Writing research papers across the curriculum 5th

Belonging Creative Writing Essay Sample. Posted on across the curriculum 5th, August 21, 2012 by Matrix Education. Creative writing is judaism essays, part of the writing research the curriculum, HSC English Module 1 exam. Through a creative writing piece, students are required to demonstrate the concept of Belonging. Here is a sample of a Belonging Essay written by a Matrix English Tutor. Dinner is at plan, half past seven, she called over her shoulder. The screen door banged shut and she was gone.

Jackie stood at the door long enough to see the red Chevrolet roll out of the driveway, bearing Judith down a sun-drenched street lined with freshly painted, white picket fences.The talk had been unfruitful, completely unfruitful. She shouldn’t have sought out her sister. But what did she expect? Judith was of another world. She would just have to research papers the curriculum 5th leave without saying goodbye, and wagner and other essays send a letter back home when she got there.‘Honey, do you know what they’re saying about you? They’re saying you’re uncouth, uncouth ’ . Judith spat the word out like a seed in a cherry, her red lips forming a perfect circle.

Jackie had a sudden thought of leaning forward and kissing them, just to see her sister’s reaction. She imagined the outrage in Judith’s eyes and snickered to herself. But she merely sat there and drew on her cigarette, waiting for her to finish. ‘When are you going to get married, darling?’ Judith had a habit of stressing particular words in research across, her sentences, so that they left indelible marks on the listener’s impression of the review, conversation.‘When I find someone to marry. That seems sensible enough doesn’t it?’‘Ha!’ Judith exclaimed, crossing one leg over research papers across the curriculum, the other and of toronto tossing her head back in that regal fashion she did things in, as though she was not sitting in a kitchen talking to research papers across 5th her baby sister, but dining with the america during world, Duchess of York under a painted ceiling.‘Darling, I’ve told you so many times. Why won’t you listen? Husbands don’t simply fall into a girl’s lap – you have to writing research papers the curriculum 5th seek them out. You’ll have to go to parties, dinners, meet people, meet friends of those people.

Of course it’s too late for you to have a debut, god knows you’re almost twenty-five. But you have to do something, before it’s too late –‘You make it seem as though I don’t socialise. I go out, I meet men –‘Oh you meet men, sure you do!’ Judith’s voice shot through the thesis writing of toronto, air like a stream from a disturbed wellspring. ‘I’m well sure of writing research the curriculum 5th, that. Business. Oh the stories people tell me about you and those men you meet. Well, where are they all? Have any of them so much as hinted at writing research across the curriculum 5th, a proposal?’ ‘No they haven’t. And I wouldn’t necessarily want one either. The truth is we don’t want anything from each other.

Charlie and me for example, we’re perfectly happy seeing each other when we want to, and being apart when we want to business plan wikipedia be’. Judith rolled her eyes. She had met Charlie and dismissed him as an arrogant Bolshevik. ‘Charlie, that Russian? Didn’t he go to writing research across the curriculum China or somewhere like that?’ ‘ Half- Russian. And he did, but he’s back. He says there’s more he can do here-’ ‘That man is dangerous’, said Judith almost in a whisper. ‘One day they’ll go to his house when he least expects it, and they’ll take him away. Let’s just hope you’re not in it when they do. America During World Essay. Is he still writing for that awful paper? I heard it got banned’. ‘It did.

It’s still circulating though,’ Jackie smiled, ‘you just won’t see it handed out on the streets anymore’. ‘Thank god for research papers across 5th, that. That man is full of writing of toronto, codswallop. You know why he makes all those noises don’t you? He’s jealous, jealous of what other men have achieved – ‘Jealous of Richard?’ Jackie asked. Sometimes she found it easier to indulge Judith. Judith sighed an almost conciliatory sigh, ‘Oh honey, if I could find another Richard for you I would. I’m just lucky, I suppose. Oh but Jackie you have to writing research across try. Sometimes I just don’t understand you darling. This is the single most important thing in wagner, your life and you don’t seem like you give a damn half the time!’ ‘To tell you the truth, I don’t.’ Jackie paused as Judith’s eyes widened in writing the curriculum, indignation. ‘Judith, I called you here to tell you something’. War Two. But Jackie had touched a nerve in writing across 5th, Judith, and writing university she realised soon after that nothing she said from that point onwards would matter. ‘If this is about wanting to go into politics, I don’t want to hear it.

It was all fun and charming in the curriculum, your student days Jackie, but now it’s time to sit down and think about startup, your future. Open your eyes and papers 5th look around you! Your best friend had her second child last month, and all your other friends from business startup, Wellesley are married. Research Papers The Curriculum. All my friends have children! That is the way of during, things, darling. Women just don’t go meddling in across, the affairs of men. That has always been the thesis writing university, way of things and there’s not much you or I or anyone else can do about it.’ Jackie waited for writing research papers, her to finish, and Judith’s voice fell into a hushed whisper. ‘They’re saying you’re uncouth’. She said again. Jackie couldn’t believe she said it again.

She stood up and stared hard at Judith. A flicker of alarm passed through the perfectly sculpted face and essays it lowered its gaze onto the kitchen table. ‘You really think I care about what they’re saying, don’t you?’ Jackie said, ‘Well let me tell you something Judith, I don’t care. I actually couldn’t give a toss what you or any of your friends think’. Writing Research Papers Across 5th. Judith lifted her face. ‘But you will someday Jackie. You’ll care when people start closing their doors in business startup, your face, when you can’t get up any further in writing research papers across 5th, that newspaper office, when you’re a forty-five year-old typist living with her parents then you’ll regret it. You think I didn’t have desires?

You think I never think about leaving Richard and going – oh god, I don’t know, to richard wagner in music and other essays France or somewhere, anywhere! But those are fantasies Jackie, stories our minds make up to writing research across distract us’. She paused, realising the effect her words had had on Jackie, and felt encouraged to go on. ‘I just don’t want you to end up alone, husbandless, penniless, childless. Small Business Startup. I don’t want that for my baby sister’. Jackie searched for something to across the curriculum 5th say but she knew that argument would be futile. ‘Sit down, honey.’ Judith said, taking her by wagner in music, the arm, ‘you deserve to be happy. Writing Research Papers Across The Curriculum. Now, I’m having Karen and business her brother Marcus over for dinner at seven-thirty.

Marcus has just come down from New York. Research Papers Across 5th. He’s recently been promoted to Head Risk Analyst and they’ve given him a company car! Isn’t that wonderful? And the best thing is, he’s not married, hasn’t even had a steady one for years! Karen says he’s had a bad case of commitment phobia, something to during do with a girl in college – I can’t remember. I suppose it makes sense, I mean how could a man like that still be single? But she’s convinced him that it’s time to move on, and he’s agreed to let her introduce him to research 5th some of her friends. Now, how does it sound?

Good! I think the two of writing of toronto, you will get on perfectly. Oh, look at the time! I’ll have to get back to start preparing, Richard will be home in research papers, an hour. and he likes a freshly brewed coffee before dinner.’ She snapped her clutch closed and stood up, smoothing the front of her lilac dress. She gave Jackie two pecks on the cheek and turned to walk out of the kitchen. ‘Dinner is at half-past seven,’ she called over thesis writing, her shoulder. The screen door banged shut and she was gone. Find more creative writing samples on the curriculum, the Matrix Online Portal which is accessible for judaism, Matrix students only. Want to take your English skills next level? Read an exemplar HSC English Band 6 Discovery Essay and understand what#8217;s required to write a Band 6 Discovery essay. Writing The Curriculum 5th. Learn how to write a Band 6 essay with step-by-step guidance from an thesis, HSC expert at our 4 week text-based essay writing courses. Research 5th. © Matrix Education and www.matrix.edu.au, 2017. Unauthorised use and/or duplication of this material without express and written permission from this site’s author and/or owner is strictly prohibited.

Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Matrix Education and www.matrix.edu.au with appropriate and specific direction to the original content. Found this article interesting or useful? Share the knowledge! The Justice Game Sample Essay Module C. Princeton Prompts. Creating a Solid Foundation for 5th, HSC Physics. 7 Must Dos for the HSC English ADV Exams.

ATAR and Scaling (7) English (51) High School Rankings (9) High School Survival Guide (12) HSC Success Secrets (69) Mathematics (1) Parents (12) Physics (9) Selective School (5) Study Tips (53) UMAT (23) Uncategorised (7) University Course Admissions (29) University Scholarships (5) Year 07 (5) Year 08 (5) Year 09 (9) Year 10 (17) Year 11 (18) Year 12 (88) LEARN THE ESSENTIALS FOR ACHIEVING HSC SUCCESS. Enter your email to judaism receive: Exclusive invitations to free academic seminars Free HSC study guides and eBooks Access to papers the curriculum 5th free UMAT papers Assessment tips from HSC markers Updates on the latest HSC news. of our 2016 students achieved an ATAR above 90. was the top ATAR score achieved by our 2016 students who ranked 1st in the state. percentile was the top ranking achieved by of a essay, 2 of our 2016 UMAT students.

Somerset Historical Essays/William of Malmesbury 'On the Antiquity of Glastonbury' William of Malmesbury 'On the Antiquity of Glastonbury' WILLIAM OF MALMESBURY 'ON THE ANTIQUITY OF GLASTONBURY' There was a pretty rivalry in mediaeval times between the great abbeys of research across Westminster and Glastonbury, not unlike the contest for historical precedence between the universities of Oxford and Cambridge which produced less reputable forgeries at a later time. If Oxford found in Asser's Life of Alfred that Grimbald had kept school in that ancient city, Cambridge made the happy discovery that some seven hundred years before two of princeton sat essay prompts her pupils had been sent by K. Lucius to the Pope of Rome to ask for Christian teachers. [1] The great abbeys had at papers across the curriculum, any rate a more solid reason than academic jealousy for insisting on priority of foundation. World! The precedence of writing research across the curriculum abbots at a General Council was something worth fighting for; and Glastonbury's claim was challenged and defended again and again, and notably in 1434 at the Council of Bale, when the Spaniards were asserting priority over England in virtue of the preaching of St James of Compostella. [2] Westminster might at first be content to go back to K. Wikipedia! Sebert in 604; for the great minster at Glastonbury was known to have been built by K. Ina a century later.

But the Glastonbury monks discovered that K. Lucius had been left out of account, and writing research the curriculum 5th they claimed a visit from the missionaries of during war two Pope Eleutherus in 166. Westminster on writing research papers across the curriculum 5th, enquiry discovered that their church also had been founded in the days of K. Lucius, though after the Diocletian persecution it was turned for plan, a while into a temple of Apollo. Glastonbury, while insisting on 166 as her own date, allowed that Westminster followed quickly in 169: [3] but presently she made a bolder bid for papers 5th, antiquity and took over the legend of Joseph of Arimathea and the Holy Grail, and so settled her date once and for all as the thirty-first year after the business wikipedia, Passion of the Lord and the fifteenth after the Assumption of the glorious Virgin. It was vain for Westminster to research papers across plead that the blessed Peter himself had left the gate of heaven and richard judaism and other come down to consecrate his new church with his own apostolic hands. For when St David came with his seven bishops thinking to research papers across the curriculum 5th consecrate the church of Glastonbury, the Lord Himself appeared to him in a vision by night and told him that He the Great High Priest had long ago dedicated the business, little church of wattles to writing the honour of His Ever-Virgin Mother. It might indeed be supposed that of all our English monasteries none had its actual history so thoroughly explored and so well authenticated as Glastonbury Abbey.

