Letter to john adams essay

build dental resume Get Serious. Get Hired. Letter Adams Essay? Is a Photo on essays a Dental Hygiene Resume Good or Bad? Almost daily, I get questions from letter adams essay clients about including a photograph of essays themselves on their resume. It#8217;s a great question. It#8217;s also a very personal question because each job seeker needs to do what#8217;s right for them. There are all kinds of reasons why you would be concerned about doing it. Most of them are based on fears of discrimination and/or privacy. I want to validate that and tell you that it#8217;s okay to not include your photo on your resume. However, it would be irresponsible of letter me to not give you some things to consider before you decide, so let#8217;s review them.

Lots of Dental Hygiene Resumes Have Them. First of on my in life all, you should know that about 60-70% of my clients opt to include a photo of on their resume. As you know by now, I have written and designed lots and letter to john lots of dental hygiene resumes over the years and so that#8217;s a pretty high number who are doing it. I hear it over and over, that hygienists who include a photo of themselves on your their resume get compliments for doing so from adams employers. In most cases, a resume that has a photo of the reaction paper, job seeker on it is going to grab attention for the simple fact that it#8217;s different. Research shows, more than 90 percent of all employers admit to letter to john essay, searching on the Internet for people they are considering for wuthering heights paper an interview. Adams Essay? Generally, they perform a Google search and see what pops up. For obvious reasons, employers want the thesis age to 18, best employee and if they can spot something problematic about letter to john a job seeker with a simple search then why not? Given that fact, would you rather have them find someone they think might you in a less-than-flattering picture? Or even if it is you, in a less-than-flattering picture?

Including your picture on your resume, helps you better control a good, accurate first impression. And there#8217;s plenty of data on the value of a good first impression. Studies show, we place higher trust in what we can see. So, if you are in a position of trying to grants for college, create and build trust with someone who doesn#8217;t know you, your photo can do a lot to help psychologically build that trust at a very critical point in the hiring process even before they meet you. Every Employer will See You Eventually. If someone is going to discriminate against you, they can do it just as easily after they meet you. It#8217;s unfortunate but true, and you will never know for sure unless they disclose it. If they do use your picture to discriminate against you, do you really want to work for that kind of employer?

If they put things that don#8217;t matter ahead of things that do matter (like service to their patients and profitability) are they an employer you would feel confident working for and representing, much less referring patients you care about letter to john essay to? There are some instances where an essay on my ambition, employer will specifically request that you NOT include a photo. If you decide you are going to to john, have a resume with a picture, make sure you have a resume without one so that you can respect their request. This is most often the case, but not always, in personal history of art, situations where a corporation or governmental agency is adams essay hiring. Wuthering Heights Paper? Very rarely will the average private practice make a request that you not include a photo in fact, some go out of their way to request it. Legally, I am unaware of any law stating they can#8217;t request a photo of you if you know otherwise let me know so I can share with others. Letter Essay? They can request it, they just can#8217;t use it as a basis for hiring or not hiring you. If you do include a photo, try and get one professionally done or at least really well done on your own. Dreams? Consider the following when taking one on your own (presumably with a friend#8217;s help no selfies).

Find an interesting background, brick or rock walls are great and so are trees and other natural objects Outdoor pictures will always produce the best lighting (in fact, usually far better) Turn your body to the side slightly (don#8217;t position yourself straight on) Wear something professional, like what you would wear to a job interview (also acceptable or good would be a lab coat) Practice your smile in the mirror ahead of to john adams essay time relaxed and genuine are the look you want to achieve. Thesis The Drinking Age To? Pack Your Resume Words with Punch. Your dental hygiene resume is your most important career document is the wording packed with punch? Not only does it matter what you say, but also how much space you use to adams, say it. Add on top of that how your organize and express your information and you quickly realize the potential your dental hygiene resume has to a level coursework plagiarism, grab employers by adams essay, the lapels and not let go.

So here are five points to pack your resume prose with power and punch, landing you more interviews. Bullet points are really useful on resumes they help keep your writing clean, short and succinct. They also help employers who are able to more quickly absorb your content. Try to keep them from grants wrapping onto a second or third line if they are the full page width. Depending on the size of words you use, less than 15 words is letter adams essay adequate, but less than 10 is ideal. Too Wordy : #8220;Started a new patient program that included an office tour and sit-down meeting with myself and statement of art the doctor.

We improved patient retention by to john adams, more than 25 percent.#8221; Perfect : #8220;Implemented new patient-orientation program, elevating retention by 25%.#8221; In resume writing you begin lines of information with a verb to jump-start a sentence and on my ambition in life give the reader a shortcut to what you did. In the letter essay, examples above, both “started” and “implemented” are good verbs to do this. And I have a list of history of art 500+ positive words you can use to do this. You also want to make sure your writing is in letter, an “active” voice as opposed to a “passive.” Active is best (especially in thesis age to, resume writing) because it’s easier to understand text more quickly. Active Example : “I love working with all kinds of patients.” Passive Example : “There are all kinds of to john essay patients I love working with.” I’ve written often about the importance of knowing what an employer is in life looking for letter to john adams essay and then delivering it. Your cover letter is the thesis on lowering the drinking, primary place to do this, but it can be done on your resume, too. Adams? Carefully review the job description and find the keywords of things they are seeking in paper, a candidate. Then make sure your resume hits on them – you may need to modify a word or two or perhaps move some lines up in order of importance. Adams? It goes without saying your resume should be error-free. No mistakes in grammar, punctuation or spelling. There are for sure some employers who will over-look mistakes, but you just don’t know who will or won’t so proof-read your resume many times.

It#8217;s important to have one or two friends you trust to read it over. Federal Grants For College? Or you can even hire someone to do it. There#8217;s no shame in it all professional writers make mistakes and themselves rely on someone else reading their work. Another tip: When proofing it yourself, read it backwards. This forces you to look at each word without getting caught up in letter essay, the flow of how the essay ambition, sentence reads. Again, the to john, words you use and how you use them is wuthering heights paper extremely important on this most important of to john adams all career documents. Take some serious time to make sure your dental hygiene is pitch perfect and you greatly improve your odds of thesis on lowering the drinking landing a great dental hygiene job. Is Your Dental Hygiene Resume Too Long?

A really common question among dental hygienists concerns the proper or best length of their resume so what is it? One? Two? Three pages or more? I believe it depends on your goal and a little bit on to john adams essay how long you#8217;ve been working. So here are some tips on determining the best length for federal for college your clinical dental hygiene resume. Clinical Jobs vs. Other Jobs. Most of you are seeking a clinical dental hygiene job, but if you want something outside of clinical such as education or sales I will give you the green light for something lengthier IF you have the to john adams essay, varied and federal grants for college valuable content to fill it.

The two V#8217;s varied and valuable mean you have done more than just worked clinical dental hygiene jobs in adams essay, your career. You may have worked at the college as an instructor, in a dental sales position or two, or even other non-dental fields. Or maybe you have written some dental-related articles, conducted some research, or been involved in component leadership positions. Federal For College? Those are all valuable and varied experiences and letter adams essay accomplishments and can really add to the depth and breadth of your experience when applying to non-clinical jobs, and thus can justify a lengthier resume. Heights Reaction Paper? Clinical Dental Hygiene Resumes That Get Interviews. If your objective is adams clinical hygiene work, stick with a one-page resume. On Lowering? The main purpose of a resume is to get an essay, interview. Your resume absolutely has to stand out among a sea of applicants or you are losing out on interviews my clients will back me up on that as many of them have tried an average resume they found on the Internet then started using one I helped them with and got great results.

I believe some hygienists mistakenly think the way to stand out is by creating a lengthier (multiple pages) resume. Your Dreams Essays? But that strategy could actually hurt you and here#8217;s why. Brevity is what sells. With an over-saturated job market, employers simply don#8217;t have time to review more than one page so pages two and beyond accomplish nothing. Secondly, studies show employers are making split-second judgements about you from your resume. One well-published study indicates they are spending about adams six seconds reviewing a resume before deciding to interview the candidate or not. What split-second thought do you think a two-page resume conveys to an employer hiring a clinical hygienist for wuthering heights reaction paper their small practice? If you guessed, #8220;over-qualified#8221; or #8220;expensive#8221; you are probably on the right track there could even be some who surmise #8220;old#8221; or #8220;behind the letter adams essay, times.#8221; But I think what you REALLY want to convey from your resume are positive quick thoughts like #8220;valuable#8221; or #8220;different#8221; or #8220;creative#8221; or #8220;organized#8221; I believe these can all be achieved better with a one-page resume. And the a level, good news is that it#8217;s much easier for you to letter to john essay, create a shorter, simpler masterpiece than coming up with enough content to fill out two pages or more.

Less is coursework plagiarism more for employers, but it#8217;s still less for you. You can really hone in on the most impressive or effective information about letter to john adams you and your career and not feel guilty for keeping it minimal. For College? So what kinds of things should you include what#8217;s going to give you the most bang for your buck? That#8217;s a good question and the topic for next week#8217;s article so stay tuned and to john essay have a great week! Building An Effective Dental Hygiene Resume Format. How often have you revamped, reconstructed, or just tossed your dental hygiene resume format because it either doesn#8217;t look right, or it simply wasn#8217;t generating the results you wanted? While it#8217;s true that finding effective formats can be difficult, it#8217;s not impossible. The reality is that there are multiple ways to build a great resume, but they are not all conducive for building your dental hygiene resume. The TOP THREE Performing Resume Formats. Grants For College? When constructing your professional resume, it is letter to john important to note that there are three varying formats that are the most effective to get your name and experience noticed by the right people. But only one will help your dental hygiene resume format stand out.

They are as follows: Reverse chronological, functional, or a hybrid version of the two. Reverse chronological is the most commonly used resume format. Typically, this resume format displays your work history near the heights reaction paper, top in reverse chronological order (current job to oldest). Featured near the top, this resume format lists your work history on adams one side. Beside it, often using bullet points, you#8217;ll want to personal statement of art, include a summary your responsibilities. Great resumes also include skills and to john adams experiences beneath each job listed. This resume format works well for those who have diverse career paths/job experiences. However, in clinical dental hygiene, and for coursework the purpose of your dental hygiene resume format, there is very little diversity from one job to the next. Essay? As compared to other career fields. Statement Of Art? Thus, it can be redundant to list the letter adams essay, same skills and experiences beneath each clinical hygiene job. That#8217;s why I recommend hygienists use the functional style of resume . Instead of listing the same skills over thesis on lowering age to 18 and over for each job, the letter to john adams, functional style lists them in federal grants, their own section.

Create an #8220;Experience and Skills#8221; section near the top of the resume. To further set your resume apart, rather than simply listing what you#8217;ve done, describe in detail how you accomplished each duty. Bad: #8220;Patient Education#8221; Good: #8220;Unique ability to communicate, education, and letter to john influence patients toward better oral health#8221; Bad: #8220;Dentrix, Eaglesoft, and Softdent#8221; Good: #8220;Working knowledge of Dentrix, Eaglesoft, and Softdent#8221; While I encourage those building an effective dental hygienist resume format to reaction, use the functional style , I#8217;ve also seen success for those who have combined both the functional and reverse chronological formats. The most common way to do this hybrid is to create an Experience and Skills section, but also include an abbreviate summary or list beneath each job you have held. Best of letter to john adams essay both worlds, if you will. This hybrid can work well if you have had jobs outside of a level coursework dental hygiene (which are relevant.) In addition to clinical dental hygiene experience, of adams essay course. So, if you#8217;re following this post, your dental hygiene resume format should be shaping up nicely. I#8217;ve described two very important sections above the Work History and Experience and Skills sections. Other sections you#8217;ll need to include are #8220;About Me#8221; and #8220;Education.#8221; For many clinical resumes, that#8217;s all you really need.

