of a changing situation-a synthesis of information collected, analyzed, evaluated, and assembled to represent a situation or process in an organized way. Still there is not much direct interaction with the airline information service; the tape recording is not changed by the customer’s call. We want to emphasize something beyond its one-way transfer: the increasing significance of the jointly constructive, the mutually reinforcing aspect of communication-the part that transcends “now we both know a fact that only one of michelle, us knew before.” When minds interact, new ideas emerge. We want to talk about the charles carol essay creative aspect of communication. Creative, interactive communication requires a plastic or moldable medium that can be modeled, a dynamic medium in which premises will flow into consequences, and above all a common medium that can be contributed to and experimented with by michelle princeton thesis, all. Such a medium is at hand–the programmed digital computer. Its presence can change the nature and value of charles carol essay, communication even more profoundly than did the printing press and the picture tube, for, as we shall show, a well-programmed computer can provide direct access both to informational resources and to the processes for making use of the obama thesis resources.

Communication: a comparison of models. To understand how and why the computer can have such an effect on communication, we must examine the idea of dickens a christmas carol, modeling-in a computer and with the aid of a computer. College Cover. For modeling, we believe, is basic and central to communication. Any communication between people about the same thing is a common revelatory experience about informational models of that thing. Each model is a conceptual structure of a christmas carol essay, abstractions formulated initially in the mind of one of the 4 essays by nelle persons who would communicate, and charles a christmas carol essay if the concepts in the mind of one would-be communicator are very different from those in the mind of another, there is no common model and no communication. By far the most numerous, most sophisticated, and most important models arc those that reside in men’s minds, In richness, plasticity, facility, and economy, the mental model has no peer, but, in other respects, it has shortcomings. It will not stand still for careful study. It cannot be made to repeat a run.

No one knows just how it works. It serves its owner’s hopes more faithfully than it serves reason. It has access only to the information stored in concrete essay contest one man’s head. It can be observed and manipulated only by charles a christmas carol essay, one person. Society rightly distrusts the modeling done by a single mind. Society demands consensus, agreement, at least majority. Fundamentally, this amounts to the requirement that individual models be compared and brought into some degree of accord.

The requirement is for communication, which we now define concisely as “cooperative modeling”–cooperation in the construction, maintenance, and use of a model. How can we be sure that we are modeling cooperatively, that we are communicating, unless we can compare models? When people communicate face to face, they externalize their models so they can be sure they are talking about the same thing. Even such a simple externalized model as a flow diagram or an outline–because it can be seen by all the communicators–serves as a focus for discussion. It changes the nature of written on respect, communication: When communicators have no such common framework, they merely make speeches at each other; but when they have a manipulable model before them, they utter a few words, point, sketch, nod, or object. The dynamics of such communication are so model-centered as to suggest an important conclusion: Perhaps the reason present-day two-way telecommunication falls so far short of face-to-face communication is simply that it fails to provide facilities for externalizing models. Carol. Is it really seeing the expression in the other’s eye that makes the published lee face-to-face conference so much more productive than the telephone conference call, or is it being able to create and modify external models? In a technical project meeting, one can see going on, in fairly clear relief, the modeling process that we contend constitutes communication.

Nearly every reader can recall a meeting held during the formulative phase of a project. Each member of the project brings to charles such a meeting a somewhat different mental model of the michelle thesis common undertaking-its purposes, its goals, its plans, its progress, and its status. Each of these models interrelates the past, present, and charles a christmas carol essay future states of irony in pride and prejudice essay, affairs of (1) himself, (2) the group he represents; (3) his boss; (4) the project. Many of the charles essay primary data the participants bring to the meeting are in undigested and uncorrelated form. To each participant, his own collections of data are interesting and irony in pride important in and of themselves. Charles Carol Essay. And they are more than files of facts and recurring reports. They are strongly influenced by insight, subjective feelings, and educated guesses. Thus, each individual’s data are reflected in his mental model. Getting his colleagues to incorporate his data into essay contest their models is the carol essence of the communications task. Suppose you could see the models in the minds of two would-be communicators at this meeting. You could tell, by observing their models, whether or not communication was taking place.

If, at the outset, their two models were similar in structure but different simply in the values of certain parameters, then communication would cause convergence toward a common pattern. That is the easiest and most frequent kind of communication. If the two mental models were structurally dissimilar, then the achievement of communication would be signaled by written, structural changes in charles dickens carol one of the models or in both of them. We might conclude that one of the communicating parties was having insights or trying out new hypotheses in order to begin to understand the other-or that both were restructuring their mental models to achieve commonality. The meeting of many interacting minds is a more complicated process. Suggestions and michelle obama recommendations may be elicited from all sides. The interplay may produce, not just a solution to a problem, but a new set of rules for a christmas carol essay, solving problems. That, of course, is the essence of creative interaction.

The process of maintaining a current model has within it a set of changing or changeable rules for the processing and disposition of information. The project meeting we have just described is representative of a broad class of abbreviations, human endeavor which may be described as creative informational activity. Charles Carol Essay. Let us differentiate this from another class which we will call informational housekeeping. Obama Princeton Thesis. The latter is essay, what computers today are used for abbreviations phd thesis, in the main; they process payroll checks, keep track of bank balances, calculate orbits of space vehicles, control repetitive machine processes, and charles a christmas maintain varieties of debit and concrete contest credit lists. Mostly they have not been used to make coherent pictures of not well understood situations.

We referred earlier to a meeting in which the participants interacted with each other through a computer. That meeting was organized by Doug Engelbart of a christmas carol, Stanford Research Institute and phd thesis was actually a progress-review conference for a specific project. The subject under discussion was rich in detail and broad enough in scope that no one of the attendees, not even the host, could know all the information pertaining to this particular project. Tables were arranged to dickens a christmas essay form a square work area with five on a side. The center of the area contained six television monitors which displayed the alphanumeric output of a computer located elsewhere in phd thesis the building but remotely controlled from a keyboard and a set of electronic pointer controllers called “mice.” Any participant in the meeting could move a near-by mouse, and thus control the charles movements of a tracking pointer on the TV screen for all other participants to see. Each person working on the project had prepared a topical outline of concrete, his particular presentation for the meeting, and his outline appeared on the screens as he talked–providing a broad view of his own model. Many of the outline statements contained the names of particular reference files which the speaker could recall from the charles a christmas carol essay computer to appear in detail on the screens, for, from the irony essay beginning of the project, its participants had put their work into the computer system’s files. So the meeting began much like any other meeting in dickens a christmas carol the sense that there was an overall list of agenda and and prejudice essay that each speaker had brought with him (figuratively in his briefcase but really within the computer) the material he would be talking about. The computer system was a significant aid in exploring the depth and breadth of the material. More detailed information could be displayed when facts had to be pinpointed; more global information could be displayed to answer questions of relevance and interrelationship.

A future version of this system will make it possible for carol, each participant, on his own TV screen, to thumb through the abbreviations phd thesis speaker’s files as the speaker talks–and thus check out carol essay incidental questions without interrupting the presentation for substantiation. Obviously, collections of primary data can get too large to digest. There comes a time when the complexity of a communications process exceeds the available resources and the capability to cope with it; and at that point one has to professor cover letter simplify and draw conclusions. It is charles dickens a christmas carol, frightening to realize how early and drastically one does simp1ify, how prematurely one does conclude, even when the stakes are high and when the transmission facilities and information resources are extraordinary. Deep modeling to communicate–to understand–requires a huge investment. Perhaps even governments cannot afford it yet. But someday governments may not be able not to afford it. College Professor Cover. For, while we have been talking about the communicant ion process as a cooperative modeling effort in carol a mutual environment, there is also an aspect of communication with or about an uncooperative opponent. As nearly as we can judge from reports of obama thesis, recent international crises, out dickens a christmas carol essay of the hundreds of alternatives that confronted the decision makers at each decision point or ply in irony in pride and prejudice essay the “game,” on the average only a few, and never more than a few dozen could be considered, and only a few branches of the game could be explored deeper than two or three such plies before action had to be taken. Each side was busy trying to model what the other side might be up to–but modeling takes time, and the pressure of events forces simplification even when it is dangerous. Whether we attempt to communicate across a division of carol, interests, or whether we engage in a cooperative effort, it is clear that we need to be able to model faster and to greater depth.

The importance of improving decision-making processes–not only in government, but throughout business and the professions–is so great as to published harper warrant every effort. As we see it, group decision-making is simply the active, executive, effect-producing aspect of the kind of communication we are discussing. We have commented that one must oversimplify. We have tried to say why one must oversimplify. But we should not oversimplify the a christmas main point of this article. We can say with genuine and strong conviction that a particular form of digital computer organization, with its programs and its data, constitutes the dynamic, moldable medium that can revolutionize the art of college cover, modeling and that in so doing can improve the effectiveness of communication among people so much as perhaps to revolutionize that also. But we must associate with that statement at once the charles essay qualification that the published harper lee computer alone can make no contribution that will help us, and that the computer with the programs and the data that it has today can do little more than suggest a direction and provide a few germinal examples. Emphatically we do not say: “Buy a computer and your communication problems will be solved.” What we do say is that we, together with many colleagues who have had the experience of working on-line and interactively with computers, have already sensed more responsiveness and facilitation and “power” than we had hoped for, considering the inappropriateness of present machines and the primitiveness of their software. Many of us are therefore confident (some of charles a christmas essay, us to the point of religious zeal) that truly significant achievements, which will markedly improve our effectiveness in communication, now are on professor cover the horizon. Many communications engineers, too, are presently excited about the application of digital computers to communication.

However, the function they want computers to implement is the charles a christmas carol essay switching function. Computers will either switch the communication lines, connecting them together in required configurations, or switch (the technical term is “store and forward”) messages. The switching function is important but it is not the abbreviations one we have in mind when we say that the computer can revolutionize communication. We are stressing the modeling function, not the switching function. Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay. Until now, the communications engineer has not felt it within his province to facilitate the modeling function, to make an interactive, cooperative modeling facility. Information transmission and essay information processing have always been carried out separately and have become separately institutionalized. There are strong intellectual and social benefits to be realized by the melding of these two technologies. There are also, however, powerful legal and administrative obstacles in the way of any such melding. Distributed intellectual resources.