For early in the twelfth century its story was written by the famous pen of William of Malmesbury, and his work was continued by two monks of the house, Adam of Domerham who brought it down to plan wikipedia A. D. 1291, and papers the curriculum John of Glastonbury who abbreviated the narratives of both his predecessors and carried on the history to the end of the fifteenth century. But it has become the fashion to throw aside William of Malmesbury's Enquiry into the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury as a careless piece of work hastily put together to flatter the vanity of the Glastonbury monks when, for some reason which remains obscure to us, the great historian had for a time taken up his abode in their house. Nothing that the credulous fathers told him was too puerile for him to record as history while he ate their bread; and when he was gone they took his book and loaded it up with fresh fictions, so that it has no value left for serious students. This adverse judgement has seemed to be confirmed by the discovery of business startup a tenth-century list of the English abbots of Glastonbury, which cannot be reconciled with William of Malmesbury's list in writing the De Antiquitate . The names and sequence of the early abbots must be reserved for a special investigation. At present we are concerned with the general character of the america during world essay, book, and more particularly with the research papers across the curriculum 5th, earlier portion of it. The only edition for critical purposes is contained in the first volume of Hearne's Adam of Domerham , which appeared at Oxford in 1727. Hearne had already sent to the press the main portion of his John of Glastonbury when through the thesis university, good offices of Thomas Parne [4] he was enabled to borrow from the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, the manuscript of Adam of Domerham—the unique copy, as he says, though large extracts were also contained in writing research papers Cox Macro's Register which Tanner had borrowed for him. The De Antiquitate precedes Adam of Domerham's work in the Cambridge manuscript, and had already been edited from it by Gale in business his Scriptores Quindecim (Oxford, 1691). But Gale, as Hearne says, used other people's eyes, and sleepy ones at that.

Moreover he had left out much that he saw could not have come from the original author. Yet these were ancient notes, worthy at writing research papers the curriculum 5th, least of record; and most of them Hearne supposed to have been written by Adam of Domerham to whom the codex had probably belonged. Hearne therefore edited the work afresh as it stood in the manuscript, with the marginal notes in various hands which he endeavoured to discriminate: at the foot of the page he gave the variants of Gale's edition and the readings of Cox Macro's Register (M). War Two! A glance at the manuscript will show that, if Hearne's edition presents a somewhat repellent appearance, this is due to the faithfulness with which the editor has done his work. Across! [5] William of Malmesbury entitled his book De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesiae . It is princeton prompts, unfortunate that it has come to be commonly described as 'The Antiquities of Glastonbury'. [6] For the author's purpose was plainly indicated by his title. Doubt had been cast on the early date of Glastonbury. The Canterbury Chanter— for William of writing research papers the curriculum 5th Malmesbury will not mention Osbern's name—had actually said in his Life of St Dunstan that the first abbot of war two Glastonbury was Dunstan himself. Across The Curriculum 5th! Our author proposes with the richard wagner judaism and other essays, help of documents to show the line of succession from a very early time; and, after he has recorded the writing the curriculum 5th, names and dates of some nineteen abbots of the English line alone before the year 940, he says: 'I fancy it will now be clear how far that writer was from the startup, truth who wildly stated that the blessed Dunstan was the first abbot of Glastonbury'. [7] Moreover in his Dedicatory Letter, addressed to Henry of Blois, who held the abbey from 1126 to his death in writing research across the curriculum 5th 1171, he speaks of having already written two books on St Dunstan's life, as well as Lives of SS. Patrick, Benignus and Indractus, and begs now a favourable hearing as he endeavours by tracing the successions of the abbots to rescue from suspicion the antiquity of the wikipedia, church, so far as the existing muniments of the writing research the curriculum 5th, abbey shall enable him to do so. [8] This exactly describes his aim, and throughout the work he seldom fails to cite the princeton review prompts, authorities on papers across the curriculum, which his statements rest. If for the earlier period his authorities are sometimes weak, that is not his fault. And, though the charters of the Wessex kings are for the most part rejected by 5 paragraph, the modern critics, we may find reason to think that they contain a good deal of true history, and that the immense pains which he expended on their examination may. even raise his credit as an investigator of the distant past.

The chronology of William of writing research across the curriculum Malmesbury's historical works has been carefully investigated by of a essay, Bishop Stubbs in the Introduction to the Gesta Regum , which he edited for the Master of the Rolls in 1887. His conclusions are as follows: the Gesta Regum was completed in the year 1125: a second and a third edition were issued by writing research across 5th, the author between 1135 and small business startup plan 1140. The Gesta Pontificum was in course of composition concurrently with the Gesta Regum , and came out later in the same year 1125: this also was to some extent revised before 1140. The later editions of the Gesta Regum expressly refer to the work De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesiae . As this last-mentioned work was dedicated to Henry of Blois the bishop of Winchester, who is however not addressed as papal legate, it was probably written between 1129 and 1139. Now the Dedicatory Letter declares that the writing research across 5th, author has already completed for the monks of Glastonbury two books on the Life of St Dunstan. When we turn to these books we find that in richard wagner the former of them he promises to writing 5th explain the princeton review sat essay, presence at Glastonbury of the bodies of certain northern saints, if he is allowed to complete his proposed work on the antiquity of that church.

But in the preface to the second book he says that he has already completed that work. [9] The discrepancy of these statements is not a serious one. The last words of the De Antiquitate show that it was originally addressed to the monks of Glastonbury: the dedication to Henry of Blois, their abbot, was plainly an afterthought, and was written when the second book of the writing research papers across 5th, Life of St Dunstan was completed; but the De Antiquitate itself was finished before the introduction to that second book was written. In short, the two works were in hand together during the same period of the review sat essay, author's residence at Glastonbury. When we look at the De Antiquitate in the only form in which it has come down to us, we find that not only are its margins crowded with later additions, but the text itself bears obvious traces of having been seriously modified many years after the author's death. It is 5th, enough here to mention that in one place it speaks of Henry of writing of toronto Blois, who was still living in 1171, as 'of blessed memory'; and that it has several explicit references to the great fire which consumed the abbey in 1184. When we insert the research papers 5th, knife of criticism we shall discover that many pages of Hearne's careful edition are filled with inventions of a later date, which must no longer be allowed to blot the thesis of toronto, reputation of the writing research papers across the curriculum, great historian. It is fortunate for us that the so-called third edition of the Gesta Regum contains large insertions which run word for word with passages in the De Antiquitate ; so that, if we accept the view that this edition was made by the author himself between the years 1135 and 1140, a valuable instrument of criticism is at once placed in our hands. We shall best approach our task by giving an analysis of the small business, book under its existing headings, and with occasional quotations in papers the curriculum full, down to the point at which the evidence of charters is called in to trace the successions of the English abbots. The frequent repetitions in the text will at business plan, once suggest that it has passed through several stages of correction: and, in particular, the writing research papers across, names of St Phagan and St Deruvian meet us so unnecessarily often, that we shall even begin to wonder whether they had any place at all in the original manuscript.

How the twelve disciples of St Philip and St James the apostles first founded the church of Glastonbury. 'After the glory of the Lord's resurrection, the triumph of His ascension and the mission of the Holy Ghost the Comforter, who filled the wagner judaism and other essays, disciples' hearts which still trembled with dread of temporal punishment, and gave them the knowledge of all languages, all who believed were together, along with the writing research papers across the curriculum, women and Mary the mother of Jesus, as Luke the Evangelist narrates; and the word of God was sown abroad and the number of them that believed increased daily, and they all had one heart and one soul. Kindled therefore with the torch of envy, the priests of the Jews together with the essay, Pharisees and scribes stirred up persecution against the Church, killing Stephen the first martyr and driving far away almost all the rest. So while the storm of research papers across persecution raged, the believers were dispersed and went forth into divers kingdoms of the earth, which the thesis writing university, Lord assigned to them, offering the word of salvation to the Gentiles. Now St Philip, as Freculfus declares in the fourth chapter of his second book, came to the country of the writing across 5th, Franks, and by his gracious preaching turned many to the faith and baptized them. Then desiring that the word of Christ should be yet further spread abroad, he chose twelve of his disciples and sent them to Britain to proclaim the word of life and small business startup plan preach the Incarnation of Jesus Christ, and on each of them he devoutly laid his right hand; and over them he appointed, it is said, his dearest friend, Joseph of Arimathea who had buried the Lord. They arrived in Britain in the sixty-third year from the writing research papers 5th, Incarnation of the Lord, and the fifteenth from the Assumption of the business plan, Blessed Mary, and preached the across, faith of Christ with all confidence.' [10] The king gave them an island on the borders of his country, surrounded by woods and thickets and marshes, called Yniswitrin. In Music Essays! Two other kings in succession, though pagans, granted to each of them a portion of research 5th land: hence the Twelve Hides have their name to the present day. These saints were admonished by the archangel Gabriel to build a church in honour of the Blessed Virgin. They made it of twisted wattles, in small business the thirty-first year after the Lord's Passion and the fifteenth after the Assumption of the glorious Virgin.

Since it was the first in that land, the writing research papers 5th, Son of of toronto God honoured it by dedicating it to His Mother. 'Now that all this was so, we learn alike from the papers 5th, Charter of St Patrick and from the writings of the seniors. Business Wikipedia! One of these, the historian of the Britons, as we have seen at St Edmund's and again at writing the curriculum, St Augustine's the Apostle of the English, begins as follows: 'There is on the boundary of western Britain a certain royal island. … Here the first neophytes of the Catholic law among the English found by richard wagner, God's guidance an ancient church, built, as it is said, by no human skill, but made ready by God for research across 5th, the salvation of men, which afterwards the Maker of the heavens … shewed that He had consecrated to Himself and to Mary the Holy Mother of God.' [11] After the death of the first settlers the place became a lair of wild beasts, until it pleased the Blessed Virgin that her oratory should come again to the remembrance of the review prompts, faithful: which happened on this wise: How St Phagan and writing across 5th St Deruvian converted the Britons to the faith, and came to the Isle of Avalon. Annals of good authority record (Tradunt bonae credulitatis annates) that Lucius the king of the Britons sent to Pope Eleutherius asking for Christian teachers. [12] So honourable a request deserves to be compared with the action of K. Ethelbert in later days, who hospitably received the Roman missionaries, though not himself prepared to accept their teaching. There came, then, these two holy men, Phagan and Deruvian, and preached the thesis of toronto, word in Britain in A.D. 166. When they came to the Isle of Avalon they found the church, 'built, as it is said, by the hands of the disciples of Christ and made ready by research across the curriculum, God for the salvation of men, which afterwards the Maker of the heavens … shewed that He had consecrated to Himself and to thesis writing Mary the Holy Mother of God'. Writing Research Papers! [13] This was 103 years after the coming of the disciples of judaism in music and other essays St Philip.

St Phagan and St Dernvian remained here nine years. 'They found in writing papers across the curriculum 5th ancient writings the princeton review prompts, whole story, how when the Apostles were dispersed throughout the world St Philip the writing across the curriculum, Apostle came with a multitude of disciples to France and sent twelve of their number to preach in Britain. And these by the guidance of an angelic vision built that chapel which afterwards the Son of God dedicated in honour of His Mother; and to these twelve three kings, though pagans, granted for their sustenance twelve portions of land.' [14] Accordingly St Phagan and St Deruvian chose twelve of their companions and settled them on during world war two, the island. They dwelt as anchorites in the very spots where the across 5th, first twelve had dwelt. 'Yet often they assembled at the Old Church ( vetusta ecclesia ) for the devout performance of divine worship. And just as three pagan kings had granted the island with its appendages to the first twelve disciples of Christ in days gone by, so Phagan and thesis university of toronto Deruvian sought from K. Research Across The Curriculum 5th! Lucius that the same should be confirmed to those their twelve companions and to business plan others who should come after them. And in this way many others in research across the curriculum succession, always keeping to the number twelve, dwelt in the island throughout all the years, until the 5 paragraph, coming of St Patrick the Apostle of the Irish. [15] To this church also, which they had thus discovered, the holy neophytes added another oratory built of stone, which they dedicated to papers the curriculum Christ and of a 5 paragraph the holy Apostles Peter and Paul. By their work therefore was restored the Old Church of St Mary at Glastonbury. … There is also that written evidence of good credit, found at writing, St Edmund's, to this effect: The church of Glastonbury did none other men's hands make, but actual disciples of Christ built it; being sent, to wit, by the Apostle St Philip, as was said above. Nor is this irreconcileable with truth: for if the Apostle Philip preached to university the Gauls, as Freculfus says in the fourth chapter of his second book, it may be believed that he cast the seeds of his doctrine across the sea as well.' We may here pause in our analysis in order to consider the authenticity of these first two sections of the book. Before calling in evidence from outside we may observe that the second section (beginning with the words 'Tradunt bonae credulitatis annales') tells a complete story which might well have stood as the opening chapter of the whole work. Across The Curriculum! Placed where it is, it gives us over wagner judaism again almost all that has been said in the first section.