However, if you have too much blank space, you could add sections for certifications, community service, references, and essay in life membership involvement. Thank you for reading, and I hope this has helped you to format your own attention grabbing resume. Next week I will share the most effective length for letter to john a clinical dental hygiene resume. Essay On My In Life? Bad Ways to Deliver a Dental Hygiene Resume. I get this question all the time: #8220;Can I just e-mail the Microsoft Word version of my dental hygiene resume?#8221; My answer is, #8220;No.#8221; Of course you can do anything you want it#8217;s not a protocol issue and it may even work out letter adams essay, fine to federal grants for college, deliver your resume in Word format. However it#8217;s not the best method. Before I tell you the best way, let me also mention that the letter to john, absolute best way to wuthering paper, apply for a dental hygiene job is by hand-delivering your resume . Essay? That gives you the opportunity to have an interaction with that office and for wuthering paper them to see you are #8220;normal#8221; and maybe even #8220;awesome.#8221; People make judgements quickly and to john essay it#8217;s rather easy to heights reaction, create a great first impression if you prepare for it. However, it may not always be possible for letter adams you to drop it off in person, and some offices even request that you e-mail it only. Sometimes it#8217;s because the person you may potentially replace, doesn#8217;t know yet they are about to be replaced. It#8217;s sad but true.

There are also some other ways that are bad for sending your resume, I#8217;ll share those next and a level plagiarism then finish with the best way. Most hygienists create their resumes using word processing software (often Microsoft Word on a PC and sometimes Pages on a Mac). Both do a great job in letter to john adams essay, formatting resumes, but I strongly caution against sending a Word or Pages file and here#8217;s why. Plagiarism? Your resume may open and look totally fine in lots of instances, but this will not always be the case on every computer. And since you don#8217;t know when it will or won#8217;t, it#8217;s best to letter adams essay, not send the source file.

Different versions of these programs and different users will have different settings and fonts turning an federal grants, otherwise beautiful resume into a complete, unreadable mess. Letter Adams? Most commonly, fonts are the issue. Fonts come in all shapes and heights reaction sizes and when a computer doesn#8217;t have the same font you used to create your resume it will try to replace it with something similar, which messes up the spacing, formatting and overall look you worked hard to create. This is not really your fault, but an employer won#8217;t blame themselves, they will make assumptions about your tech-savy-ness or attention to detail you won#8217;t look good. The Body of an E-mail.

Another bad idea is to simply paste it in the body of an letter to john adams essay, e-mail you send them. Will it work? Absolutely! Will it look good? Nope! You can#8217;t even make an e-mail look as good as the average resume. So you would be sending a sub-par resume design. In this competitive dental hygiene job market you will simply not get much (or any) attention sending it this way. Sometimes it goes unnoticed in on my ambition in life, medical professions because many practices still use fax machines, but faxing is to john essay a dying form of communication. Your Dreams Essays? They#8217;re fairly reliable, but the to john adams essay, big problem is in how they print.

You can control what goes into the fax machine, but you can#8217;t control how it comes out the other side. Your Dreams? Sometimes there are paper jams, or faxes come out letter adams essay, dis-figured and unaligned, or even toner can run out federal grants for college, half way down the to john adams, sheet leaving it faded and hard to a short essay on my ambition in life, read. Fax machines also won#8217;t print in color and can look quite pixelated. The bottom line is you simple can#8217;t predict the outcome and so for letter to john essay that reason it#8217;s not even worth trying. So what#8217;s the best way to e-mail your dental hygiene resume? There are only three letters you need to remember: PDF. PDF stands for federal grants Portable Document Format.

After Adobe released it in 1993 it#8217;s use spread like wildfire and was widely adopted as the standard for sharing documents. A PDF file can take a source document (from virtually any source including Word and Pages for to john adams Mac) and create one standard file type that can be opened from on lowering the drinking any computer. This file type can#8217;t be edited or changed by the person receiving it the information is set in stone, sorta like a photo. So what you see is what they see. In 2008 the PDF format became an letter essay, open source product meaning other companies besides Adobe could begin incorporating it into their software. So, for example, you can now create a PDF file right within the word processing software you are using you don#8217;t have to open up Adobe software to dreams, create it. This has further strengthened the use and to john prominence of PDF files. On Lowering Age To 18? But that#8217;s not all, you can also find lots of free PDF-making websites. Just Google the terms #8220;Free PDF online#8221; and you will see several pop up.

But the easiest and best way is to john adams essay through the software itself. In Microsoft Word it will show up as an option when you go to print your document change the printer from the one you normally print to the PDF option and federal grants it will give you an additional option of where on letter to john adams essay your computer you want to a level coursework, save the file to. Most important of all, however, is that the universal ability to open a PDF (called PDF Reader) has been around since the beginning (1993) and is included on all new computers. It#8217;s not likely you will send a PDF document to a dental office and they won#8217;t have the ability to open it (even right within their Internet browser where they retrieve their e-mail from). It can be pretty stressful wondering if an office has received your resume, so where possibly always deliver it in letter adams, person. But if that#8217;s not an option, don#8217;t send the source file, fax it or paste it into the body of an e-mail send a PDF file and you can rest assured this is the best way. Need a resume, cover letter, postcard or any of our other products and services?

Click here to visit our store and find what you need to land that next interview! #x02026; Go to the Store. How dental hygienist Tracie Perry was able to land a great dental hygiene job in about 30 days. In 2010, Tracie graduated from dental hygiene school with only a hope that she would find a job. She #x02026; Read More. Click here to join the I Love Dental Hygiene! discussion group on Facebook to on lowering age to, ask, share, and discuss the letter, important topics YOU are passionate about. #x02026; Read More.

Dental Hygiene Staffing Agencies in US #038; Canada. Dental hygiene staffing agencies can play a very important role in helping you find a great job. Not only on my do that locate temp work for you, they also help with permanent placement. Letter Adams? Some agencies will #x02026; Read More. Thanks for clicking on my frequently asked questions page.

I get tons of plagiarism questions from dental hygienists having to letter to john adams, do with resumes, job searching, interviewing, and much more. These are the basis #x02026; Read More. Dental Hygiene Salaries in federal, the US #038; Canada. Dental Hygiene salaries vary greatly across the United States and letter Canada. Of Art Oxford? Click on the state or province (below). Information comes from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics annual report for wages of to john #x02026; Read More. Creating a Transitional Resume for a Dental Hygienist. Several dental hygienists wanting to leave clinical practice have been asking me about a transitional resume and how it differs from a regular resume. Much of the categories of content remain the same, such as work history, education history, and summary section to thesis on lowering the drinking 18, name only a few.

The difference is in the language you use [] The 5 Most Common Dental Hygiene Job Interview Questions 11,015 views Reviewing Dental Hygiene Job Interview Best Practices 7,098 views 2016 Dental Hygiene Salary Report 6,383 views. We would love for to john essay you to contact GetHiredRDH now. You can do so by phone, text or the form below. History? Please send you comments, questions, feedback, and suggestions using the form below. Letter To John Adams? You can also use #x02026; Read More. Action words are verbs you can use to begin a sentence to describe your skills, results, or accomplishments. They give your reader an interesting shortcut into your experience. Federal Grants? Here are 500+ words you #x02026; Read More. You may have heard the terms passive and active writing styles. In resume writing, active is best for letter two reasons.

First, it helps conserve precious space on your resume. Thesis? And, second, it's much #x02026; Read More. Here's a list of letter adams 100+ positive personality adjectives you could potentially use on your resume to coursework, describe your personal brand. This list is certainly not exhaustive so we would love to hear #x02026; Read More.

How Chechnya Became a Breeding Ground for Terror. by Lorenzo Vidino. Middle East Quarterly. Summer 2005, pp. 57-66. On September 1, 2004, a group of Chechen terrorists took hostage and two days later murdered at least 335 schoolchildren and parents in Beslan, a town in letter adams essay the Russian republic of North Ossetia. The atrocity focused world attention on Chechnya. The Russian government used the event to reiterate its arguments that Chechen terrorists and foreign jihadists supporting them have ideological, financial, and operational ties with Islamist terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda.[1] Although President Vladimir Putin and top Russian security officials provided evidence of links between Chechen fighters and Al-Qaeda, European politicians and heights reaction paper, mainstream Western journalists focused instead upon letter to john essay the Russian army's brutality and a level, dismissed Putin's claims as an attempt to gain sympathy in the West and deflect criticism of Russia's handling of to john, a nationalist insurgency.

Putin may have been opportunistic, but he was also correct. A close examination of the evolution of the Chechen movement indicates that Islamists and followers of Al-Qaeda have increasingly sought to co-opt the Chechen movement as their own. Foreign fighters did not have a significant presence in the first Chechen war, which started soon after the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union and a level coursework, ended with the November 1996 Russian retreat and the creation of an autonomous Chechen government led by the late Aslan Maskhadov.[2] The main Chechen rebel leader during the adams first war, Dzhokhar Dudayev, had a generally secular nationalist outlook. According to a level coursework Alexander Iskanderyan, director of the Center for Caucasian Studies in Moscow, the Chechen independence movement had no Islamic dimension at all.[3] But when the conflict began to attract media coverage, Islamic jihadis migrated to Chechnya. Over the last decade, Islamist terrorists have co-opted the Chechen cause as part of adams, a global jihad. Umar Ibn al-Khattab, a Saudi native who became the leader of the thesis the drinking age to 18 foreign mujahideen in Chechnya, said, This case is to john adams not just a Chechen matter but an Islamic matter, like Afghanistan.[4] Al-Qaeda's involvement in Chechnya has grown steadily.

Drawn by media reports of the Chechen conflict, Ibn al-Khattab and wuthering heights paper, a few aides joined the jihad in to john adams the Caucasus in 1995. The same year saw the death of Muhammad Zaki, an American who traveled to Chechnya for the same reason.[5] With expertise developed in Afghanistan during the 1980s and heights reaction paper, honed in Tajikistan early the following decade, Ibn al-Khattab made a qualitative contribution to the fight against the Russians. By the summer of 1996, Ibn al-Khattab and his band were involved in adams essay the fighting that culminated in essays the capture of the Chechen capital of Grozny.[6] Chechen commanders perceived the foreign jihadists in different ways. Maskhadov, for example, hailed the letter to john essay contribution of mujahideen from many Islamic states [who] fought by our side. Wuthering! They took up arms and defended our people … These mujahideen were a great help and support to us.[7] Other Chechen leaders felt that the presence of the Afghan Arabs would become a problem: We do not need them, they will give us a lot of trouble—but we won't be able to letter adams essay stop them, one said.[8] Russian checkpoints, brutal winters, and the inability of personal, most of the mujahideen to speak even basic Russian diverted many jihadists away from the Caucasus. In 1997, Khalid Sheikh Muhammad, mastermind of the 9-11 attacks on letter adams essay New York and Washington, attempted to join Ibn al-Khattab in Chechnya but was unable to traverse Azerbaijan.[9] Other 9-11 hijackers had also considered making Chechnya their destination. Federal Grants For College! According to to john adams planner Ramzi Binalshibh, only a chance meeting on a train in Germany with a high-ranking Al-Qaeda operative caused 9-11 hijackers Muhammad Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, and Binalshibh to travel to Afghanistan for training instead.[10] In 1997, Ayman al-Zawahiri, Osama bin Laden's deputy, attempted to thesis the drinking age to 18 enter Chechnya but was arrested by Russian police in essay Dagestan carrying false documents. The Russian police—still unaware of how deep the dreams essays international Islamist involvement had become—did not recognize him.

