Essay memoir

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Trafficked Along the “Balkan Route” This photo essay originally appeared on June 9, 2016 on Medium. Refugees and Migrants Are Left Unassisted as Exploitation Is Often Undetected. I n recent years there has been a dramatic increase in the number of refugees and migrants traveling on the “Balkan route” — the path stretching from the Middle East to the European Union through Turkey and South East Europe — in essay memoir search of a better life in the European Union. The journey, via the of the skills in critical your to judge critique choppy and often deadly waters of the Aegean Sea, is fraught with risk and essay memoir, many people find themselves exposed to exploitation, including human trafficking. A family fleeing the war in Syria. Over half a million people entered Serbia between October 2015 and September 2016, according to the UN.

The vast majority of them were merely passing through on their way to other countries. Photo: Peter Biro/ECHO. To date, however, there has been limited empirical evidence of when, why and how vulnerability to human trafficking arises in mass movements of essay migrants and refugees. Essay Memoir! Little is also understood about how new patterns of vulnerability and exploitation challenge established procedures for the identification of and assistance to trafficking victims. Hundreds of trafficked migrants and refugees — from Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan and elsewhere — who have moved to and through Serbia over the past two years have provided a unique insight into their experiences in a new report by NEXUS Institute and Fafo in partnership with Serbian non-governmental groups Atina and Centre for Youth Integration . Syrian refugees in a makeshift camp in Lebanon. Restrictions on refugees’ ability to work legally in Lebanon, as well as strict enforcement of visas and residence permits, has increased refugees’ vulnerability to sex trafficking and forced labor. Photo: Peter Biro/ECHO. Our research highlights the exploitation and trafficking of migrants and refugees who have moved to and through Serbia over the past two years. Reported human trafficking cases included male and female victims, adult and child victims and individuals trafficked for different forms of gre essay help exploitation.

The types of trafficking ranged from essay, forced labor, begging or marriage to marshall essay competition sexual exploitation. To a lesser extent, trafficking for the removal of essay organs was also reported. “Several migrants and refugees have been forced to provide sexual services as a means of continuing their journey toward the EU,” said Rebecca Surtees, NEXUS Senior Researcher and the report’s co-author. “In some cases, they were forced to gre essay help sell sexual services to survive. Essay Memoir! In other instances, smugglers forced migrants or refugees into prostitution in order for them to earn money to fund the onward travel.” “Migrants and refugees were also trafficked for labor in their attempt to earn money to continue their onward journey. Proposal Summary Essay! They often had their passports seized and held by essay memoir, ‘employers’, were not paid and subjected to threats and physical violence. This included men, women and children.” A mong refugees and migrants who are staying temporarily in Serbia there is a great fluidity in the identities of “migrant”, “refugee” and “trafficking victim”. Some individuals were originally trafficked but also became refugees or migrants when they escaped. One woman escaped her exploitation as a domestic worker in the Gulf and fled to Europe as a migrant. Another woman was exploited as a “sex slave” in her home country but managed to flee and then also became a refugee.

In other cases, migrants or refugees were trafficked at some stage of their flight. One man fled his home country with his wife and children initially to a neighboring country. There, he was pressured to cognitive skills do with ability to judge sell his kidney to fund his family’s onward flight. “People have also been vulnerable to memoir exploitation in settings where they have been stranded or unable to move on because they lack resources to pay smugglers or others to help them to continue their journey,” said Anette Brunovskis, Fafo Senior Researcher and co-author of the study. It is challenging to identify trafficking victims under any circumstances. But it is particularly difficult during a massive and modest essay, rapid movement of migrants and refugees, often organized by smugglers. For this reason, human trafficking may not be easily recognizable as such, the report points out.

“The fast movement of an extraordinarily high number of migrants and refugees of mixed nationalities make it difficult for police, aid groups and other front line responders to identify cases of essay trafficking,” said Brunovskis. “The lack of a common language and a deep mistrust in local authorities further complicate the situation. To set up appropriate and effective human trafficking screening mechanisms or identifying particular vulnerabilities are enormous tasks in literature paper this fluid and ever-changing transit setting.” Syrians, fleeing from areas controlled by Islamic State, sit in the rocky desert where Jordan meets Syria Iraq. For some refugees and migrants, it was the situation they had ended up in as a result of trafficking — either in their home countries or in refugee camps — that led them to essay flee in gre essay help the first place. Photo: Peter Biro/ECHO. T ypical indicators and signals of trafficking risk, which front line responders have been trained to identify, might not be relevant when it comes to trafficked migrants and essay, refugees.

There is an urgent need to develop more responsive tools to identify and assist trafficked migrants and refugees. But it is gre essay help also important to consider other forms of vulnerability and exploitation that migrants and memoir, refugees face, which may be caused by or lead to human trafficking. Syrian refugees warm up in their makeshift shelter in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley. Photo: Peter Biro/ECHO. “ T o protect the rights of trafficked migrants and refugees, it is important not to focus too heavily on discrete ‘identities’, whether ‘migrant’, ‘refugee’ and/or ‘trafficking victim’,” said Rebecca Surtees. “Paying attention to this complexity and the overlapping identities will not only allow for a more holistic assistance response for individuals, but also a more inclusive social protection response generally in this country and literature format, beyond.” Human Trafficking In Indonesia: The Difficult Road Home. This photo essay originally appeared on July 13, 2016 on Medium. I n Indonesia, human trafficking is a pressing problem.

With over 32 million people living below the essay memoir poverty line in this vast island nation, many thousands of Indonesians each year end up in working conditions indicative of trafficking. And once a trafficking victim returns home, the ordeal of being trapped in modern slavery is too often followed by a daunting personal struggle to put their life back together, according to new research by the NEXUS Institute, an independent human rights research and policy center based in Washington, D.C. Over 10 percent of Indonesians live under the marshall fund essay poverty line, with some 30 million people forced to beg or scavenge to make ends meet. Poverty and lack of opportunity may contribute to the risk of human trafficking. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. Based on extensive interviews with almost 100 trafficking victims and over 100 anti-trafficking professionals and service providers in Indonesia, Going Home — Challenges in the Reintegration of Trafficking Victims in Indonesia details the uncertain and precarious path toward recovery and reintegration faced by many victims of essay memoir human trafficking in Indonesia. Going Home is the ib world essay first in a series of longitudinal studies by essay, the NEXUS Institute about human trafficking and victim reintegration in Indonesia. A woman recycles plastic bottles at a garbage dump in review paper apa format the Indonesian capital, Jakarta.

Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. “ T his research is the essay first longitudinal study on essay on education and national development human trafficking conducted in Indonesia and one of only a few in the world. It offers a unique lens into the complex process of reintegration for memoir victims after being trafficked, drawing on the firsthand accounts of a diverse group of trafficking victims,” said Stephen Warnath, President, CEO and Founder of german marshall fund competition NEXUS Institute. “These men and essay, women shared their experiences with us and, in doing so, reveal stories of hope, determination, perseverance, courage, and essay on education and national development, resilience. Our report documents their experiences and introduces what support is available for reintegration of memoir victims of essay human trafficking in essay memoir Indonesia, and the constraints and obstacles victims face in accessing that support. The stories that emerge from our interviews are not unique. Listening to their voices and the lessons to be learned from them can benefit many countries around the world.” Women in marshall essay prostitution by memoir, the railroad tracks. Photo: Peter Biro for cognitive skills ability NEXUS Institute.

A girl, who recently returned after having been trafficked into prostitution, walks through her home village. For those who have been rescued or have escaped trafficking, support from their families and communities is often critical to their recovery, but far from assured, according to NEXUS’ research. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. A number of government initiatives exist to essay memoir assist returning trafficking victims. Indonesia’s Anti-Trafficking Law (Law 21/2007), for example, provides a right to healthcare, psychological support and counseling, temporary shelter and legal aid. “ N onetheless, returning home and reintegrating after trafficking is often a daunting process,” said Rebecca Surtees, NEXUS Institute Senior Researcher and the study’s lead author. “Many returning trafficking victims do not receive the essay and national assistance and support that they need to essay recover — despite existing legislation and support programs. As a result, they often have a difficult time reintegrating into their families and communities and moving on with their lives after trafficking. They often face on-going vulnerability.” A man receives medical care in a community clinic in ib world West Java.

When trafficking victims return home, they often require a range of assistance, including emergency and long-term medical care. They also often require a raft of other services, including counseling, job placement or income generation, access to education, housing and legal assistance. Essay! Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. A policewoman outside a unit in West Java tasked with investigating crimes against women and children, including human trafficking. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute.

Travelers at Jakarta’s main bus station. Paper Apa Format! Reintegration is much more than only returning to memoir one’s family. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. Often, trafficking victims do not know what services they are entitled to development and how to access them. Those who do receive assistance from the essay government or civil society do not always receive help that is of the skills in critical do with your to judge critique tailored to their individual needs or adequately supports their efforts to reintegrate, according to the study. This is, at least in part, because programs and services do not take into account all forms of trafficking and all types of essay victims. “ I n Indonesia, as in many countries, there is an assumption that most trafficking is for sexual exploitation,” Rebecca Surtees said. “Indonesian trafficking victims include men, women and children who are exploited sexually or for labor.

Reintegration services and support need to be tailored to each individual victim’s unique and essay competition, specific experience and assistance needs.” A domestic worker employed in an Indonesian household. Essay! Aside from sexual exploitation, a vast number of essay and national development Indonesian women are trafficked each year into domestic servitude in Asia and the Middle East. Essay! Photo: Peter Biro for gre essay help NEXUS Institute. A man working in a factory in West Java.

Many Indonesians are trafficked for different types of labor. This includes factory work, construction, agriculture and commercial fishing. An increasing number of identified Indonesian trafficking victims are males. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. Workers and fishers in Jakarta’s port. Many trafficked Indonesian migrant workers were not recognized as trafficking victims, including men exploited in the fishing industry, the essay NEXUS report finds. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. A fisherman in the waters off the port in literature Jakarta.

Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. T he report documents how Indonesians become trapped as victims of trafficking in many countries around the world. “Indonesians are trafficked within the country or exploited abroad, in neighboring Asian countries as well as further afield, including the Middle East, Africa and essay, Latin America,” said Thaufiek Zulbahary, NEXUS Researcher and co-author of the report. This map shows the various forms of ib world exploitation and essay memoir, destination countries for respondents in the NEXUS report. Because of the limited understanding of trafficking among many practitioners and government officials, a lot of trafficking victims are simply unidentified. NEXUS research shows that these victims are often unidentified because police and service providers often do not recognize that men can be trafficked or that victims can be trafficked for labor. Victims themselves often do not understand that their experiences of exploitation while migrant workers are, in fact, the crimes of human trafficking and forced labor. Nearly half of the trafficked persons in in critical thinking has to do with to judge critique the NEXUS study were not formally identified and went unassisted, like this woman in memoir a district of West Java. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. “ T hey go unrecognized as trafficked and are often seen instead as failed or irregular migrant workers,” Rebecca Surtees said. “Trafficked persons themselves often do not recognize the nature and extent of their exploitation.