We have seen the charles carol essay beginnings of communication through a computer–communication among people at consoles located in the same room or on the same university campus or even at distantly separated laboratories of the michelle obama same research and development organization. Dickens A Christmas. This kind of communication–through a single multiaccess computer with the aid of telephone lines–is beginning to phd thesis foster cooperation and promote coherence more effectively than do present arrangements for charles dickens a christmas, sharing computer programs by exchanging magnetic tapes by messenger or mail. Computer programs are very important because they transcend mere “data”–they include procedures and and prejudice essay processes for structuring and manipulating data. Charles A Christmas. These are the main resources we can now concentrate and share with the irony in pride aid of the tools and techniques of computers and communication, but they are only dickens a christmas essay, a part of the whole that we can learn to concentrate and share. Harper Lee. The whole includes raw data, digested data, data about the location of data–and documents–and most especially models. To appreciate the import ante the charles dickens essay new computer-aided communication can have, one must consider the dynamics of “critical mass,” as it applies to cooperation in creative endeavor. Take any problem worthy of the name, and you find only a few people who can contribute effectively to its solution. Those people must be brought into close intellectual partnership so that their ideas can come into contact with one another. But bring these people together physically in one place to on respect form a team, and you have trouble, for the most creative people are often not the best team players, and there are not enough top positions in a single organization to dickens keep them all happy. Let them go their separate ways, and each creates his own empire, large or small, and 4 essays lee devotes more time to the role of emperor than to the role of problem solver.

The principals still get together at dickens carol, meetings. They still visit one another. But the time scale of their communication stretches out, and the correlations among mental models degenerate between meetings so that it may take a year to do a week’s communicating. There has to be some way of written, facilitating communicant ion among people wit bout bringing them together in one place. A single multiaccess computer would fill the charles dickens a christmas carol essay bill if expense were no object, but there is no way, with a single computer and cover letter individual communication lines to several geographically separated consoles, to avoid paying an unwarrantedly large bill for dickens a christmas, transmission. Part of the economic difficulty lies in on respect our present communications system. When a computer is dickens carol essay, used interactively from a typewriter console, the signals transmitted between the console and the computer are intermittent and not very frequent. They do not require continuous access to a telephone channel; a good part of the and prejudice time they do not even require the full information rate of such a channel. The difficulty is charles carol, that the common carriers do not provide the kind of service one would like to have–a service that would let one have ad lib access to a channel for short intervals and not be charged when one is not using the channel.

It seems likely that a store-and-forward (i.e., store-for-just-a-moment-and-forward-right-away) message service would be best for this purpose, whereas the essays common carriers offer, instead, service that sets up a channel for one’s individual use for a period not shorter than one minute. The problem is further complicated because interaction with a computer via a fast and flexible graphic display, which is for most purposes far superior to interaction through a slow-printing typewriter, requires markedly higher information rates. Not necessarily more information, but the same amount in faster bursts–more difficult to dickens handle efficiently with the conventional common-carrier facilities. It is perhaps not surprising that there are incompatibilities between the requirements of computer systems and the services supplied by abbreviations phd thesis, the common carriers, for most of the charles dickens a christmas carol common-carrier services were developed in lee support of charles dickens a christmas, voice rather than digital communication. Nevertheless, the incompatibilities are frustrating. It appears that the best and essay contest quickest way to overcome them-and to move forward the development of interactive communities of charles dickens, geographically separated people-is to set up an 4 essays published by nelle lee experimental network of multiaccess computers. Dickens A Christmas. Computers would concentrate and interleave the concurrent, intermittent messages of many users and their programs so as to utilize wide-band transmission channels continuously and efficiently, with marked reduction in overall cost. Computer and information networks. The concept of computers connected to computers is not new. Computer manufacturers have successfully installed and maintained interconnected computers for some years now. But the computers in most instances are from families of machines compatible in irony in pride both software and hardware, and they are in the same location.

More important, the interconnected computers are not interactive, general-purpose, multiaccess machines of the type described by David [1] and Licklider [2]. Although more interactive multi-access computer systems are being delivered now, and dickens a christmas carol although more groups plan to be using these systems within the next year, there are at present perhaps only as few as half a dozen interactive multiaccess computer communities . These communities are socio-technical pioneers, in essays several ways out ahead of the rest of the computer world: What makes them so? First, some of their members are computer scientists and engineers who understand the concept of man-computer interaction and the technology of interactive multiaccess systems. Second, others of their members are creative people in other fields and disciplines who recognize the usefulness and who sense the impact of charles a christmas carol, interactive multiaccess computing upon their work. Third, the communities have large multiaccess computers and have learned to use them. And, fourth, their efforts are regenerative. In the michelle obama half-dozen communities, the computer systems research and development and essay the development of substantive applications mutually support each other.

They are producing large and growing resources of programs, data, and know-how. But we have seen only the beginning. Published By Nelle Harper Lee. There is much more programming and data collect ion–and much more learning how to dickens a christmas essay cooperate–to be done before the full potential of the concept can be realized. Obviously, multiaccess systems must be developed interactively. Harper Lee. The systems being built must remain flexible and open-ended throughout the process of charles dickens, development, which is evolutionary. Such systems cannot be developed in small ways on concrete essay small machines. Dickens. They require large, multiaccess computers, which are necessarily complex. Indeed, the sonic barrier in the development of such systems is on respect, complexity. These new computer systems we are describing differ from other computer systems advertised with the dickens a christmas essay same labels: interactive, time-sharing, multiaccess. They differ by having a greater degree of open-endedness, by princeton thesis, rendering more services, and above all by providing facilities that foster a working sense of community among their users. The commercially available time-sharing services do not yet offer the power and flexibility of soft ware resources–the “general purposeness”–of the interactive multiaccess systems of the System Development Corporation in Santa Monica, the University of California at charles essay, Berkeley, Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge and phd thesis Lexington, Mass.–which have been collectively serving about charles a christmas carol essay a thousand people for several years.

The thousand people include many of the leaders of the ongoing revolution in irony in pride the computer world. For over a year they have been preparing for the transition to a radically new organization of hardware and software, designed to support many more simultaneous users than the current systems, and to offer them–through new languages, new file-handling systems, and new graphic displays–the fast, smooth interaction required for truly effective man-computer partnership. Experience has shown the dickens a christmas importance of abbreviations, making the response time short and charles dickens a christmas essay the conversation free and easy. We think those attributes will be almost as important for a network of computers as for a single computer. Today the on-line communities are separated from one another functionally as well as geographically. Phd Thesis. Each member can look only to the processing, storage and software capability of the facility upon which his community is centered. But now the move is on to interconnect the dickens a christmas carol separate communities and thereby transform them into, let us call it, a supercommunity. The hope is that interconnection will make available to all the members of all the communities the programs and data resources of the entire supercommunity. First, let us indicate how these communities can be interconnected; then we shall describe one hypothetical person’s interaction with this network, of interconnected computers.

The hardware of a multiaccess computer system includes one or more central processors, several kinds of memory–core, disks, drums, and concrete tapes–and many consoles for the simultaneous on-line users. Different users can work simultaneously on diverse tasks. The software of such a system includes supervisory programs (which control the whole operation), system programs for interpretation of the user’s commands, the dickens a christmas handling of his files, and graphical or alphanumeric display of information to him (which permit people not skilled in the machine’s language to use the system effectively), and programs and data created by the users themselves. The collection of people, hardware, and professor cover software–the multiaccess computer together with its local community of users–will become a node in a geographically distributed computer network. Let us assume for a moment that such a network has been formed. For each node there is a small, general-purpose computer which we shall call a “message processor.” The message processors of all the nodes are interconnected to form a fast store-and-forward network. The large multi-access computer at charles a christmas carol, each node is connected directly to 4 essays lee the message processor there. Through the network of message processors, therefore, all the large computers can communicate with one another.

And through them, all the members of the supercommunity can communicate–with other people, with programs, with data, or with selected combinations of those resources. Dickens. The message processors, being all alike, introduce an element of uniformity into an otherwise grossly non-uniform situation, for they facilitate both hardware and software compatibility among diverse and poorly compatible computers. The links among the message processors are transmission and high-speed digital switching facilities provided by common carrier. Abbreviations Phd Thesis. This allows the linking of the message processors to be reconfigured in response to demand. A message can be thought of dickens a christmas carol essay, as a short sequence of “bits” flowing through the network from one multiaccess computer to another. Concrete. It consists of two types of information: control and data. Control information guides the transmission of data from source to destination. In present transmission systems, errors are too frequent for charles dickens a christmas carol, many computer applications. However, through the use of error detection and correction or retransmission procedures in written on respect the message processors, messages can be delivered to their destinations intact even though many of their “bits” were mutilated at one point or another along the way.

In short, the message processors function in the system as traffic directors, controllers, and correctors. Today, programs created at one installation on a given manufacturer’s computer are generally not of much value to users of a different manufacturer’s computer at another installation. After learning (with difficulty) of a distant program’s existence, one has to get it, understand it, and recode it for his own computer. The cost is comparable to dickens carol essay the cost of preparing a new program from scratch, which is, in fact, what most programmers usually do. On a national scale, the annual cost is enormous. Within a network of interactive, multiaccess computer systems, on the other hand, a person at college professor, one node will have access to programs running at dickens a christmas carol essay, other nodes, even though those programs were written in different languages for different computers. The feasibility of using programs at remote locations has been shown by the successful linking of the phd thesis AN/FSQ-32 computer at Systems Development Corporation in Santa Monica, Calif., with the TX-2 computer across the charles dickens continent at the Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Mass. 4 Essays Published By Nelle Harper Lee. A person at a TX-2 graphic console can make use of a unique list-processing program at SDC, which would be prohibitively expensive to charles translate for use on the TX-2. A network of 14 such diverse computers, all of which will be capable of sharing one another’s resources, is phd thesis, now being planned by the Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency, and its contractors. The system’s way of managing data is crucial to the user who works in interaction with many other people. It should put generally useful data, if not subject to control of access, into public files.

Each user, however, should have complete control over his personal files. Charles A Christmas Carol. He should define and distribute the “keys” to each such file, exercising his option to college cover exclude all others from any kind of access to it; or to permit anyone to charles dickens carol “read” but not modify or execute it; or to permit selected individuals or groups to execute but not read it; and essay so on-with as much detailed specification or as much aggregation as he likes. The system should provide for charles a christmas essay, group and organizational files within its overall information base. At least one of the new multiaccess systems will exhibit such features. In several of the research centers we have mentioned, security and privacy of professor, information are subjects of active concern; they are beginning to get the charles dickens a christmas carol attention they deserve.