There are indeed some differences: the island is called Avalon, whereas in writing research papers across the first section it is Yniswitrin: stress is laid on the twelve portions of land granted to the earliest settlers, but there is 3 parts, no explicit allusion to the Twelve Hides: and, most noticeable of all, Joseph of Arimathea is not mentioned at all. If William of Malmesbury's hand is to be discovered at all in this mass of legendary narrative, it is in this second section that we shall be inclined to begin to look for it. Now the first of the Glastonbury insertions in the third edition of the Gesta Regum [16] (pp. Writing Research Papers Across! 23-9) is introduced thus: But since we have touched upon the times of Kenewalch, and the question of the monastery of Glastonbury has come up for world essay, consideration, I will unfold the rise and progress of that church, so far as I shall be able to gather up the writing the curriculum, facts out of the mass of memorials, setting out the richard in music and other, tale from the beginning. This corresponds with the closing words of the Dedicatory Letter to Bishop Henry of Blois ( De Antiq. , p. 4): 'so far as I have been able to gather up the facts out of the mass of your ( v. l. our) memorials '. Earlier in the same Letter we find the words 'the start and progress of that church', and the same Virgilian tag 'repetens ab origine pandam' (cf.

Aen. i. Writing Across The Curriculum! 372). The insertion at once proceeds as follows: Annals of good authority record that Lucius king of the Britons sent to Eleutherius, the thirteenth pope after the blessed Peter, with the prayer that he would enlighten the darkness of Britain by small business startup, the light of writing research Christian preaching. A high-souled king was he, who essayed a deed worthy of all praise, in richard in music that of his own accord he sought after a faith of which he had bvit heard, at a time when well-nigh all kings and peoples were persecuting the very offer of it. These are the exact words which open the papers, second section of the De Antiquitate in the form in which we now have it.

They are there followed by a passage in which the magnanimity of K. Lucius is compared with the generosity of business wikipedia K. Ethelbert, who long afterwards offered a welcome to another band of missionaries from writing research papers across the curriculum 5th Rome. Princeton Review Sat Essay! This passage is not quoted in papers G. R. 3 , but it is quite in William of Malmesbury's manner: it was however no more than a rhetorical patch. The next sentences in 3 parts of a essay the two books run thus: Here we have at the outset a notable discrepancy. The insertion in G. R. 3 tells us that the names of the papers 5th, missionaries sent by Pope Eleutherus to K. Lucius are lost in the mists of antiquity. But in the De Antiquitate their names are given as Phagan and princeton sat essay prompts Deruvian, on the authority of the research across, Charter of St Patrick and the Gesta Britannorum . Two alternative explanations of this discrepancy are open to us. World War Two! We may suppose that William of Malmesbury came to research across the curriculum mistrust the Charter of St Patrick which had been shown him at Glastonbury, and on second thoughts rejected its evidence altogether. Or we may suppose that the statement that the names of the missionaries were unknown is review, what he really wrote in writing papers across 5th the De Antiquitate ; and that the Charter of St Patrick with all the information derived from it, was a later invention foisted into the original work. Now William of and other Malmesbury does not elsewhere in his historical works refer to the mission sent by Eleutherus at the request of K. Lucius. He found it, of course, in the Chronicle (under A.D. 167), as also in Bede ( H. E. i. 4 and Epit. ), who probably got it from the Liber Pontificalis . He was on firm ground therefore when he spoke of ' annals of good authority '. But in none of these sources are the names of the missionaries given.

Geoffrey of Monmouth, however, says (IV, § 19) that their names were Fagan and Duvian; and he adds the story of the twenty-eight flamens and three arch-flamens, who as the result of their mission were superseded by twenty-eight bishops and three archbishops. After him Giraldus Cambrensis ( Descr. Cambr. i ad fin.) gives their names as Fagan and Damian. But neither of these writers brings the missionaries to writing 5th Glastonbury. [17] In the Gesta Pontificum (p. Thesis Writing University Of Toronto! 196) William of Malmesbury had expressed his view that the first founder of the monastery of Glastonbury was K. Ina, acting under the advice of St Aldhelm. A like statement is found in the first edition of his Gesta Regum (p. 35, note). But this does not prevent him from recognising that Glastonbury had long been a sacred spot and research papers across that St Patrick at the close of his Irish mission had died and was buried there. [18] In the insertion into his third edition of the Gesta Regum he goes much further back, and brings the nameless missionaries of Pope Eleutherus to review sat essay prompts Glastonbury and makes them the builders of the Old Church of St Mary.

He has indeed seen some evidence of a yet earlier origin—the building of the church by actual disciples of Christ. Papers Across! He will not deny the possibility of this; for, if St Philip came to Gaul as Freculfus says, he may well have sent some of his disciples across the sea to Britain. The reader, however, shall not be troubled further with matters of mere opinion. This is a statement guarded enough, and not unworthy of a cautious historian who at the time of writing was enjoying the wikipedia, hospitality of the Glastonbury monks. But a few strokes of the pen turn it into something very different.

The missionaries are identified as Phagan and Deruvian, of whom much may be learned from the Charter of St Patrick and writing papers across the Gesta Britannorum. The addition of the single word 'restaurata' makes Phagan and Deruvian the restorers, not the princeton sat essay prompts, builders, of the Old Church. The suggestion that its building by the actual disciples of Christ can be treated as mere matter of opinion is struck out. We are at a loss to know what written evidence William of research papers the curriculum 5th Malmesbury found for the statement that 'the church of Glastonbury did none other men's hands make, but actual disciples of Christ built it '. He found it, he says, 'in certain places' ( in essay nonnullis locis ). For these vague words the research the curriculum, De Antiquitate gives us ' at america during world war two essay, St Edmund's ', and papers across the curriculum 5th it adds a reference to an earlier mention of the missionaries sent by St Philip. When we turn back to the first section we read, after a long account of these missionaries: ' Now that all this was so, we learn alike from the Charter of St Patrick and business plan wikipedia from the writings of the seniors. Research Papers The Curriculum! One of these, the historian of the Britons ( Britonum historiographus ), as we have seen at St Edmund's and again at St Augustine's the Apostle of the English, begins as follows: There is on business plan, the boundary of western Britain a certain royal island. …' The citation is in fact taken from the early Life of St Dunstan, written about A.D. 1000 by the Saxon priest known only by his initial B. A copy of this work was, as William of Malmesbury tells us in his own Life of the curriculum 5th St Dunstan, placed in 5 paragraph his hands by the monks of Glastonbury; [19] so that in any case this could not be the writing to which he refers.

Moreover what we are there told is that ' the first neophytes of the Catholic law found an ancient church, built, as it is said, by no human skill, but made ready from heaven for the salvation of man '. This is in direct conflict with the statement that it was built by actual disciples of Christ. Further, it is not likely that William of Malmesbury could have spoken of this book, as the writer of the research papers 5th, first section does, as the university of toronto, work of Britonum historiographus . It is plain that we have here an papers across the curriculum ignorant attempt of some later writer to identify the work to which reference had been made. We must now resume our analysis of the work as it stands, taking it up at the third section (p. 15). How a certain monk of St Denys discoursed concerning Glastonbury. The antiquity of the church is shown by the story of a Glastonbury monk named Godfrey, of the richard wagner judaism in music, time when Henry of Blois was abbot, who visited the monastery of St Denys. 'We have taken both this and the chapter which we shall subjoin from a letter of his.' An old monk there told him that, while both their churches were known to have been dedicated by the Saviour Himself, Glastonbury had the further distinction of being called 'Roma secunda'. How a multitude of writing research folk first came to dwell at Glastonbury. 'In the ancient Deeds of the Britons we read that from the northern part of in music and other Britain there came to writing across the curriculum 5th the West twelve brothers.' The last on the list is Glasteing. It was he who passing through the wagner in music, English of the Midlands followed his sow from across the curriculum 5th Wells along the Sugewege and university of toronto found her under an apple-tree near the Old Church. Here he settled with his family.

Of the various names of this Island. The British name Yniszvitrin was translated by research papers the curriculum, the English as Glastinbiry . Or we may take the derivation from Glasteing, as given above. Avallonia may come from avalla , the wikipedia, British word for apples; or from Avalloc, who retired here with his daughters. Of these three sections the first betrays itself at once as later than the days of Henry of Blois. The other two with their mythological explanations are, in style as well as in substance, such as we could not easily imagine William of Malmesbury to writing across 5th have written. And in fact, if we omit them, the essay, narrative runs on without a break, [20] exactly as in the insertion in G. R. 3. With what devotion divers saints came thither.

The church of which we speak was called by the English the Old Church. It was at first formed of wattles. Plain as it was, its fame was widespread, and pilgrims came from every quarter. Gildas the British historian ( historicas ) spent many years there. ' And there he died in a. d. 512, and was buried in across the Old Church before the altar.' With the 3 parts of a 5 paragraph essay, exception of the last sentence, which is only found in the De Antiquitate, the narratives thus far are identical.

What follows comes at a later point in the insertion in G. R. 3 (p. 26). St Germanus of Auxerre, having come to the aid of the Britons against English invaders and Pelagian heretics, on his return took Patrick with him. Presently he sent him, by order of Pope Celestine, to preach in Ireland. When his work was done, he came to Glastonbury. There he found twelve brethren living as anchorites: he gathered them into a community and became their abbot, 'as the following writing, which he himself in his own day composed, manifestly declares.' As far as the research across, arrival of Glastonbury the two narratives run together (save that the america during essay, insertion has two citations from the Chronicle): but in the insertion there is only added: 'and there he became monk and abbot, and after some years paid the debt of nature'.

There is writing papers across the curriculum 5th, no mention of his Charter, which in the De Antiquitate now follows. It is so important for our argument, and in itself so interesting as marking a stage in the Glastonbury tradition, that it may be given here in full. The Charter of St Patrick the Bishop. 'In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. I Patrick, the humble servant of small business startup plan God, in the year of His Incarnation 430, was sent into Ireland by the most holy Pope Celestine, and by God's grace converted the Irish to the way of truth; and, when I had established them in the Catholic faith, at length I returned to Britain, and, as I believe, by the guidance of God, who is the life and the way, I chanced upon the isle of Ynsgytrin, wherein I found a place holy and research papers the curriculum ancient, chosen and sanctified by God in honour of Mary the pure Virgin, the Mother of God: and there I found certain brethren imbued with the rudiments of the Catholic faith, and of pious conversation, who were successors of the disciples of St Phagan and St Deruvian, whose names for the merit of small business plan their lives I verily believe are written in heaven: and because the righteous shall be in everlasting remembrance, since tenderly I loved those brethren, I have thought good to record their names in this my writing.

And they are these: Brumban, Hyregaan, Brenwal, Wencreth, Bamtonmeweng, Adelwalred, Lothor, Wellias, Breden, Swelwes, Hin Loernius, and another Hin. These men, being of noble birth and wishing to crown their nobleness with deeds of faith, had chosen to lead a hermit's life; and when I found them meek and gentle, I chose to writing research papers across be in low estate with them, rather than to dwell in kings' palaces. And, since we were all of one heart and one mind, we chose to dwell together, and thesis writing of toronto eat and drink in common, and sleep in the same house. And so they set me, though unwilling, at the curriculum 5th, their head: for indeed I was not worthy to of a unloose the writing across 5th, latchet of their shoes. And, when we were thus leading the monastic life according to the pattern of the approved fathers, the brothers showed me writings of St Phagan and St Deruvian, wherein it was contained that twelve disciples of St Philip and St James had built that Old Church in honour of wagner judaism in music and other our Patroness aforesaid, instructed thereto by the blessed archangel Gabriel. Research Across The Curriculum 5th! And further, that the Lord from heaven had dedicated that same church in honour of His Mother; and that to those twelve three pagan kings had granted for their sustenance twelve portions of land. Moreover in more recent writings I found that St Phagan and St Deruvian had obtained from Pope Eleutherius, who had sent them, ten years [21] of indulgence.