As a consequence, they go unassisted and struggle to recover from trafficking and reintegrate into their families and communities.” Those who are formally identified as trafficking victims often face barriers in accessing available services. “ T here is often a lack of german fund essay information about available reintegration assistance and trafficking victims do not know where to go or who to ask for support,” said Suarni Daeng Caya, NEXUS Researcher and co-author of the report. “Support programs for trafficked men and boys are also currently very limited.” For those who receive support, assistance is often “one-off” and short-term. This contrasts with longer-term and comprehensive support that most trafficking victims need to achieve sustainable reintegration. A woman at her vegetable stand in Jakarta. Economic assistance, such as capital to start a business, is generally offered as a one-off form of assistance for former trafficking victims and not coupled with other forms of support that victims often need, like medical care, counseling, education and training. Memoir! Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute.

A man running a small food business in his village. Food stalls are a common form of small business in Indonesia. Formerly trafficked men typically received short-term, one-off support like a single small grant or loan to start a small business, which, without other services like business or vocational training, makes it difficult to build and sustain an economically viable business. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. Nonetheless, there are services in the country that can support trafficking victims in their efforts to reintegrate and recover. “This includes services not only for trafficking victims, but also for exploited migrant workers who have returned home and for persons who are socially and economically vulnerable,” said Laura S. Gre Essay Help! Johnson, NEXUS Researcher and report co-author. “Some programs and services — like access to memoir education — are available to all Indonesian citizens.” Among the report’s recommendations is literature format that trafficking victims need to be supported in making greater use of services and programs that already exist to essay assist a wide range of beneficiaries, rather than to limit support solely to programs dedicated to assist those who have survived being trafficked. Modest Proposal Summary! Trafficking victims are often eligible for this larger array of programs, but currently they are rarely able to access and memoir, obtain these programs’ services and support.

Others key recommendations are that reintegration services — which need to be long-term, comprehensive and provided by qualified professionals — should be made available to all types of trafficking victims (men, women, girls and on education and national development, boys) as well as victims of all forms of human trafficking. Service providers should work with individual victims to assess their needs and to design a plan for their reintegration; they should work with victims over time to implement and essay memoir, monitor their reintegration process. While these stories, and essay and national, the report that they are based upon, focus on Indonesia, these findings are relevant for many countries around the memoir world. “The experiences recounted by ib world literature, Indonesian trafficking victims mirror the experiences of trafficking victims shared with NEXUS researchers in many other places,” Stephen Warnath notes. “In most countries there is much more that can be done to provide critically needed support for memoir the men, women and children who have escaped or been rescued from human trafficking. The insights offered in this and other NEXUS reports can help guide governments in their efforts to help trafficking victims return home and rebuild their lives.” A small business in a trafficking-affected village in ib world West Java. Small business grants are available to trafficking victims and exploited migrant workers in memoir some areas through government programs. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. A man and boy register for services at a local health clinic in West Java. Trafficking victims are entitled to emergency medical care under the Anti-Trafficking Law.

However, in some cases, returning trafficking victims are unable to access healthcare and other services because they do not have their identity documents. Photo: Peter Biro for ib world NEXUS Institute. A group of memoir women stand outside their houses in a village in West Java. Indonesia has several laws intended to modest protect women and children from violence. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute. The government provides funds to renovate homes deemed uninhabitable. In some cases, returning trafficking victims may be eligible to receive this type of assistance to support their reintegration. Still, millions of Indonesians live in very poor conditions. Photo: Peter Biro for essay memoir NEXUS Institute. An elderly man begs on the street in a city in West Java. The government of Indonesia has a range of social assistance policies and programs designed to assist the socially vulnerable.

For example, Indonesia’s government recently established a program which will provide health insurance to impoverished and socially vulnerable persons throughout the country. NEXUS’ report urges greater use of such programs to support the reintegration of trafficking victims and prevent re-trafficking. Photo: Peter Biro for essay and national NEXUS Institute. Children in a village in West Java. In Indonesia, primary school education is free of charge. Nonetheless, many Indonesian children are unable to complete their education. A large number of children are unable to continue their education each year because they are forced to essay memoir work or marry. Lack of education may make them vulnerable to trafficking and exploitation. Photo: Peter Biro for NEXUS Institute.

Photographs in this report, by award-winning photojournalist Peter Biro, illustrate various aspects of daily life in Indonesia. Unless stated otherwise, individuals in these photographs are not trafficking victims. All rights are reserved by the NEXUS Institute. The NEXUS study, Going Home, was made possible through the support of the United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP) . The research was implemented in partnership with the development Indonesian Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection and the Indonesian Ministry of Social Affairs. Read the full report here . You can follow more of NEXUS Institute’s work at essay memoir, www.NEXUSInstitute.net and @NEXUSInstitute. Traffickers and essay format, Trafficking Enterprises. Challenges in researching human traffickers and essay, trafficking operations. Traffickers and literature review apa format, Trafficking Enterprises. Essay! Challenges in skills in critical thinking has to your ability researching human traffickers and memoir, trafficking operations. TTRP has taken a reprieve – and there are changes underfoot!

Until our next and final post, Rebecca Surtees, to whom we are immensely grateful for steadfastly supporting our mission, provides us with a final guest contribution to the blog. This post is adapted from Traffickers and trafficking. Challenges in researching human traffickers and trafficking operations , a paper authored by NEXUS Institute within the framework of the NEXUS Institute and IOM Human Trafficking Research Series funded by the U.S. Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP). For more information on this topic and others relating to strategies to obtain and analyse better data for more impact, visit us at www.NEXUSInstitute.net and @NEXUSInstitute . A persistent obstacle to achieving more effective criminal justice results in human trafficking cases is our rudimentary understanding of traffickers and the operations of their criminal enterprises.

This post highlights why this shortcoming exists and recommends initial steps for ways to supplement and augment current data collection and analysis. While much research exists about trafficking victims, far less is known about the behaviours, motivations and ib world essay, operations of the perpetrators of trafficking. A clearer picture of how traffickers operate can be used in the development of memoir criminal justice and social welfare responses to ib world literature format human trafficking – informing policies, strategies and essay memoir, interventions. Largely, what is known about traffickers and trafficking is on education and national development drawn from trafficking victims. While much can be learned from this data, there are also limitations in terms of what this data set does (and does not) tell us. There are four key challenges in attempting to essay understand traffickers and trafficking operations through research with trafficking victims. Which Skills Do With Ability! These are: The impact of selection bias: which trafficked persons are interviewed (and what subgroups can reveal) . Trafficking victims with whom researchers and essay, service providers come into contact are largely those who have been officially identified and/or assisted. Thus, information about traffickers comes from the experiences of this group and not from those who have not been identified and/or have not been assisted.

Limitations in the information trafficking victims can provide about traffickers and their operations . While victims may have some information about their exploiters and the trafficking process, they are unlikely to have a comprehensive understanding about traffickers and/or their operations. Victims will not necessarily have contact with the full range of actors involved in the process, particularly high-level strategists. As a consequence, trafficked persons are likely able to ib world provide only certain types of memoir limited information and are generally unfamiliar with the intricacies of the paper trafficking operation. The ability of victims to supply information about traffickers . What trafficking victims disclose may be largely a function of what they feel safe and comfortable to reveal. Some may fear reprisals from traffickers, or mistrust authorities. Others may wish only to put their trafficking experience behind them. As a result, many victims may not be able or willing to provide information about essay memoir their traffickers and trafficking experiences. Gre Essay Help! Victims may also be more open to talking about some individuals and essay, actors involved in the trafficking process as opposed to others, which influences what data is available.

Ethical issues related to some types of questions . Researchers must consider ethical issues in research with trafficked persons, not least the stress and difficulty of essay on education and national being interviewed about trafficking experiences and exploiters. When service providers collect information from trafficking victims they are assisting, there is also a blurring of the roles and boundaries between research and service provision, which can impact the data and undermine feelings of comfort and trust. Nonetheless, recent studies suggest potentially fruitful entry points for research about traffickers and their operations, drawing on two distinct types of data: Criminal j ustice statistics , including police investigations and court documents. Researchers interested in learning about the perpetrators of trafficking and their criminal operations should more intensely analyse criminal justice statistics. Memoir! Official crime statistics provide information in terms of the criminal justice system response to essay on education and national development trafficking, including what is working well and what needs improvement. Police files and investigations are useful in piecing together the trafficker side of the puzzle. Court transcripts, where legally accessible, reveal information about the individuals involved (including descriptions of traffickers’ lives, motivations and memoir, actions) as well as individual cases and movement through the modest criminal justice system. A number of studies illustrate the depth and breadth of information that can be drawn from criminal justice data including: Another Delivery from Tashkent , Understanding human trafficking: Development of typologies of traffickers , Women who traffic women: the role of women in human trafficking networks – Dutch cases , The organisation of human trafficking. A study of criminal involvement in sexual exploitation in Sweden, Finland and Estonia and Analysis of essay Some Highly-Structured Networks of Human Smuggling and literature paper apa format, Trafficking from Albania and Bulgaria to Belgium . There are, of essay course, methodological limitations within these data sets, some of which mirror limitations of victim-centred data.

For example, there are biases in terms of what and who is included in this data set – who gets arrested, charged and convicted. Further, trafficking is under-reported, under-detected and, as a consequence, also under-investigated and under-prosecuted. The reported number of trafficking cases is also potentially deceptive and may reflect an under- or over-estimation of essay and national development those that come into the criminal justice system. The functioning of a criminal justice system also informs the essay available data. Different information gathering tools, variable skills of criminal justice practitioners, and the legal and policy framework can all play significant roles in what data is generated and what this data reveals. Such selection effects inform what we know and understand about literature review apa format traffickers and their operations.

Primary research with traffickers . Little research has been done directly with individuals and memoir, organisations engaged in this crime. However, primary research can reveal much about who traffickers are in different settings and markets; their roles and levels of engagement; how trafficking takes place; how it differs according to location, destination and form of which cognitive skills in critical thinking do with ability to judge critique exploitation; traffickers’ motivations and essay, their relationships to the persons they exploit; how human trafficking operations work within the development broader market; and trafficker perceptions and feelings about their “work”. Essay Memoir! This might be collected by conducting ethnographic studies, individual case studies, interviews, perpetrator surveys, life histories and so on. The small body of existing research on traffickers presents important insights. Not infrequently, it begins to reveal a picture that differs, at least in summary part, from essay, that based on information from literature paper apa format, trafficking victims, law enforcement, service providers and other anti-trafficking professionals. For example, a number of studies describe how traffickers perceive their role in trafficking operations – for memoir example as facilitators in the migration process or business persons helping out prospective migrants. This benign, even positive, self-characterization of their criminal activity introduces considerations that expand our understanding of traffickers, their decision-making and modest proposal summary essay, their actions. See for memoir example, Techniques of neutralizing the trafficking of women.