In a multiaccess system, the number of consoles permitted to use the computer simultaneously depends upon the load placed on obama thesis the computer by the users’ jobs, and may be varied automatically as the load changes. Large general-purpose muftiaccess systems operating today can typically support 20 to 30 simultaneous users. Some of these users may work with low-level “assembly” languages while others use higher-level “compiler” or “interpreter” languages. Dickens. Concurrently, others may use data management and graphical systems. And so on.

But back to our hypothetical user. He seats himself at his console, which may be a terminal keyboard plus a relatively slow printer, a sophisticated graphical console, or any one of several intermediate devices. He dials his local computer and in pride and prejudice essay “logs in” by presenting his name, problem number, and password to the monitor program. He calls for either a public program, one of his own programs, or a colleague’s program that he has permission to use. The monitor links him to it, and he then communicates with that program. When the user (or the program) needs service from essay a program at another node in the network, he (or it) requests the service by specifying the location of the written on respect appropriate computer and the identity of the program required.

If necessary, he uses computerized directories to determine those data. The request is charles dickens, translated by one or more of the college professor letter message processors into the precise language required by the remote computer’s monitor. Charles Carol. Now the user (or his local program) and the remote program can interchange information. When the information transfer is complete, the user (or his local program) dismisses the abbreviations phd thesis remote computer, again with the aid of the message processors. In a commercial system, the remote processor would at essay, this point record cost information for use in billing. The mention of billing brings up an important matter. Computers and long-distance calls have “expensive” images. One of the standard reactions to the idea of “on-line communities” is: “It sounds great, but who can afford it?”

In considering that question, let us do a little arithmetic. The main elements of the cost of computer-facilitated communication, over and above the salaries of the communicators, are the michelle princeton thesis cost of the consoles, processing, storage, transmission, and charles carol essay supporting software. In each category, there is a wide range of possible costs, depending in part upon the sophistication of the equipment, programs, or services employed and in part upon whether they are custom-made or mass-produced. Making rough estimates of the abbreviations hourly component costs per charles carol, user, we arrived at the following: $1 for michelle princeton thesis, a console, $5 for one man’s share of the services of a processor, 70 cents for storage, $3 for transmission via line leased from a common carrier, and $1 for software support-a total cost of charles dickens carol essay, just less than $11 per essay, communicator hour. The only obviously untenable assumption underlying that result, we believe, is the assumption that one’s console and the personal files would be used 160 hours per dickens carol, month. And Prejudice. All the other items are assumed to be shared with others, and experience indicates that time-sharing leads on the average to somewhat greater utilization than the 160 hours per month that we assumed, Note, however, that the console and the personal files are items used also in individual problem solving and decision making.

Surely those activities, taken together with communication, would occupy at least 25% of the working hours of the on-line executive, scientist or engineer. If we cut the duty factor of the console and files to one quarter of charles dickens essay, 160 hours per month, the college professor estimated total cost comes to $16 per hour. Let us assume that our $16/hr interactive computer link is set up between Boston, Mass., and Washington, D.C. Is $16/hr affordable? Compare it first with the cost of ordinary telephone communication: Even if you take advantage of the charles carol essay lower charge per minute for long calls, it is less than the daytime direct-dial station-to-station toll.

Compare it with the cost of travel: If one flies from Boston to Washington in abbreviations the morning and back in charles a christmas carol essay the evening, he can have eight working hours in the capital city in return for about $64 in air and taxi fares plus the abbreviations phd thesis spending of charles a christmas, four of his early morning and evening hours en route. If those four hours are worth $16 each, then the bill for the eight hours in Washington is $128-again $16 per hour. Or look at it still another way: If computer-aided communication doubled the effectiveness of a man paid $16 per hour then, according to our estimate, it would be worth what it cost if it could be bought right now. Thus we have some basis for arguing that computer-aided communication is economically feasible. But we must admit that the figure of $16 per hour sounds high, and professor letter we do not want to a christmas carol essay let our discussion depend upon it. Fortunately, we do not have to, for college professor cover, the system we envision cannot be bought at this moment. A Christmas Carol. The time scale provides a basis for genuine optimism about the cost picture. It will take two years, at abbreviations phd thesis, least, to bring the first interactive computer networks up to a significant level of charles dickens, experimental activity. Operational systems might reach critical size in in pride as little as six years if everyone got onto the bandwagon, but there is little point in making cost estimates for a nearer date. So let us take six years as the charles dickens a christmas target.

In the computer field, the cost of a unit of processing and the cost of a unit of storage have been dropping for two decades at the rate of michelle, 50% or more every two years. In six years, there is time for at least three such drops, which cut a dollar down to 12 1/2 cents. Three halvings would take the cost of processing, now $5 per hour on our assumptions, down to less than 65 cents per hour. Such advances in capability, accompanied by reduction in cost, lead us to expect that computer facilitation will be affordable before many people are ready to take advantage of it. The only areas that cause us concern are consoles and transmission. In the console field, there is plenty of charles, competition; many firms have entered the console sweepstakes, and more are entering every month. Irony In Pride And Prejudice Essay. Lack of competition is not the problem. The problem is the charles dickens a christmas carol problem of the chicken and the egg–in the cover factory and in the market. Charles Essay. If a few companies would take the plunge into mass manufacture, then the in pride essay cost of charles carol, a satisfactory console would drop enough to open up a mass market.

If large on-line communities were already in being, their mass market would attract mass manufacture. But at present there is neither mass manufacture nor a mass market, and phd thesis consequently there is no low-cost console suitable for interactive on-line communication. In the field of transmission, the difficulty may be lack of competition. At any rate, the cost of transmission is not falling nearly as fast as the cost of processing and storage. Nor is it falling nearly as fast as we think it should fall. Even the advent of satellites has affected the cost picture by charles carol essay, less than a factor of in pride and prejudice essay, two. That fact does not cause immediate distress because (unless the distance is very great) transmission cost is not now the a christmas essay dominant cost. Obama Princeton Thesis. But, at the rate things are going, in six years it will be the dominant cost. That prospect concerns us greatly and is the strongest damper to our hopes for near-term realization of operationally significant interactive networks and significant on-line communities. But let us be optimistic. What will on-line interactive communities be like?

In most fields they will consist of dickens a christmas essay, geographically separated members, sometimes grouped in small clusters and abbreviations phd thesis sometimes working individually. They will be communities not of common location, but of common interest . In each field, the overall community of interest will be large enough to support a comprehensive system of charles essay, field-oriented programs and data. In each geographical sector, the college professor cover total number of users–summed over all the fields of interest–will be large enough to a christmas carol support extensive general-purpose information processing and princeton thesis storage facilities. All of these will be interconnected by telecommunications channels. A Christmas Carol Essay. The whole will constitute a labile network of networks–ever-changing in both content and configuration. What will go on inside? Eventually, every informational transaction of sufficient consequence to warrant the cost. Each secretary’s typewriter, each data-gathering instrument, conceivably each dictation microphone, will feed into the network. You will not send a letter or a telegram; you will simply identify the people whose files should be linked to yours and the parts to which they should be linked–and perhaps specify a coefficient of urgency. You will seldom make a telephone call; you will ask the network to obama thesis link your consoles together.

You will seldom make a purely business trip, because linking consoles will be so much more efficient. When you do visit another person with the object of intellectual communication, you and he will sit at a two-place console and interact as much through it as face to face. If our extrapolation from Doug Engelbart’s meeting proves correct, you will spend much more time in computer-facilitated teleconferences and much less en route to meetings. A very important part of each man’s interaction with his on-line community will be mediated by his OLIVER. The acronym OLIVER honors Oliver Selfridge, originator of the a christmas carol concept. Michelle. An OLIVER is, or will be when there is one, an “on-line interactive vicarious expediter and dickens carol essay responder,” a complex of letter, computer programs and data that resides within the a christmas carol essay network and acts on behalf of its principal, taking care of many minor matters that do not require his personal attention and buffering him from the demanding world. Written On Respect. “You are describing a secretary,” you will say. But no! Secretaries will have OLIVERS. At your command, your OLIVER will take notes (or refrain from a christmas carol taking notes) on what you do, what you read, what you buy and professor cover letter where you buy it. It will know who your friends are, your mere acquaintances.

It will know your value structure, who is prestigious in your eyes, for whom you will do what with what priority, and who can have access to which of your personal files. It will know your organization’s rules pertaining to proprietary information and the government’s rules relating to security classification. Some parts of your OLIVER program will be common with parts of other people’s OLIVERS; other parts will be custom-made for you, or by you, or will have developed idiosyncrasies through “learning” based on its experience in your service. Available within the network will be functions and services to which you subscribe on charles dickens a regular basis and concrete essay others that you call for when you need them. A Christmas Carol Essay. In the former group will be investment guidance, tax counseling, selective dissemination of information in your field of specialization, announcement of cultural, sport, and entertainment events that fit your interests, etc.

In the latter group will be dictionaries, encyclopedias, indexes, catalogues, editing programs, teaching programs, testing programs, programming systems, data bases, and-most important-communication, display, and modeling programs. All these will be-at some late date in the history of networking- systematized and coherent; you will be able to get along in one basic language up to the point at which you choose a specialized language for its power or terseness. When people do their informational work “at the console” and “through the network,” telecommunication will be as natural an extension of individual work as face-to-face communication is now. The impact of that fact, and of the marked facilitation of the communicative process, will be very great–both on the individual and on society. First, life will be happier for the on-line individual because the people with whom one interacts most strongly will be selected more by commonality of interests and goals than by obama princeton thesis, accidents of proximity. Second, communication will be more effective and productive, and therefore more enjoyable. Third, much communication and interaction will be with programs and programmed models, which will be (a) highly responsive, (b) supplementary to charles a christmas essay one’s own capabilities, rather than competitive, and (c) capable of representing progressively more complex ideas without necessarily displaying all the levels of their structure at the same time-and which will therefore be both challenging and rewarding. And, fourth, there will be plenty of opportunity for everyone (who can afford a console) to find his calling, for the whole world of information, with all its fields and disciplines, will be open to him-with programs ready to guide him or to michelle obama princeton thesis help him explore. For the society, the impact will be good or bad, depending mainly on charles dickens a christmas the question: Will “to be on published lee line” be a privilege or a right? If only a favored segment of the population gets a chance to enjoy the advantage of “intelligence amplification,” the network may exaggerate the discontinuity in the spectrum of intellectual opportunity.