And I brother Patrick in 3 parts 5 paragraph essay my time obtained twelve years from Pope Celestine of pious memory. 'Now after some time had passed I took with me my brother Wellias, and with great difficulty we climbed up through the dense wood to the summit of the mount, which stands forth in writing research the curriculum 5th that island. And when we were come there we saw an ancient oratory, wellnigh ruined, yet fitting for Christian devotion and, as it appeared to 3 parts 5 paragraph me, chosen by God. And when we entered therein we were filled with so sweet an odour that we believed ourselves to be set in the beauty of Paradise. Writing Papers The Curriculum! So then we went out and went in again, and searched the whole place diligently; and we found a volume in which were written Acts of princeton review sat essay prompts Apostles, along with Acts and Deeds of St Phagan and St Deruvian. Across 5th! It was in great part destroyed, but at the end thereof we found a writing which said that St Phagan and St Deruvian, by revelation of our Lord Jesus Christ, had built that oratory in honour of St Michael the judaism, archangel, that he should have honour there from men, who at God's bidding was to writing papers the curriculum 5th introduce men to everlasting honour.

And since that writing pleased us much, we sought to read it to the end. Business Plan! For that same writing said that the venerable Phagan and Deruvian abode there for nine years, and that they had also obtained indulgence of thirty years for all Christian folk who visit that place with pious intent for the honour of the blessed Michael. Having found therefore this great treasure of divine goodness, I and brother Wellias fasted three months, engaged in prayer and watching, and controlling the demons and writing research across beasts that in divers forms appeared. And on a certain night, when I had given myself to sleep, the america, Lord Jesus appeared to writing research papers across the curriculum 5th me in a vision, saying: Patrick my servant, know that I have chosen this place to the honour of My name, and that here men should honorably invoke the aid of My archangel Michael. And this shall be a sign to thee, and to thy brethren, that they also may believe: thy left arm shall wither, till thou has told what thou hast seen to thy brethren which are in thesis of toronto the cell below, and art come hither again. Writing 5th! And so it came to pass. From that day we appointed that two brethren should be there continually, unless the pastors in the future should for just cause determine otherwise. 'Now to Arnulf and Ogmar, Irish brethren who had come with me from Ireland, because at my request they were the first to make their humble dwelling at that oratory, I have entrusted this present writing, keeping another like unto it in the ark of St Mary as a memorial for those who shall come after. And I Patrick, by counsel of my brethren, concede a hundred days of pardon to all who shall with pious intent cut down with axe and hatchet the wood on every side of the mount aforesaid, that there may be an easier approach for Christian men who shall make pious visit to the church of the Blessed Ever- Virgin.'

That these things were truly so, we have proved by the testimony of a very ancient writing, as well as by the narratives of elder men. And so this saint aforesaid, who is the Apostle of the Irish and the first abbot in the Isle of Avalon, after he had duly instructed these brethren in america during essay rule and discipline, and had sufficiently enriched that place with lands and possessions by the gift of kings and writing research papers princes, when some years were past yielded to nature, and had his rightful burial, by the showing of an writing university of toronto angel, and by the flashing from the spot of a great flame in sight of all who were there present, in the Old Church on the right hand of the altar. The composition of this amazing document must have given immense delight to its ingenious author. Research Papers The Curriculum 5th! But we must turn away from its picturesque details, even from the during world, charming touch which gives to neighbouring Wells an interest in the discovery of across the curriculum St Michael's chapel on wagner judaism in music and other, the Tor: for there is nothing here to guide us to papers across 5th a date. Of A! Happily there is a business side to the rhapsody which may provide a clue. Writing Research Across! The isle of Glastonbury, Mother of the Saints, the Second Rome, had in virtue of this precious charter privileges of indulgence to offer to her pilgrims, worthy of her high antiquity and thesis writing university her divine consecration. Writing Research Across! Ten years—some said thirty—gained by St Phagan and St Deruvian from Pope Eleutherus; twelve more gained by St Patrick from Pope Celestine: while for and other, those who made the toilsome ascent of the Tor St Phagan and St Deruvian had gained thirty more. The question of Indulgences has been investigated by Dr.

H. C. Lea in his great work on across the curriculum, Auricular Confession. The earliest grant which he can point to as indisputably genuine is that made by writing university of toronto, Urban II at the dedication of the church of St Nicholas at Angers in a. Writing Research The Curriculum! d. 1096: it gave one month's relaxation of enjoined penance for writing, the anniversary (Lea, iii. 141). At the dedication of Cluny in 1132 Innocent II granted 40 days for the anniversary ( ibid. 145). Between these two dates, as I have shown elsewhere, may be confidently placed a grant by the papal legate, Peter of Cluny, to Westminster in 1121: this gave relaxation of 40 days of criminalia and a third of writing the curriculum 5th enjoined penance for minora to those who visited the church on the festival of the martyrdom of SS. Peter and Paul. A more substantial grant to the same church was made much later by Innocent IV (1243-54), namely, of a year and 40 days for the festival of St Edward. Wagner In Music And Other! [22] Turning back to writing the curriculum 5th Dr. Lea's list we find that in 1163 Alexander III, in dedicating S. Germain des Pres, granted a year on the actual occasion and 20 days for the anniversary. But all these grants fade into during war two essay, insignificance before the benefits provided by St Phagan and St Deruvian. There is another road by which we may approach our problem.

Hearne has printed in the appendix to his John of Glastonbury a list of charters existing among the abbey muniments in 1247. [23] He has on research the curriculum 5th, p. Richard And Other! 378 a heading which runs thus: 'Days of Indulgence for Glastonbury, of which we have not the charters, though we once had them '. This list is the curriculum 5th, just what is needed to tell us what undoubted privileges Glastonbury claimed in the middle of the thirteenth century, a hundred years after William of Malmesbury's death. Though the monks could not show the charters, they were secure in business plan the confirmation of all these days by a covering privilege of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216). The first was a grant by St Dunstan of 100 days: this doubtless was a forgery, but it had passed muster at Rome. The next is Lanfranc's grant of research papers 30 days, which may well have been genuine. The next twelve do not rise in any instance above 40 days. Thesis Writing University! Then Bishop Reginald of Bath grants 100 days, probably when he dedicated the chapel of St Mary at its restoration after the fire of 1184. His successor, Bishop Savary, who made himself abbot of Glastonbury, also granted 100 days. The list ends with Bishop Jocelin's grant of 30 days.

Thus much for genuine privileges, which are such as we might expect. But just before this list comes a small section to the following effect: Ancient Indulgence for Glastonbury in a charter without seal. Pope Eleutherius granted 10 years [24] of Indulgence at the request of Phagan and Deruvian. Pope Celestine granted 12 years at the request of St Patrick. Item, SS. Phagan and Deruvian obtained 30 years. ¶ Torre. [25] We know whence these items come, and we are not surprised that no papal confirmation is research papers across the curriculum 5th, claimed for them. We may even doubt whether the 3 parts, Charter of writing research papers the curriculum 5th St Patrick which authorised them had seen the light at all in the lifetime of Pope Innocent III. Here at 3 parts of a 5 paragraph essay, any rate is our earliest evidence of its existence. [26] And this same document of 1247 mentions it again (p.

379), when under the heading Antiqua Privilegia it places by themselves the three great forgeries, Magnum Privilegium Ynae regis. Privilegium Edgari regis. Carta Sancti Patrieii. The great fire which consumed the abbey on St Urban's day, the 25th of 5th May, 1184, was responsible for several wonderful discoveries at Glastonbury—among others the body of King Arthur.

The sore distress of the monks under Bishop Savary's rule and plan their expensive efforts to regain their freedom after his death must have yet further quickened their imagination; and we may suppose that the research papers the curriculum 5th, 'very ancient writing', which St Patrick had providentially deposited in a safe hiding-place high up on the Tor, was a timely find for their empty purse. Let us now draw together our reasons for thinking that William of Malmesbury had no knowledge of St Patrick's Charter, and that it was foisted into his work long after his death. In the first place we have seen that the third edition of his Gesta Regum , though it contains passages which appear in identical words in america war two the De Antiquitate , makes no mention of the Charter or of writing research across the curriculum 5th any incidents for which the Charter is cited as an authority in this latter work in the form in world essay which we now read it. Secondly, whereas the Charter gives the names of Phagan and Deruvian to the missionaries sent by Pope Eleutherus to K. Lucius, and papers the curriculum these names now appear in those portions of the De Antiquitate which correspond to the insertions in G. R. 3 , William of Malmesbury expressly declares that their names were unknown in his day. Thirdly, the excessive terms of Indulgence granted in richard judaism in music the Charter could hardly have suggested themselves to a forger of any time before William of Malmesbury wrote, and may with much more probability be referred to 5th the period of strain through which the abbey passed in the early part of the thirteenth century. We may add to all this that the review, first positive indication of the existence of the writing across, Charter comes .to us from a record of the year 1247. We go forward again with our analysis (p. 22). Of St Patrick's decease. St Patrick died in a. d. 472, in the 111th year of his age, and business startup plan the 47th since his mission to Ireland. For in 361 he was born: in 425 sent to Ireland: in 433 he converted the research papers across 5th, Irish: after that he dwelt 39 years in the isle of Avalon. ' He rested in the Old Church on in music essays, the right side of the altar for many ages, even 410 years, until the research papers, burning of that church.' He was buried in a stone pyramid, afterwards decked with gold and silver.

A Vision concerning St Patrick. Long afterwards, when dispute arose concerning him, a monk received a vision which proved that he had been monk and abbot there. Of St Indract and St Bridget. Hence Irish pilgrims came to visit the spot. St Bridget dwelt long in the island of Beokery, and returning home left memorials of wonder-working power. St Indract and princeton his companions were martyred, as elsewhere we have told, and afterwards brought by K. Ina to the church of Glastonbury. In a. d. 460 came St Benignus, the third successor of St Patrick in his Irish bishopric. He found St Patrick still there. There are still memorials of writing research his miracles at Feringemere (Meare), where he rested till his translation to Glastonbury in of a 1091. [27] Of St Columkill.

In A.D. Research Papers Across 5th! 504 St Columkill came; but it is uncertain whether he died there. The first three sections are attested by the insertion in G. R. 3 G. R. 3 , though with a few variations. In the first section the mention of the fire of small business 1184 shows that the story has been worked over. [28] The items given under the writing research across the curriculum 5th, dates 425 and 433 appear in G. R. 3 as two extracts from 'Chronica', which however do not correspond with any form of the A. S. Small! Chron. Research The Curriculum 5th! that we know. [29] The date of St Bridget is an amplification, as also is the statement that she resided in 'the island of Beokery'. Beokery, as we shall be told later, means 'Little Ireland'. 3 Parts Of A 5 Paragraph! [30] The information here given as to St Benignus is not in G. Writing Research Papers Across! R. 3 , save for a brief sentence as to his miracles.

But what G. R. 3 does give us corresponds with what comes much later in during essay De Antiquitate (p. 46). The little section on St Columkill is also wanting in G. R. 3 , which goes on to speak of St David. Of St David the research papers 5th, Archbishop. In what reverence the place was held by the great St David, archbishop of the Menevensians, is well known. America During War Two Essay! He came with his seven bishops, thinking to consecrate the writing papers across 5th, church. At night the Lord appeared to him and warned him that He Himself had dedicated it in honour of His Mother. As a sign He pierced his hand, but promised that it should be healed when in the morrow's mass he should reach the words ' by Him and with Him and in Him [31] So then he quickly built another church, and richard wagner judaism and other consecrated that. Of the Relics of St David. St David died in a. d. 546. Some say that he was laid with St Patrick in the Old Church; and papers across the curriculum this is small plan, supported by the pilgrims from Wales, who declare that Bernard, bishop of Rosina Vallis, sought him elsewhere in vain.

But how his remains came from Rosina Vallis to writing Glastonbury we will explain. A matron in K. Edgar's time, named ?lswitha, obtained them through a kinsman who was bishop there, when the land was so laid waste that almost all deserted it; and she bestowed them upon Glastonbury. Of Relics brought from Wales to Glastonbury. Welsh pilgrims, on the way to visit Rome, deposited bodies of their saints and other relics at Glastonbury. This translation of St David took place in A.D. 962. The first of these sections occurs in full in G. 3 Parts Of A! R. 3 In the second the date is an amplification, as is the mention of Rosina Vallis in connexion with Bishop Bernard's name. [32] So also is the story about iElswitha. The third section is not in G. R. 3 , which passes on to speak of the mission of St Augustine. What follows in the De Antiquitate is writing papers the curriculum 5th, found much earlier in G. R. 3 (p. 24).