A case study of an active trafficker in Greece . Others focus on the trafficking operations, at different levels and involvement of traffickers, including Sex trafficking: an exploratory study interviewing traffickers , From Victims to Victimizers: Interviews with 25 Ex-pimps in Chicago , A report on trafficking in women and children in India and Organised immigration crime: a post-conviction study . And a recent book, Human Trafficking in Cambodia , is based on interviews with incarcerated traffickers involved in sex trafficking. Research with traffickers is difficult and complex. Risks (to researchers and respondents) must be carefully weighed, particularly in locales where organised crime is essay and national prominent. Essay! Researchers’ access to traffickers may be limited or not easily arranged. Modest Proposal Essay! Responsiveness may also be a function of when and where traffickers are accessed. Interviewing traffickers when they are in custody will likely affect what they are willing to talk about and how they frame their narrative. Careful thought is needed as to what information one collects from traffickers as well as in essay memoir what context and essay, why.

There are also ethical considerations to consider when researching traffickers, in terms of holding information that may help identify victims or observing, and possibly even inadvertently participating in, the memoir trafficking process. Nonetheless, there are opportunities for collecting information directly from persons involved in various parts of the trafficking process. Such information will complement the fund essay competition current dataset derived largely from trafficking victims. Improved understanding of traffickers and trafficking operations requires looking beyond the victim-based dataset to essay other information, including traffickers themselves. Gre Essay Help! Governments, researchers and memoir, others need to recognise the shortcomings of victim-based understandings of gre essay help traffickers and memoir, their trafficking enterprises. Relying primarily on information provided by trafficking victims to essay format study traffickers results in substantial biases and selection effects influencing our knowledge of essay memoir traffickers and trafficking operations. Apa Format! It also contributes to a “black and memoir, white” picture of trafficking victims and traffickers, when the reality is often far more complex. Fund Essay! In moving toward a better understanding of traffickers and their operations, new sources of information and new methods and approaches need to be developed and refined. This need is more than methodological. It is also an issue of perspective in which an understanding and explanation of trafficking is derived largely (and sometimes exclusively) by considering the behaviours, actions and backgrounds of trafficking victims to essay the exclusion of the gre essay help perpetrators of the memoir crime whose actions and motivations should be the primary concern if combating trafficking is ib world literature format our objective. After trafficking.

The reintegration needs and essay, experiences of trafficked children. After trafficking. The (re)integration needs and experiences of trafficked children. Regular contributor Rebecca Surtees from the summary essay NEXUS Institute is back this week. This post focuses on essay one of the findings identified in “After Trafficking. Experiences and ib world literature essay format, challenges in the (re)integration of trafficked persons in the GMS” , a regional study of (re)integration in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS). The research study was commissioned by the six COMMIT governments as part of the 2 nd and 3 rd COMMIT Sub-regional Plan of Action (2008-2010 and 2011-2013) . The study, conducted by NEXUS Institute , analysed the effectiveness of (re)integration processes and structures from the point of view of trafficked persons and the service providers that support them, uncovering whether and to what extent services currently offered to trafficking victims and memoir, their families are meeting their (re)integration needs, including any unmet assistance needs. The study was coordinated by the United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking (UNIAP) and was overseen by a Regional Working Group comprised of Save the Children UK, World Vision International, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), NEXUS Institute and UNIAP. This study was based on in-depth interviews with 252 trafficked persons from all six countries in the Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) about their experiences of (re)integration, including successes and challenges, as well as future plans and aspirations. Proposal Essay! The study included persons who had been identified and assisted, as well as those who were not identified and/or did not receive assistance. Understanding the diverse and complex post-trafficking trajectories sheds light on a wide range of issues and dynamics at play in the (re)integration processes in the GMS.

It also highlights both the strengths and weaknesses of essay existing (re)integration mechanisms and fund, processes. Trafficked children (anyone under the age of eighteen years at the time of exploitation) accounted for approximately 40% of the study’s respondents and appeared in each country’s sample (totalling 24 boys and 83 girls). Memoir! These trafficked children were primarily exploited within the cognitive skills your ability region, although in a handful of cases the children were exploited in neighbouring countries, namely Malaysia and memoir, Indonesia. Children were trafficked for skills in critical do with ability to judge sexual exploitation (37), labour exploitation (23), begging and street selling (12), forced marriage (5) and for essay both sexual and labour exploitation (2). In four instances, there was an intervention before the child was exploited.

Developing effective and responsive (re)integration programmes requires an understanding of these children’s trafficking experiences, as well as their pre-trafficking circumstances and post-trafficking lives. Trafficked children, by virtue of their age, maturity and trafficking experience, had specific and often specialised assistance needs. Some (re)integration organisations were specialised in supporting the (re)integration of trafficked children and offered comprehensive and tailored services to children of different ages and at cognitive in critical has to to judge critique, different stages of development. However, amongst the trafficked children interviewed for this study, specialised assistance and age appropriate services were not always available. Memoir! In some cases, (re)integration services for children did not differ substantially from those for adults and most children did not describe assistance tailored to their individual needs as children. Indeed overall there were limited specialised (re)integration services for trafficked children. Issues in the provision of child-specific (re)integration support centred around different service areas including: 1. Appropriate accommodation for trafficked children. Most trafficked children were assisted in marshall essay shelter programmes at some stage after trafficking.

This was an important form of assistance for memoir those who were unable to of the cognitive skills thinking has to do with ability to judge critique return home – e.g. because they were without parents or a viable family environment. However in too many instances children stayed in shelters for long periods of time, often many years. One girl in Cambodia, for example, had lived eight years in a centre that assisted trafficked children. In very few instances was “kinship care” (care provided by relatives or extended family) pursued in spite of being the best alternative when family reunification was not possible. Essay! There were also very few alternative placement options for children who could not be (re)integrated in their home environment – for example, foster care, small group homes or semi-independent living. There was also limited support for essay trafficked children and youth in transitioning to an independent life when unable to return to family/community. 2. Medical assistance. Receiving medical assistance was important for trafficked children given the impact that trafficking had on their physical development and well being. It was also critical given the extreme violence most children had suffered while trafficked and the almost total lack of medical care they had received while trafficked.

One Vietnamese girl, assisted in essay a shelter programme, identified medical care as a key form of support, because her family was too poor to pay for medical treatment. The availability of medical care in the shelter (and the lack of this assistance in the community) was a key factor in her decision to accept assistance. Modest Proposal Summary! Trafficked children who stayed in shelters general received medical care. However, those who did not reside in a shelter generally did not receive medical care after trafficking. Many respondents spoke about the prohibitive cost of medical care for their families, which meant that, for essay many trafficked children, trafficking related injuries and illnesses went untreated. Even when medical assistance was provided, staff did not always have the of the has to do with your ability to judge critique training and skills to provide sensitive and appropriate services to trafficked children, which is critical when treating highly traumatised and extensively violated children. 3. Psychosocial support and counselling. Counselling and support was available to trafficked children in many shelter settings. Essay Memoir! However, the extent to which counselling was offered by gre essay help, professionally trained counsellors with the requisite skills for working with vulnerable children was unclear. Interviews with trafficked children suggested that they received informal, emotional support more commonly than professional, child-specific counselling. There was a need for culturally and child appropriate counselling, as well as support in developing coping tools like how to deal with stress, anger, conflict and so on.

4. Education, including integration into formal schooling. Many trafficked children had very low education levels and often lacked basic literacy and numeracy skills. Some had never been to school whereas others left school when they were trafficked. Options for educational opportunities were generally limited to children assisted in essay memoir a shelter programme. Indeed, a number of trafficked children and their families accepted assistance precisely because it afforded them access to education. Many assistance organisations did not help trafficked children in returning to modest proposal essay school, nor were state social workers or community leaders involved in supporting school reinsertion.

Moreover, there were often barriers to school reinsertion in the community – e.g. bureaucratic procedures and lack of cooperation by teachers and school administrators. More than one trafficked child was told that they were “too old” to essay memoir return to school, but were offered no option for “catch-up classes” or information about proposal summary alternatives like non-formal education or vocational education/training. 5. Essay Memoir! Life skills education. Trafficked children commonly lacked basic life skills – e.g. Review Paper Apa Format! interpersonal skills, communication and listening skills, skills in negotiation, problem solving and decision making and so on. Life skills were vital to essay memoir help trafficked children move on from trafficking and to successfully (re)integrate in their family and/or community. Trafficked children and youth interviewed for this study often seemed to suffer from a lack of confidence and low self-esteem. One boy, trafficked for gre essay help labour in China, described his feelings about being tricked into his trafficking situation.

He talked about how he thought there must be something wrong with him because he always had bad experiences and now had been “cheated again.” Later, while accommodated at a shelter, he came into conflict with another boy staying there and chose to run away because he didn’t know how to resolve the problem. 6. Vocational training. Depending on essay memoir the age and needs of the trafficked child, vocational training may be appropriate. In many cases, older children and youth chose to pursue vocational training opportunities. Such opportunities were generally offered while staying in shelters with few options for vocational training in home communities. In some countries there were restrictions on gre essay help when children could start vocational training, and in one case, a trafficked girl who had returned home to essay Myanmar was prevented from attending vocational training because she was “too young” (although unable to return to school because she was “too old”). Review Paper Apa Format! Instead, she worked for a year until she was eligible to be trained. A determination of when a child should (and should not) attend vocational training requires a more flexible approach from service providers.

7. Economic support (to the trafficked child/youth or their family) While some trafficked children and memoir, youth directly received economic support, it was commonly given to their parents/guardians. Gre Essay Help! Even when children did receive support themselves, they often handed it over to their parents/family. In some situations, economic support translated into positive economic outcomes for the family, and by essay memoir, implication, the child. This appeared to be particularly successful when coupled with assistance for the child to return to school, including not only money for school fees, but also support for purchasing books and uniforms. However, it was not always the modest proposal case that supporting the family as a whole was automatically positive for the children. For example, some families depended on children to contribute to the family’s income and providing small business opportunities meant that children worked in that business, sometimes in lieu of attending school. In other cases, children had no voice in memoir terms of how economic support was pursued. Modest Proposal! Exploring economic options necessarily involved deciding when to work directly with the child toward his/her skills development and economic empowerment, as well as when and how to work with the child’s parent or guardian. For example, one boy, trafficked internally in Myanmar for labour, was assisted to return to school by essay, a local community-based programme. He was also provided with assistance for his family to review paper apa format set up a poultry farm, but the farm could not meet his family’s needs.

His father was ill and unable to essay work every day. Therefore the boy also needed to continue to contribute to his family’s income. Modest Proposal! As he explained, the education assistance was important but it was not a complete solution to his situation. The overarching factor, ultimately, should have been a determination of the child’s best interest, which could only essay have been assessed by involving the child in this decision-making process. 8. Legal assistance and support during legal proceedings. Many trafficked children, including some who were very young, were involved as victim/witnesses in legal proceedings against their traffickers and ib world, there seemed to be limited options to decline to be involved.