They sentenced him to six months, which he served in a Dagestani prison.[11] He later argued that the letter to john adams essay Chechen conflict could become a strategic linchpin for the jihadist movement in his book, Fursan taht Rayat ar-Rasul ( Knights under the Prophet's Banner ): The liberation of the Caucasus would constitute a hotbed of jihad (or fundamentalism as the United States describes it) and that region would become the shelter of thousands of personal statement history, Muslim mujahideen from letter to john various parts of the Islamic world, particularly Arab parts. This poses a direct threat to the United States, represented by the growing support for the jihadist movement everywhere in the Islamic world. If the Chechens and other Caucasian mujahideen reach the a level coursework shores of the oil-rich Caspian Sea, the only thing that will separate them from Afghanistan will be the neutral state of Turkmenistan. Essay! This will form a mujahid Islamic belt to the south of Russia that will be connected in the east to Pakistan, which is brimming with mujahideen movements in your dreams essays Kashmir. The belt will be linked to the south with Iran and Turkey that are sympathetic to the Muslims of Central Asia. This will break the cordon that is struck around the to john Muslim Caucasus and allow it to the drinking communicate with the Islamic world in adams general.

Furthermore the your dreams liberation of the Muslim Caucasus will lead to the fragmentation of the Russian Federation and adams, will help escalate the jihad movements that already exist in your the republics of to john essay, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, whose governments get Russian backing against those jihadist movements. The fragmentation of the Russian Federation on the rock of the fundamentalist movement and at the hands of the Muslims of the Caucasus and Central Asia will topple a basic ally of the United States in its battle against the Islamic jihadist reawakening.[12] Most Chechens do not share Zawahiri's strategic vision; they want only independence from Russia. The majority of the Chechen population embraces moderate Sufi traditions and shuns the the drinking age to strict religious interpretation and letter to john, expansionist political goals that Arab jihadists promote.[13] Nevertheless, several prominent Chechen commanders have teamed up with the foreign mujahideen. While some Chechen commanders have been radicalized by years of war, many others have embraced the jihadi ideology only to become the heights beneficiaries of the funding from wealthy Persian Gulf patrons, much as separatists during the Cold War claimed to be communist in order to obtain Soviet support. Adams! As radical Islamists convert Chechens from their indigenous Sufi practices toward extremist Salafi or Wahhabi doctrine, increasing numbers of Chechens are embracing Ibn al-Khattab's views, encouraged by fatwa s endorsing him issued by Al-Qaeda - linked Saudi clerics.[14] They [the Wahhabis] went to thesis the drinking the market and they paid with dollars. Letter To John Adams! There was no power here; there was disorder everywhere, and their influence was very strong, said a Chechen administrator exemplifying the Wahhabis' modus operandi in Chechnya. Thesis On Lowering Age To 18! The poor Chechen people were already suffering so much, and our young guys simply couldn't think. They were ready to accept any ideas.[15]

The cycle was self-reinforcing. As Islamism supplanted nationalism as the to john essay motivating factor of the Chechen cause, hundreds of Muslim youths from the Middle East and Europe flocked to Chechnya. Aukai Collins, a Hawaiian convert to Islam, published an your essays account of fighting in Chechnya.[16] Turkey and Jordan, both home to letter to john essay large ethnic Chechen populations, saw an intense movement of fighters.[17] Ibn al-Khattab remained the key figure in the spread of international jihad to Chechnya, though. Knowledge of his past is the key to a short ambition understanding the letter adams essay depth of Al-Qaeda's involvement in Chechnya. While in Afghanistan, his trainer and guide was Hassan as-Sarehi,[18] a prominent commander who, with Osama bin Laden, had led the Arab fighters in the Lion's Den operation against Soviet forces, a legendary battle in thesis on lowering age to 18 which foreign mujahideen say they defeated a much larger force.[19] Regardless of the veracity of their claims, the account has served as the basis for the myth of bin Laden. During this period, Ibn al-Khattab reportedly met both bin Laden, whom Ibn al-Khattab described as a good man,[20] and adams, also Al-Qaeda's spiritual leader, Abdullah Azzam.

Such contacts would empower Ibn al-Khattab as he expanded his jihad. Ibn al-Khattab and his followers remained in coursework plagiarism Chechnya even after Moscow recognized Chechnya's autonomy.[21] In a 1998 interview, Ibn al-Khattab said, We were asked by letter to john adams the civil and military leadership and the president to train the people because nobody was convinced the Russians would completely withdraw.[22] The Chechen government formed upon the 1996 Russian withdrawal welcomed Ibn al-Khattab's continued presence, even reportedly bestowing a medal on him for heroism in the battle for Grozny.[23] Ibn al-Khattab's contribution to the Chechen campaign went beyond his 1995 and 1996 military contribution. He emphasized the value of propaganda and released dozens of tapes both to frame the Chechen fight as part of a global jihad and to describe the plights of the Chechens and the endeavors of the mujahideen. These tapes were distributed throughout a network of mosques and constituted an unparalleled recruiting tool. Islamists sympathizing with the Chechen cause ran websites that showed images of the fighting and provided information on how to support the mujahideen. Two of the best known sites[24] were operated by federal for college Babar Ahmad, a British national arrested in London in August 2004 on a U.S. criminal complaint alleging that he provided material support to a terrorist organization. Among the disclosures in the filing were e-mails linked to adams essay the October 23, 2002 seizure of Moscow's Dubrovka Theater, which led to personal statement the deaths of 160 men, women, and letter adams essay, children.[25] Russian intelligence reports and Islamist propaganda videos, many of which are still available in a level bookstores in Europe and the Middle East, suggested that Ibn al-Khattab established several military training and religious indoctrination camps. In the three years of calm before the outbreak of renewed conflict in Chechnya, Ibn al-Khattab tightened his relation with key Chechen commanders such as Shamil Basayev,[26] with whom he set up a training camp in the village of Serzhen-Yurt.[27] In 1998, Ibn al-Khattab and to john essay, Basayev created the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade, which consisted of Chechens, Arabs, and other foreign fighters.

The Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade is one of the personal history oxford three Chechen groups that the U.S. State Department lists as terrorist organizations for adams essay, its involvement in the Dubrovka theater siege.[28] The mujahideen used the pause in hostilities to prepare for the next attack on thesis the drinking age to 18 Russian forces. In September 1999, suspected Chechen and Dagestani terrorists blew up apartment buildings in Moscow and in the southern Russian city of letter to john essay, Volgodonsk, killing 217 people.[29] While Ibn al-Khattab denied responsibility for the theater attack,[30] an armed Chechen incursion into personal history of art oxford, the neighboring Russian republic of Dagestan proved to letter essay be the last straw. Moscow, already agitated by mujahideen attempts to impose Islamic law in coursework plagiarism several Dagestani villages,[31] interpreted the to john adams attack as an invasion of Russian territory. Russian troops poured into essay on my in life, Chechnya, launching the letter to john adams essay second Chechen war, characterized on one hand by indiscriminate Russian attacks and, on the other hand, by terrorist tactics introduced by the foreign jihadists. For example, while no suicide attack took place in Chechnya before 2000,[32] Chechen suicide bombers have struck repeatedly in more recent years. Thesis On Lowering! Black widows, as female Chechen suicide bombers are called, attacked a Moscow rock concert in July 2003,[33] a Moscow subway station the following month,[34] and downed two Russian civilian airliners in September 2004.[35] Ibn al-Khattab was killed in letter to john March 2002, perhaps by a poisoned letter sent by Russian intelligence.[36] His successor was Abu Walid al-Ghamdi, a Saudi who had been in a level Chechnya since the late 1990s.[37] Abu Walid emphasized terrorism in Russia rather than guerilla warfare in Chechnya. To John Essay! Russia's domestic security agency, the Federalnaya Slozhba Biezopasnosty (FSB) blamed Abu Walid for a short essay on my, planning almost all recent suicide bombings in Russia, including the February 2004 Moscow subway bombing that killed more than forty commuters.[38] In April 2004, Russian forces reportedly killed Abu Walid although the circumstances of his death remain unclear.[39]

While the essay identity of history, Abu Walid's successor is to john adams unclear, foreign jihadists remain active in the region. In April 2003, Colonel Ilya Shabalkin, a spokesman for Russian forces in Chechnya, estimated Arabs to be about one-fifth of Chechnya's roughly 1,000 active fighters, but they comprise the skilled communications core and provide most of the on lowering the drinking age to expertise in mine laying.[40] The migration of jihadists was not one-way. Just as Afghan Arabs traveled to the Caucasus, some Chechens made the opposite trek, traveling to Afghanistan. According to one report, in letter adams essay March 1994, Basayev toured terrorist training camps in a level coursework the Afghan province of Khost, returning to Chechnya two months later.

According to letter adams the State Department, several hundred Chechens trained in Al-Qaeda camps in Afghanistan, some fighting there in wuthering heights paper Al-Qaeda's select military 055 Brigade. In October 1999, emissaries of Basayev and Ibn al-Khattab traveled to Kandahar where bin Laden agreed to provide fighters, equipment, and money to adams conduct terrorism and dreams essays, aid the fight against Russia. Later that year, bin Laden reportedly sent substantial sums of money to Basayev, Ibn al-Khattab, and Chechen commander Arbi Barayev to letter essay train gunmen, recruit mercenaries, and buy ammunition.[41] Chechnya's International Islamic Support Network. Ibn al-Khattab built a wide network based upon generous funding. Wuthering! Evidence collected by Russian and U.S. Letter Adams! authorities suggests that the same sources that financed Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan also supported Ibn al-Khattab and other Chechen commanders. The FSB has identified Islamic charities operating in Chechnya and elsewhere in your dreams essays the region.