On the other hand, if the network idea should prove to do for education what a few have envisioned in hope, if not in concrete detailed plan, and if all minds should prove to be responsive, surely the dickens boon to humankind would be beyond measure. Unemployment would disappear from the face of the earth forever, for consider the magnitude of the task of adapting the network’s software to all the new generations of computer, coming closer and closer upon written on respect, the heels of their predecessors until the entire population of the world is caught up in an infinite crescendo of charles dickens carol essay, on-line interactive debugging. Evan Herbert edited the article and acted as intermediary during its writing between Licklider in Boston and Taylor in Washington. Roland B. Wilson drew the cartoons to accompany the original article. [1] Edward E. David, Jr., “Sharing a Computer,” International Science and Technology , June, 1966.

[2] J. Essays Written. C. R. Licklider, “Man-Computer Partnership,” International Science and dickens a christmas carol Technology , May, 1965. Topics: Singularity/Futures | Social Networking/Web. I am very pleased that this site has made available three papers by J.C.R. Licklider which are otherwise difficult to obtain without use of a major research library. As you can see by reading this paper, Lick (his preferred moniker) was a visionary.

This is thus the right place for 4 essays harper, his work to be on view. was very helpfull how such was predicted many years ago. A Christmas Carol. will get back to this site for more research. Please log in to michelle princeton post a comment. The Kurzweil Accelerating Intelligence newsletter features science and charles essay technology breakthroughs. Essay Contest. It also lists new blog posts, events, videos, and books.

Transcript: Michelle Obama's Convention Speech. Transcript of first lady Michelle Obama's speech at the Democratic National Convention, as prepared for delivery: First lady Michelle Obama speaks at the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, N.C., on Tuesday Alex Wong/Getty Images hide caption. First lady Michelle Obama speaks at the Democratic National Convention in dickens a christmas carol essay Charlotte, N.C., on Tuesday. Alex Wong/Getty Images.

Thank you so much, Elaine. we are so grateful for your family's service and sacrifice. and we will always have your back. Over the past few years as First Lady, I have had the 4 essays published by nelle harper, extraordinary privilege of traveling all across this country. And everywhere I've gone, in the people I've met, and the stories I've heard, I have seen the very best of the charles a christmas carol essay, American spirit. I have seen it in in pride the incredible kindness and warmth that people have shown me and dickens carol my family, especially our girls. I've seen it in teachers in a near-bankrupt school district who vowed to keep teaching without pay. I've seen it in people who become heroes at a moment's notice, diving into harm's way to save others. In Pride. flying across the country to put out a fire. driving for hours to bail out a flooded town.

And I've seen it in our men and women in uniform and our proud military families. in wounded warriors who tell me they're not just going to walk again, they're going to run, and they're going to run marathons. in dickens carol essay the young man blinded by essay, a bomb in Afghanistan who said, simply, . I'd give my eyes 100 times again to have the chance to do what I have done and what I can still do. Every day, the people I meet inspire me. every day, they make me proud. every day they remind me how blessed we are to live in the greatest nation on charles dickens earth. Serving as your First Lady is an honor and abbreviations a privilege. but back when we first came together four years ago, I still had some concerns about this journey we'd begun. While I believed deeply in my husband's vision for this country. and I was certain he would make an extraordinary President. like any mother, I was worried about what it would mean for our girls if he got that chance. How would we keep them grounded under the glare of the national spotlight? First lady Michelle Obama addresses the DNC after being introduced by military mom Elaine Brye, from PBS NewsHour. How would they feel being uprooted from their school, their friends, and the only home they'd ever known? Our life before moving to Washington was filled with simple joys. Saturdays at dickens carol essay, soccer games, Sundays at grandma's house. and a date night for Barack and me was either dinner or a movie, because as an exhausted mom, I couldn't stay awake for both. And the princeton thesis, truth is, I loved the life we had built for our girls.

I deeply loved the man I had built that life with. and I didn't want that to charles dickens change if he became President. I loved Barack just the way he was. You see, even though back then Barack was a Senator and a presidential candidate. to me, he was still the guy who'd picked me up for abbreviations our dates in a car that was so rusted out, I could actually see the charles, pavement going by through a hole in concrete essay contest the passenger side door. he was the guy whose proudest possession was a coffee table he'd found in a dumpster, and whose only pair of decent shoes was half a size too small. But when Barack started telling me about his family – that's when I knew I had found a kindred spirit, someone whose values and dickens a christmas carol upbringing were so much like mine. You see, Barack and I were both raised by families who didn't have much in the way of phd thesis money or material possessions but who had given us something far more valuable – their unconditional love, their unflinching sacrifice, and charles a christmas carol the chance to go places they had never imagined for irony themselves. My father was a pump operator at the city water plant, and he was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis when my brother and dickens carol I were young. And even as a kid, I knew there were plenty of college cover letter days when he was in pain. I knew there were plenty of mornings when it was a struggle for him to simply get out of bed. But every morning, I watched my father wake up with a smile, grab his walker, prop himself up against the bathroom sink, and slowly shave and button his uniform. And when he returned home after a long day's work, my brother and I would stand at the top of the stairs to our little apartment, patiently waiting to dickens a christmas carol essay greet him. Michelle Obama Princeton Thesis. watching as he reached down to charles dickens lift one leg, and written then the other, to slowly climb his way into our arms. But despite these challenges, my dad hardly ever missed a day of work. he and my mom were determined to carol give me and my brother the college, kind of carol education they could only dream of.

And when my brother and I finally made it to 4 essays college, nearly all of our tuition came from charles dickens a christmas student loans and grants. But my dad still had to pay a tiny portion of that tuition himself. And every semester, he was determined to pay that bill right on time, even taking out essay contest, loans when he fell short. He was so proud to be sending his kids to college. and he made sure we never missed a registration deadline because his check was late. You see, for my dad, that's what it meant to dickens essay be a man. Like so many of professor letter us, that was the measure of his success in life – being able to earn a decent living that allowed him to dickens a christmas essay support his family. And as I got to know Barack, I realized that even though he'd grown up all the concrete essay contest, way across the country, he'd been brought up just like me. Barack was raised by a single mother who struggled to pay the bills, and by grandparents who stepped in a christmas carol when she needed help.

Barack's grandmother started out as a secretary at phd thesis, a community bank. and she moved quickly up the ranks. but like so many women, she hit a glass ceiling. And for dickens essay years, men no more qualified than she was – men she had actually trained – were promoted up the michelle, ladder ahead of her, earning more and more money while Barack's family continued to scrape by. But day after day, she kept on waking up at dawn to catch the bus. arriving at work before anyone else. giving her best without complaint or regret. And she would often tell Barack, So long as you kids do well, Bar, that's all that really matters. Like so many American families, our families weren't asking for charles a christmas much.

They didn't begrudge anyone else's success or care that others had much more than they did. in fact, they admired it. They simply believed in that fundamental American promise that, even if you don't start out with much, if you work hard and do what you're supposed to do, then you should be able to build a decent life for yourself and phd thesis an even better life for your kids and dickens carol essay grandkids. That's how they raised us. that's what we learned from their example. We learned about dignity and decency – that how hard you work matters more than how much you make. that helping others means more than just getting ahead yourself. We learned about honesty and integrity – that the truth matters. Written On Respect. that you don't take shortcuts or play by your own set of rules. and success doesn't count unless you earn it fair and square. We learned about gratitude and humility – that so many people had a hand in our success, from the teachers who inspired us to the janitors who kept our school clean. and we were taught to value everyone's contribution and treat everyone with respect. Those are the values Barack and I – and so many of you – are trying to pass on to our own children.

That's who we are. And standing before you four years ago, I knew that I didn't want any of dickens a christmas that to change if Barack became President. Well, today, after so many struggles and triumphs and moments that have tested my husband in ways I never could have imagined, I have seen firsthand that being president doesn't change who you are – it reveals who you are. You see, I've gotten to see up close and in pride and prejudice personal what being president really looks like. And I've seen how the issues that come across a President's desk are always the charles carol, hard ones – the problems where no amount of data or numbers will get you to the right answer. the judgment calls where the stakes are so high, and there is no margin for error. And as President, you can get all kinds of advice from all kinds of people. But at the end of the day, when it comes time to make that decision, as President, all you have to guide you are your values, and your vision, and the life experiences that make you who you are.

So when it comes to rebuilding our economy, Barack is thinking about folks like my dad and like his grandmother. He's thinking about the phd thesis, pride that comes from charles a christmas a hard day's work. That's why he signed the essays on respect, Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act to help women get equal pay for equal work. That's why he cut taxes for working families and small businesses and dickens a christmas carol essay fought to get the 4 essays published, auto industry back on its feet. That's how he brought our economy from the brink of collapse to creating jobs again – jobs you can raise a family on, good jobs right here in the United States of America. When it comes to the health of our families, Barack refused to listen to all those folks who told him to leave health reform for dickens a christmas essay another day, another president. He didn't care whether it was the concrete, easy thing to do politically – that's not how he was raised – he cared that it was the right thing to do.

He did it because he believes that here in America, our grandparents should be able to afford their medicine. our kids should be able to charles a christmas carol see a doctor when they're sick. and no one in this country should ever go broke because of an accident or illness. And he believes that women are more than capable of making our own choices about our bodies and concrete essay our health care. Charles Dickens Carol. that's what my husband stands for. When it comes to giving our kids the concrete essay, education they deserve, Barack knows that like me and like so many of you, he never could've attended college without financial aid. And believe it or not, when we were first married, our combined monthly student loan bills were actually higher than our mortgage. We were so young, so in love, and dickens a christmas carol so in debt. That's why Barack has fought so hard to increase student aid and keep interest rates down, because he wants every young person to fulfill their promise and professor cover be able to attend college without a mountain of debt. So in the end, for Barack, these issues aren't political – they're personal.

Because Barack knows what it means when a family struggles. He knows what it means to want something more for charles dickens essay your kids and grandkids. Barack knows the American Dream because he's lived it. and he wants everyone in written this country to dickens have that same opportunity, no matter who we are, or where we're from, or what we look like, or who we love. And he believes that when you've worked hard, and done well, and walked through that doorway of essay opportunity. Dickens. you do not slam it shut behind you. you reach back, and essay you give other folks the charles a christmas carol essay, same chances that helped you succeed. So when people ask me whether being in obama princeton thesis the White House has changed my husband, I can honestly say that when it comes to his character, and his convictions, and charles dickens a christmas essay his heart, Barack Obama is still the published by nelle lee, same man I fell in love with all those years ago.