One girl from Myanmar, exploited in a factory in Thailand, explained that she did not want to give testimony in court but the police “encouraged her strongly”. Trafficked children, like adults, generally gave testimony and statements on multiple occasions through translation and in an environment where they did not understand the language. Moreover, victim/witnesses were often accommodated in shelters for long periods of time while legal proceedings were pursued, with little to no contact with their family members. 9. Family mediation, counselling and support. Many trafficked children came from essay, problematic family environments and were unable to return to live there because problems were unresolved. In some cases returning to the family environment may have been possible with appropriate mediation and counselling by service providers and practitioners. This form of literature essay format assistance was generally lacking in the region.

Some organisations worked with children while they lived in essay memoir the family/community setting, as an alternative to shelter-based care. While not an option for all trafficked children (some originated from very unhealthy and difficult environments), it was a constructive approach for families, which, when supported during (re)integration (e.g. German Essay! through family mediation, monitoring, financial assistance), helped to forge a functional family environment. 10. Case management and follow-up after (re)integration. Children were likely to require a longer period of monitoring and follow-up as part of (re)integration given their specific situation and vulnerabilities and because they were not in essay a position to essay on education and national care for themselves as children. Memoir! In addition, the types of which in critical thinking do with your critique assistance needed by children – e.g. Essay! education – are longer term, often a matter of several years.

One Vietnamese girl, who was trafficked internally for labour, was first assisted to return to school in 2008. When interviewed in 2012 she was still receiving support and was in regular contact with the NGO staff that supported her. By contrast, some trafficked children received little to no case management and monitoring. 11. Child-specific protocols and procedures in the provision of marshall fund essay (re)integration support. Many trafficked children had been victimised from a very young age and over long periods of essay time. Interacting with them required tailoring support to their age, maturity and developmental stage.

In many programmes, child victims were assisted alongside adults with no discernible difference in the handling of these cases. The implementation of child-specific protocols and procedures appeared to have been very limited. It was also concerning that children were not consulted about their assistance in many cases, with the needs of trafficked children determined solely by service providers, or by service providers in consultation with their parents or guardians. One girl from Myanmar, trafficked for begging and street selling in format Malaysia, was assisted by memoir, an organisation upon her return, assistance that she very much needed and was grateful to receive. However, when asked whether she had any concerns about receiving assistance, she expressed frustration at not having been actively involved in decision making about the assistance she received and of the skills in critical do with your ability critique, plans for essay memoir her (re)integration and life over the longer term. She explained that when assistance staff came to on education and national meet her, they spoke only to her mother. They did not consult with her.

Trafficked children were significantly represented in this study, signalling that children in the region are at high risk of memoir exploitation and human trafficking. While children seemed to accept assistance when they perceived it would benefit them, overall assistance upon return was lacking and frequently was only offered in connection with shelter stays. Greater attention (and resources) are needed to more adequately support the specific and diverse needs of trafficked children in moving on from their trafficking experiences, particularly in gre essay help the long term and in their home communities. This will involve not only improving the capacity of essay anti-trafficking professionals working with children, but also mainstreaming (re)integration services for trafficked children into the social protection framework which should, in principle, be equipped with specialised skills in working with vulnerable children. Critically, trafficked children need to marshall be (voluntarily) involved in the development and monitoring of (re)integration programmes designed to assist them. Only with their participation and essay, input will (re)integration programmes and policies in ib world essay format the region be able to meet their needs and interests. Trapped at sea. Using the legal and regulatory framework to essay memoir combat trafficking at sea. Trapped at sea. Using the legal and regulatory framework to marshall competition combat trafficking at sea.

Once again, we welcome Rebecca Surtees from the NEXUS Institute. This post is memoir adapted from “ Trapped at summary, sea. Using the memoir Legal and Regulatory Framework to which cognitive skills in critical thinking ability critique Prevent and Combat the Trafficking of essay memoir Seafarers and Fishers ”, published in 2013 in literature essay the Groningen Journal of International Law. Vol. 1, No. 2: Human Trafficking. The article was prepared in the context of the NEXUS/IOM project entitled: Taking stock and moving forward. Considering methods, ethics and approaches in trafficking research and essay memoir, data collection, funded by essay, U.S. Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (J/TIP).

The original article is memoir also available at www.NEXUSInstitute.net and www.WarnathGroup.com . Recognition of the diversity of trafficking for forced labour in recent years has included increased attention to exploitation within the gre essay help seafaring and commercial fishing industries. It is clear, based upon our research, not only that human trafficking takes place, but that such cases are aided by sector-specific aspects that heighten levels of risk and essay, vulnerability for seafarers and fishers that may lend themselves to abuses, such as isolation at sea, lax regulation, oversight and enforcement, and ib world literature format, limited contact with authorities on essay land and at sea. Trafficked seafarers and fishers in various regions of the world are exposed to a range of gre essay help hardships, including: the lack of essay memoir basic necessities like food and gre essay help, water for extended periods; substandard and often inhumane conditions; long work hours, sometimes days on end, with only a few minutes of break in this time; lack of memoir any compensation; restricted or no freedom of movement; and violence against them. Given that research by NEXUS Institute has documented a spectrum of abuse against seafarers and fishers as well as a context of heightened risk and vulnerability, greater understanding is needed of the full range of abuse at sea experienced by modest proposal summary, seafarers and memoir, fishers – including cases that rise to which in critical ability critique the level of human trafficking. Addressing exploitation in these sectors requires an essay memoir, effective and appropriate transnational legal and regulatory framework, which is enforced across jurisdictions. Understanding the various legal and regulatory opportunities to prevent and combat trafficking at sea is an essential starting point for literature future discussion and intervention. International law that may be used to combat trafficking at sea falls generally into three areas: 1) International anti-trafficking law : including human rights law as it applies to trafficking-related exploitation. Primary instruments of international anti-trafficking law include the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Trafficking Protocol) and the Council of memoir Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings (CoE Convention);

2) International maritime law : the body of laws, conventions and ib world literature, treaties that govern international private business or other matters involving ships and shipping; and. 3) The international law of the sea : the body of public international law that primarily draws on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the memoir Sea (UNCLOS); almost universally recognised as establishing the regime of law and order in ib world essay format the world’s oceans and seas. Understanding the laws that can be used to improve the situations of fishers and seafarers requires parsing these complex bodies of international law relevant to trafficking at sea. “Trafficking at sea”, in the context of this discussion, involves seafarers and fishers undertaking at-sea activities , including the transport of cargo, fishing, fish processing and transportation while on vessels, rafts, fishing platforms or otherwise offshore. It does not include other examples of trafficking in the shipping or fishing sectors nor does it include shore-based operations (e.g. port-based work, shore-based fish harvesting or fish/seafood processing and packaging). The definition of a fisher is found in the ILO Work in essay memoir Fishing Convention (subsequently referred to gre essay help as the WIF Convention); in lay terms, a fisher is any individual who is a member of the crew on board a fishing vessel. This differs from a seafarer, who according to the Maritime Labour Convention (subsequently referred to as MLC) is “any person who is employed or engaged in essay memoir any capacity on cognitive skills ability critique board a ship to which this Convention applies”. Essay Memoir! The MLC applies to all ships, publicly or privately owned, ordinarily engaged in commercial activities, other than ships engaged in fishing.

There may be an essay on education and national, overlap between seafarers and fishers, particularly in relation to fish carriers. For example, in essay our study of trafficked seafarers from Ukraine, a number of men were trafficked on vessels engaged in illegal crabbing in the waters off of Russia. The overlap is evident here as the men used their training as seafarers to operate the crabbing vessels, but also worked as fishers directly responsible for the crab catch. That being said, as all of fund their work took place on board a fishing vessel, they would be considered fishers as they fall under the essay memoir definition of literature apa format fishers according to the WIF Convention. Distinguishing between seafarers and essay memoir, fishers according to the type of vessel (fishing or merchant) on which they work is important because maritime law offers different protections for individuals on board, depending on literature apa format the classification of essay a ship. Under maritime law, fishing vessels are less regulated than merchant fleets and crews aboard fishing vessels are, arguably, more vulnerable to abuse and exploitation, including human trafficking. Moreover, a different legal and german marshall fund, regulatory framework for essay memoir trafficked persons exists at sea than on land. Trafficking at sea often differs in how prevention, protection of victims and prosecution of trafficking crimes may (or may not) take place and by whom. Modest Essay! Trafficked seafarers and fishers may find themselves aboard vessels that are unflagged or flagged to another State, ashore in a foreign port or never entering port, and/or suffering abuse and exploitation on essay the high seas or in waters that fall within the territory of one or various States. The issue of jurisdiction is particularly relevant in the context of trafficking at sea given the increased likelihood of trans-jurisdiction, with merchant and fishing vessels moving easily and often between jurisdictions.

Determining which State(s) has (have) legal and regulatory responsibilities to address trafficking at sea not only depends on the nationality of the gre essay help victim and of the trafficker(s), but also on where the essay memoir vessel is (i.e. the ports and waters it may enter) and the country to ib world format which the vessel is essay memoir registered. On the essay competition high seas jurisdiction is reliant on the system of flag State control . All vessels must fly the memoir flag of the country to format which they are registered: the memoir State under whose protection the ship sails and to whose laws it must adhere. This is known as flag State responsibility. In reality, many vessels fly what are known as “flags of convenience” (FoCs). This refers to the business practice of registering a merchant ship or fishing vessel in a sovereign State different from that of the ship owners to reduce operating costs or avoid certain regulations. FoCs are from essay and national, States with an essay memoir, open register that usually are unable or unwilling to gre essay help take seriously their flag State responsibilities, either in terms of enforcing their existing national laws or in terms of memoir implementing laws that comply with their responsibilities under the treaties they have ratified. This, then, provides space for the perpetration of a raft of potential violations, including the exploitation of seafarers and fishers in ways that constitute human trafficking at sea. Thinking Ability To Judge Critique! Lack of regulation further limits opportunities for essay identification of those already aboard vessels or for which of the has to do with to judge escape from trafficking.

Liberia, for example, is essay a commonly used FoC. The Liberian Registry is one of the ib world literature format largest and most active shipping registers, with approximately 4,000 ships registered to the Liberian flag in 2013. But, according to essay memoir the 2013 Trafficking in Persons Report issued by the U.S. Department of State , the Government of Liberia does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. The Liberian government only recently achieved its first trafficking conviction using its 2005 anti-trafficking law and, overall, has made only minimal efforts to protect trafficking victims. Gre Essay Help! If a trafficking situation were to memoir be identified on a ship flying Liberia’s flag on the high seas, Liberia’s anti-trafficking legislation would apply and the protection of trafficked seafarers or fishers on literature review paper board would depend on the Government of Liberia’s ability or willingness to enforce that legislation. It is essay concerning that the gre essay help most common FoCs, like Liberia, are those of States that have not brought their national laws and anti-trafficking efforts in accordance with the essay requirements of the Trafficking Protocol and, where relevant, the CoE Convention. A further complication is that seafarers and fishers are often recruited through crewing agencies that may or may not have an official presence in their home countries.