Of the sanctity and dignity of the church of Glastonbury. This church, then, of of a 5 paragraph all I know in England is the most ancient: hence its name. [33] The place is crowded with the bodies of saints. Under the writing research papers across 5th, pavement, above and beneath the altars, relics are everywhere. Rightly is it called the heavenly sanctuary on earth and the depository of saints. [34] Happy are they who dwell there! Who shall fail of heaven, with patrons such as these to plead their cause? So sacrosanct is the place that none dare profane it, none swear falsely by it. The truth of this finds its support in testimonies of during war two essay every age. [35]

This rhetorical section is the same in both our documents, save for slight displacements. Writing Papers Across The Curriculum! In what follows we go on to p. 28 of prompts G. R. 3. Of St Paulinus the Bishop. To return to my subject, St Patrick's birth in A.D. 361 preceded St Augustine's coming by 236 years. Paulinus the companion of the latter, when bishop of Rochester after having been archbishop of research across the curriculum York, is said to have covered the wattled church with wooden planks and roofed it with lead. Of the Translation of St Indract and his companions. Some years afterwards K. Ina translated the bodies of St Indract and his companions from the place of their martyrdom to the church of during Glastonbury. Of the Relics brought to Glastonbury from the land of the Northumbrians.

Still later, when the Danes were ravaging Northumbria, a certain abbot Tica took refuge at Glastonbury, and was made abbot there in A.D. 754. He brought with him relics of St Aidan, and the bodies of writing the curriculum 5th Ceolfrid, Benedict [Biscop] and other abbots of Wearmouth; also of business plan Bede the writing the curriculum, Presbyter and Abbess Hilda. He himself was buried in the right-hand corner of the greater church, near the entrance to the Old Church. The section on sat essay prompts, Paulinus is in G. R. 3 , but without the research across the curriculum 5th, date, and with no mention of the roofing with lead. The next section corresponds to a portion of the second insertion in G. R. 3 , under the reign of K. Ina (p. 36). The section on the Northumbrian saints is not found in G. America During World! R. 3 William of Malmesbury's opinion wavered on this matter. In the Gesta Pontificum (p.

198), writing about Glastonbury, he says that K. Edmund, when on his northern expedition, sent these relics—namely, Hilda and Ceolfrid and writing research across the curriculum part of the bones of Aidan. But in essay the first edition of his Gesta Regum (p. 56) he speaks of the destruction of Whitby by the Danes, and says that bones of Aidan and papers Hilda were removed to Glastonbury: in of a 5 paragraph the third edition he adds at this point 'Ceolfrid' and 'many others', together with the words: 'as I have said in the book which I have lately put forth on the Antiquity of the writing papers 5th, church of Glastonbury'. Again, on business, p. 60 of the first edition he says that Ceolfrid's bones together with Hilda's were taken to Glastonbury at the time of the Danish invasion: here there is no change in the third edition. In speaking of St Indract on p. 36 of G. R. Writing Research Across! 3 , he says in passing: 'with whom the care of a later age laid the blessed Hilda'. In the first book of his Life of during world war two essay St Dunstan he had promised to tell how these northern saints came to Glastonbury, if he were permitted to writing across complete his book on the Antiquity of the church of Glastonbury. [36] We may perhaps conclude that he abandoned the view that K. Edmund brought them in favour of a translation at the time of the plan wikipedia, Danish invasion; but, since Abbot Tica's name is not mentioned in G. R. 3 , we cannot be confident that is not a later interpolation. We now come to a solid block of the De Antiquitate which has no attestation at all in the third edition of the Gesta Regum , and is certainly not from the pen of research papers across the curriculum 5th William of Malmesbury.

It extends over richard judaism in music thirteen pages of writing research across 5th Hearne's edition (pp. 30-42), and it will be unnecessary to give an analysis of it here. It will suffice to small business startup plan say that the first section, which is headed 'Of Divers Relics stored at Glastonbury', repeats much that has been said before and research across 5th adds many new names after the 3 parts essay, manner of a catalogue; makes reference to the translation of St Dunstan, of which it promises to give a full account; and ends by saying that 'amongst us' ( apud nos ) there is not a complete knowledge of the many saints who are buried here. The remainder of this great interpolation is mainly taken up with an elaborate narrative of the finding of St Dunstan's body when Canterbury was laid desolate by the Danes, their removal to Glastonbury where they lay hidden for more than a century and a half, and finally their happy discovery after the great fire of 1184. This is followed by short sections on three wonder-working Crosses [37] and an image of the Virgin which miraculously escaped the fire. Finally, we have a section 'On the Altar of St David, which is commonly called the Sapphire': if we could have any doubt as to the date of this, it would be removed by the last sentence which speaks of Henry, bishop of Winchester, 'of pious memory'.

After this interlude we find ourselves again with William of Malmesbury, though at first only for a single sentence. Of the Nobles buried at Glastonbury. How venerable was this church to writing research the curriculum the great ones of the wikipedia, land, and how desirable as a resting-place, is shown by many proofs with which I will not weary my readers. This has occurred at an earlier point in G. R. 3 (p. 25). It is there followed quite naturally by the words which in the De Antiquitate will begin the next section. The present section is filled out by a series of examples which the writer says he will pass over ( praetermitto … praetermitto etiam … taceo … ). Research Papers! The first of these examples is K. Arthur, of whom a good deal is here said. Yet William of Malmesbury declares in Gesta Regum (II, p. 342) that his grave is unknown, and recounts no more about him than the little that he found in Nennius: he has no use for 'Britonum nugae' ( G. R. I, p. 11 ). Of the Two Pyramids.

That which is almost wholly unknown would I gladly tell, if I could shape out the truth of it: namely, the meaning of those pyramids which stand at a few feet from the Old Church in review sat essay the cemetery of the writing, monks. The nearest to the church is twenty-six feet high, and wagner judaism in music and other essays has a number of names, which perhaps may refer to persons buried beneath. The second is eighteen feet high, and on it can be read 'Hedde episcopus', 'Bregored' and 'Beoruuard'. Writing The Curriculum! The last of these was abbot after Hemgisl. Of these abbots, and of the whole series of abbots and what gifts they obtained for the abbey from various kings, we propose from this point onward to speak in detail. The whole of thesis writing this section is in G. Papers Across The Curriculum 5th! R. 3 (p.

25), where it is of a essay, followed by: 'And first of the blessed Patrick, from whom the series takes its start'. Writing Research Papers! The story of Patrick we have had at a much earlier point in the De Antiquitate (pp. Wikipedia! 18 ff.). But the across the curriculum, sequence in G. R. 3 commends itself as far more natural, and more in harmony with the author's declared purpose of proving that St Dunstan was by no means the first abbot of Glastonbury. It was the Canterbury Chanter's error on this point that had moved the historian to write his Enquiry into 5 paragraph, the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury.

We must carry our analysis a little further, until we come to K. Coenwalch and the Saxon charters and so reach the point at which our documentary evidence begins. Of Kings, Abbots, and other Founders of the Church of Glastonbury set out in order. First it is to be remembered that the twelve disciples of St Philip and St James. …. Then next St Phagan and St Deruvian. … Then long afterwards St Patrick. … To him succeeded St Benignus: his epitaph was inscribed on his tomb at papers across, Ferremere. Then followed British abbots, whose names are lost, save only three—Worgret, Lademund and startup Bregored. Of this only the portion dealing with St Benignus is in G. R. 3 : the rest has been said too often already, except the last sentence which anticipates what is to come.

Of the research across, Illustrious Arthur. It is told in 3 parts of a the Deeds of K. Arthur how he lost a young knight who slew three giants on writing research across the curriculum, the Mount of Frogs, otherwise called Brent Knoll, and in sorrow gave this hill to the abbey of Glastonbury. After all that we have learned of the interpolations in the De Antiquitate we shall not be disposed to america world attribute this section to William of Malmesbury. But the next section appears in G. R. 3 (pp. 28 f.). Of the land of Yneswitrin, given to Glastonbury in the time of the English who were converted to the Faith. In A.D. 601 a king of Domnonia granted to the Old Church which was situated there the land called Yneswitrin, at the request of research across the curriculum Abbot Worgret, namely five hides. Richard And Other Essays! ' I, Mauron the bishop, wrote this charter.

I, Worgret, abbot of the same place, have subscribed it.' Who that king was the age of the document prevents us from knowing. Research 5th! That he was a Briton may be gathered from his calling Glastonbury Yneswitrin. Worgret, whose name sounds British, was succeeded by Lademund; and he by Bregored. Their dates are unknown, but their names are shown by a painting in the great church. Bregored was succeeded by Berthwald. The strange and apparently inconsistent mention of the business startup plan, conversion of the English which is writing papers the curriculum, found in the title is perhaps explained when we find in G. R. 3 , after the date A.D. 610, the business plan wikipedia, additional words: 'that is, in the fifth year of the coming of the blessed Augustine'. It is plain that William of Malmesbury had seen what purported to the curriculum 5th be the princeton sat essay, charter of a British king, whose name could no longer be read: but of this charter we have no further knowledge. In favour of 5th its early date may at any rate be pleaded that it speaks only of five hides, and not of richard and other twelve. The next section deals with K. Coenwalch and Abbot Beorhtwald, and is found with some modifications in G. R. 3 . It closes the first insertion in the third edition of the Gesta Regum , bringing us back to the times of K. Coenwalch, whose name had led the historian to introduce the subject of Glastonbury. The succession of the English abbots which begins at this point must be treated in a separate essay.

When we come to sum up the results of our investigation, we recall in the first place the sharp difference between William of Malmesbury's assertion that the names of the writing research papers, missionaries sent by K. Lucius were lost in review the mists of the research papers, past, and the frequency with which St Phagan and business startup St Deruvian meet us in the opening sections and at later points in the De Antiquitate as we read it to-day. We remember also that, whereas he attributed to the labour of these missionaries the writing research across 5th, building of the Old Church at Glastonbury, the De Antiquitate says that by during world war two, their labour the church was restored, its original building being assigned to actual disciples of the Lord. Moreover we have seen reason for believing that the Charter of St Patrick, on which the De Antiquitate , as we have it, relies for the information which thus directly contradicts the statements of William of Malmesbury, was not known to the historian, and indeed cannot reasonably be supposed to have been written till many years after his death. The account which William of Malmesbury, in the curriculum the great insertion in the third edition of his Gesta Regum , has given us of the america during war two essay, earliest history of the curriculum Glastonbury is exceedingly cautious. In Music And Other! 'Annals of good authority' tell of missionaries sent into Britain by Pope Eleutherus at the request of K. Lucius. Their names we do not know, but tradition assures us that they built the Old Church of St Mary at Glastonbury. There are indeed writings which take it back still further to actual disciples of Christ: and this is not impossible; for, if Freculfus was right in saying that St Philip the Apostle preached in Gaul, he may have sent some of his followers across the sea. It is not conceivable that the man who wrote this non-committal statement, almost all the words of which are found embodied in the second section of the De Antiquitate , could have written only a few years before the remaining portion of that section or any part at all of the first section as it now stands.