Al-Haramain, for example, a Saudi-based charity whose assets in the United States have been frozen by the U.S. Letter Adams! Treasury Department,[42] operated for years in Russia and Chechnya, pumping US$50 million into mujahideen coffers according to plagiarism Russian intelligence.[43] In 1997, for example, Al-Haramain financed Dagestani extremist formations of to john adams essay, Wahhabist orientation, whose objective was to federal for college overthrow the constitutional order existing in the republic and create an Islamic state in the territory of Dagestan and Chechnya. The FSB also reported that Al-Haramain sponsored the Foundation for Chechnya, which served as a mechanism to supply the mujahideen.[44] Al-Haramain derived a portion of its funds for Chechen operations from American sources. Letter Essay! In February 2005, a federal grand jury indicted the Ashland, Oregon branch of the charity and two top Al-Haramain officers for various money-laundering offences after a lengthy U.S. A Short On My! Internal Revenue Service investigation that uncovered an alleged scheme by officers of the charity to funnel money in support of Chechen jihadists.[45] The Benevolence International Foundation, a Chicago-based charity, also pumped money to Chechen Islamists. Adams Essay! According to a U.S. government affidavit filed in a Chicago court: In 1995, Madani al-Tayyib (then in the Sudan serving as Al-Qaida's chief financial officer) asked an Al-Qaida member to statement history of art oxford travel to Chechnya through Baku, Azerbaijan, to letter to john adams join with Al-Qaida in essays the fighting in Chechnya. The Al-Qaida member … was told that he would be joining up with Ibn al-Khattab, a mujahideen leader who had worked in Afghanistan with bin Laden. To John Adams! At about this time, a website used by your Chechen mujahideen indicated that Ibn al-Khattab led the letter to john adams essay Arab contingent of fighters in Chechnya. BIF [Benevolence International Foundation] had been identified on on lowering the drinking the Internet website as conduits for financial support to those fighters.[46]

The U.S. prosecutor's filing detailed how, in the mid-1990s, the to john essay Benevolence International Foundation opened an office in Chechnya and worked closely with Sheik Fathi, a Jordanian of Chechen descent, who had fought in Afghanistan. In 1998, Al-Qaeda military commander Saif al-Islam served as the Benevolence International Foundation officer in Chechnya. The organization's office in Baku kept close contact with the Al-Qaeda cell in Kenya that bombed the U.S. embassy in Nairobi in August 1998.[47] Until its November 2002 U.S. Treasury designation as a terrorism financier,[48] the foundation lent material support to Chechen mujahideen in the form of cash and military equipment. Wuthering Heights Reaction Paper! An internal memo written by a foundation employee reveals that Vice Prime Minister of the Cabinet of Ministers Khasan Khazutev assured to become an effective conduit to pass on the proposed aid, cash … to the mujahideen.[49] Front organizations are just one of the means used by terrorists to smuggle cash into Chechnya. Despite their efforts to stop the to john essay money coming from abroad, the Russian domestic security agency reports that up to $1 million a month in remittances from Islamists and the Chechen diaspora reaches Chechnya, delivered by couriers who travel through Georgia.[50] Donations are often sent to Chechnya through hawala , a system used in the Middle East to transfer money informally through a network of paper, couriers and acquaintances, and are, therefore, particularly hard to essay trace.[51]

Breeding Ground for a level coursework plagiarism, International Terror. With the loss of their Afghan safe haven, Al-Qaeda operatives scattered. With the to john essay help of Islamist charities, many traveled to the Pankisi Gorge,[52] a mountainous area in northern Georgia. Age To 18! In December 2003, for essay, example, an Azeri military court convicted the leaders of statement history of art oxford, Revival of Islamic Heritage, a Kuwaiti humanitarian organization, for sending Azeri recruits to the Pankisi Gorge on their way to fight in Chechnya.[53] According to Georgian officials, in early 2002, some sixty Arab computer, communications, and financial specialists, military trainers, chemists, and letter to john adams, bomb-makers settled in the gorge.

The group used sophisticated satellite and encrypted communications to support both Ibn al-Khattab's operations in Chechnya and terrorists planning attacks against Western targets. The Pankisi Arabs later tried to buy explosives for for college, what Georgian security officials believe was to letter to john adams have been a major attack on U.S. or other Western installations in Russia.[54] A 2003 plot involving ricin, a virulent and deadly toxin, demonstrated the history of art oxford Islamist co-option of the Chechen nationalist conflict and its transformation into a global jihadist training ground. According to U.S. intelligence sources cited in the Italian indictment, Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi, the Jordanian terrorist alleged to mastermind much of the Iraqi insurgency, dispatched Adnan Muhammad Sadiq (Abu Atiya), a former Al-Qaeda instructor at a Herat, Afghanistan training camp, to Pankisi. Letter To John Adams! In the gorge, Abu Atiya, a Palestinian who had lost a leg during the Chechen war, trained terrorists in the use of toxic gases.[55] He also was behind a 2002 scheme to stage biological and chemical attacks against Russian or American interests in Turkey.[56] Undeterred by his compromised Turkey plot, in autumn 2002, he tasked a number of Islamist cells from grants North Africa to letter to john adams essay travel to Europe to personal statement oxford conduct poison and explosive attacks.[57] In December 2002, French authorities arrested four terrorists planning to blow up the Russian embassy in letter to john adams essay Paris.

According to the French Interior Ministry, three of the individuals arrested—Merouane Benahmed, Menad Benchellali, and Noureddine Merabet—had fought alongside Chechen mujahideen and grants for college, had received training in adams essay toxic substances from high-ranking Al-Qaeda operatives in the Pankisi camps. The terrorists said they wanted to attack the Russian embassy to avenge Ibn al-Khattab's death.[58] Information extracted from the detainees in France led investigators to another cell in wuthering north London, which possessed a stock of ricin.[59] The ensuing investigation led to raids on London's Finsbury Park mosque,[60] a raid in Manchester during which an Algerian terrorist fatally stabbed a British police officer,[61] and arrests in Spain.[62] The global reach of Al-Qaeda's Chechen cells was demonstrated by the fact that the ricin's manufacture was consistent with descriptions in letter to john adams Al-Qaeda manuals and in a notebook found by Russian Special Forces during a raid of a Chechen rebel base.[63] According to the Kremlin's spokesman for Chechen issues, Sergei Yastrzhembsky, the a level coursework plagiarism ricin investigation showed that Chechnya had become part of a network of international terrorist organizations.[64] In April 2002, the U.S. Defense Department created the to john Georgia Train and Equip Program as part of which U.S. Special Forces trained Georgian troops to enhance … counterterrorism capabilities and address the situation in the Pankisi Gorge.[65] The program officially ended in April 2004 with its success unclear.

While there have been important arrests of Arab jihadists,[66] the February 2003 declaration of the Georgian State Security Ministry that Al-Qaeda had fled the Pankisi Gorge,[67] was premature. In May 2003, Russian deputy prosecutor general Sergei Fridinsky said that about 700 terrorists still operated in the Pankisi Gorge.[68] In December 2004, despite sustained operations carried out by Georgian Special Forces, Russian authorities claimed that about 200 Chechen and foreign fighters remained in the Pankisi Gorge and even threatened a preemptive strike inside Georgian territory.[69] The Russian claims, which the in life Georgian government described as strange and irresponsible,[70] appear to be motivated by both genuine concern about the presence of guerrilla fighters on Georgian territory and by Moscow's desire to assert authority over Georgia. While small groups of fighters cross between Chechnya and Georgia, it appears that the Georgian government has been sincere in its efforts to adams end a massive and wuthering, constant presence of armed guerrillas on its territory. The Georgians claim that Moscow is using the Pankisi Gorge to letter adams essay threaten them.[71] Such a perception is reinforced by the Russian government's refusal to extend the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe's renewal of the Georgia Border Monitoring Operation,[72] which, since December 1999, had stationed neutral observers along the porous border.[73] Unfortunately, Moscow's tendency to conflate corollary geopolitical concerns with its war on terrorism has allowed its detractors to ignore legitimate grievances with regard to Islamist infiltration of Chechen fighters. Terrorist groups have not limited their actions to Chechnya and Georgia.

According to essays the State Department, Ibn al-Khattab, with Al-Qaeda's financial support, also mobilized mujahideen from Azerbaijan and the Russian republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and to john adams, Ossetia.[74] Moscow is correct in asserting that the grants for college Chechen question cannot be contained to the borders of adams essay, Chechyna. With external financing and subsidized mosques and Islamic schools spreading extremism in areas bordering Chechnya, the thesis spread of Islamism is a real threat.[75] Ibn al-Khattab stated that his goal was the removal of all Russian presence from the land of Caucasus,[76] implying that he saw Chechnya as a launching pad for a much wider war. The FSB sees the Chechen fighters not [as] nationalists or independence-seekers, [but rather as] disciplined international terrorists, united by a single aim: to seize power and bring in a new world order based on Shari'a (Islamic) law.[77] The March 2005 death of Aslan Maskhadov, the to john adams essay circumstances of which are still murky, will probably exacerbate the conflict. With Maskhadov's nationalism out wuthering heights reaction, of the way, it will be easier for essay, Baseyev and his followers to put a Wahhabi-influenced Islamist stamp on the conflict. U.S. and European officials are slowly realizing the personal history repercussions of hundreds of to john, battle-hardened jihadis just three hours by plane from Western Europe. In the era of thesis, global jihad, terrorists operating in the remote mountains of the Caucasus pose the same threat as a cell operating in the heart of any Western European city. Jean Louis Bruguiere, the French magistrate that conducted the investigation on the Chechnya-trained cell that planned to bomb the Russian embassy in Paris, said after the perpetrators' arrests, We have some information that the to john adams essay Caucasus at the present time will play a very major role and could be a new Afghanistan.[78] Western authorities should heed Bruguiere's warning. Essays! Chechnya may appear a diplomatic and adams, military quagmire as once did Afghanistan. But the cost of leaving the a short essay on my ambition in life problem unaddressed can be high.

Chechnya may seem half a world away, but distance is no longer a guarantee of immunity from to john essay terror. Lorenzo Vidino is deputy director at the Investigative Project, a Washington D.C.-based counterterrorism research institute. [1] The New York Times , Sept. The Drinking Age To! 12, 2004. [2] Anatol Lieven, Chechnya, Tombstone of Russian Power (New Haven and to john essay, London: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 144. [3] The Christian Science Monitor , Feb. Personal! 26, 2002. [4] Life and Times of Ibn ul Khattab , a documentary released by Ansaar News Agency, London, 2002, containing footage of Khattab between 1992 and 2002. [5] U.S.

News World Report , June 10, 2002. [6] Paul J. Murphy, The Wolves of letter, Islam. Russia and grants for college, the Faces of letter to john essay, Chechen Terrorism (Washington: Brassey's Inc., 2004), p. 37. [7] Yossef Bodansky, Chechnya Fighting to Resume? Defense and Foreign Affairs' Strategic Policy , Nov./Dec. 1996, p. 6. [8] Interview with an unnamed Chechen leader, The Washington Post , Oct.

10, 1999. [9] The 9-11 Commission Report (New York: W.W. Norton Co, 2004), p. 149. [11] Lawrence Wright, The Man behind bin Laden, The New Yorker , Sept. 16, 2002.

[12] Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet's Banner , excerpts in Asharq al-Awsat (London), Dec. 2, 2001, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report, Near East South Asia , Jan. 10, 2002. [13] Matthew Evangelista, The Chechen Wars. Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union? (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2002), pp. 71-3. [14] Federalnaya Slozhba Biezopasnosty Rossiyy Raspologayet Dostoviernoy Informatziey o Putiakh y Sposobakh Finansovoy Podderszhky Voruzhiennikh Formirovanyy Miezhdunarodnikh Terroristov, Voyuyushikh na Territoryy Chechenskoy Respubliky , report by the Russian Federal Security Service (hereafter, FSB report), n.d., p. 36. [15] Evangelista, The Chechen Wars , p. 73.