In this regard, while there are crucial differences between cases of trafficking at modest, sea and other forms of trafficking exploitation that must be taken into account, there are also important parallels and similarities underlying this form of trafficking that can be noted. For example, trafficked fishers and seafarers may pay hefty recruitment fees to find work on board vessels. Issues of fraud and deception in contracts and/or the recruitment process, subcontracting, and multiple levels of culpability from crewing agencies to vessel owners complicate problems for fishers and seafarers who find themselves in exploitative situations. The lessons that can be learned in essay addressing such challenges (e.g. requiring recruitment fees to be borne by the employer or ensuring that trafficked persons are not criminalised for crimes they commit as part of their exploitation) can and should be applied to exploitation in other sectors. The quality of your current national legislation in many States remains a limiting factor in essay memoir terms of States’ ability to combat human trafficking and which of the skills thinking do with your to judge, States need to bring their legislation in line with their obligations under anti-trafficking law and maritime law (and enforce their laws on memoir their vessels as required by the law of the sea). A commitment is also needed by States to implement and enforce the existing obligations from international anti-trafficking law, international maritime law and the law of the sea to combat trafficking at gre essay help, sea. This will require education and training of those working in memoir the anti-trafficking and gre essay help, fishing and seafaring sectors as well as cooperation and coordination between the different sectors. It will also require monitoring and enforcement by and of States, and also likely incentives and sanctions for those States who do not live up to their obligations to prevent and combat trafficking at sea. Ethical principles in the re/integration of trafficked persons.

Experiences from the Balkans. Ethical principles in the re/integration of trafficked persons. Experiences from the Balkans. This week we welcome back Rebecca Surtees. Rebecca is Senior Researcher at NEXUS Institute, an international human rights research and policy center in Washington, DC.

NEXUS Institute is dedicated to combating human trafficking as well as other human rights abuses. Memoir! This post is written in conjunction with a newly released report on developing common ethical principles within anti-trafficking re/integration. In the Balkan region, human trafficking continues to be a pressing issue. Skills Has To Do With Your To Judge! One central aspect of anti-trafficking work is re/integration; the process of recovery and economic and memoir, social inclusion following a trafficking experience. German Marshall Fund Essay Competition! Re/integration services are often key to trafficked persons’ ability to recover and move on essay with their lives. And yet few organisations and programmes have developed ethical principles according to gre essay help which their re/integration work is essay memoir implemented, monitored and evaluated. In response to this gap, a set of ethical principles for re/integration programmes and policies have been developed in the Balkan region. These principles – a new and significant development in re/integration work – were developed by apa format, NEXUS Institute in collaboration with eleven re/integration NGOs supported under the Trafficking Victims Re/Integration Programme (TVRP), funded by the King Baudouin Foundation and memoir, GIZ. These principles, grounded in of the cognitive in critical has to do with to judge direct re/integration work and memoir, developed collaboratively from the bottom-up, aim to hold re/integration practitioners and policy makers to a higher standard and to be accountable in their work. They are a first step for all of us working on re/integration toward enhanced re/integration support for trafficked persons.

Ethical principles provide a foundation for the development, implementation and evaluation of which of the cognitive skills in critical thinking your ability a rights-based re/integration response to human trafficking. Principles underpinning re/integration work relate to essay memoir attitudes, rights and german fund, duties about essay human welfare – for example: “respect for the autonomy of service users” or the “promotion of human welfare”. Principles are much broader in scope than standards , which are, very generally, a set of rules for ensuring quality re/integration programming and regulating a professional and accountable system of re/integration service provision. Standards serve as the foundation for proposal essay the development of practical guidelines that are used by service providers in their day-to-day re/integration work with trafficked persons, in a variety of care settings. Guidelines are instructions on how to do something; they are the instruments that service providers use in order to put standards into operational practice. Standards and guidelines exist in some places and not in others. In any case, ethical principles are the starting point from which standards and guidelines get articulated and underpin the theoretical framing of re/integration.

Professional ethics concern matters of right and memoir, wrong conduct, good and essay on education and national, bad qualities of character and the professional responsibilities attached to relationships in a work context. Ethical principles are intended for use by any professional working in the field of anti-trafficking re/integration, whether for GOs, NGOs or IOs, from a range of different fields including social work, psychology, medicine, law enforcement, law and so on. Because ethical principles are the foundation of a human rights based response to trafficking and re/integration work, they are relevant for policy makers and legislators as well as service providers and practitioners. Some of these ethical principles are mandated by essay memoir, international and national legislation, making their safeguarding not only an issue of which of the cognitive skills in critical do with your critique ethics but also a legal requirement. For example, there are a range of essay memoir legal issues associated with the collection, transfer and sharing of sensitive data (sometimes the which cognitive in critical thinking do with your to judge critique subject of legislation on data protection), such as data collected in the context of essay memoir re/integration case management. Proposal! In some cases, re/integration programmes and activities may be governed by multiple legal and ethical codes – for example, the country of the organisation managing the programme, the country where the programme is being implemented (if different from the former) and/or the country funding the programme – making implementation challenging. Twelve ethical principles in the re/integration of trafficked persons. Principle #1. ‘Do no harm’. Re/integration programmes and policies should “do no harm” to essay memoir trafficked persons.

Principle #2. Informed consent. Trafficked persons have the right to full and accurate information about re/integration assistance and their consent in accepting this support should be fully informed. Principle #3. Confidentiality. Trafficked persons’ confidentiality must be strictly guarded in the context of re/integration work. Principle #4. Anonymity. Re/integration professionals must ensure that all information shared is german marshall fund essay sufficiently anonymous to prevent trafficked persons from being identified. Principle #5.

Privacy. Trafficked persons have the right to privacy, to memoir be free of unwanted or unsanctioned intrusion at all stages of their re/integration. Principle #6. Non-discrimination . Trafficked persons should not be treated unfavourably or face negative or prejudicial attitudes due to their trafficking experience. Principle #7. Cognitive Skills Thinking Do With To Judge Critique! Safety and security.

Trafficked persons’ safety and security is essay paramount and must be assessed (and responded to) throughout the re/integration process. Principle #8. Sensitivity. Trafficked persons must be treated with sensitivity and respect throughout the re/integration process. Principle #9.

Empowerment. Trafficked persons should be equipped with the skills, ability and confidence to recover and lead an literature essay, autonomous life. Empowerment should be fostered throughout the re/integration process. Principle #10. Beneficiary participation. Beneficiaries should be (voluntarily) involved in their own individual re/integration plan as well as, where appropriate, the essay design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the re/integration services, programmes and policies. Principle #11. Data protection . Data collected about trafficked persons in the context of re/integration must be strictly protected in adherence with national and international legal standards. Principle #12. Child protection and the “best interests of the child” . Re/integration programmes and modest proposal summary, policies should ensure that trafficked children are protected and essay memoir, their best interests are the primary consideration. These ethical principles are often interrelated and so will often be considered in combination.

For example, confidentiality and anonymity are complementary in that keeping the identity of programme beneficiaries anonymous is one means of maintaining confidentiality when working toward re/integration. Review! Similarly, protecting confidentiality is essential to ensure both the essay safety of victims and also data protection. Ib World Literature! Maximising beneficiary participation is often central in memoir ensuring non-discrimination. Which Of The Thinking Your Ability To Judge Critique! And practising non-discrimination and approaching victims with sensitivity are elements of ensuring that the re/integration ‘does no harm’. The real life impact of ethical principles on the re/integration of trafficked persons in essay the Balkans. Supporting beneficiary participation and empowerment. One re/integration organisation spends a great deal of time resolving administrative issues with beneficiaries – e.g. civil registration, obtaining new documents and so on. Caseworkers explain to beneficiaries the gre essay help different steps involved in essay memoir the process – e.g. what office to contact, how to get there, how to fill in forms and how to submit documents. The organisation supports this process but requires beneficiaries to directly undertake this process to learn how to literature review paper apa format take on this responsibility themselves.

Gaining informed consent. “Fadila” was offered to stay in a shelter because she faced conflict in her family and discrimination from family members. Essay! However, she declined this assistance because she was told that the shelter was closed and she could not have contact with her family while there. The state social worker, the which of the cognitive in critical has to ability to judge police officer and the social worker from the re/integration programme spent time with her and memoir, her family to explain the programme, including that it was voluntary and she could leave at any time. They provided both written and verbal explanations of the programme and services offered. Eventually she agreed to enter the programme. Breeching the principle of ‘do no harm’ “Emina”, a trafficked girl, was involved in two legal proceedings related to her trafficking experience – one for human trafficking, the other for rape. Staff from the Centre for Social Work arranged for Emina to provide testimony in both cases on the same day to essay on education and national save time and reduce travel costs. Emina, however, was heavily traumatised by having to cope with both cases at the same time as well as facing both her trafficker and rapist.

Afterward, she suffered a nervous breakdown and tried to commit suicide. Breeching confidentiality, anonymity, privacy, child protection and essay, data protection. One organisation working on german fund re/integration faced a situation in which it was legally obliged by the state social services to share case files of their child beneficiaries. However, the staff subsequently learned that these case files had not been securely and confidentially stored but rather had been left in boxes in the corridors of social services’ offices, accessible to anyone who wished to essay look at them. Breeching sensitivity, privacy and confidentiality. “Marija” was a trafficking victim who approached the national employment agency in her hometown in an effort to find a job as part of her re/integration. A clerk at the admissions desk recognised her and began asking her questions about her life.

The clerk also told the social workers who were accompanying her very personal things about her family and private life, many of which were negative and which Marija found embarrassing. After this incident, Marija chose not to register with the national employment agency and, moreover, expressed a wish to leave her hometown and be integrated in another community instead. While ethical principles have often been implicit in ib world the work of re/integration organisations, there is great value in identifying and essay memoir, explicitly articulating them. This includes how an organisation’s ethical principles’ can be operationalised in day-to-day re/integration work and if/how organisations face challenges in adhering to these principles. It will also be important to gre essay help continue to discuss and essay, adapt ethical principles, not least because re/integration is a dynamic process and regularly involves new issues and challenges. To ensure successful, sustainable and ethical re/integration programming and policies, new ethical principles (or the further articulation of these existing principles) are likely to be needed as well as the tools for implementation and monitoring of those principles. Researching the unseen: Challenges in human trafficking research. Researching the essay unseen: Challenges in essay memoir human trafficking research.

TTRP is pleased to have Rebecca Surtees as a guest blogger this week. Rebecca is Senior Researcher at NEXUS Institute, an international human rights research and policy center in Washington, DC. NEXUS Institute is dedicated to combating human trafficking as well as other human rights abuses. Recent research studies include: Trafficked at sea. The exploitation of Ukrainian seafarers and essay format, fishers; No place like home. Essay Memoir! Challenges in the reintegration of trafficked women; Trafficked men, unwilling victims; Out of sight?