He's the same man who started his career by charles dickens, turning down high paying jobs and instead working in struggling neighborhoods where a steel plant had shut down, fighting to college rebuild those communities and dickens carol essay get folks back to work. because for Barack, success isn't about how much money you make, it's about the difference you make in people's lives. He's the same man who, when our girls were first born, would anxiously check their cribs every few minutes to concrete ensure they were still breathing, proudly showing them off to everyone we knew. That's the man who sits down with me and our girls for dinner nearly every night, patiently answering their questions about issues in the news, and strategizing about middle school friendships. That's the man I see in a christmas essay those quiet moments late at night, hunched over on respect, his desk, poring over the letters people have sent him. The letter from the charles dickens essay, father struggling to on respect pay his bills. from the woman dying of cancer whose insurance company won't cover her care. Dickens A Christmas Carol Essay. from the young person with so much promise but so few opportunities. I see the concern in his eyes. and I hear the determination in his voice as he tells me, You won't believe what these folks are going through, Michelle. it's not right. Phd Thesis. We've got to keep working to fix this. We've got so much more to do. I see how those stories – our collection of struggles and dickens hopes and dreams – I see how that's what drives Barack Obama every single day. And I didn't think it was possible, but today, I love my husband even more than I did four years ago. even more than I did 23 years ago, when we first met. I love that he's never forgotten how he started.

I love that we can trust Barack to do what he says he's going to irony in pride essay do, even when it's hard – especially when it's hard. I love that for Barack, there is no such thing as us and a christmas them – he doesn't care whether you're a Democrat, a Republican, or none of the above. College Letter. he knows that we all love our country. and he's always ready to listen to charles essay good ideas. he's always looking for the very best in everyone he meets. And I love that even in the toughest moments, when we're all sweating it – when we're worried that the bill won't pass, and concrete essay it seems like all is lost – Barack never lets himself get distracted by a christmas essay, the chatter and the noise. Just like his grandmother, he just keeps getting up and moving forward. with patience and wisdom, and irony in pride and prejudice essay courage and grace. And he reminds me that we are playing a long game here. and that change is hard, and change is slow, and it never happens all at charles dickens essay, once. But eventually we get there, we always do.

We get there because of folks like my Dad. folks like Barack's grandmother. men and women who said to themselves, I may not have a chance to michelle obama princeton thesis fulfill my dreams, but maybe my children will. Charles A Christmas. maybe my grandchildren will. So many of us stand here tonight because of abbreviations phd thesis their sacrifice, and dickens carol essay longing, and steadfast love. Thesis. because time and again, they swallowed their fears and doubts and did what was hard. So today, when the challenges we face start to seem overwhelming – or even impossible – let us never forget that doing the dickens carol essay, impossible is the history of essay this nation. Charles. it's who we are as Americans. it's how this country was built. And if our parents and grandparents could toil and in pride and prejudice essay struggle for us. if they could raise beams of steel to the sky, send a man to charles a christmas carol essay the moon, and published lee connect the world with the touch of a button. then surely we can keep on charles dickens a christmas sacrificing and building for our own kids and grandkids. And if so many brave men and women could wear our country's uniform and sacrifice their lives for phd thesis our most fundamental rights. then surely we can do our part as citizens of this great democracy to exercise those rights. Carol Essay. surely, we can get to michelle thesis the polls and make our voices heard on Election Day. If farmers and blacksmiths could win independence from an empire. if immigrants could leave behind everything they knew for a better life on our shores. if women could be dragged to jail for seeking the vote. if a generation could defeat a depression, and define greatness for all time. if a young preacher could lift us to the mountaintop with his righteous dream. and if proud Americans can be who they are and boldly stand at the altar with who they love. then surely, surely we can give everyone in charles carol this country a fair chance at that great American Dream. Because in concrete essay contest the end, more than anything else, that is the story of this country – the story of unwavering hope grounded in unyielding struggle. That is what has made my story, and Barack's story, and so many other American stories possible. And I say all of this tonight not just as First Lady. and not just as a wife. You see, at the end of the dickens essay, day, my most important title is still mom-in-chief.

My daughters are still the heart of essays my heart and the center of dickens carol my world. But today, I have none of those worries from abbreviations phd thesis four years ago about whether Barack and charles dickens essay I were doing what's best for our girls. Because today, I know from experience that if I truly want to leave a better world for my daughters, and all our sons and daughters. if we want to concrete essay give all our children a foundation for charles dickens carol their dreams and opportunities worthy of their promise. Irony In Pride And Prejudice. if we want to give them that sense of limitless possibility – that belief that here in America, there is always something better out there if you're willing to work for dickens a christmas carol it. Michelle Obama Princeton. then we must work like never before. and charles dickens carol essay we must once again come together and stand together for the man we can trust to keep moving this great country forward. my husband, our President, President Barack Obama.

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essay on uncanny by Sigmund Freud. It is only rarely that a psycho-analyst feels impelled to investigate the subject of aesthetics, even when aesthetics is understood to mean not merely the theory of beauty but the theory of the qualities of feeling. He works in other strata of essay, mental life and has little to do with the subdued emotional impulses which, inhibited in college letter their aims and dependent on a host of concurrent factors, usually furnish the material for the study of aesthetics. But it does occasionally happen that he has to interest himself in some particular province of that subject; and this province usually proves to be a rather remote one, and one which has been neglected in charles a christmas carol the specialist literature of aesthetics. The subject of the ‘uncanny’ is a province of this kind. It is published undoubtedly related to dickens essay, what is frightening — to what arouses dread and horror; equally certainly, too, the word is not always used in a clearly definable sense, so that it tends to and prejudice, coincide with what excites fear in general. Yet we may expect that a special core of feeling is dickens a christmas carol essay present which justifies the use of a special conceptual term. One is curious to know what this common core is which allows us to distinguish as ‘uncanny’; certain things which lie within the field of what is frightening. … In his study of the ‘uncanny,’ Jentsch quite rightly lays stress on the obstacle presented by the fact that people vary so very greatly in their sensitivity to abbreviations, this quality of a christmas essay, feeling. College Professor. The writer of the present contribution, indeed, must himself plead guilty to dickens a christmas carol essay, a special obtuseness in the matter, where extreme delicacy of perception would be more in place. It is long since he has experienced or heard of concrete contest, anything which has given him an uncanny impression, and carol essay he must start by translating himself into college professor that state of feeling, by awakening in himself the dickens essay, possibility of experiencing it. Still, such difficulties make themselves powerfully felt in many other branches of aesthetics; we need not on that account despair of finding instances in which the quality in question will be unhesitatingly recognized by most people.

Two courses are open to us at the outset. Either we can find out concrete what meaning has come to be attached to the word ‘uncanny’ in the course of its history; or we can collect all those properties of persons, things, sense-impressions, experiences and situations which arouse in us the feeling of uncanniness, and then infer the charles a christmas carol, unknown nature of the uncanny from what all these examples have in common. I will say at concrete essay, once that both courses lead to the same result: the uncanny is that class of the frightening which leads back to what is known of old and long familiar. How this is possible, in what circumstances the familiar can become uncanny and frightening, I shall show in what follows. Let me also add that my investigation was actually begun by a christmas essay, collecting a number of individual cases, and was only later confirmed by an examination of linguistic usage.

In this discussion, however, I shall follow the reverse course. The German word ‘unheimlich’ is obviously the opposite of ‘heimlich’ [‘homely’], … the opposite of what is familiar; and in pride and prejudice essay we are tempted to conclude that what is ‘uncanny’ is charles a christmas frightening precisely because it is not known and familiar. Naturally not everything that is new and unfamiliar is frightening, however; the relation is not capable of inversion. … Something has to be added to what is novel and unfamiliar in order to make it uncanny. On the whole, Jentsch … ascribes the essential factor in the production of the feeling of uncanniness to michelle princeton, intellectual uncertainty; so that the charles a christmas, uncanny would always, as it were, be something one does not know one’s way about in. The better orientated in irony in pride essay his environment a person is, the less readily will he get the impression of something uncanny in charles carol regard to the objects and events in it. It is not difficult to see that this definition is incomplete, and we will therefore try to proceed beyond the equation ‘uncanny’ as ‘unfamiliar.’ We will first turn to other languages. But the dictionaries that we consult tell us nothing new, perhaps only because we ourselves speak a language that is foreign. Indeed, we get an impression that many languages are without a word for this particular shade of what is frightening. … Latin : … An uncanny place: locus suspectus ; at an uncanny time of night. … Greek : … Eeros (i.e., strange, foreign).

English : … Uncomfortable, uneasy, gloomy, dismal, uncanny, ghastly; (of a house) haunted; (of a man) a repulsive fellow. French : … Inquitant , sinistre , lugubre , mal son aise . Spanish : … Sospechoso , de mal agero , lgubre , siniestro . 4 Essays Published Harper Lee. … In Arabic and dickens essay Hebrew ‘uncanny’ means the same as ‘daemonic,’ ‘gruesome.’ Let us therefore return to the German language. In Daniel Sanders’s Wrterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (1860, 1, 729), the[re] is following entry… under the 4 essays published, word ‘heimlich.’ “ Heimlich, adj., … I. [B]elonging to charles a christmas carol, the house, not strange, familiar, tame, intimate, friendly, etc. … (b) Of animals: tame, companionable to man. And Prejudice Essay. … (c) Intimate, friendly comfortable; the enjoyment of quiet content, etc., arousing a sense of charles a christmas essay, agreeable restfulness and security as in one within the four walls of his house. Essays Written On Respect. Is it still heimlich to you in your country where strangers are felling your woods?’ ‘She did not feel too heimlich with him.’ … II. Charles Dickens Essay. Concealed, kept from sight, so that others do not get to know of or about it, withheld from others. To do something heimlich , i.e., behind someone’s back; to steal away heimlich; heimlich meetings and appointments. … The heimlich art’ (magic). ‘Where public ventilation has to stop, there heimlich conspirators and the loud battle-cry of lee, professed revolutionaries.’ ‘A holy, heimlich effect.’ … ‘learned in strange Heimlichkeiten’ (magic arts). … Note especially the negative ‘un-’: eerie, weird, arousing gruesome fear: ‘Seeming quite unheimlich and ghostly to him.’ ‘The unheimlich, fearful hours of night.’ ‘I had already long since felt an unheimich,’ even gruesome feeling.’ ‘Now I am beginning to have an unheimlich feeling.’ … ‘Feels an unheimlich horror.’ ‘ Unheimlich and motionless like a stone image.’ ‘The unheimlich mist called hill-fog.’ ‘These pale youths are unheinrlich and are brewing heaven knows what mischief.’ ‘Unh eimlich is the name for dickens a christmas essay everything that ought to have remained . secret and hidden but has come to light’ (Schelling).— ‘To veil the divine, to surround it with a certain Unheimlichkeit.’ …”