[16] Aukai Collins, My Jihad: One American's Journey through the World of Usama bin Laden—as a Covert Operative for the American Government (New York: Pocket Books, 2002). [17] Author's interview with a former Russian official, Toronto, Apr. 2004. [18] For reproduction of the wuthering document, see: H-Net* Jihad in Chechnya—Profile of Ibn-ul-Khattab (Untuk Tatapan), A. Razak, 26 Jan 2000, Yahoo Groups, accessed Apr. 1, 2005. This document was accessed in its original from azzam.com, an Islamist website removed after 9-11. [19] Sheik Abdullah Azzam, The Lofty Mountain (London: Azzam Publications, 2003), pp. 42-8. [20] Terrorist Designation under Executive Order 13224 Islamic International Brigade, Special Purpose Islamic Regiment, and letter to john adams, Riyadus-Salikhin Reconnaissance and Sabotage Battalion of Chechen Martyrs, U.S. Department of State, Feb.

28, 2003; for further details, see Chechen Terrorist Organizations: Statement of Case, The American Committee for Peace in Chechnya, Feb 28, 2003. [21] Evangelista, The Chechen Wars , pp. 44-5. [22] Life and your dreams essays, Times of Ibn ul Khattab . [23] Asharq al-Awsat , May 2, 2002; Murphy, The Wolves of Islam , p. 37. [24] http://www.azzam.com and http://www.qoqaz.net. These websites have been taken down following the 9-11 terrorist attacks. [25] United States Attorney's Office District of Connecticut, news release, Aug. 6, 2004. [26] Life and Times of Ibn ul Khattab . [27] The Washington Post , Apr.

26, 2003. [28] Appendix C—Background Information on Other Terrorist Groups, Patterns of Global Terrorism, 2003 , Office of the Coordinator for letter to john, Counterterrorism, U.S. Department of State, Apr. 29, 2004, accessed Apr. On My! 12, 2005. [29] Eurasia Overview—Russia, Patterns of Global Terrorism, 1999, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S. To John Adams! Department of State, accessed Apr. 12, 2005. [30] Interview with Emir Khatab: 'Russians Lie out of Panic,' Kavkaz Center, Grozny, Aug. 31, 2000. [31] Associated Press, Aug.

30, 1999. [32] John Reuter, Chechnya's Suicide Bombers: Desperate, Devout, or Deceived, The American Committee for Peace in thesis age to 18 Chechnya, Sept. 16, 2004. [36] Ash-Sharq al-Awsat , May 2, 2002. [38] Associated Press, Oct. 6, 2004; The Washington Post , Apr. 19, 2004. [39] The Washington Post , Apr. Adams Essay! 19, 2004.

[42] U.S. Treasury Department, news release, June 2, 2004. [43] The Washington Post , Apr. 26, 2003. [45] United States of America v. Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc. , no. CR 05, United States District Court for the District of Oregon, Feb. Federal Grants! 18, 2005.

[46] Government Evidentiary Proffer Supporting the Admissibility of Co-conspirator Statements, United States of adams, America v. Wuthering Heights Reaction Paper! Enaam M. Arnout , U.S. District Court, Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, 02-CR-892 (N. D. Ill. filed Jan. 6, 2003), p. 26. [48] U.S. Treasury Department, news release, Nov. 19, 2002. [49] Government Evidentiary Proffer, p. 79. [50] The Washington Post , Apr. 26, 2003.

[51] Author's interview with a former Russian official, Toronto, Apr. 2004. [52] Ordinanza di Applicazione della Misura della Custodia Cautelare in Carcere, tribunal of letter adams essay, Milan, Italy, Nov. 25, 2003, pp. Wuthering Heights Reaction! 24-5. [53] The Associated Press, Dec. 11, 2003.

[55] Ordinanza di Applicazione della Misura della Custodia Cautelare in Carcere, pp. 32-3; Time Magazine , Jan. 20, 2003. [56] Ordinanza di Applicazione della Misura della Custodia Cautelare in Carcere, pp. Letter Adams! 32-3; Anatolia News Agency, July 10, 2002. [57] Secretary of State Colin Powell, remarks to the U.N. Security Council, New York, Feb. A Short Essay Ambition! 5, 2003. [58] Nicolas Sarkozy, French interior minister, statement, Dec. 27, 2002.

[60] Agence France-Presse, Jan. 21, 2003. [62] Agence France-Press, Sept. 12, 2003. [63] Los Angeles Times , Jan. 18, 2003. [64] Financial Times , Dec. 21, 2002. [65] U.S. Department of Defense, news release, Apr. 29, 2002.

[66] The Washington Post , Oct. Essay! 22, 2002. [67] ITAR-TASS New Agency (Moscow), Feb. 3, 2003. [69] Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Moscow), Dec. 10, 2004. [70] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, statement, Jan. 17, 2005. [72] U.S. Department of State, news release , Feb.

3, 2005. [73] Overview, Mission to Georgia, Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe, accessed Apr. 3, 2005. [76] Life and Times of Ibn ul Khattab . [77] The Christian Science Monitor , Feb. 26, 2002.

Related Topics: Radical Islam, Russia/Soviet Union, Terrorism | Lorenzo Vidino | Summer 2005 MEQ receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free mef mailing list This text may be reposted or forwarded so long as it is presented as an integral whole with complete and accurate information provided about its author, date, place of publication, and 18, original URL.

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Writing Better University Essays/Referencing. By referencing the sources you use in your essay, you do a number of things. First of all, you comply with an academic convention. Secondly, you make your essay look more professional. To John Essay! In fact, it not only looks more professional, but its argument becomes more powerful.

Thirdly, you allow others to a level coursework plagiarism check your sources. Letter To John Adams! This is often only a hypothetical issue, but a look through the list of your references will allow others to plagiarism judge your argument quickly. Fourthly, you acknowledge your sources and thus admit that like everyone else, you’re a dwarf on the shoulders of the giants. The essential bits of referencing require you to provide enough information to others so that they can identify the source. What exactly is meant by enough is open to debate, and this is also where conventions come in. Essential is that you do provide references. Ideally, you would do so properly. It’s not so difficult, and the sooner you get into the habit of referencing, the better. There are two forms to letter to john do the referencing: including them as footnotes, or use a variation of the Harvard system. Your institution may have a preference, or even a house style.

In most cases, your markers will be happy with a consistent and appropriate system. The Harvard system is also known as author/date, and coursework, will be described here in more detail. Within your essay, whenever you make a statement that is essentially based on somebody else’s work, you should attribute the source. You do this by stating the author(s) and the year of the publication you consulted. Where the name of the author occurs naturally in the text, it does not need to be repeated. The references are usually included at adams the end of a sentence, or where inappropriate in a place where the text flow is personal statement, not interrupted too much, such as in front of a comma. This may be necessary, for example, if only the first half of your sentence is based on someone else’s work.

Switzerland seems to be the ideal place for studying the effects of adams, direct democracy, since no other country has gone as far in terms of implementing such means (Franklin, 2002). The name of the author is included in brackets, together with the year of publication. Some styles put a comma between the two, others just a space: (Franklin 2002). Where there are two authors, both names are included: (McLanahan Sandefur, 1994). Some styles prefer the word and , others prefer the ampersand ( symbol).

Where there are more than two authors, the name of the first author is given, followed by et al. (which literally means and others ): (Almeder et al. , 2001). Federal For College! Some styles put et al. into essay italics, others don’t. If you have two or more references for the same argument, you should separate the references with a semicolon (; symbol): (McLanahan Sandefur, 1994; Steinberg, 1999). If there are very many references to essay on my ambition in life an argument, use your own judgement to select the most relevant ones. What should you reference? Basically references should be included to any argument made by someone else, including numbers you cite. However, statements of general nature need not be attributed to adams essay anyone. A Level! A statement that the sky is blue alone does not require a reference. To John Adams Essay! However, if you state that the sky is blue because of a specific reason, then you should include a reference. A Level Coursework Plagiarism! If you use the exact words of an author (quotation), you’ll need to give the number of the adams essay, page where you copy from.

This is needed so anyone can quickly check the original words, should he or she feel so. See the separate section on a short essay, quotes. It’s not uncommon that you want to use the arguments of say Max Weber, even though you have not actually read this particular book. Strictly speaking, you should not reference Weber’s work for such a statement, because you have not actually read it. Can you really be sure this is to john adams essay, what Weber said or meant? The technically correct trick is to add cited in after the dreams, reference: (Weber, 1918, cited in Hamilton, 2002). You should always reference the work you consulted, and this includes the year of publication. Many books are published in their second and third editions, so giving the correct year can be helpful.

Similarly, even if a book is merely a reprint by essay a different publisher, give the year of the edition you consulted. The page numbers may differ. Your! If it’s just a second print of the exact same book, use the original date. Some readers find this unsatisfactory, since Weber surely did not publish anything this year. The convention to adams circumvent this issue is to give both years: the year of the original publication, together with the on my ambition in life, one of the work you consulted.

Sometimes slashes are used between the dates (/ sign), others prefer the used of square brackets ([ and ] sign): Burke (2004/1774) or Burke (2004 [1774]). Another small issue occurs where an author published more than one book or article in letter essay, a single year, and you want to cite more than one of them. The trick here is to add letters from the alphabet after the coursework plagiarism, year to identify which of the letter essay, works you refer to. Use the letter a for the first of your references, the letter b for the second and so on: (McManus, 1994a) and dreams, (McManus, 1994b) are two different works. To sum it up, inside the text, you give the family name of the author, followed by the year of the publication. Always cite the text you consulted, because in the end it’s your responsibility that the references are correct. At the end of your essay you should include a list of references. Such a list of references provides more details than just the name of the author and to john essay, the year of publication. It’s this list that allows identifying the work cited. Each work you cited in the essay is cited once, and a short ambition, listed in alphabetical order. Note that a bibliography and list of references is not technically the same.

A bibliography is a list of letter adams essay, relevant sources that may or may not be cited in the main text. References are the sources you cited, even if they are rather trivial. Use the thesis on lowering, heading references for letter to john essay your references. For books, you put the family name of the author(s) and their initials, followed by the year of publication in brackets, the title in italics, the place of publication, and your dreams essays, finally the name of the publisher. If there are editors, give their names instead of the authors’. If there is a subtitle to the title, this is usually separated using colons (: sign). Letter To John Adams Essay! Where there are more than four authors, it’s common to use et al. after the first three, but some styles insist on citing all authors. Sometimes a book is co-published by for college two publishers, and this can be indicated by using a slash (/ sign). Where you give the editors rather than the actual authors, you indicate this by letter essay adding (eds) after their names, or (ed.) if there is only one.

The title is capitalized. For example: Anderson, C. Zelle, C. (eds) (1998) Stability and Change in German Elections: How Electorates Merge, Converge, or Collide , London, Praeger. Granovetter, M. (1974) Getting a Job: A Study of coursework, Contacts and Careers , Chicago, Chicago University Press. Grass, G. (1963) Katz und Maus , Neuwied am Rhein, Rowolth/Hermann Leuchterhand. To John Essay! Hall, S. (ed.) (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices , London, Sage. Personal Of Art! Halsey, A., Heath, A. Ridge, J. (1980) Origins and Destinations , Oxford, Clarendon Press.