Challenges in the identification of trafficked persons; Leaving the past behind: Why some trafficking victims decline assistance; Beneath the surface. Methodological challenges in trafficking research ; and Measuring success of counter trafficking interventions in the criminal justice sector . Researching the development unseen. Much human trafficking research is based on data from trafficked persons who have been formally identified and assisted by anti-trafficking organisations and memoir, professionals. This type of research reveals a great deal about their pre-trafficking situations and vulnerabilities, their trafficking experiences and their assistance experiences and needs, all of which is essential in informing policies and interventions to prevent and literature format, combat trafficking. However, there are certain biases in terms of the information that we get from trafficking victims who have been identified and essay, assisted, which means that our picture of trafficking is only partial. That is, not all trafficked persons are offered (or accept) assistance and there are also differences in terms of which trafficked persons researchers will have access to and why. Moreover, there is an and national, implicit assumption that information from identified and assisted victims is the same as what we would learn from trafficking victims who are not identified and assisted. And yet the little research that has been done with unidentified or unassisted victims suggests systematic differences between the two groups.

Unidentified and unassisted. Identified victims are those who have been determined to be “trafficked” according to formal identification procedures involving designated authorities. Assisted trafficking victims are those who are identified as trafficked by relevant authorities and assisted within the anti-trafficking framework or the more general social assistance system. Many trafficking victims are identified but not assisted – for example, they decline to be labelled “trafficked”, are unsatisfied with available assistance, do not wish to memoir return home, do not trust service providers, do not need assistance or have other forms of literature apa format support. Many others are never identified – for example, because of memoir poor identification processes, limited capacity of anti-trafficking professionals, specific legal or administrative procedures, not understanding their experience as “trafficking” or because they avoid being identified. These two groups – identified but unassisted victims and unidentified trafficking victims – are generally of unknown sizes, boundaries and nature. It is unclear the which of the cognitive in critical thinking your to judge critique extent to which they are (and are not) represented by the experiences and characteristics of assisted victims, including how these experiences might fluctuate from place to place and over time. Factors which influence who does (and does not) come into the anti-trafficking framework are diverse and context specific. Essay! They include not only individual or family characteristics (e.g. attitudes to and knowledge of assistance, access to other forms of support, (not) needing assistance, (positive or negative) family relations and so on) but also social or cultural norms, policy or legislative frameworks, how programmes are designed and funded and political commitment to in critical thinking has to do with ability critique anti-trafficking efforts within a country. Moreover, these factors may change over time and in response to various external factors such as the broader political environment, donor interest, funding and so on. Reaching the unreachable.

A more rounded and carefully derived picture of trafficking (and assistance needs) must include not only those who have been identified and assisted but also the unseen – those who have not been identified or assisted. Unidentified and unassisted trafficking victims can be accessed at different stages of their trafficking and post-trafficking lives – while they are still in a trafficking situation (that is, while still abroad or at home); upon return to the home country/community; after trafficking (that is, once they are back in their community and/or some time after their return). Determining the appropriate research method and approach to be used at each stage of trafficking/post trafficking will depend on the scope and nature of the research. But at all stages and with all methods there are challenges to be borne in mind, not least in terms of biases that influence the data and the myriad ethical issues which arise. Memoir! Moreover, these experiences are still sub-samples of trafficked persons and their stories must be fit and framed within the broader (and diverse) picture of human trafficking. Researching persons still in trafficking situations. Sampling currently trafficked persons – for example, those still on thinking has to your critique a labour worksite or in prostitution – is memoir one means of accessing the “unidentified”. However, access to worksites and prostitution arenas differ greatly from setting to setting and some sites of exploitation (arguably the most exploitative ones) are largely inaccessible to researchers. Moreover, access is generally arranged through gatekeepers, which means that access (and the boundaries of the research sample) is informed by review, the mandate, work and relationships of these agencies or institutions as well as any motives they may have or perspectives they wish to advance – e.g. ideological perspectives of trafficking, positions on prostitution, a desire to highlight certain issues and so on. Essay Memoir! Trafficked persons may also be limited in what they are able (or willing) to disclose while still trafficked, posing risks to respondents and ib world literature, researchers.

Others may not recognise that they have been trafficked. Finally, researchers have an ethical obligation to provide assistance and ultimately an exit strategy to trafficked persons with whom they are conducting research. Researching in the return process. Essay! Respondents may be accessed after trafficking ends but prior to or during their return home – for example, while detained, awaiting or following deportation, preparing to or testifying against essay on education traffickers or following deportation. Gatekeepers at these stages might include prison officials, immigration authorities, law enforcement and/or lawyers. Essay Memoir! However, such settings (as well as the stress and anxiety generally experienced in the period after exit from modest proposal summary, trafficking) are not necessarily conducive to full and comfortable disclosure. Moreover, some respondents may not feel able to decline to be interviewed or may hope that participation will lead to a more positive outcome – for essay memoir example, some assistance or reprieve in proposal summary the deportation process. Here too there are ethical obligations for researchers in terms of providing information about essay memoir assistance options abroad and/or at home.

Researching after trafficking. Accessing unidentified and unassisted respondents in their homes and literature paper, communities (including after some period of time) can be complicated, particularly in memoir terms of how it can (negatively) influence relations with family and literature apa format, community. There is, for essay example, the risk of “outing” people as trafficked to gre essay help their families and communities, which can have serious implications in essay situations where discrimination and stigma of trafficked persons is commonplace. Review Apa Format! This type of sampling may be more viable in essay others settings (for example, where stigma related to prostitution is less and ? or socially manageable) or for other forms of trafficking (for example, less stigmatised forms of exploitation like labour). Literature Review! However, the memoir extent to which victims (of different forms of trafficking and in different contexts) may suffer (different forms of) stigma or discrimination has not been extensively studied and caution is therefore needed. Even if we are able to find and ethically access unidentified and unassisted trafficking victims at this post-return stage, it remains an open question as to what extent these trafficked persons will divulge their exploitation experiences to (unknown) researchers. Disclosure will be impacted when there may be implications for divulging – for example, retribution from traffickers, fear of stigma, being forced to testify, fear that their story will be made public and so on.

Equally, disclosure may increase when there are (at least perceived) benefits to divulging – for example, payment for participation, referral for services, helping others from suffering in the future and a chance to talk about development their difficult experience. There are additional layers of complication (and ethical considerations) when accessing persons who have proactively avoided identification and assistance. Why research with unidentified and unassisted victims matters. Understanding trafficking through the lens of unidentified and unassisted trafficked persons often provides a different picture than is commonly presented in trafficking research and discourse. This generally means including less considered profiles of victims (for example, men and boys, the essay elderly, older women), other forms of exploitation (for example, different forms of forced labour, forced marriage, begging) and a wide range of assistance and protection needs. Literature Review Paper Apa Format! It also potentially calls into question some assumptions about trafficking and trafficking risk, which, in turn, will mean reconsidering how some assistance is designed and offered. Interventions designed for identified and memoir, assisted victims will not necessarily respond to the needs of other (and all other) trafficked persons. This is of particular concern given that many (and arguably very many) trafficked persons are never identified and/or assisted.

Expanding research to include these under-considered trafficked persons is gre essay help vital if policies and programmes are to respond to the needs of both visible and memoir, less visible trafficking victims. Moving beyond the german marshall essay competition heavy reliance on research solely with assisted victims has real life implications for unidentified and unassisted trafficked persons and their families. Their stories and experiences and needs must be part of our understanding of, and response to, the issue. Essay Memoir! They can translate into a more well-rounded anti-trafficking response in identifying the types of programmes and policies that this group of trafficked persons needs and wants as well as more targeted (and appropriate) prevention efforts.

an example of essay The remainder of this essay writing tutorial is memoir based on a short sample #039;divorce essay#039; (about 1,000 words). To complete all of the associated tasks, it is easiest if you have the sample essay in front of you. A major change that has occurred in which thinking has to your ability, the Western family is an increased incidence in divorce. Whereas in memoir, the past, divorce was a relatively rare occurrence, in recent times it has become quite commonplace. This change is borne out clearly in census figures. For example thirty years ago in gre essay help, Australia, only one marriage in ten ended in divorce; nowadays the figure is more than one in three (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996: p.45). A consequence of this change has been a substantial increase in the number of single parent families and the attendant problems that this brings (Kilmartin, 1997). An important issue for sociologists, and indeed for all of society, is why these changes in marital patterns have occurred. In this essay I will seek to critically examine a number of sociological explanations for the #039;divorce phenomenon#039; and essay also consider the social policy implications that each explanation carries with it. It will be argued that the best explanations are to be found within a broad socio-economic framework.

One type of explanation for rising divorce has focused on changes in laws relating to and national, marriage. For example, Bilton, Bonnett and Jones (1987) argue that increased rates of divorce do not necessarily indicate that families are now more unstable. It is possible, they claim, that there has always been a degree of essay memoir, marital instability. They suggest that changes in the law have been significant, because they have provided unhappily married couples with #039;access to a legal solution to pre-existent marital problems#039; (p.301). Bilton et al. therefore believe that changes in divorce rates can be best explained in terms of german essay competition, changes in the legal system.

The problem with this type of memoir, explanation however, is that it does not consider why these laws have changed in the first place. It could be argued that reforms to family law, as well as the marshall fund essay competition increased rate of divorce that has accompanied them, are the product of more fundamental changes in society. Another type of essay memoir, explanation is one that focuses precisely on these broad societal changes. For example, Nicky Hart (cited in apa format, Haralambos, 1995) argues that increases in divorce and marital breakdown are the result of economic changes that have affected the family. One example of these changes is the raised material aspirations of families, which Hart suggests has put pressure on both spouses to become wage earners. Women as a result have been forced to become both homemakers and economic providers. Essay. According to Hart, the contradiction of these two roles has lead to conflict and this is the main cause of marital breakdown. It would appear that Hart#039;s explanation cannot account for all cases of ib world literature essay format, divorce - for essay example, marital breakdown is liable to occur in families where only the husband is working.

Nevertheless, her approach, which is to relate changes in family relations to broader social forces, would seem to be more probing than one that looks only at legislative change. The two explanations described above have very different implications for social policy, especially in relation to how the problem of increasing marital instability might be dealt with. Bilton et al. (1995) offer a legal explanation and literature format hence would see the solutions also being determined in this domain. If rises in divorce are thought to be the consequence of liberal divorce laws, the obvious way to stem this rise is to make them less obtainable. This approach, one imagines, would lead to a reduction in divorce statistics; however, it cannot really be held up as a genuine solution to memoir, the problems of which skills thinking has to do with, marital stress and breakdown in society. Indeed it would seem to be a solution directed more at symptoms than addressing fundamental causes. Furthermore, the memoir experience of social workers, working in modest proposal essay, the area of family welfare suggests that restricting a couple#039;s access to divorce would in essay memoir, some cases serve only to exacerbate existing marital problems (Johnson, 1981). Essay. In those cases where violence is essay memoir involved, the consequences could be tragic. Apart from all this, returning to marshall fund, more restrictive divorce laws seems to be a solution little favoured by Australians. Essay. (Harrison, 1990). Hart (cited in Haralambos, 1995), writing from a Marxist-feminist position, traces marital conflict to changes in the capitalist economic system and their resultant effect on development, the roles of essay, men and women.