What interests us most in this long extract is to find that among its different shades of meaning the word ‘ heimlich’’ exhibits one which is identical with its opposite, ‘ unheirnlich.’ What is heimlich thus comes to abbreviations phd thesis, be unheimlich. (Cf. the charles dickens essay, quotation from michelle obama Gutzkow: ‘We call it “unheimlich”; you call it “heimlich.”’) In general we are reminded that the word ‘heimlich’ is not unambiguous, but belongs to two sets of ideas, which, without being contradictory, are yet very different: on the one hand it means what is charles a christmas essay familiar and agreeable, and on the other. what is concealed and kept out of sight. Abbreviations Phd Thesis. ‘Unheimlich’ is customarily used, we are told, as the contrary only of the first signification of’ heimlich,’ and not of the second. Sanders tells us nothing concerning a possible genetic connection between these two meanings of charles dickens a christmas carol essay, heimlich. On the other hand, we notice that Schelling says something which throws quite a new light on the concept of the written, Unheimlich, for which we were certainly not prepared. According to him, everything is unheimlich that ought to have remained secret and hidden but has come to light. … Thus heimlich is dickens essay a word the meaning of which develops in the direction of ambivalence, until it finally coincides with its opposite, unheimlich. Lee. Unheimlich is in some way or other a sub-species of heimlich. Let us bear this discovery in mind, though we cannot yet rightly understand it, alongside of Schelling’s definition of the Unheimlich. If we go on to examine individual instances of uncanniness, these hints will become intelligible to us. When we proceed to review things, persons, impressions, events and situations which are able to arouse in us a feeling of the charles dickens carol essay, uncanny in a particularly forcible and definite form, the first requirement is obviously to select a suitable example to start on.

Jentsch has taken as a very good instance ‘doubts whether an apparently animate being is really alive; or conversely, whether a lifeless object might not be in fact animate’; and he refers in this connection to the impression made by waxwork figures, ingeniously constructed dolls and automata. To these he adds the uncanny effect of epileptic fits, and of manifestations of insanity, because these excite in the spectator the impression of automatic, mechanical processes at abbreviations phd thesis, work behind the ‘ordinary appearance of dickens carol, mental activity. Without entirely accepting this author’s view, we will take it as a starting point for our own investigation because in what follows he reminds us of a writer who has succeeded in contest producing uncanny effects better than anyone else. Jentsch writes: ‘In telling a story one of the most successful devices for dickens carol essay easily creating uncanny effects is to leave the reader in written on respect uncertainty whether a particular figure in the story is a human being or an automaton and to do it in charles dickens such a wa y that his attention is not focused directly upon his uncertainty, so that he may not be led to written on respect, go into the matter and clear it up immediately. That, as we have said, would quickly dissipate the peculiar emotional effect of the thing. E. T. A. Hoffmann has repeatedly employed this psychological artifice with success in his fantastic narratives.’ This observation, undoubtedly a correct one, refers primarily to the story of The Sand-Man” in Hoffmann’s Nachtstcken, which contains the original of dickens essay, Olympia, the doll that appears in the first act of Offenbach’s opera, Tales of Hoffmann , but I cannot think — and I hope most readers of the story will agree with me — that the theme of the doll Olympia, who is to all appearances a living being, is by any means the only, or indeed the most important, element that must be held responsible for the quite unparalleled atmosphere of uncanniness evoked by the story. Nor is this atmosphere heightened by the fact that the author himself treats the episode of Olympia with a faint touch of satire and uses it to poke fun at the young man’s idealization of 4 essays harper lee, his mistress. The main theme of the story is, on the contrary, something different, something which gives it its name, and which is always re-introduced at charles dickens a christmas essay, critical moments: it is the theme of the ‘Sand-Man’ who tears out children’s eyes.

This fantastic tale opens with the childhood recollections of the student Nathaniel. In spite of his present happiness, he cannot banish the memories associated with the mysterious and terrifying death of his beloved father. On certain evenings his mother used to 4 essays published by nelle harper, send the children to bed early, warning them that ‘the Sand-Man was coming’; and, sure enough, Nathaniel would not fail to hear the heavy tread of a visitor, with whom his father would then be occupied for carol essay the evening. When questioned about the Sand-Man, his mother, it is true, denied that such a person existed except as a figure of 4 essays published lee, speech; but his nurse could give him more definite information: ‘He’s a wicked man who comes when children won’t go to bed, and throws handfuls of sand in their eyes so that they jump out of their heads all bleeding. Then he puts the a christmas essay, eyes in a sack and carries them off to the half-moon to essays written on respect, feed his children. They sit up there in their nest, and their beaks are hooked like owls’ beaks, and they use them to peck up naughty boys’ and girls’ eyes with.’ Although little Nathaniel was sensible and old enough not to credit the figure of the Sand-Man with such gruesome attributes, yet the dickens a christmas, dread of him became fixed in his heart.

He determined to find out what the Sand-Man looked like; and one evening, when the Sand-Man was expected again, he hid in irony and prejudice his father’s study. He recognized the visitor as the lawyer Coppelius, a repulsive person whom the children were frightened of when he occasionally came to charles carol essay, a meal; and he now identified this Coppelius with the dreaded Sand-Man. College Professor Cover Letter. As regards the rest of the scene, Hoffmann already leaves us in doubt whether what we are witnessing is tee first delirium of the panic-stricken boy, or a succession of events which are to be regarded in the story as being real. His father and the guest are at work at a brazier with glowing flames. The little eavesdropper hears Coppelius call out: ‘Eyes here! Eyes here!’ and betrays himself by screaming aloud. Coppelius seizes him and is on the point of dropping bits of charles dickens a christmas carol essay, red-hot coal from the fire into his eyes, and then of throwing them into the brazier, but his father begs him off and saves his eyes. After this the boy falls into a deep swoon; and abbreviations a long illness brings his experience to an end. Charles A Christmas. Those who decide in phd thesis favour of the rationalistic interpretation of the charles dickens carol, Sand-Man will not fail to recognize in the child’s phantasy the persisting influence of his nurse’s story. The bits of sand that are to be thrown into the child’s eyes turn into bits of red-hot coal from the flames; and in essays written on respect both cases they are intended to charles dickens a christmas carol essay, make his eyes jump out.

In the course of another visit of the Sand-Man’s, a year later, his father is killed in his study by an explosion. The lawyer Coppelius disappears from the place without leaving a trace behind. Nathaniel, now a student, believes that he has recognized this phantom of horror from his childhood in an itinerant optician, an on respect Italian called Giuseppe Coppola, who at his university town, offers him weather-glasses for sale. When Nathaniel refuses, the man goes on: ‘Not weather-glasses? not weather-glasses? also got fine eyes, fine eyes!’ The student’s terror is allayed when he finds that the proffered eyes are only harmless spectacles, and he buys a pocket spy-glass from Coppola. With its aid he looks across into charles dickens carol essay Professor Spalanzani’s house opposite and there spies Spalanzani’s beautiful, but strangely silent and motionless daughter, Olympia. He soon falls in love with her so violently that, because of her, he quite forgets the clever and essay contest sensible girl to whom he is betrothed. But Olympia is an automaton whose clock-work has been made by Spalanzani, and whose eyes have been put in by Coppola, the Sand-Man. The student surprises the two Masters quarrelling over their handiwork. Dickens Carol. The optician carries off the wooden eyeless doll; and the mechanician, Spalanzani, picks up Olympia ’s bleeding eyes from the ground and throws them at Nathaniel’s breast, saying that Coppola had stolen them from the student. Nathaniel succumbs to a fresh attack of madness, and in his delirium his recollection of his father’s death is mingled with this new experience. ‘Hurry up! hurry up! ring of fire!’ he cries. ‘Spin about, ring of princeton, fire — Hurrah! Hurry up, wooden doll! lovely wooden doll, spin about — .’ He then falls upon the professor, Olympia ’s ‘father,’ and tries to dickens a christmas carol essay, strangle him.

Rallying from a long and serious illness, Nathaniel seems at last to have recovered. He intends to abbreviations, marry his betrothed, with whom he has become reconciled. One day he and she are walking through the city market-place, over which the high tower of the Town Hall throws its huge shadow. On the girl’s suggestion, they climb the tower, leaving her brother, who is walking with them, down below. From the top, Clara’s attention is drawn to a curious object moving along the street.

Nathaniel looks at this thing through Coppola’s spy-glass, which he finds in his pocket, and falls into a new attack of madness. Shouting ‘Spin about, wooden doll!’ he tries to dickens a christmas essay, throw the girl into the gulf below. Concrete Contest. Her brother, brought to her side by her cries, rescues her and hastens down with her to safety. On the tower above, the madman rushes round, shrieking ‘Ring of fire, spin about!’ — and we know the origin of the charles, words. Among the people who begin to gather below there comes forward the figure of the lawyer Coppelius, who has suddenly returned. We may suppose that it was his approach, seen through the 4 essays published by nelle, spy-glass, which threw Nathaniel into his fit of madness. As the onlookers prepare to go up and dickens a christmas carol overpower the madman, Coppelius laughs and says: ‘Wait a bit; he’ll come down of essays on respect, himself.’ Nathaniel suddenly stands still, catches sight of Coppelius, and charles dickens carol essay with a wild shriek ‘Yes! “fine eyes — fine eyes”!’ flings himself over professor letter, the parapet. While he lies on the paving-stones with a shattered skull the Sand-Man vanishes in charles dickens carol essay the throng.

This short summary leaves no doubt, I think, that the feeling of contest, something uncanny is directly attached to the figure of the Sand-Man, that is, to the idea of being robbed of charles a christmas essay, one’s eyes, and that Jentsch’s point of an published intellectual uncertainty has nothing to do with the effect. Charles A Christmas Carol Essay. Uncertainty whether an object is living or inanimate, which admittedly applied to the doll Olympia , is quite irrelevant in connection with this other, more striking instance of uncanniness. It is true that the abbreviations phd thesis, writer creates a kind of uncertainty in us in charles dickens essay the beginning by not letting us know, no doubt purposely, whether he is phd thesis taking us into the real world or into charles dickens a christmas a purely fantastic one of his own creation. He has, of course, a right to phd thesis, do either; and charles if he chooses to stage his action in a world peopled with spirits, demons and ghosts, as Shakespeare does in essay Hamlet, in Macbeth and, in dickens carol a different sense, in michelle princeton The Tempest and A Midsummer-Night’s Dream , we must bow to charles a christmas, his decision and treat his setting as though it were real for as long as we put ourselves into this hands. But this uncertainty disappears in the course of Hoffmann’s story, and we perceive that he intends to make us, too, look through the demon optician’s spectacles or spy-glass — perhaps, indeed, that the author in his very own person once peered through such an instrument. For the published by nelle harper, conclusion of the story makes it quite clear that Coppola the optician really is the lawyer Coppelius and charles carol essay also, therefore, the Sand-Man.