Chapters in a book are cited separately, especially if the to john essay, book is edited. You give the family name of the author and his or her initial, the wuthering reaction paper, year, the name of the chapter in single speech marks (‘ and ’ sign; not capitalized), followed by the word in , and the name and year of the editor(s). If you cite only one chapter, you can give the whole reference at the end; otherwise it’s enough to letter adams give the name and year of the coursework, editor. In this case, however, the to john, book itself needs to be included in the list of references, too. For example: Allen, J. (1995) ‘Global worlds’ in Allen, J. Grants! Massey, D. (eds) (1995).

Hardin, R. (1990) ‘Public choice versus democracy’ in Chapman, J. Wertheimer, A. (eds) (1990). Leroy, P. To John Adams! Verhagen, K. (2003) ‘Environmental politics: Society’s capacity for political response’ in personal statement of art, Blowers, A. Hinchliffe, S. (eds) (2003) Environmental Responses , Chichester, Wiley. An entry in a printed encyclopaedia or a dictionary can be cited if it was a chapter in a book. The editors are often given on the front of the reference book. For example:

Jackman, R. (2001) ‘Social capital’ in Smelser, N. Baltes, P. Letter To John! (eds) (2004). Journal articles are cited in a way that is your, quite similar to adams chapters in a book. The main difference really is dreams, that details about the volume and page numbers are included, too. The reference starts with the adams essay, name and initial of the author, the year in brackets, the title of the article in essays, single speech marks (not capitalized), followed by the name of the journal in letter adams, italics (capitalized), and further details. The details of journals are commonly abbreviated as follows: the volume number followed by a colon and the page numbers of the article. If there are different numbers to a volume, this is indicated by including it in brackets before the colon, if known. Online journals may not have page numbers. For example: Burt, R. Heights! (1987) ‘Social contagion and innovation: Cohesion versus structural equivalence’, American Journal of Sociology , 92:1287–335. Adams! Thoits, P. Hewitt, L. (2001) ‘Volunteer work and dreams, well-being’, Journal of adams essay, Health and Social Behaviour , 42(2):115–31.

Small, C. (1999) ‘Finding an invisible history: A computer simulation experiment (in virtual Polynesia)’, Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation , 2(3). Valente, T. (1996) ‘Social network thresholds in the diffusion of information’, Social Networks , 18(1):69–89. Pages on the internet should be cited where used. You should bear in on lowering, mind the quality of the site before citing from it, but if you use a web site, reference it, too. Adams Essay! There are many internet sites that are perfectly acceptable as sources for your essays. The reference includes the name of the author and initial, the year in on lowering, brackets, the title of the document in italics, the word online in square brackets, the place of publication, the publisher, the words available from to john essay : followed by the URL, and the date when the heights paper, document was accessed in brackets. The date is important, because unlike printed works, web sites often change their content or even disappear. Many web sites include a copyright note at the bottom, giving you an indication when the content was written. For example:

Moser, P. (2005) Politik im Kanton Zurich—eine Synthese [online], Zurich, Statistisches Amt des Kantons Zurich, available from: http://web.archive.org/web/20051224111845/http://www.statistik.zh.ch/statistik.info/pdf/2005_15.pdf [accessed 27th October 2005]. Chan, T. Goldthorpe, J. Adams! (2004) Social Status and Newspaper Readership [online], Oxford, Oxford University, available from: http://users.ox.ac.uk/ sfos0006/papers/news4.pdf [accessed 31st March 2005]. Newspaper articles are very similar to essay on my in life journal articles in the way they are cited. The key difference is that rather than the volume, the date is given. The reference therefore includes the name and initial of the author, the year of letter to john adams, publication in brackets, the title in single speech marks, the a level plagiarism, name of the newspaper in italics (capitalized), the to john adams, date, and finally the page where the article was found. For one page it’s customary to use the abbreviation p. , for articles running over two or more pages, the abbreviation pp. is common. For example: Cockburn, P. Usborne, D. (2004) ‘Burning with anger: Iraqis infuriated by new flag that was designed in London’, The Independent , 28th April, pp.2–3.

Handouts from a lecture can be referenced and plagiarism, should be referenced if they are used as the basis of what you write. It’s normally a better idea not to use lecture notes, but try to find the original referred to in the lecture. Not only will you have more control over what was actually said, but also can your readers more easily access books and journal article than lecture handouts. The reference to a lecture handout includes the letter to john, name and a short essay on my ambition in life, initial of the lecturer, the year in letter adams essay, bracket, the title of the handout in single speech marks, the words lecture notes distributed in followed by the name of the course in italics, the statement history of art oxford, word at letter to john and the wuthering heights reaction paper, name of to john essay, your institution, the place, and date of the lecture. For example: Burt, S. (2005) ‘Survey sampling and administration’, lecture notes distributed in Survey Research Methods at Cambridge University, Cambridge, 9th February 2005. Personal conversations are not commonly considered good sources, but if they are what you use as the paper, basis of your essay, you should include such conversations. It’s usually a good idea to have another reference to a printed piece, but sometimes this is not an option. To John Adams! In terms of giving the reference, personal conversations are very easy: the name of the person you spoke to, the year in brackets, the federal grants, words conversation with the author and the date of the adams essay, conversation. For example: Smith, E. Wuthering! (2004) conversation with the author 6th July 2004.

The same format can also be used for personal e-mail, or instant messengers. Once again, bear in mind the credibility of letter to john, your sources. With e-mail messages it’s customary to include the e-mail address of the sender in brackets after the name, but it’s essential that you obtain consent from the author. The subject line of the e-mail is often included as the title. With all forms of coursework plagiarism, personal conversation, the issue of consent is letter to john adams essay, important. It’s always a very good idea to check with the history of art, author first. There are sometimes cases that are not so straightforward as the average book or journal article. For everything there is a solution in the academic conventions. If you refer to musical works, television programmes, or pieces of art, check with your institution how this should be done.

If everything else fails, remember the function of referencing, and to john adams essay, provide a reasonable amount of information for others to chase the work. Common problems include the lack of authors, unpublished documents, or lack of publisher. Where there is no author, often there is an on lowering age to 18, organization. Put the name of the organization. If there is no-one, it’s customary to put the to john adams, word “Anon” instead of the age to, author’s name. Adams! For example: IDEA (1998) Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers [online], Stockholm, International IDEA, available from: http://archive.idea.int/women/parl/toc.htm [accessed 28th February 2006].

UN Statistics Division (2006) Social Indicators [online], New York, UN Statistics Division, available from: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/socind/inc-eco.htm [accessed 20th February 2006]. Sometimes the year of a document is federal for college, not known. Adams Essay! Where you have a rough idea, you can put a c before the date, such as in (c.1999). Where you just have no clue, there is no need to personal statement of art oxford panic: simply put the word unknown instead of the to john adams, year. Documents that are unpublished as such, for example a thesis or a draft article you were sent, should come with the indication that they are not published. This is easily done by including the word unpublished in brackets at the end of the reference. With articles sent to you, you should always ask permission to cite; just like you would with an heights reaction paper, ordinary e-mail.

For theses it’s common to include the to john adams essay, kind of thesis after the title, such as PhD thesis or MA thesis . Grants For College! Where the name or place of the publisher is letter to john adams, unknown a very simple solution is used: leave the information blank. Dreams! This is particularly an issue with internet sites. Letter To John Essay! Including the URL is in a short essay, this case much more helpful than trying to letter to john essay guess the name of the publisher. Course materials provided to you are treated very similar to the lecture handouts. Give the name of the author, the year in brackets, the course code if there is one, the on lowering the drinking, course title in italics (capitalized), the kind of to john adams essay, material and its title in single speech marks, place of publication, and publisher. On Lowering! For example: Peake, S. (2003) U216 Environment , Video 4 ‘Shanghai Boom’, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University (2004) DD305 Personal Lives and Social Policy , CD-ROM 2 ‘Interviews and Interviewing’, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The capitalization of titles may seem a bit confusing, but it follows a simple logic: it’s the main title that is capitalized. In the case of a book, the main title is that of the book.

In the case of journal articles, on the other hand, the main title is thought to be that of the journal itself. It might be confusing that within the journal, the title of an article often is capitalized. Capitalization is not very hard to achieve. Put in capital letters are all nouns, proper names, the letter to john, first word, verbs, and adjectives. This is in fact almost everything.

Not put in personal statement, capital letters are words like and , in , or , or with . Unfortunately most word processors don’t capitalize properly when told to, and put every single word in capital letters, including the ands and withins that should not come with capital letters. Different publishers have different house styles, and you might come across a title with a word you would normally spell differently. This is common with British and American variants, but there are other words, too, such as post-modernity . No matter how strongly you might disagree with the adams, spelling, you should always use the original spelling in dreams essays, the references. It’s perfectly fine to adams change them in your essay itself, but not in the references. A good manual of dreams, style, such as the Oxford Style Manual (Ritter, 2003) will be able to give you further guidance. Many course providers have their own preferences or house styles, and it’s advisable to to john follow these conventions. Where there are no house styles, using a system such as the one outlined in this guide in a consistent manner will be well received.

You’ll find full references to every work mentioned in this book at the end. It’s difficult to write about referencing without mentioning plagiarism. Plagiarism describes the act or result where you take the words or ideas of somebody else and present them as your own. Plagiarism is considered serious academic misconduct and your dreams, can be punished severely. Letter To John Adams Essay! Most importantly, however, your reputation is on the line. The origin of the word plagiarism gives you an idea what others will think of you when you plagiarize. The word goes back to the Latin plagiarius , a thief and kidnapper—in particular a child snatcher and somebody abducting slaves. The modern use in academia brands you a literary thief (OED, 2005). There are a number of reasons why plagiarism occurs. The worst case is deliberate plagiarism (for whatever reason). Careless work may lead to plagiarism, but is not commonly considered as severe an offence as the deliberate case.

Careless work is often a sign of students working too closely to the original, and this can be easily remedied. Essays! Without changing your habit, simply by letter including references to where you got the ideas from, and putting speech marks where you quote, you technically are done. In practice, you still might rely too much on the original and not deliver as good an your dreams, essay as you could. Deliberate plagiarism, often motivated by laziness, can’t be remedied directly. At the time, it may seem a reasonable risk to copy from the internet, but is it really worth it? Bear in mind that there is something in for you, too—that is adams, something in addition to the grades. Wuthering Heights Reaction! The more you write, the easier it gets. If you work too closely to the original, there is a simple solution: don’t write the essay with the books in letter to john essay, front of you. A Short Essay On My Ambition! By so doing, there is very little danger that you copy word by word. In a way, you force yourself to make the material your own: and that is a good thing—it makes a better argument, your essay will be more original, and not least, you’ll also get better grades. Rather than having the original works in letter adams essay, front of you, try using your notes.

As you still will need to put those references for the ideas you take from others, make a note whenever you do so. I use brackets with three X inside, to remind myself that I need to put a proper reference. Often I remember very well who said this, so I include, for example, (Granovetter XXX) inside the text. When checking the essay, it’s hard not to thesis on lowering the drinking notice the triple X; and there is letter to john essay, always the search facility in the word processor. By putting a place holder, I can get on with the job of writing without interrupting my thoughts.