It is difficult to know however, how such an analysis might be translated into practical social policies. This is because the Hart program would appear to require in the first place a radical restructuring of the economic system. Whilst this may be desirable for some, it is not achievable in the present political climate. Hart is right however, to suggest that much marital conflict can be linked in some way to the economic circumstances of families. This is borne out in many statistical surveys which show consistently that rates of ib world, divorce are higher among socially disadvantaged families (McDonald, 1993).

This situation suggests then that social policies need to be geared to providing support and essay security for these types of families. It is little cause for optimism however, that in recent years governments of all persuasions have shown an increasing reluctance to fund social welfare programs of this kind. It is difficult to offer a comprehensive explanation for the growing trend of marital breakdown; and it is on education even more difficult to find solutions that might ameliorate the problems created by it. Clearly though, as I have argued in essay, this essay, the format most useful answers are to be found not within a narrow legal framework, but within a broader socio-economic one. Finally, it is essay memoir worth pointing out that, whilst we may appear to be living in a time of increased family instability, research suggests that historically, instability may have been the norm rather than the exception. As Bell and ib world literature format Zajdow (1997) point out, in the past, single parent and step families were more common than is assumed - although the disruptive influence then was not divorce, but the premature death of essay memoir, one or both parents. This situation suggests that in studying the modern family, one needs to employ a historical perspective, including the possibility of looking to the past in searching for ways of dealing with problems in the present. Australian Bureau of Statistics (1996).

Divorces, Australia . Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service. Bell, R. and G. Zajdow (1997) Family and household. In R. Jureidini, S. Of The Skills In Critical Thinking Has To Do With Your Critique. Kenny and M. Poole (eds). Sociology: Australian Connections . St Leonards. Essay Memoir. NSW: Allen and Unwin. Bilton, T., K. Literature Review Paper Apa Format. Bonnett and P. Jones (1987).

Introductory Sociology , 2nd edition. London: MacMillan. Haralambos, M. (1995). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives , 3rd edition. London: Bell and Hyman. Harrison, M. (1995). Memoir. Grounds for divorce. Family Matters . No 42 pp 34-35. Johnson, V. (1981). The Last Resort: A Women#039;s Refuge . Ringwood: Penguin. Kilmartin, C. (1997).

Children divorce and one-parent families. Family Matters . No. 48. ( Available On-line ) McDonald, P. (1993). Essay And National. Family Trends and Structure in Australia . Australian Family Briefings No 3. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. Problems? Questions? Comments?

Please provide us feedback.

Financial Analysis: Nike Essay Sample. Nike is an American multinational organization which has worldwide presence and their principal business is design, development and memoir, worldwide marketing and selling of high quality of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. Essay On Education And National? It is the largest provider of athletic shoes and sports equipments worldwide. It is headquartered in Washington County, Oregon in the USA. It was founded way back in 1964 as Blue Ribbon Sports by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. Essay Memoir? It eventually became NIKE Inc. in 1978. It features in Fortune 500 companies of the world with revenues of over US$ 24 billion. It is a public firm and it is literature paper apa format listed on NYSE stock exchange as NIKE. They sell their products to retail accounts through NIKE owned retail outlets and essay, Direct To Consumer, an internet channel, and through a mix of independent distributors and licensees in approximately 190 countries around the world. Their products are manufactured by independent contractors. They manufacture all of their footwear and apparel products outside the literature paper apa format, United States while equipment products are also produced inside the United States apart from essay, foreign countries.

They offer wide range of products and their offerings are divided into mainly seven categories like Running, Basketball, Football, Men’s Training, Women’s Training, NIKE Sportswear, and Action Sports. German? Apart from these seven categories, they also market their products for kids as well as sports like golf, cricket, baseball, tennis, lacrosse, volleyball, walking and wrestling. Essay Memoir? They also sell their products through four wholly owned subsidiaries: * Cole Haan headquartered in New York, USA. * Converse Inc headquartered in Massachusetts, USA. * Hurley International LLC headquartered in California, USA * Umbro International Limited headquartered in Cheadle, UK As part of their long term plan, they continually evaluate their existing portfolio of business to ensure highest returns. Nike also sponsors many high profile sports personalities and teams in essay format varied range of sports with the highly recognized trademarks of “Just Do It” and Swoosh logo. Taking the above information into consideration, one can understand how business model of Nike can quickly complicate an audit. Now let us proceed to analyze important portions of the Nike audit. Analyzing Nike’s 10-K.

a. Nike operates in footwear, apparel, sports equipments, accessories and services industry. b. Primary Products as discussed above can be divided into seven main categories: Apart from these, they also market products designed for kids and other athletic and recreational uses in sports such as baseball, cricket, tennis, volleyball, lacrosse, outdoor activities, golf, American football, walking and wrestling. They also sell sports apparel and accessories for most of the above categories as well as athletic bags and accessory featuring same Nike logo. They also sell socks, sport balls, eyewear, timepieces, digital devices, bats, gloves, protective equipment, golf clubs, and other such sports equipments designed for various sports. Apart from all these they fully own four subsidiaries as per mentioned above. They sell dress and casual wear for men and women under Cole Haan brand, athletic and memoir, casual footwear, apparel under Converse brand, action sports and lifestyle apparels under Hurley brand and finally athletic and casual footwear and apparel especially for football under Umbro brand. c. The main raw materials used in review footwear products are: * Natural and synthetic rubber. * foam cushioning materials.

* polyurethane films used to essay make Air Sole cushioning compounds The main materials used in apparels products are: * Natural and synthetic fabric and threads. * plastic and metal hardware. * Specialized performance fabrics designed to repel rain, heat or efficiently transport body moisture. Nike’s independent suppliers and contractors buy these raw materials to manufacture footwear, apparel and other equipments in german marshall competition bulk. Most raw materials are purchased by suppliers and contractors from the country of manufacturing and hence Nike has limited control over it. Essay Memoir? This is a difficulty Nike faces managing its suppliers and contractors. d. Gre Essay Help? Nike is the leading company within its industry ahead from Adidas, Reebok, Puma and few others of its competitors. Sales: Total revenues for memoir, the year stood at US$ 24128 million with North America Region contributing highest at german marshall essay, US$ 8839 million followed by Western Europe and essay, emerging markets such as countries like Brazil, India and other Asian countries and central China contributing almost US$ 2539 million at third place. Paper Apa Format? Footwear category was the highest contributor to memoir overall sales at US$ 13426 million followed by apparel at US$ 6336 million and equipment business at US$ 1202 million.

Assets: Total assets rose by 3% during 2011-12 and stood at on education and national development, US$ 15465 million. Main contributors to total assets were Inventories of US$ 3350 million and accounts receivables at US$ 3280 million. Cash and memoir, Fixed assets followed these two in assets category and were the third and fourth contributors in total assets. The amount of account receivables is literature very high for a company to essay manage and hence Nike should deal with it carefully. Employees: As on May 31, 2012, Nike has 44000 employees globally, including all the retail and part-time employees. Management’s relationship is very good with employees and german, very few numbers of employees are engaged in forming unions that too in emerging economies and memoir, the USA, certain amount of Cole Haan employees are represented by a trade union. Till date, there has been never a case of material interruption to operations due to labor disagreements. It is a very good sign for a company to keep its employees satisfied and motivated as it is the essay on education, core strength of any organization apart from its expertise in product line. Memoir? e. Nike has its headquarters in Washington County, Oregon in the USA. Apart from this Nike has its presence in many countries and modest essay, sells its products almost everywhere.

It has marketing and selling channels in 190 countries of the world which can be considered as a strong supply chain network in essay itself. f. Key stakeholders of essay Nike include its major shareholders in terms of its key executives, other top institutional holders and mutual fund holders. Top direct holders include Parker Mark G, Dununzio Ralph, and memoir, Denson Charles among few. Vanguard Group and FMR LLC hold roughly 5-5% of shares of Nike Inc in institutional investors’ category. Growth Funds of America Inc and Fidelity Contrafund Inc are the major holders in mutual fund category with share of 4 and 3 per cent respectively. Nike manufactures all of its footwear from outside the US. It has contracted suppliers in China, US, Vietnam and Indonesia. Paper Apa Format? They also have manufacturing capabilities built in memoir India, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico to manufacture footwear for sale in these countries. The main reason for having manufacturing in such countries is to utilize cheap labor and raw materials cost. g. Item 1 gives general overview of the ib world literature essay format, company and other such details like industry type, operations, location, and global presence of the company. It also gives us details about memoir, its depth and width of product line, sales and marketing details and its position in the US and international markets.

In operational front, it gives us details related to company’s manufacturing facilities, research and development, customers, trademarks and patents, and competition. It also gives us broad overview of proposal summary essay their employees and management’s relationship with them. Item 1A lists out various risk factors associated with companies business. Essay Memoir? Few of the risks listed here include intense competition, failure to maintain their reputation and brand image, inability to anticipate consumer behavior and new product development as few. Outside information about company and the industry: a. There are various economic factors affecting sports footwear and apparel industry. We have listed few of the proposal essay, major issues affecting this industry: Global Economic slowdown and essay memoir, high cost pressure: In last few years post 2008, the world is going through economic slowdown. Global Economies have not yet recovered from 2008 recession. Ib World Literature Essay? Global demand is low and there are high cost pressures for companies to survive in such challenging times. The companies have to find out ways to produce cheaper products from emerging markets to keep their bottom lines unaffected. Low price completion pressures from retailers: The retail sector is very price sensitive.

However, most of its income is derived from selling into retailers. Retailers tend to offer a very similar experience to the consumer. So margins tend to get squeezed as retailers try to pass some of the low price competition pressure onto Nike. Exchange Rate risks: Nike is exposed to the exchange rate risks as it manufactures most of its products from outside US and sells it in international markets. Fluctuations in currencies can severely harm profits of essay memoir Nike. b. Of The Cognitive In Critical Thinking Has To To Judge? Nike has its presence in 190 countries of the world and offers range of products in footwear, apparel and sports equipment categories. The industry is essay said to be in the maturity stage as it has to essay format rely highly upon essay, global economic turnaround and increase in income of the households by significant margins. Nike is at the stage of early maturity where innovations in products are required with high cost improvements. c. Brand Recognition: The sports apparel and footwear business is highly affected by modest essay, brand recognition among consumers. The customers are highly sensitive to brands, and therefore brand building; enhancing and recognition are one of the important success factors for this industry.

Quality of Products: The consumer purchases in essay this industry suggest that consumers highly value quality products as their purchases are not frequent. Consumers prefer high quality product with less importance to product pricing. Also quality of the product is indirectly related to brand equity and hence is the important success factor for this industry. Marketing Channels: Effective marketing and essay and national development, advertising can lead to increased sales and increased goodwill for essay memoir, company’s brand in essay and national development the minds of the consumers. Essay Memoir? Companies need to spend heavily in marketing and promotional activities for increased revenues and profits. Distribution channels: To develop and maintain efficient distribution channel can also be another success factor for sports footwear and apparel industry seeing its product types. Customer Relationships/Satisfaction: As brand image plays significant role for product purchase and repurchase in this segment, to have a strong relationships and high level of satisfaction among consumers is a critical factor. Entry Barriers: There are high entry barriers for new players as currents players have already established them in the global markets with major chunk of the market share enjoyed by few top players. Marshall Fund Essay Competition? They have very strong brand equity and image which enhances entry barriers further. d. For the Nike Inc, Brand Recognition: Nike is the leading brand in its segment and enjoys highest levels of brand recognition. Quality of Products: Nike knows pretty well that to have the advantages of strong brand recognition, product quality is essay very necessary.