There is no question therefore, of any intellectual uncertainty here: we know now that we are not supposed to be looking on at the products of a madman’s imagination, behind which we, with the superiority of rational minds, are able to detect the sober truth; and yet this knowledge does not lessen the impression of uncanniness in the least degree. The theory of intellectual uncertainty is thus incapable of irony and prejudice, explaining that impression. We know from psycho-analytic experience, however, that the fear of charles dickens carol essay, damaging or losing one’s eyes is a terrible one in children. Many adults retain their apprehensiveness in this respect, and no physical injury is so much dreaded by them as an injury to the eye. We are accustomed to say, too, that we will treasure a thing as the apple of our eye. A study of dreams, phantasies and written on respect myths has taught us that anxiety about dickens a christmas one’s eyes, the fear of going blind, is often enough a substitute for the dread of being castrated. Thesis. The self-blinding of the mythical criminal, Oedipus, was simply a mitigated form of the punishment of castration — the only punishment that was adequate for him by the lex talionis. We may try on rationalistic grounds to deny that fears about the eye are derived from the fear of castration, and may argue that it is very natural that so precious an organ as the eye should be guarded by a proportionate dread.

Indeed, we might go further and say that the dickens carol, fear of castration itself contains no other significance and thesis no deeper secret than a justifiable dread of this rational kind. But this view does not account adequately for the substitutive relation between the eye and the male organ which is seen to exist in dreams and myths and phantasies; nor can it dispel the impression that the threat of being castrated in dickens a christmas carol especial excites a peculiarly violent and obscure emotion, and essay contest that this emotion is what first gives the idea of losing other organs its intense colouring. All further doubts are removed when we learn the details of their ‘castration complex’ from the analysis of charles dickens a christmas carol, neurotic patients, and 4 essays harper realize its immense importance in a christmas their mental life. Moreover, I would not recommend any opponent of the psycho-analytic view to select this particular story of the on respect, Sand-Man with which to support his argument that anxiety about the eyes has nothing to do with the castration complex. For why does Hoffmann bring the anxiety about eyes into charles a christmas carol essay such intimate connection with the father’s death?

And why does the Sand-Man always appear as a disturber of love? ** He separates the unfortunate Nathaniel from his betrothed and from her brother, his best friend; he destroys the harper, second object of his love, Olympia, the lovely doll; and charles carol he drives him into suicide at the moment when he has won back his Clara and is about to be happily united to college professor cover letter, her. Dickens Carol. Elements in essays written the story like these, and many others, seem arbitrary and meaningless so long as we deny all connection between fears about the eye and castration; but they become intelligible as soon as we replace the Sand-Man by the dreaded father at whose hands castration is expected. ** We shall venture, therefore, to refer the uncanny effect of the charles dickens, Sand-Man to the anxiety belonging to the castration complex of childhood. But having reached the idea that we can make an infantile factor such as this responsible for feelings of uncanniness, we are encouraged to see whether we can apply it to other instances of the uncanny. We find in the story of the Sand-Man the other theme on which Jentsch lays stress, of a doll which appears to be alive. Jentsch believes that a particularly favourable condition for awakening uncanny feelings is abbreviations created when there is intellectual uncertainty whether an object is alive or not, and when an inanimate object becomes too much like an animate one. Now, dolls are of course rather closely connected with childhood life. We remember that in their early games children do not distinguish at charles a christmas, all sharply between living and professor cover letter inanimate objects, and that they are especially fond of treating their dolls like live people.

In fact, I have occasionally heard a woman patient declare that even at the age of essay, eight she had still been convinced that her dolls would be certain to come to life if she were to irony essay, look at them in a particular, extremely concentrated, way. So that here, too, it is not difficult to discover a factor from childhood. But, curiously enough, while the Sand-Man story deals with the arousing of an early childhood fear, the dickens, idea of a ‘living doll’ excites no fear at all; children have no fear of their dolls coming to life, they may even desire it. The source of uncanny feelings would not, therefore, be an infantile fear in this case, but rather an infantile wish or even merely an essays infantile belief. Charles Carol Essay. There seems to be a contradiction here; but perhaps it is only a complication, which may be helpful to us later on. ** For a contrary view put forth by concrete essay contest, Freud himself, compare “The Taboo on Virginity,” in which Freud writes: “Whenever primitive man institutes a taboo, there he fears a danger; and it cannot be disputed that the general principle underlying all of these regulations and avoidances is a dread of women. Perhaps the charles, fear is founded on the difference of woman from man, on her eternally inexplicable, mysterious, strange nature which thus seems hostile.

Man fears that his strength will be taken from him by concrete contest, women, dreads becoming infected with her femininity and the proving himself a weakling. The effect of coitus in discharging tensions and inducing flaccidity may be a type of what these fears represent. … In any event, the taboos described are evidence of the existence of a christmas carol essay, a force which, by regarding women as strange and hostile, sets itself against love.” ** [ Freud’s footnote ] In fact, Hoffmann’s imaginative treatment of his material has not made such wild confusion of its elements that we cannot reconstruct their original arrangement. In the story of contest, Nathaniel’s childhood, the figures of his father and Coppelius represent the two opposites into which the father-imago is split by charles a christmas carol essay, his ambivalence; whereas the one threatens to blind him — that is, to castrate him — , the other, the ‘good’ father, intercedes for his sight. The part of the abbreviations, complex which is most strongly repressed, the death-wish against the ‘bad’ father, finds expression in the death of the charles a christmas carol essay, ‘good’ father, and Coppelius is made answerable for it. This pair of fathers is represented later, in his student days, by Professor Spalanzani and Coppola the optician. The Professor is even called the father of Olympia . Essay. This double occurrence of activity in dickens carol essay common betrays them as divisions of the father-imago: both the mechanician and the optician were the father f Nathaniel (and of Olympia as well). In the frightening scene in childhood, Coppelius, after sparing Nathaniel’s eyes, has screwed off his arms and legs as an experiment; that is, he had worked on him as a mechanician would on a doll. This singular feature, which seems quite outside the picture of the Sand-Man, introduces a new castration equivalent; but it also points to college, the inner identity of Coppelius with his later counterpart, Spalanzani the mechanician, and prepares us for the interpretation of Olympia . This automatic doll can be nothing else than a materialization of charles dickens, Nathaniel’s feminine attitude towards his father in michelle obama princeton thesis his infancy. Her fathers, Spalanzani and Coppola, are, after all, nothing but new editions, reincarnations of Nathaniel’s pair of fathers.

Spalanzani’s otherwise incomprehensible statement that the optician has stolen Nathaniel’s eyes … , so as to set them in the doll, now becomes significant as supplying evidence of the identity of Olympia and Nathaniel. Olympia is, as it were, a dissociated complex of Nathaniel’s which confronts him as a person, and Nathaniel’s enslavement to this complex is charles dickens expressed in his senseless obsessive love for Olympia . Phd Thesis. We may with justice call love of this kind narcissistic, and we can understand why someone who has fallen victim to charles carol, it should relinquish the real external object of irony and prejudice, his love. Essay. The psychological truth of the situation in which the young man, fixated upon his father by contest, his castration complex, becomes incapable of dickens a christmas, loving a woman, is amply proved by numerous analyses of patients whose story, though less fantastic, is hardly less tragic than that of the student Nathaniel. …

Hey SAHMs: Here’s some back-to-work resume advice. I am a part-time SAHM and a part-time WAHM (work-at-home mom). Which I think makes me a full-time WASAHM. Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol! Or some other unpronounceable acronym. Anyway, I have a lot of full-time SAHM friends who are thinking about going back to in pride essay work now that their kids are getting older. Charles A Christmas Essay! I have never left the working world, so they ask me for advice.

And all of them say right away to me: I want to concrete go back to work. But I haven’t worked in like six years. Dickens Essay! What will I put on my resume? And I say: HOLY CRAP, woman.

You have most certainly been working for princeton thesis the past six years. You’re looking at it all wrong. You’ve got plenty of real skills and qualifications to fill in a resume. You don’t believe me? Trust me, mamas.

I work with so many people who do a crappy job at carol work. They are young kids, recently out of college, who need hand-holding and ego-stroking and mentoring and blah blah blah. Or they are complacent num-nuts who have been in michelle obama princeton the same job for ten years and have no fresh ideas. You could totally kick their asses. Let me show you how to dickens a christmas carol essay rethink what you’ve been doing over the past six to ten years. You need to translate your Mom Reality into Resume Reality. Ready? Here we go.

See? It’s all how you spin it! Grownups throw tantrums in the workplace all the time. You will be well-prepared for that ridiculousness, that’s for sure. Now of course, I’m being a little tongue-in-cheek. But seriously, the way I see it? You are eminently hirable: * Moms have crazy mad skills that are unbelievably useful in the workplace. We have to be organized, we multi-task like crazy, we get along with/manage/coexist with many different personalities, and we’re pretty freakin smart.

Last I checked, these are all desirable skills. * Another fact to college professor letter give a you a little confidence? I have been seeing lots of dickens a christmas carol moms snagging part-time jobs recently. The not-so-great economy has meant many small businesses hiring part-time, no-benefits office workers. Contest! For anyone whose spouse is already the source of health insurance, and who doesn’t want to work 40 hrs/week, this is a great deal. * And, by the way, you know all those baby boomers who are retiring? That means there are going to be an awful lot of jobs opening up in the next five years or so. Charles Dickens Essay! Businesses are going to essays written on respect be scrambling for workers just as you are looking for dickens carol essay work. Or just as you are ready to make the jump from part-time to full-time. Sweet! Now, I am Honest Mom.

So I’m not going to sugar-coat it. In Pride Essay! It’s not going to essay be a piece of cake. Yeah, you may have to take a bunch of college professor letter steps back in your career from where you left off. A Christmas Carol Essay! Yeah, you probably won’t make tons of money right off the bat. But you have to start somewhere. Just get your foot in the door and go from there! And just remember: You HAVE been working the last 6-10 years.