Equally important, I leave some traces indicating to myself that there is some more work to be done: finding the proper reference, for coursework example. If you think plagiarism is hard to detect by your marker, think again. There are a great number of signs that give plagiarized work away. To John! Technology-wise, your markers are likely to have the same possibilities than you have if not more. Federal! If you can copy and paste something you found on the internet, it’s equally easy for your marker to find it on a search engine, again. It would, of to john adams essay, course, be possible, to change plagiarized work to the extent that the deed is no longer easy to spot.

Usually, however, this is the drinking, just as much work as writing the essay yourself. Just to give you an idea, the letter essay, markers of your essay will not only have access to the same search engines than you have. There is software to scan essays for duplicates; and many institutes even have access to essay banks (sites on the internet where complete essays are sold). The most successful tool, however, is probably the human brain with its incredible ability to remember. Wuthering Paper! If you copy from a colleague, chances are that your marker has read this one, too. If you copy from a set reading, chances are that your marker has read this one, too. Knowing what is on the reading list helps spot essays that refer to other works a great deal, or don’t refer to some of the core reading. Letter To John Adams! Your marker can estimate how many readings you had time to read, or whether you’re likely to have read a great number of papers on the Belgian perspective of whatever issues is set in the question. An even easier sign is having the same paragraph twice in essay ambition, the same essay, for to john adams essay example. There are more subtle signs, too, such as sudden changes in style or formatting. Many people are unaware of for college, how idiosyncratic one’s writing style is.

They are in fact so individual that writing styles can be used to determine how many people wrote a document, such as the Christian Bible (Jakoblich, 2001). Writing style includes the tenses we use, the level of letter to john adams, formality, our own choice of history, words, the adams, kinds of metaphors we put, whether we use American or British English, choices over punctuation, the length of sentences, or the use of specialist terms. Typographic signs include font size, choices of where to break paragraphs, spaces in dreams essays, between lines, and letter to john adams essay, things like proper m- and n-dashes (when copying from electronic articles). The presence or lack of references is often an easy sign: for example, where there are many references inside the text, but few at the end, or where the citation style changes within a single essay. A marker may get suspicious where there is suddenly a section with many references, or suddenly none. Sometimes, students even include hyperlinks in references when copying from electronic journals; and have them automatically underlined by the word processor. Even where you take care of these issues, a paragraph copied from the internet will very unlikely link well with the rest of your essay. Personal History! The style may be inappropriate, or just different.

Essays from an essay bank may be internally consistent, but very rarely are they really relevant to the exact question you have been set. In summary, you can avoid plagiarism easily. Letter To John Adams Essay! This is grants for college, done by writing freely without having the letter to john adams, books right in coursework, front of you. Instead, work with your notes, and take care to put references where you use the ideas from others. Don’t use the internet to copy from, no matter how tempting it is. It will hardly ever be worth it. There is an important difference between citations and to john adams, quotations. Unfortunately, confusion is commonplace; and the terms are frequently used incorrectly. Knowing your citations from your quotations is useful when writing essays. It’s essential, in fact, if you want to reference properly.

Citations are about ideas you take from plagiarism others. Quotations are about the exact words used by others. This is really the whole distinction. To John! So, when using your own words, you cite; when you use the words of someone else, you quote. “Why can’t a man be more like a woman?” (Blankenhorn, 1995, p.117) is a quotation, because I use the exact same words Blankenhorn did. However, when stating that families in the US are increasingly defined by the absence of a father (Blankenhorn, 1995), I only use the idea, not the exact words.

When putting a reference, the difference between a citation and a quotation is that for a quotation we always put a page number. This is done to enable the a level, reader to check the words in the original context. Letter! In the list of federal for college, references at the end of the text, there is letter, no difference. Short quotations are included in the text, and enclosed by speech marks. A Level Plagiarism! Longer quotations are set apart from the main text by indenting the quotations, and usually putting in a slightly smaller font. Longer means about 3 to letter essay 4 lines or more. For example: It is true that many voters may be voting for reasons wholly unconnected with social inequalities in any of the three dimensions. They may attach greater importance to some specific issue such as foreign affairs, or they may vote out of personal reasons or habits with which egalitarianism has nothing to do. Statement Of Art Oxford! (Runciman, 1966, p.136) When quoting someone else, you should take great care to adams copy the words exactly.

Sometimes, you might want to a level coursework plagiarism change a quote slightly in order to make it fit your essay. If these changes are substantial, you should use your own words and cite the work instead. If the changes are small, use square brackets to indicate that you have changed the text. Letter To John Adams Essay! For example, you might quote Rawls (1999, p.87) that intelligent people don’t “[deserve their] greater natural capacity”. I have included the words that I changed in square brackets, leaving the rest the same. This indicates to my readers that the words in square brackets are not the exact same as Rawls used. For reference, the original reads: “No one deserves his greater natural capacity” (p.87). I made the changes, because I wrote about intelligent people, and Rawls was talking in more general terms. Whilst quotations can lighten up an essay, you should not rely on them too much.

Your own writing is much more important, and reaction paper, often text you quote was written for to john essay a different purpose. The consequence is that the quotations may be relevant in content (what is being said), but in terms of grants, style don’t fit well with what you wrote. If you rely too much on quotations, you run the risk that your readers will think that you maybe don’t really know what you’re writing about: that you have not understood the material well enough. When writing an essay, particularly when writing an extended essay, it’s easiest to adams essay put the references whilst you write. This is the case, because you still know where you got the idea from. I keep a place holder to personal of art remind myself that a reference is needed if I can’t remember the author right away. Often, I will know at least some of it, and write this down. By putting a place holder rather than chasing the reference right away, I can stay focused on to john essay, the writing.

However, I also indicate that the essay is not completed. Place holders like (Baudrillard, XXX) or (XXX last week’s reading) will help me find the full references once I completed the essay or section. References are needed whenever you write an academic piece of federal for college, writing. Even where you can get away without referencing, by including references your essay will be taken more serious. It’s a good habit to put references all the letter to john, time, so when you really need to—such as in your thesis—you’ll not struggle, or spend days trying to find out how to reference a chapter in a book. There are a number of software packages such as Endnote , Refworks , Scholar’s Aid Lite , or Bibus that help you putting references. These computer applications interact with your word processor, and automate much of the referencing process. Thesis On Lowering The Drinking Age To! They manage citations, and essay, usually let you search libraries and journal databases. Useful and flexible as they are, such software packages need some time to get used to. It’s thus a good idea to on lowering age to familiarize yourself with their working before the deadline is menacing. Letter To John Adams Essay! For example, make sure you know how to put page numbers for quotations.

Even if you don’t use a dedicated computer program to manage your references, it might be useful to collect references in a separate file. So, after completing your essay, copy all the a short on my in life, references to a separate file. The next time you cite the same paper, it’ll be a simple case of copying and to john, pasting, without the work of formatting the coursework plagiarism, reference. Keeping the full references with your notes can safe a great deal of time, too.

How to Write a Reading Response Essay with Sample Papers. VirginiaLynne has been a University English instructor for over 20 years. She specializes in helping people write essays faster and easier. Summarizes what you read. Gives your reaction to the text.

Your reaction will be one or more of the following: Agreement/disagreement with the ideas in letter to john adams essay the text. Reaction to how the ideas in the text relate to a level plagiarism your own experience. Reaction to how ideas in the text relate to other things you've read. Your analysis of the author and audience. Adams! Your evaluation of personal statement history, how this text tries to convince the reader and whether it is effective. Your introduction will be 1-3 paragraphs. For this essay, because you want to give both information about the subject and also briefly summarize the article you are responding to, you probably need at least two paragraphs. In all introductions, you want to: Get the reader’s attention.

Describe your subject. Give your thesis. For a responsive reading essay, you also need to: Mention the author and title of the article you are discussing. Give a brief summary of the article or the part of the letter adams article that you are responding to. Paragraph One . Get the a level reader’s attention by describing the to john subject in one of the following ways: Use a startling statistic. Personal Statement History Of Art! Cite an interesting fact. Pose an appropriate quotation. Adams Essay! Tell an thesis the drinking 18, anecdote.

Describe a scenario. Write a conversation. Tell a story. Letter Essay! Put forth a question your essay will answer. Give an example. Explain general information about the topic. Using a Frame for wuthering heights reaction, Your Introduction and letter to john essay Conclusion. One of my favorite techniques is to use a “frame” story or conversation for the opening and the conclusion. A Short Essay In Life! The way this works is letter to john adams that you tell half of a story or conversation in the introduction and then tell the rest of the story in the conclusion. Or you could open with a dilemma or problem and then close with a solution.

Another approach is to retell the same story in the conclusion with a different (usually better) ending. Examples: In an essay about cell phone use in personal history cars, you could open with a scenario showing a person getting a call while driving and thinking about what to letter adams do. Your Dreams! In the conclusion, you could tell the end of the scenario—maybe the driver pulls over to take the call or decides to let voicemail take it. Letter Adams! In an your dreams essays, essay about dealing with a family member with Alzheimer’s, you could open with a conversation between family members trying to figure out what to do and letter adams conclude with a conversation between the federal grants same people after they have decided to place that person in a nursing home. In an letter, essay about oil drilling in age to 18 the Gulf, you could open by describing vividly the essay oil-soaked coastline and the dying wildlife. You could conclude with what that coastline looks like now. On any topic which you have personal experience, you can open with part of your story, and then conclude with the ending of your story. How to grants for college Become a Republican. My analysis of a Harvard study that reported that watching 4th of July parades makes people vote Republican.

Reading Response Example Paper: A reader response about Chris Adrian's article Under My Skin from the New York Times. Introduction and Conclusion Ideas. Paragraph 2 : After your introduction, transition by explaining what the author of the letter to john article you have written has to say about this topic. Briefly explain the main points of the a level coursework plagiarism article that you want to letter adams essay talk about. Then you will give your thesis. Example: According to Mary Johnson in “Cell Phones are Dangerous,” we should not use our phones while driving and should educate others not to thesis on lowering age to use them either. Johnson gives statistics showing that talking on a cell phone is as dangerous as driving drunk. Moreover, she points out the adams increasing number of accidents caused by cell phone use. Her conclusion is grants for college that we need to personally decide not to use a cell phone while driving and that we need to educate our friends and family to letter adams give up cell phones while driving, too.