They produce quality products and invest significant portion of in critical has to do with your to judge critique their profits into new product development and RD. Marketing: Effective advertising and promotional strategies are very important in this business and memoir, hence Nike has few of the biggest sports celebrities as their brand ambassadors. Essay Format? Distribution Channels: Nike manufactures its products in essay memoir few low cost nations and supplies them into global markets in almost 190 countries. It can be said that they have very strong distribution channels for their offerings. Customer Satisfaction: Nike enjoys highest level of customer satisfaction compared to its competitors. Over the years, they have developed strong brand name for their products on account of high customer satisfaction and essay, repeat buyers. e. Five major business risks related to client business and industry: * Intense Competition: Nike is a consumer products company and essay memoir, the relative popularity of various sports and fitness activities play an import role in gre essay help demand for their products. Product innovations and changing design are the other risks related to demand weakening. * Failure to maintain brand image: As brand image plays an important role within the industry, any loss to brand name can hamper their businesses significantly. * Global Capital and essay, Credit Market conditions: Global economic condition is another factor which affects demand for these types of products. In the times of recession and slowdown, this industry is bound to show flat sales. * Business Model: The way they conduct their business i.e. manufacture at few places abroad and supply in multiple global markets is gre essay help exposed to higher risks as they have no say in regulatory policies of individual countries. * Inability to essay memoir anticipate consumer preferences and new product developments: In the times of gre essay help global slowdown and fiercely competitive industry, continued customer satisfaction is of utmost importance. They should anticipate changing customer preferences and essay, develop new products to tap new customers and retain current. f. As the industry spends millions of dollars in advertising and promotional activities, these costs are included in gre essay help the head Demand Creation Expenses.

Advertising production costs are expensed when first time advertising is run on television or other media. Also, endorsement payments are expensed on a straight line basis over the term of contract and prepayments paid to contractors are included in prepaid expenses. Also, Inventory valuation is done in a way that it is stated at lower of cost or market and valued on average cost basis. Depreciation and amortization of assets used in essay manufacturing, warehousing and thinking has to your ability to judge, product distribution are recorded in cost of essay memoir sales. Paper? Depreciation and amortization of other assets are recorded in selling and administrative expense. g. Loss of reputation: Adverse publicity about regulatory or legal action against essay Nike can harm their brand image and undermine customer’s confidence in them leading to demand fall for their products. Government Regulations in Manufacturing Countries: Any changes in regulatory policies of countries where Nike’s manufacturing plants are located can seriously affect their supply side of the business. Nike should continuously study and literature, assess business environment within these countries. h. No direct control on compliance issues: There may be cases of inferior quality and labor exploitation at Nike’s suppliers or contractors organizations.

Nike does not have direct control over essay memoir them and it may in turn affect reputation of Nike and their business. Essay On Education And National? Nike should encourage their suppliers and contractors to follow their ethical code of conduct. Waste Management: There is large amount of waste generation in footwear manufacturing which affects environmental sustainability and loss of brand image in society due to improper environmental practices. Being leader of the industry, they should set example to have better practices and standards that do not deteriorate environment. Analyzing Financial Strength of Nike. a. Nike’s strategy is to achieve long term revenue growth by memoir, creating innovative and must have products with aim of building great brand image in the minds of consumers and giving them enhanced experience at their retail stores and outlets. Despite ongoing challenges of global economies, they have achieved their revenue targets during 2012. They have been able to achieve revenues of literature paper US$ 24 billion in 2012 which are highest figures till date. There revenues grew by 24% on YoY basis whereas income grew by 4% to almost US$ 2.2 billion. Essay Memoir? They have been able to achieve earnings per share of $4.73 which shows 8% increase on YoY basis. b. Company continuously assesses their portfolio of literature review businesses and changes investment patterns based on future prospects and essay, their long term business and corporate strategy.

While there are concerns of increased input costs and greater foreign exchange volatility during fiscal 2013, but Nike foresees opportunities to drive future growth and literature apa format, expects moderate to high growth in the next fiscal to support their long term strategies. c. Essay? Sources of Capital: Till 2016, the company has entered into a contract with syndicate bank to finance their operations up to US$ 1 billion and which can be further increased to review paper US$ 1.5 billion with lender approval. They have managed to achieve credit ratings of essay memoir A+ and A1 from SP and Moody’s respectively. Company is considered to german marshall be good among financial institutions for lending. Downgrading in these ratings can increase their borrowing costs which can affect their businesses significantly. Essay? They have additional source of capital in the form of commercial paper which finance their operations up to US$ 1 billion. They have current assets of almost US$ 11.5 billion and accounts receivables form a large portion of it. Gre Essay Help? The company is memoir expecting to borrow from capital markets at similar rates and does not see any increase in interest rates costs in near term future. d. Company has been able to manage revenue growth of 16% whereas net income rose by 4%.

These factors gave investors many reasons to hold the stock. The stock was trading at around US$ 83 last year which has increased to roughly US$ 100. The company has seen 8% rises in earnings per share. Investors still have high confidence in Nike and many analysts recommend Nike stocks to hold at current levels. e. Proposal? The Nike Inc. has been able achieve higher earnings on memoir, account higher sales which rose by 16% YoY basis. Review Paper? The growth of the net income was negatively affected by increase in tax rates. However, EPS grew by almost 8% during fiscal 2012 which was much higher than the growth in net income. Essay? The growth in earnings was on account of decrease in total number of cognitive skills in critical thinking has to do with outstanding shares of the memoir, company. f. The rivalry in the current sports footwear and apparel industry is proposal essay very high. Essay? Nike competes with numerous big brands like Adidas, Reebok, Puma, and Woodland etc. on multiple product categories. However, Nike’s position in essay on education and national development the industry is well established and the company leads in terms of essay memoir revenues, market share and profits within this industry.

Few points of concerns are recent takeover of fund Reebok by Adidas and pricing of Nike products which is essay higher than Adidas. Essay? Other point to be noted here is that company has lost its market share in its home country to its competitors. Broad Audit Plan: a. Nike’s operations deal with all of the major transaction cycles. However, the material transaction cycles which Nike is involved in include Sales and Accounts Receivables cycle, the inventory cycle, and accounts payable cycle to mention few. By looking at memoir, Nike’s balance sheet one can understand that cash and modest, equivalents and accounts receivables form a large portion of their current assets as well as total assets. It increase the importance that an auditor should place on the affected accounts within these cycles during his test of control, testing of essay memoir transactions, and verification of yearly account balances of these accounts.

Therefore, an auditor has to pay due preliminary judgments on the materiality of Sales and Collection cycles, inventories and payables cycles, capital acquisition and repayment of debt. Another account on the balance sheet that accounts for almost 20-22% of total available business assets is the inventories account. Due to such a high level of inventories in balance sheet, it is easier for the company to overstate or understate such items. The auditor should pay careful attention to these accounts and verify inventory levels at gre essay help, random locations for the company and essay, make judgments. As Nike operates in almost 190 countries with many warehouses it is practically impossible to get overall idea of the inventory levels but auditor can verify it by auditing at least 25-30 warehouses for accounts matching.

Nike’s operations also involve risks associated with high revenue accounts and auditor should make sure that revenue accounts are not recorded until inventories are shipped, invoices are made in response to an order and amount, volume and timing of these entries are correct. The auditor should also ask for supporting documents for any unconventional recording of data into sales accounts. The auditor should also pay attention to payables cycles and accrued liabilities which constitute large portion of current liabilities of the company. The auditor should look out for any understatement of amount in such data in last one year. Prepaid expenses of the company have increased significantly from last year by almost 50% and literature, it forms roughly 7-8% of total business assets. The auditor should ask for all the necessary documents and supporting invoices of different accounts under this head.

In the balance sheet of Nike, they have paid 50 million US$ debt in last one year and auditors should ask and verify for essay memoir, these details too. Additionally he should also review capital accounts, retained earnings account and essay and national, overall shareholder’s equity. b. High Risk Areas: c. Low Risk Areas: * Collection and Payables cycles. * Cash and Prepaid Expenses. * Long Terms debt account. d. If subjected to essay memoir tremendous pressure, Nike’s management has the opportunities of overstating current and fixed assets, Revenues, Goodwill estimates. They may also understate cost of goods sold and other operating and overhead expenses, short term and long term liabilities, and deferred income taxes accounts. They may also exaggerate investing accounts and review paper apa format, thus increasing overall business assets of the firm. Thus under extreme pressures the management may perform any of the activities mentioned above and misstate the amount of financial statements. The auditor has to keenly observe such entries and essay memoir, try to find out any irregularities. e. According to proposal us, the extent to which assessed risks of Nike can be reduced is moderate to essay low. And National Development? There are no significant changes in internal controls over last one year.

One can see that, Nike has implemented COSO as their framework for evaluation with the help of memoir CFO and CEO of the company and found internal controls to be satisfactory. But these controls are sufficient to prevent reasonable amount of frauds and not all of them. It does not give assurance as these controls are susceptible to manipulation and frauds especially in the case of frauds done by the collusion of two or more people. f. Nike manufactures its products in low cost manufacturing countries outside the US and essay on education, sells its products in international markets of 190 countries. It fully owns four subsidiaries out of which 3 operate from essay, within US and one from UK. It is important to carry out audit procedures of Nike from US headquarters as many strategic decision, high level planning, and literature paper, exchange of information take place through it. All the necessary data needed to essay memoir conduct audit procedures can be made available from US office in Oregon. Essay? But during the testing phase of audit, auditors should also plan to verify these details by essay memoir, visiting operations of all four subsidiaries in random location and other major retail outlets and warehouses over the world. A large number of locations is always better to have fair idea about validity and applicability of Nike data. g. According to summary us, the auditor would issue opinion as per essay below: * The current internal controls at Nike are adequate and are in line with COSO * The financial statements are in accordance with US GAAP accounting standards with increased transparency after new guidelines by ib world essay, FASB in April, 2011. * Management properly signed off on all the requirements. First step of the project was deciding the essay, company on which the literature review paper apa format, analysis is to be carried out.

We had a meeting to discuss it and chose Nike Inc as the company for analysis of 10-k filings. Second step of the project was to study 10-k report of Nike Inc by all the group members and then decide on work allocation. We wanted to divide work equally among group members and hence first asked for the preferences of essay group members for individual sections and then accordingly distributed the work. Literature Essay Format? We also decided on a deadline by essay, which all the fund essay, group members have to complete their work. After completion of individual parts we explained our understanding and analysis to other member and did few changes. We integrated the work, did necessary formatting and then did a final group review of the project. Is this the perfect essay for you? Save time and memoir, order Financial Analysis: Nike. essay editing for only $13.9 per page.

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