The words 'Tradunt bonae credulitates annales' form a perfectly adequate opening to an Enquiry into the Antiquity of the writing research, Church of Glastonbury. The writer courteously refers to the traditional accounts of the origin of the church, but he is anxious to get forward as quickly as possible to the declared purpose of his work. He has been irritated by the monstrous assertion of Osbern, the late precentor of Canterbury, that the first abbot of Glastonbury was St Dunstan in the tenth century. His examination of the abbey muniments has provided him with record evidence, as we call it to-day, of at least nineteen earlier abbots of the English line alone; he has found the names of three British abbots before their time; and the grave of St Patrick, still visited by Irish pilgrims, leads him to review sat essay prompts accept the writing research papers across, local belief that the hermits who for many generations had dwelt in the neighbourhood of the Tor were first gathered into community by the Apostle of the Irish. The abbots of Glastonbury, therefore, though some of their names can no longer be traced, go back to the first half of the fifth century: St Patrick was the first, and St Benignus his pupil was the second. We may question this to-day, if we will, as Ralph Higden questioned it in the fourteenth century, and thesis university of toronto suppose that there has been some confusion with a later Patrick. But if we had lived in William of Malmesbury's time, and seen St Patrick's tomb with the Irish pilgrims kneeling round it, and had copied the epitaph of St Benignus at Meare, and visited St Bridget's chapel at Beokery, or Little Ireland, and seen her wallet and research across the curriculum 5th her distaff, we should have been sceptical indeed had we accused the historian of excessive credulity. It was left to a later age to take over St Phagan and startup plan St Deruvian from Geoffrey of Monmouth or Giraldus Cambrensis, and to invent the Charter of St Patrick which brought them to Glastonbury and made them not only restore the Old Church of St Mary, but also build the chapel of writing papers the curriculum St Michael on the Tor. It was left to 5 paragraph essay a later age still to appropriate the story of Joseph of Arimathea and the legend of the Holy Grail. Our conclusion is that the whole of the papers, opening portion of the De Antiquitate as William of Malmesbury wrote it, down to the point at which he begins to treat of the English abbots and of a essay the evidence of writing the curriculum 5th early charters, is substantially preserved for us in the first and longest insertion which we find in the third edition of the thesis, Gesta Regum . Guided by the context and the style, we have no hesitation in adding to this what we have called a rhetorical patch in which he compares the generous action of K. Lucius with that of K. Ethelbert in later days. It is just possible that he may have omitted for writing papers across the curriculum 5th, the sake of brevity another sentence here or there, and that the order of the narrative may have been changed: but I do not think that this is so.

I venture to submit that in business plan wikipedia this great insertion into the Gesta Regum , when we have replaced a single passage, we have the genuine form of the first part of the De Antiquitate. And I would ask any scholar who inclines to writing across 5th question this verdict to set himself the task of translating into English the first few sections of the book as it stands. Richard Wagner In Music And Other Essays! He will find that his pen runs easily enough as he renders the dull and unidiomatic Latin of the later writers, but that he will have to pause and think before he can do justice to the cultivated and ambitious style of the great historian. It was in fact an attempt to translate the book, which so far as I know has never been presented to English readers, that awoke my own suspicions in regard to several sections which I had been prepared to leave unchallenged. It is dangerous to argue from papers across 5th style alone, and therefore I have left this observation to princeton review sat essay prompts the last: but the contrast is so marked that I feel no hesitation in adducing it in writing research the curriculum 5th corroboration of a conclusion reached on other grounds. Additional Note .—I have spoken throughout of 'the third edition' of the princeton review prompts, Gesta Regum . Bishop Stubbs followed earlier scholars in recognising three classes of the MSS, and writing he designated them as A, B, and C. The A MSS represent the original form of the work. In the B and C MSS there are certain changes which show a tendency to soften some of the harsher judgements of the earlier text. Moreover B agrees with C in paying more attention to Glastonbury, and it has a few of the same insertions from the De Antiquitate , to which book it makes express reference more than once. The whole of the wagner in music and other, first insertion, with which we have been concerned above, is research papers across the curriculum, absent from the B MSS; but at the point at which this insertion comes in C there is a slight deviation in B from the A text; and such deviations occur, as Bishop Stubbs points out, wherever an insertion comes in C and not in america during war two essay B. I must refer to Bishop Stubbs's Introduction to papers across the Gesta Regum (I, lviii ff.) for a statement of the main differences between B and C. Review Sat Essay! With evident unwillingness he decides to follow his predecessors in making B the second and writing papers C the third edition.

To avoid confusion I have accepted this arrangement, as it does not affect my argument. But I should wish to record the impression which a study of the various readings in his apparatus criticus has left on my mind. I believe that his instinct was right when he was inclined to make C the second and B the third edition. I should add, however, that the B recension was not due to america during essay the historian himself, but was the work of a later editor who had no special interest in Glastonbury, and perhaps even disliked the exceptional prominence given to it. Papers! I would invite future students of the review sat essay prompts, problem to observe how frequently throughout the Gesta Regum the 5th, changes made in the B edition are tiresome verbal emendations, quite unlikely to have proceeded from the pen of the author himself.

I give this only as an impression, but I would point out that this solution would relieve us from the richard wagner and other, difficulty of supposing that William of Malmesbury having made these Glastonbury insertions in C should afterwards have produced a new edition (B) in which he struck nearly all of them out: for it assigns to him two editions only (A and C), and writing research papers 5th refers B to a later editor.

Taking a Hard Look at Khan Academy. For the writing research papers across FIRST TIME EVER the College Board is offering FREE practice for the SAT. At its annual forum, College Board widely and enthusiastically touted its new partnership with Khan Academy because it brings free SAT practice to all students, thereby finally “leveling the during playing field.” Now any student willing to put in writing across the work will be able to improve his or her scores through easily accessible example videos, practice drills, tests, and study plans. It’s not “test prep”; it’s “productive practice.” So goes the pitch to educators. Students, however, aren’t just getting this pitch; they’re getting the hard sell. When students go to small startup the College Board’s website to papers across the curriculum 5th register for a test, they are directed to create an account at Khan and america world war two, start practicing. When students receive their PSAT reports, their results will be ported over to writing papers across 5th the Khan site and analyzed to form a personalized study plan. Thesis? That is, the data from the PSAT will be used to identify each student’s current competency level across an array of math and verbal topics.

Those competencies inform the order in which topics are presented to each student. It’s simple and elegant. Who wouldn’t get excited about free, personalized practice for all students? I agree that Khan Academy’s SAT practice section is a valuable resource for students who would otherwise have no access to test prep. Khan Academy is not, however, a good place to take practice tests. Claims that it will finally “level the research across 5th playing field” are overstated, for it is not a substitute for the kind of thoughtful coaching that has historically helped students improve their performance. At best, and with the following caveats, it’s a good place to do drills. Khan Academy’s structural weaknesses undermine productive practice. There are two fundamental issues with prepping through Khan Academy:

This statement is obvious in the abstract but tends to small get left behind when digital proponents enthusiastically speak of increasing accessibility. 5th? It’s important to plan wikipedia remember that answering questions on a computer is a very different kinesthetic experience from answering questions on paper with a pencil, and both modes require different strategies. You probably wouldn’t practice tennis on a clay court in research the curriculum 5th order to small business compete on a grass one just as you wouldn’t type an essay to writing research the curriculum 5th practice penmanship. It’s practically axiomatic that students should practice the way they’ll play. (2) Competency levels can be deceiving. Because Khan Academy divides skills into four levels, it risks giving students a false sense of mastery of the exam.

A student could, for instance, understand a comma splice and even identify and fix it during a drill section on combining sentences, thereby earning the highest level of competency. Richard Wagner Judaism In Music? Having “mastered” that rule, the student sets it aside. In a live test, however, the student could very well miss it because the greater context or time pressure proves distracting. Writing Research Across? It happens all the time. Focusing on passage content oversimplifies the reading task. You may remember that Khan Academy began in plan 2006 as a series of YouTube videos in which Sal Khan tutored his cousin in math. It grew into a site with mini-lectures on mostly math and then some science topics; only more recently has it begun to research across the curriculum 5th tackle other fields. I would not be the princeton review prompts first to offer a critique of how Khan teaches math, but I would suggest that Khan Academy’s limited experience with the humanities becomes apparent when we analyze the organization of writing papers across the curriculum 5th SAT reading and writing practice.

For the sake of brevity, I’ll ignore the fact that as of this writing nearly one-third of the writing question types are missing from the drill sets (all of the development and writing university of toronto, organization questions), and writing research across, will instead focus on the reading section. The Khan site organizes reading skills by passage genres: science, literature, history, and social science. The assumption is that if a student has a weakness, it will be with a kind of passage rather than a kind of question or kind of comprehension task. In my ten years of working with students, I’ve come to believe that helping a student learn how to employ comprehension skills across passage types – e.g. 5 Paragraph Essay? defining the author’s argument, decoding the meaning of words in context, identifying the papers 5th implication of a claim – is more important than exposing a student to particular genres. Appreciating a passage’s content matters less than thinking critically about what a multiple-choice question is asking and how the small business startup plan answers are worded to distract or confuse a reader. Most students understand and writing across, can summarize a passage in their own words better than they think they can; it’s the questions and answer choices that lead to 3 parts of a 5 paragraph their confusion. Upon answering a question incorrectly, a student should either be given an research papers across the curriculum 5th, explanation, or preferably be asked questions that allow him to figure out 3 parts 5 paragraph essay where he went wrong.

But the explanations offered on Khan’s site are just as general and research the curriculum, unhelpful as the generic classification system. Thesis Writing Of Toronto? They fail to diagnose where a student has made a comprehension error. They assert rather than illuminate. The kind of writing papers granular analysis and personal feedback that could help a student recognize actual weaknesses is currently missing from the reading practice. By structuring its reading practice by genre and offering little ancillary support, Khan Academy reinforces the princeton review sat essay notion that some students are simply bad at comprehending certain subjects. For the sake of argument, let’s accept Khan’s approach and say that a student consistently struggles to understand science passages. Research Papers 5th? He or she could turn to the “How-to videos” (one passage per genre) presented alongside the practice sets. Unfortunately, these videos fail to offer actionable strategies for thesis writing of toronto breaking down the passage and answering the research questions; students simply observe Sal Khan reading the passage and then answering the questions out loud.

Everything about princeton review sat essay, his approach is unconscious and inconsistent – the across the curriculum 5th two qualities any qualified tutor would attempt to eliminate from a student’s process. As one of review sat essay many possible examples, Khan underlines portions of the science passage but never talks about when or why a student might want to underline or how that underlining might be used later. He simply repeats phrases like “this is writing research the curriculum 5th, really interesting.” By the time he reaches later passages, he’s dropped underlining altogether, implying that it’s not an important strategy after all. The videos in which he answers questions aren’t much better. Once again, his approach is inconsistent: sometimes he uses process of richard wagner judaism in music and other elimination and writing research papers across the curriculum 5th, sometimes he jumps to the right answer. He frequently says things like “well, no, this doesn’t make sense” without further explanation. He rarely returns to the passage to justify an answer (which is ironic given the College Board’s emphasis on evidence-based reading skills), relying instead on his memory of the thesis writing university of toronto passage. Indeed, he exhibits many of the habits of smart students whose scores hit a ceiling because of careless errors. As models, Khan’s videos are not only problematic, but are also based on an assumption that viewing a display of skill is equivalent to writing research papers across the curriculum gaining that skill. Khan Academy is like learning to play golf by small, watching Tiger Woods and then going to a driving range. Writing Papers Across The Curriculum 5th? Most people will get frustrated when their swings are ineffective.

Most people need an experienced golfer to war two essay watch their swing closely and papers the curriculum, offer some tips and tweaks. Wagner Judaism Essays? The “personalization” offered by Khan Academy is less like a golfing lesson and more like a list that tells you to practice ten swings with your 5-iron, ten with your 9-iron, and ten with your driver. It’s a drill, sure, but it’s just as likely to research papers the curriculum 5th entrench bad habits as it is to help improve your game. Learning skills requires more than technology. The College Board’s current slogan for its partnership with Khan – “Skills Aren’t Bought. They’re learned.” – pushes back against the longstanding (albeit mistaken) perception that students can “beat the test” by writing of toronto, spending lots of money to learn a few tricks. But as we’ve written about before, effective test prep is not about tricks.

High quality tutoring is about identifying gaps in writing research across 5th knowledge and helping students not only review what they’ve learned in school, but also develop test-taking skills. While Khan Academy’s free practice is better than no practice, it’s unlikely that even extensive technology-guided practice will prove more beneficial than the focused guidance of a high-quality teacher or tutor assigning regular timed drills and practice tests. Most students succeed when an expert asks the right questions, listens to their responses, and adjusts lessons accordingly. Education technology is improving rapidly, but computers are still a long way from replacing educators. With a career in test prep and higher education that began in the late 90s, Ash has held a variety of educational roles from tutor to administrator. She is judaism in music, currently a PhD candidate at USC and writing research, the Director of Curriculum at Compass, where she is lucky to lead a brilliant team creating the very best learning materials for students and during world essay, their tutors. Thank you for your thoughtful and thorough reply.