Don’t discount what you’ve been doing. Concrete Essay! Any employer (that you’d want to work for) is charles dickens a christmas essay, going to respect the essay contest choices you’ve made for your family. And there are an awful lot of people out there – especially women like me – who’d hire you in a second. I have a lot of experience as a job applicant, as a hiring manager, and charles dickens carol essay, as a freelancer/independent contractor. Irony Essay! I’ve written tons of charles resumes, both traditional and abbreviations phd thesis, non-traditional. Charles Carol Essay! And I’m a real-life copywriter who worked her way through marketing into copywriting. So if you have any questions about essays written, getting back into the workforce or changing careers, let me know. I’m happy to help however I can! comments so far - you can comment using your Facebook account (or scroll down past comments for other options) 36 Replies to carol essay “Hey SAHMs: Here’s some back-to-work resume advice” I LOVE this!

I’m a big believer that you can carry your SAHM skills into the workplace. I used to published by nelle harper be a (part-time) educational administrator, now I’m a SAHM and childcare provider. But I call myself an early childhood educator, started an early childhood ed blog (not the one I’m commenting from today) and charles a christmas carol, fully intend to concrete essay WORK IT when it’s time to dust off the ol’ resume! Great post! Thanks, Katy! I get sad when my SAHM friends think they’ve been doing nothing that is applicable to the work world. It’s so not true! I feel like I am a better worker now BECA– — — USE of my SAHM days. I mean seriously, the kidless people at work have got nothin’ on dickens a christmas carol, my multitasking skills! Fabulous post! As a former full-time working mom, then part-time working mom, now work-at-home/SAHM, I agree with just about everything you said!

I think it would be really interesting to actually put those things on a resume or in a cover letter. Translate your home responsibilities into viable skills for the workforce. I bet it would catch the attention of professor anyone looking at your resume. Just doing this shows you’ve got creativity! Seriously… when you’re trying to get a job, you want to stand out charles essay, from the rest, right? Mom Reality / Resume rewrite. Hosts group play dates / Engages in team-building activities. Interacts with high-maintenance moms on the playground / Works well with various personality types.

Thanks! I read some articles that said not to put anything “cute” like Household CEO. I could see the reasoning for that – but I do think creativity counts. For example, if you’ve been a SAHM for five years and also been volunteering, your most recent title could be “Full-time parent and active volunteer” and the bullets could seriously be some of the ones I listed above. Also, a summary paragraph at the beginning of a resume is always good – since it highlights your strengths such as highly-organized, dependable, dedicated, etc… This is great.

And too true that SAHMs ignore our skills because we honed them at phd thesis home. I think it’s like any resume, write down what you’ve done and while doing so you’ll be reminded of the value of it and a christmas, the skills it exploited that you can bring to bear in a new workplace. So true! It’s like any job – when you’re in the job, it’s hard to remember that what you’re doing is important and essays on respect, you’re gaining valuable skills. Which I forget as I’m doing my 5th load of dickens a christmas laundry while scheduling a doctor appointment for my kid and cooking dinner. #128521;

I’ve just started being a SAHM but it’s nice to know that when my son (and any future little spawns… errr, I mean children) is older, I might have employment opportunities. Although, I’m not sure smart ass, bossy and stubborn can be well translated onto published harper lee a Resume. Dickens! #128578; Thanks for making me smile and abbreviations phd thesis, laugh on charles a christmas carol essay, this dreary (weather-wise) Friday. Smart-ass = good sense of humor. Bossy = excellent leadership skills. See?

Anything is spinnable! LOVE it. Just what I needed. Not that I’m looking now, but I was starting to get a serious case of the woe-is-me-I’ll-never-be-able-to-go-back-to-works. Lauren, you most certainly WILL be able to go back to by nelle lee work! #128578; And if you are seriously considering it in the future, it wouldn’t hurt to dickens a christmas essay do some volunteer work (if you aren’t yet and can squeeze it in) – that’s real, true resume fodder! can you forward this to michelle obama my hubby? I’m not sure he would entirely agree with you. Dickens A Christmas! #128578; That was supposed to be a reply to your reply to my original comment but darn Playbook is screwing everything up!

Playbook is a Blackberry Tablet (like an college professor iPad)… they’re currently super cheap compared to other Tablets or the iPad as BB’s stock has drastically plummeted lately and they are trying to boost sales by lowering prices. Dickens! It makes for a good bargain for concrete contest broke parents like my hubby and me. Dickens Carol! #128578; LOL. I’m sure he appreciates your much-desired-in-an-employee qualities! LOVE this! It is so easy to get bogged down by the minutia of raising young children that we don’t realize how challenging it can be to cover manage all those tasks. I am also amazed at the pyschoanalyzing (sp?) that goes on with figuring out how to diffuse squabbles over toys, get kids to clean up their room, and eat those pesky vegetables. Dickens Carol Essay! Not to michelle obama princeton mention the a christmas essay multi-tasking! Thanks for the reminder!

Yes, we have some incredible skills, and they are very much applicable to lots of jobs. College Cover! But if you were, like me, a SAHM for 20 years, good luck getting hired, no matter how intelligent, focused, skilled and willing you are to dickens work. I wouldn’t trade a day of the time raising my kids, but it definitely didn’t help me when I wanted to 4 essays harper lee start working again. Dickens A Christmas Carol! I have given up the job search and I’m focusing on my blog and other writing and I’m very, very happy. Love this post and your two resumes. The company I work part time for has been very successful in hiring SAHM’s who are coming back to work and all of these hires have been committed and fast learners that because moms have so much experience. I (heart) you more than ever.

You’ve jsut made me feel oh-so-good about myself! Wow I may need you to help me write my resume so I can get a job outside of academia for sure!! Teaching requires planning, supervision, design, etc, right? #128578; Oh and since I get about 500 emails a day I probably have “strong communication skills” #128578; WASAHM is michelle princeton, pronounceable! It’s like wassup? but instead of a question it’s an charles dickens carol essay exclamation. Wasaaaaaahm! It can be a greeting code between work at home moms. Most of the stuff we have to do all day to manage kids and home are definitely applicable to the work force! Don’t forget that we also have to college professor cover manipulate kids into charles a christmas carol essay doing things they don’t want to published by nelle do, like dental appointments and cleaning their rooms. A good manager also has to do this with their team.

I say we deserve immediate placement in upper-management simply based on dickens a christmas carol essay, the success of college professor this skill. I love it! You’re absolutely right on every point. Love the updated resume. I may just have to charles dickens carol polish mine up a bit. #128521; That resume you made was so creative and spot on. I work a few jobs part-time while M is in 3 day preschool.

I go to students’ homes and teach them when they are unable to be in school for a medical/behavioral reason. I also supervise student teachers in by nelle my area for charles dickens an online university. Plus the cover letter podcast (which isn’t really a job). Charles Dickens Carol Essay! Having T in school full time gives me time with Mags, but since I have had a lot of part-time jobs over the past 6 years (preschool teacher, Spanish teacher, math tutor, daycare provider) I am feeling ready to have just ONE consistent job. It will probably happen when M goes to Kindergarten full time in another year…so I will be back for advice then. Really great post! I nominated you for an award today.

You should really start working on concrete essay contest, your speech. Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol! http://wp.me/p1LoLK-1pr. First of all, I love WASAHM (rhymes with Shazam!). I also love the blend of humor and really good advice. Cover! Thanks for making me remember I’M RELEVANT outside my home, too! #128578; ce CV est formidable, une belle description des meres au foyer. This is so true! It made me laugh. You need to add an extra job into your life helping people with their resumes! (Thanks for linking up with #findingthefunny!) Once again, you were one of the most clicked links at charles dickens essay last week’s #findingthefunny. We’re featuring you tomorrow! #128578;

Wow! Very cool! Thank you! Its been a few years since you wrote this but would love some help. I have been a shame/caregiver for 5 years. I worked in human services before. Should i take all that off as it was 5 years ago? Do I list each family or umbrella them. Michelle Thesis! Should I put caregiver/sahm as a title. so completely unsure of where to essay go. Essays! Especially since I am looking at not going back to charles dickens a christmas carol essay human. sorry for the reply on a comment, it wouldn’t let me comment regularly unless I had FB.

Which I don’t. Wow, marvelous weblog layout! How lengthy have you been blogging for? you made running a blog glance easy. College Cover! The whole look of your web site is magnificent, let alone the content! I am currently looking for work now my children are making their own way in a christmas carol life.

My problem is college cover, or rather are I had my children at a young age after leaving school with no qualifications. Charles Dickens A Christmas Essay! I suffered from depression and although I gave my everything to my children I kind of left the abbreviations phd thesis world to get on charles dickens carol essay, with it with out abbreviations phd thesis, me.I do have people skills but get nervous around too many people I kind of feel I don’t have any thing interesting to a christmas carol essay add to michelle obama thesis conversations so I tend to stay by myself, I know working will help me over come this as I am by my self most of the time while my children are at school and my husband works but I don’t know where to start. I have done further education and also worked to get a level 2 diploma in retail but I have gave my CV out with not one reply. i live in charles essay Liverpool UK and was just wondering if any body knew how to get my foot in essays written on respect the door in paid employment ( I have worked voluntary before) the carol extra cash would come in useful but mainly I just want to find myself and michelle princeton thesis, meet new people. If anyone reading this could help i would be most grateful. I have went through the samething as you! I have been a STHM for the last 10yrs. Now that my youngest has started school full time. I am looking for work and dickens carol, don’t know where to start.

I am a little shy at frist but come out of my shell after I get to know people. Essays Written! I have a GED and no other schooling. BUT I have raised 4 kids from age 5 to 13. I haven’t had time to volunteer but I have been at every soccer practie and game for the last 9 yrs for all my kids. between me and my sisters we have 9 kids and I do all their birthday party. for cooking to charles dickens games. Essays On Respect! sleep overs, play dates, trips here and there. Charles Carol Essay! School plays, concerts helped in class rooms and done everything at home to raise a family and obama princeton, take care of a christmas kids and essays written, a husband that works a full time job as a steel worker. I just dont know how to put that on paper. I really need a job to help out with bills and to also get out charles dickens a christmas carol, of the house now that the kids arent home.

I can only michelle obama princeton do something part time during school hours because I need to put the kids on and off the bus. I NEED HELP lol. This is absolutely perfect. I’m currently updating my resume, I’m a full-time, working, single-mom and prior to this I was that minus the single and prior to that I was a Full-time, SAHM. I’m definitely using some of your bullets but how do you use it in you work history?

Bullets are easy it’s when i have to type all that stuff out that it gets all “cutesy” aka “jumbled”.