Then add a thesis statement like one of the thesis on lowering the drinking 18 following examples: (Agree) I agree with Johnson because I have observed many people driving dangerously while talking on cell phones and have even been in an accident myself while talking on to john the phone. (Disagree ) I disagree with Johnson because I don’t think that using a cell phone is any different from eating in a car or talking with other passengers. (Reflect on author’s experience ) I believe Johnson has come to her conclusions because of her own traumatic experiences while using a cell phone while driving. Your Essays! (Optional: you could add an extension, like but personal experiences are not a good basis for public policy.) (Expand on an assertion made in letter adams essay the essay ) I agree with Johnson’s assertion that cell phones are dangerous, but I’d go even further than she does because I think we cannot control this problem by merely educating the public. We need to your essays have laws prohibiting the use of cell phones while driving. Here are six different ways to respond to an essay:

You can agree with the article and explain three or more reasons why you agree. You can disagree with the article and explain three or more reasons why. You can agree with some parts of the article and disagree with other parts and explain why. Letter Essay! You can analyze the rhetorical situation (occasion, purpose, audience, and context) of this article and explain why the author’s personal experience causes them to write this piece. You can take one part of the essay, agreeing or disagreeing with it, and expand on reaction that idea, giving reasons for your reader to adams essay agree with you. You can explain your reaction to the article and then analyze how the wuthering heights reaction writer’s style, tone, word choice, and examples made you feel that way. Remember that all essays have three main parts: introduction, body, and adams essay conclusion. There are many ways to grants for college write a good essay, but I will give you a general guide to follow which will help you to organize your ideas. Here you will argue your thesis and give support for your ideas from your personal experience and your own thinking and reading.

You can also use evidence from the adams article you read but don’t just repeat the ideas in the article. The body of your paper should have three or more paragraphs. For College! Each paragraph should have a topic sentence which communicates one response idea you have about the paper such as, I agree with Jones that _________ or My personal experience makes me relate to _____ because _______. The rest of the paragraph should give details to back up that point. You can use examples from the reading, your own life, something else you have read, or common experiences we all have. You can also use reasoning to prove your points. Explain why you think this way. To John! Don't forget to dreams essays use author tags when you are talking about something in the story.

The best essays do refer back to the text and explain why and how the reader's response relates to essay the article. The first time you talk about the a short essay on my article, you should give the full name of the letter to john essay author and the title of the article in parenthesis: John Jones in his article, “Taking Back Our Lives,” states _________.”. After that, you need to always tell when you are paraphrasing the article instead of giving your own view. Use “author tags” to show you are talking about something in the article and not your own ideas. Author tags use the a short essay ambition last name of the author and to john essay a verb. Try these variations: Differentiating Your Voice from the Author's: Instead of Jones says, you can use:

Contrary to what you may have learned in previous writing classes, you should not repeat or summarize your arguments in the conclusion. That is sometimes appropriate for in-class essays when you are not sure you’ve been clear about ambition your main points, but it is not appropriate for to john adams essay, college writing. Instead, you need to actually conclude your arguments. Plagiarism! You can often use the same type of technique that you use in an introduction. You can also: call attention to larger issues call for a change in action or attitude conclude with a vivid image appeal to the reader to to john essay agree with you or link back to your introduction by finishing the story/scenario, revising it, or explaining how it proves your point. This is a sample reading response essay to federal for college an article titled “Cell Phones are Dangerous by Mary Johnson, agreeing with the letter adams essay article and extending one of the ideas. Paragraph 1 : Dramatic re-telling of a personal story of picking up my cell phone and dreams essays then realizing that I am going to crash into another car. Stop the story right before the crash. Paragraph 2 : Like most people, I thought I was a good enough driver to handle using a cell phone while driving.

I found out I was wrong. Letter To John Adams! It turns out I’m not unusual. In her article “Cell Phones are Dangerous,” Mary Johnson argues that as statistics of cell phone use while driving goes up, so do accidents. According to Johnson, we should not use our phones while driving and should educate others not to on lowering age to use them either. Letter To John Adams! Johnson cites statistics showing that talking on a cell phone is as dangerous as driving drunk. A Short Essay Ambition! Moreover, she points out the essay increasing number of heights reaction, accidents caused by cell phone use. Her conclusion is that we need to personally decide not to letter to john use a cell phone while driving and that we need to educate our friends and family to give up using cell phones while driving too. I agree with Jones that cell phones are dangerous and coursework plagiarism that we should personally choose to not use one while driving; however, I’d go further than Jones by adding that we need to have laws that prohibit anyone from using cell phones in cars. Each of these statements would be the topic sentence of one of the letter essay body paragraphs. For the first one, I also give examples of the type of arguments and support I would use to write that paragraph and prove my point. 1. Laws make people realize that cell phone driving is dangerous. (Below is an reaction paper, example of some support I could use to back up this idea—you can use ideas from the article but do not repeat the article.)

support with an anecdote of letter adams, friends or family thinking a call is more important than driving use statistics from article argue some people will be convinced by being educated, but not everyone use example of seatbelt laws saving lives argue that using a cell phone endangers others and not just yourself. 2. New technology requires changes in public policy. 3. People in a short essay on my ambition my generation feel obligated to take a call, but if it is illegal to call while driving, they won’t feel that pressure. 4. Using hands-free headsets won’t work because it is the call which is distracting, not holding the phone. 5. This law will save a lot of letter adams, lives. I would return to thesis on lowering 18 my personal story and letter essay pick it up where I left off. Wuthering Heights Reaction! I do crash and there is letter adams a lot of damage to my car, but no one is hurt. I can explain my great relief that my cell phone use did not end more tragically, and my personal decision to a level put my cell phone where I can’t reach it while driving. End with an appeal to the reader to letter essay do the same, but to federal grants also support legislation to prohibit cell phone use while driving.

Additional Information for Essay on Cell Phone Use While Driving. You formulate an letter adams, evaluation any time you answer someone’s question, “What did you think of that book (article, movie, class, or news report)? Responding personally to an article is usually the start of any analysis of writing, so it is a good first paper type to write. However, unlike a review or evaluation paper, your purpose in a response paper is not to tell someone else whether or not they should read this article. Instead, your purpose is to explain your reaction and to give reasons (this will be the body of your paper) why you reacted that way. Doing an evaluation paper would take the reading response a step further and is probably one of the papers you will do next in your course. How long does your instructor give you to write each essay? How long does your English Instructor usually take to grade your essays? by Virginia Kearney 4.

How to Write an Exploratory Essay With Sample Papers. by Virginia Kearney 8. Reading Response Sample Paper on Why We Crave Horror Movies by Virginia Kearney 6. How to Write a Summary, Analysis, and thesis age to 18 Response Essay Paper With Examples. by Virginia Kearney 56. How to Write a Proposal Essay/Paper. by Laura Writes 40. 100 Problem Solution Essay Topics with Sample Essays.

by Virginia Kearney 42. Coming into letter to john, my assignment, I was very nervous. I've never written a reader-response paper. Dreams Essays! The information I found on your site gives me the confidence to move forward! Thanks so much! Carmel Therese C. Crauz 6 weeks ago. Hi Ms. Virginia, thanks a lot for letter essay, a very helpful article.

Been searching for a while on how to write a synopsis on wuthering heights paper our assignment. THANK YOU SOOOO MUCH! GOD BLESS YOU! Virginia Kearney 23 months ago from United States. Maria, I'm so glad that you found this article helpful to you. Letter To John Essay! Writing responses to things you read is such a fundamental part of many college tasks that mastering this ability makes you a much better student overall. Maria I Reyes 23 months ago. Ms. Coursework Plagiarism! Lynne thank you so much. This was extremely helpful. I like the letter to john essay fact that you added examples for a better understanding.

I also added it as a favorite so that I can refer to it as often as possible. Thanks again! Virginia Kearney 2 years ago from United States. ChocoMoco--all papers need to have a thesis sentence because a thesis sentence is the a short essay on my ambition in life main idea of the paper. However, not all thesis sentences are roadmap ones which tell everything you will talk about. Letter To John! A thesis sentence for a Reading Response paper will say the main response you have to the what you've read. Here is personal history of art a Reading Response paper with examples about a thesis:https://letterpile.com/writing/Reading-Response-Sa. For a responsive paper is it necessary to have a thesis sentence? Thank you this saved life! Virginia Kearney 2 years ago from to john adams essay United States. Hi Lex--I have several other sample papers that you can see if you just search on HubPages for Reading Response sample essays.

I really like how you give your example , it sure help me a lot . History Oxford! Please add more to help other people that need it! Kristi Tipps-Deutsch 3 years ago from Colorado Springs. I enjoyed this hub very much. Letter To John Essay! It's so helpful to have sample papers that students can try to your dreams essays recreate with their own content. I will happily rob you of letter to john adams, this fabulous step by step tutorial.

Thank you for taking such time and the drinking 18 effort to make it so accessible. Thank you it was so helpful I had two videos and the Dr. asked us to write responds I did what have said thank you. Thank you for your response examples. i was awesome i got lots of idea . thanks. : ) Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. Glad that my Hub reassured you reniesaenz.

I have been so happy to find that many students both in my class and out have been able to write better and faster when given clear instructions. To be honest I was a little nervous going into your class. After reading this hubpage I'm actually not as nervous because I know that following your hubpages will give me the help I need to to john adams essay right the a level plagiarism essay's this semester. Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. Thanks so much for to john adams essay, stopping by! Thanks! it is wuthering paper really helpful 5 years ago. Thanks! It is really helpful. Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States.

Thanks so much peytons for letting me know that this has helped you. I can't believe how many people are reading this hub, which I originallly put up mostly for my own students to use. Finally, I Googled this topic and realized that there isn't much on the web explaining how to write reading responses, even though that is a very common essay topic in a lot of disciplines. Adams! In fact, I've especially noticed that my ESL students were required to your dreams essays do these projects in their classes. Thanks for your hub, and I have learned a lot about the skills of writing a reading reponse. You recommended ways of introduction are exceptionally engaging and desirable. Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from to john adams United States. Hi--the two samples in thesis age to the blue block are reading response essays my students have done. Letter To John Adams Essay! Good luck on your assignment! Check out some of my other hubs for other writing help.

Claudia Tello 5 years ago from Mexico. Thanks for taking the oxford time to answer my question. I have also been thinking about writing book reviews, this hub might help me on that. Cheers! Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from letter to john United States. Thanks for your comments Claudia. Dreams Essays! I have written reading response hubs on Chinese books for kids and early readers. My Stone Age hub is really a reading response too. Actually, I have a ton of hubs planned of this type but I haven't gotten to them yet. To John! Reading Response is really a lot like a book review, and so that is a level plagiarism always fun! Claudia Tello 5 years ago from Mexico.

I used to write reading response essays for a literature course I engaged in letter essay during my college years. Thesis On Lowering! I enjoy writing and analyzing my response to the things I read. It was quite fun in those days because the professor obviously chose books that where especially thought provoking and to john that made it much more interesting and easy too. Do you write many reading response hub-essays? Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from United States. Thanks Carol3san--I've been very surprised at thesis on lowering the drinking, the number of people who have looked at my writing hubs and I'm always grateful for essay, positive feedback. Thanks for stopping by! Carolyn Sands 5 years ago from Hollywood Florida. Thanks for the hub. Great info. I voted you up.

Virginia Kearney 5 years ago from on lowering the drinking United States. Thanks somethingblue! I appreciate your comment and the time you've taken to respond at length. Although my hubs on writing instruction don't always have a lot of comments, they have gotten more views than I expected. To John Essay! I know that many writing instructors don't have a lot of previous experience or instruction in teaching writing before they are put in a class.

Sometimes the books they use aren't particularly helpful at explaining the process. I try to take the steps of writing these essays and break them down so they are easier. Thanks again! Copyright 2017 HubPages Inc. and respective owners. Other product and company names shown may be trademarks of their respective owners. A Short On My Ambition In Life! HubPages ® is to john adams essay a registered Service Mark of HubPages, Inc.

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