Does Compass offer pro bono services to those who otherwise cannot afford private tutoring? Unfortunately, the writing research papers across the curriculum playing field in education (as well as the wagner in music and other essays boardroom) is not level and I commend Mr. Kahn and the College Board for attempting to give many students a leg up in this competitive environment. Further, I assume that tests will eventually become digitized, thus eliminating the traditional pen and pencil visceral experience you deemed so necessary for papers across the curriculum 5th test success. In addition, I am certain that Kahn Academy will improve their offering overtime as any business should do if it intends on evolving.

Lastly, there will always be opportunities for those with financial means to up level their experience via outsourcing. In essence, I am grateful for business plan Kahn Academy and Compass both which provide support for students. Now, if we could just have a course correction in writing research the curriculum the runaway cost of a college education….. Thank you for your thoughts! I couldn’t agree with you more about the rising cost of college and america during war two essay, the benefit of research papers across the curriculum College Board’s making practice available to all students. Compass does considerable work with pro-bono and reduced-rate clients, from organizations like College Bound and Bridge the during war two essay Gap to writing research papers across 5th individual students. We recently learned that one of our scholarship students was accepted into Harvard and couldn’t be more thrilled to have helped him raise his ACT scores. My critique of the Khan Academy/College Board partnership is twofold: (1) the sales pitch suggests that this online prep is the thesis solution to research papers economic disparity, and (2) the pedagogical approach of the prep is not as sound as it should be given that sales pitch. As you rightly point out, those with means will likely find outside help and in music essays, companies often improve their offerings over time, especially when critical discourse occurs.

I am concerned, however, that the conversation surrounding Khan Academy’s involvement with the writing research papers across College Board lacks the critiques that frequently drive improvements. Small Startup Plan? My fear, based on the panels I attended at this year’s College Board Forum, is that both school administrators and writing, the general public will accept Khan’s adequate (when it could be excellent) prep as a panacea, thereby avoiding the difficult decisions and investments needed to princeton review sat essay actually raise the writing papers across 5th quality of education for thesis writing low-income students. Khan Academy’s test prep is not the game-changer that the College Board would like us to research papers across the curriculum 5th believe it is. What are the emotional costs to plan wikipedia the low-income student who buys into the College Board’s message that Khan Academy’s prep will be equivalent to the prep provided to those who can afford experienced tutors? I worry that with the slogan “Skills aren’t bought, they’re learned,” the College Board risks sending the message that it’s the student’s own fault (whether in terms of inherent ability or work ethic) when scores don’t improve. I fully support free prep available for writing research papers 5th students! I hope Khan Academy does a better job of preparing them in the future, especially because we’d like to see more motivated kids succeed. Khan’s offerings are a complete joke. It’s high time that we stop being so sacrosanct about Sal Khan and ask why so many foundations and tech firms are enamored with what are truly second-rate lessons and presentations. How can anyone be “certain” that his offerings will ultimately improve? After all, this partnership with the thesis university College Board is a high-profile venture.

There is writing research papers 5th, simply no excuse for business plan wikipedia what is being offered by research papers across 5th, Khan Academy. The criticisms are spot on and his dismissive approaches to test prep will actually result in negative outcomes for anyone relying on them. The problem with Khan Academy’s “preparation” is that it is primarily a set of style points (actually, more of business a front) for the College Board’s duplicitous contentions. It’s like a long form version of the Board’s yearly bulletins. Real test prep involves a clear set of strategies for achieving the goal, which is the highest possible score that one can realistically achieve given the constraints of preparation time and more importantly, the time available to finish each section of the examination itself. That means doing things that are perfectly legal but do not comport with College Board’s goals. And what are College Board’s goals? First, to insist that its test is predictive and relevant. Second, to pretend that the test measures what is learned in school rather than serving as a reflection of culture, home environment, and (gasp!) family income. And third, to counter the reality that professional test prep actually works to raise student scores.

Ironically, the Board is saying that while test prep doesn’t do any good, we’re going to give everyone test prep in across 5th order to “democratize” it. So in essence, Khan is serving as College Board’s propaganda arm. This is why the substance of Khan Academy’s preparation materials matters. Khan, like the College Board, advocates wasting time by having the student read the 5 paragraph essay entire passage. The correct strategy is to first skim each passage, focusing on each paragraph’s topic sentences and main points, then work backwards by answering the questions. Writing Papers Across 5th? Khan fails to point out key distractions used by the test writers, such as using a long word that appears in the passage but in a way that doesn’t accurately answer the question posed.

Khan also neglects such fundamental strategies as skipping math questions that are time-consuming in order to get to the end of the section, then going back to answer as many initially skipped questions. This puts “points on richard and other the board” in the race against the clock and writing research across the curriculum 5th, helps the student avoid getting tripped up by a time-consuming experimental (or other dubious) item that may not actually count. America Essay? Also, in order to help the College Board brag that it’s being comprehensive about things, Khan fails to note that certain types of math questions come up so rarely that it’s absurd to spend precious prep time on them. The College Board would never tell students to just blow off a certain rarely tested topic even if that is precisely the correct strategy — and of course, neither does Khan. So once again, a key test prep strategy is never shared and students spend equal amounts of time (or greater amounts of time) studying topics unlikely to be on the test as they do studying topics that are 40 or 50 times more likely to be on papers 5th their test. I’ll mention two other strategies that Khan won’t dare discuss, because they violate the College Board’s position that one must actually understand and business startup, recall the concept that’s officially being tested: Variable substitution and working backwards from the answer choices to the question. Sometimes these two strategies are used together on a given item. With variable substitution, convenient numbers are substituted for research the curriculum the variables in the question stem, then the answers are evaluated using those variables and thesis university of toronto, compared with the result from the original expression. It may take more than one round of this if two answer choices “work.” Working backwards doesn’t necessarily involve the substitution of variables with numbers but it achieves the writing papers the curriculum 5th same goal. And of course, even though there’s no guessing penalty doesn’t mean that students shouldn’t rule out answers and if all else fails, make a solid guess. In fact, it’s more important than ever since there’s no penalty.

Does Khan cover any of that? To summarize, the 3 parts of a 5 paragraph SAT has put on a new dress, new shoes and research the curriculum, gotten some fresh makeup but it’s still the same old creature. Business? The student’s goal is to writing research across 5th maximize the score and all of the meta-messages from the 3 parts College Board and its new partner in across the curriculum 5th crime, Khan Academy, must not dissuade students from using every available legal technique to get the highest possible score. If you can tell that I’m not a fan of Khan Academy’s lessons, by america during world war two, the way, you’re right. After a year of research across the curriculum 5th preparing myself for a teacher’s examination, I found Khan’s lessons to be haphazard, disorganized and america, not worthy of all the attention and writing papers across the curriculum 5th, praise he’s received — not in the least. It’s not surprising to me that his low-quality lessons have become an actual impediment to student success on the SAT. Any real test prep company would not sign an exclusive deal with one exam provider and then construct non-lessons that are ineffective and waste everyone’s time. Thesis Writing Of Toronto? These are strong opinions, I know, but warranted by the facts. I have a Ph.D. in writing papers across the curriculum 5th philosophy. I have taught logic courses for many years. The Khan Acdemy video on the distinction between deductive and thesis writing of toronto, inductive reasoning is horrible.

It is educational malpractice. It is writing, not just superficial; it is wildly incorrect. 3 Parts 5 Paragraph? He can’t even come close to across the curriculum describing either type of reasoning correctly. Make the america Most of Prep Over the Holidays. 2017 Compass Education Group.

SAT, PSAT, ACT, ISEE, SSAT, HSPT and AP are registered trademarks not owned by Compass Education Group. The trademark holders were not involved in the production of, and do not endorse, this website.

StealthCo.com (real name not disclosed) Created a JavaScript DHTML widget for writing across a VLC media player plugin and a video account management web site to support it. The widget could be embedded anywhere (private web pages, blogs), so it used dynamic SCRIPT tags instead of AJAX to communicate with the server. It could be skinned using CSS and judaism and other essays, configured w/ options (auto-start, channel to play, controls, etc.); the viewing area could be re-sized and the width/height ratio changed for writing research 5th each video. Sidebar of of a 5 paragraph widget showed other channels, mouse-over tooltip for channel status and schedule of papers across the curriculum 5th videos to follow. Web site included AJAX sign-up/login w/ email verification and thesis writing, approval for private alpha, captcha image verification, feedback, video upload page with AJAX progress bar, extensive My Channels editing page w/ drag/drop for arranging videos in sequence, ranking and writing the curriculum 5th, comments, profile page, fixed width or liquid (responsive) layout.

Users could change channels but not start them on demand, so multiple progress bars were used to display each channel's current position. Created a series of PHP-5 classes for major server-side components and a 'ViewerEmulate' utility to small business, act as a typical User, unit testing all features and logging results. Implemented image server scripts to create and cache different size jpeg images from original source, for both video covers and profile images. Senior Software Engineer, Ajax / JavaScript / DHTML / CSS / JSP/JSTL and writing research the curriculum, custom tags. Worked with UX team and visual designer on total re-model of Engage.com - Extensively revised 300+ JSP pages (HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JSTL and custom tags) to new design and startup, style guide, added AJAX and DHTML features including animated actions, hover profiles, dynamic menus and papers, tooltip dialogs (variable size boxes that appear and disappear as needed with PNG-24 drop shadows, style and behavior differences), new front door AJAX sign-up / sign-in process and of toronto, related edit profile pages, chopped designer's Photoshop graphics for papers the curriculum pixel perfect page layout, site navigation, some aspects of america during war two Spring framework. Senior Software Engineer, DHTML / Ajax / JavaScript / CSS / JSP.

Created a fully functional DHTML/AJAX-based prototype for photo and video sharing. Research Papers. Features include: thumbnail browsing with filtering (Most Popular, Most Recent, etc.), tag cloud, DHTML 'Viewer' for full size photos and small business startup, playing videos without leaving thumbnails page, Ranking, Pass It On, Add to Favorites, folders (collections), drag drop to arrange sequence of writing research papers across the curriculum 5th thumbnails, edit title description tags, single and multi-file uploads with progress bar and judaism and other, text, My Channel and view/edit profile, personalized CSS, AJAX login, sign-up (registration). Senior Software Engineer, DHTML / Ajax / JavaScript / XSL / XPath / CSS / PHP. Implemented a DHTML / Ajax geography slider to select locale and widen or narrow radius, with add / remove tags, to affect search results. Research Across. Implemented Edit Item Flow, a multi-page process that allows Users to create their own HTML content using a Rich Text Editor ( WysiwygPro ), to small startup plan, upload images for their content, to across, add rich media attachments with video and richard wagner in music and other essays, audio players, to assign tags from an writing the curriculum 5th, Ajax updated tag cloud, and to edit other meta data related to thesis university, each item.

Senior Software Engineer, DHTML / Ajax / JavaScript / CSS / PHP. The Internet Memory Book - Collaborate with family and friends to turn photos and memories into a beautiful hardbound book. Developed a DHTML / Ajax based editing system that shows the User exactly what the finished book will look like at writing research the curriculum 5th, all times. Graphic views generated with LaTeX show two pages side by side, precisely as they will appear when printed. Moving the mouse shows hot spots that can be edited by clicking to invoke widgets for titles, captions, text and photos. Photos are placed and repositioned using drag and drop from a tray of uploaded images. Powerful and intuitive crop, zoom and rotate features are available. A book can be re-organized by thesis, dragging and research papers across the curriculum, dropping whole sections of the of a 5 paragraph essay Table of research across the curriculum 5th Contents, including moving sections between different levels in in music an arbitrary hierarchy. Patent granted: 7917848. Senior Software Engineer, DHTML / JavaScript / CSS / PHP. Implemented and research papers 5th, heavily customized a Yahoo!

Store to deliver personalized digital content in the form of astrology reports, including real time export of orders and delivery of product. Richard In Music Essays. A link on the confirmation page leads the User to immediately and 5th, securely view the customized reports using birth date info entered before the sale was completed. A tiny URL system was used to richard wagner judaism in music and other, hide the personal information and prevent hacking. Developed a report template system to transform XML versions of the reports to HTML with graphic elements. Senior Software Engineer, DHTML / AJAX / JavaScript / CSS / PHP. IMVU offers a 3D chat client using animated characters called avatars.

A developer community of members creates and sells enhancements that allow avatars to be highly personalized. Papers The Curriculum 5th. Implemented AJAX editing features to personalize the public profile pages of each registered user. Created widgets for setting text, background colors and images, panel borders for each panel header, panel body and the page itself, custom HTML / CSS content in each panel body. Drag drop to re-arrange panels within and of a essay, between columns. Graphic stickers attached to panels (with paginated find lost stickers feature) were exchanged between users, along with gifts for use by one's 3D avatar, and writing 5th, developed into princeton review sat essay, a major micro-transaction business. Import profile from research papers the curriculum 5th 'myspace.com', safe mode to disable custom content for essay debugging, inline help and gallery upload features. Hand coded DHTML, CSS, JavaScript classes for a variety of AJAX widgets, including drop down menus for each panel, PHP integration to research the curriculum 5th, personalize each page using IMVU's SQL API (MySQL database), implemented a page using AJAX to edit the contents of a 'My music' panel using search results from Amazon.com and enhanced a Google map showing the location of avatars currently online at IMVU.

Senior Software Engineer, DHTML / AJAX / JavaScript / CSS / JSP. Extensive functional prototyping in JSP, DHTML and AJAX; site design and navigation, creating jots and stories using a Rich-Text-Editor, uploading media - none of it appears on their current web site. Opsware (formerly Loudcloud , now 'HP Data Center Automation Center') Senior Software Engineer, DHTML / JavaScript / CSS / JSP. Hired by the UI Design Lead to 3 parts of a, do rapid prototyping of DHTML features and pages related to a major new Server Groups component of the Opsware Command Center ( OCC ). Also worked in production code to implement many of the prototype pages for research papers 5th the Darwin release of richard in music essays OCC in Spring 2005. Advanced JavaScript and JSP programming, DHTML, XML processing in both JavaScript and Java; 4.5 months. Research Across. For the princeton prototyping phase, I created dozens of XML files to represent navigable views of writing research across the curriculum 5th a hierarchical structure of nested groups (each with certain properties) containing servers (each with many columns of data to display). Then, first with JavaScript and pure DHTML and writing, later with JSP on Tomcat, parsed those XML files and presented increasingly refined and detailed versions of display and navigation, row selection, menu toolbar and popup modal dialog features as defined in a very elaborate written spec (which itself was evolving along with the work). Did benchmarking and JavaScript optimization at this point to test performance with thousands of rows.

In the production phase, I spent another two months working with others to translate the prototypes I had created into working pages in the Opsware Command Center ( OCC ). Writing Research The Curriculum 5th. Replaced XML sample data with calls to business, Java APIs, implemented reliable transactions for New / Copy / Move and other modal dialogs, converted all text to i18N resources, enhanced DHTML and JavaScript functionality. Besides my primary focus on new pages for writing research papers across the curriculum creating and managing groups of judaism and other essays servers, I also contributed significant JavaScript/DHTML and papers, JSP programming to enhancing two existing pages for groups: the Install Wizard Confirmation Screen and Attached Nodes Tab. Web Engineer, JSP / Java Front End Application Developer. Application programming on the Sprint PCS Vision Picture Mail SM web site ( and here ), primarily front end features using JSP, Java and JavaScript programming, custom and JSTL tags, XML documents, Struts/Tiles coding, CSS and HTML layout. Specific projects included: click to see VideoMail example. video player detection and display for QuickTime and Windows Media Player formats with JavaScript controls ( see VideoMail example ). filter albums by Calendar View and Media Type ('Pictures', 'Video' or 'All'). modifiable From email address with email verification link for Shares created on phones. embedded audio player with JavaScript controls. enhanced slideshow pages, consolidated common code, wait for 3 parts essay videos to across the curriculum, finish, repaired Share creation and preview pages, Address Book enhancements to support Groups and Share creation. functional prototype of Universal Personal Organizer using internal TrueSync Server ( and here ); two way exchange of data (backup and america during, restore) between a cellular handheld device (Palm Treo) and web application for phone numbers, contact lists and a wide range of data related to features found in across the curriculum 5th Personal Organizers (events, notes, etc.), which were then available in a web based version of a PIM (Personal Information Manager), merged and synchronized with the wireless phone data, available to be downloaded to a new cell phone when the old one is essay replaced or upgraded. participated in conversion of writing across core LightSurf PictureMail technologies to Struts/Tiles for application branding by other wireless carriers; created master default CSS stylesheet and customized for each retailer.

DHTML drag drop MMS Composer combines pictures, text, audio and princeton sat essay, videos for writing research the curriculum 5th web-based multimedia messages to phones or email addresses; access to america war two essay, media in papers 5th all Albums and Gallerys, slideshow and single slide previews, session persistence, etc. For Verizon field trial and Rogers Wireless of Canada ( LightSurf Press Release ). 3 Parts Of A. Web Engineer, JSP / Java Front End Application Developer. Responsible for creation and maintenance of around 80 JSP pages , doing JSP / Java and writing papers 5th, JavaScript programming, advanced DHTML including insert, delete and america during world, re-sequencing of TABLE rows in the browser, alternate screen layouts of FORM fields based on User input (all without refreshing the page from the across the curriculum server), fixed column headings with scrolling TABLE rows , advanced CSS using positioned content, browser validation of FORM data, User interface design, minor modifications to servlets. JSP application programming on business plan, a Spend Management system for eBreviate , part of the A. T. Writing 5th. Kearney Procurement Solutions unit. Princeton Review Sat Essay. Spend Management Technology is a database that accepts and consolidates data feeds from multiple historical accounts payable systems to track spend across the enterprise by division, business unit, supplier, and writing research papers, category/commodity. It allows companies to identify and thesis university, monitor compliance of negotiated agreements, provides comprehensive spend information on company/subsidiary relationships to writing research papers across the curriculum 5th, fully aggregate and leverage spend, and facilitates the management of TE and P-card (Procard) spending.

Web Engineer, JSP / Java Front End Application Developer. Photography-oriented web site, film quality prints from your digital camera , personalized photo greeting cards , framed prints and small, other products, manipulation of writing research papers across the curriculum images, borders, cropping, address book, shopping cart, etc. Wikipedia. Participated in writing across the curriculum 5th two major revisions of the Shutterfly web site over a period of 19 months. As member of business plan wikipedia small front end team, focused primarily on JSP ( Java Server Pages ) and JavaScript programming in a BEA WebLogic environment. Produced rapid functional prototype and final production web pages on writing research papers 5th, a regular, short schedule (2..4 weeks). Business Wikipedia. HTML page layout, style sheets, PhotoShop work, JavaScript and Java application programming were used to accomplish the following tasks: Did the majority of front end application programming for the photo greeting cards , framed prints , share and support sections; page layout, navigation and interactive functionality. Developed a simple Java based system of maintaining state and providing extensive functionality among a collection of pages, independent of writing 5th back end support (database, image server, etc.), yet easily connected to same (via Java). Used browser cookie and image replacement tricks to make sure no text typed by 3 parts of a essay, User into forms is ever lost (no matter what button is pushed!) . Validation of writing research the curriculum 5th all data entry forms throughout the site, protection against cross site scripting. Contributed programming to most functional pages throughout the site, especially those related to order review, summary, confirmation, history, address book. Also, many hidden features such as: skins for america during different partners besides Shutterfly. a pop-up warning window that appears with increasing frequency, starting six hours prior to a planned shutdown (for web site upgrades). saved user preferences, available centrally and scattered individually on writing papers across the curriculum, appropriate pages. Developed in JSP and Java the interactive portion of a content management system that allows marketing people to schedule in advance the dynamic content of promo wells (small graphics scattered over dozens of web pages, each with a link to a promotional page).

Included support for promo well content specific to each partner (see skins above). America During War Two. Produced two new courseware modules from research the curriculum scratch using dynamic HTML in JavaScript functions, positioned LAYERs and of a 5 paragraph essay, DragDrop features. JavaScript programming, HTML layout, maintenance of existing code including ASP pages in administrative tracking system. Re-architected the research papers the curriculum 5th way online courseware modules communicate with back-end tracking system. Eliminated all but one ASP page per small plan, module and integrated stand-alone and tracking versions of existing modules into single versions working with or without custom content and tracking (tremendous reduction in maintenance!). Introduced text scripted multiple choice quiz builder using JavaScript DHTML layout and writing the curriculum 5th, scoring. Updated many old courseware pages with clean simple FRAMESET-based JavaScript code.

Contributed to new company web site including Perl scripts. Contact forms and business startup plan, Perl scripts, frames based prototyping, URL masking project to provide each charity with unique URL (involved configuring Netscape Enterprise Server to run a custom Perl script instead of File not found message; the script parsed the URL, did a database lookup of the directory name to obtain a numeric ID, then called the BroadVision .jsp engine with appropriate query to generate unique page for each charity). Three weeks consulting. Wingo Web Site Design (formerly wingo.com) Sausalito, Santa Rosa, Half Moon Bay, Santa Cruz, Kauai (HI) Web site design, programming, remodeling and repairs. JavaScript programming , dynamic HTML , frames , cookies , CGI forms , Perl and RealAudio Graphics, titles, buttons, site navigation, photo scan / retouch, CSS Stylesheets, positioned content (layers). Domain name registration, search engine placement, meta-tags e-Commerce: Shutterfly.com (JSP and JavaScript applications) ArmchairSailorBooks.com (custom JavaScript and Perl, since acquired by West Marine) Ketubot by Naomi (custom JavaScript and Perl, cookie-based) Services , Portfolio. Software Development Manager for PROFIT$ (Senior Lead Programmer, AKA Jai Gopal Singh ) After being acquired by this former competitor, I continued to lead development of the PROFIT$ Merchandising System described below.

Implemented reliable unattended document handling between remote store locations for Purchase Orders, Receivers and Transfers. Developed automated client-server utilities using existing pMail wide area network (see below) for continuous upgrading of large installed User base (thousands of stores), enhanced reporting features for large multi-store operations (30..50, 255 max), and other major functional improvements throughout the research application. Princeton. Software and computer hardware sales related to writing across the curriculum 5th, the PROFIT$ product grew from judaism and other four to research across 5th, seven million dollars per year during this period. Co-founder, VP of Software Development (Senior Lead Programmer, AKA Jai Gopal Singh ) Created the PROFIT$ Merchandising System , a proprietary Point-Of-Sale Inventory and Reporting system for small startup plan single or multi-store retail shoe and clothing outlets. Writing Across The Curriculum. Systems sold widely in the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean (with international currency exchange and business wikipedia, display issues!). Was software architect and chief among a team that grew to five programmers. The PROFIT$ product eventually supported dozens of software and hardware support technicians, sales people, assorted executives and generated 20+ million dollars in gross sales. (see CAM Data above) Among other things, two key features made PROFIT$ unique at writing papers across the curriculum, the time: Report Generator - From the beginning, a powerful custom report generator was key; it offered the thesis writing of toronto ability to produce reports at any level of detail from vendor, department, class, subclass, color and material down to writing across, individual SKUs (Stock Keeping Units). A Group-by feature with associated search criteria, user-defined column headings (choose up to 80 from list, arrange sequence), ability to save pre-defined reports and other features made the Report Generator a centerpiece of any sales demo.

UCSD Pascal , an academic leap of the mid '70s similar in portability to today's Java, was used to achieve a powerful multi-user, multi-store application that could be distributed without re-compiling(!) across a variety of hardware (Intel, Motorola) and operating systems including single and small startup plan, multi-user DOS, Atari machines, Novell Networks and large UNIX networks. A massive library of general purpose programming tools including database, list and screen handling features was created to support the PROFIT$ application (and others), many using object-oriented techniques pioneered in Smalltalk and Modula-2, translated to Pascal. Implemented first on early super-micro computers using an across 5th, SQL relational database, performance and during world war two, data integrity demands eventually dictated a proprietary variable size record file system (VSDO), optimized for highest performance on writing 5th, UNIX systems. Complete with appropriate file maintenance utilities and supporting multi-partition files far larger than the limits imposed by small, the UCSD pSystem, this key development allowed PROFIT$ to grow with the demands of customers having 30..50 stores (255 max) and from 100 to writing, 4000+ receipts per store in a single day. World. With Jon Bondy , designed and implemented pMail , a peer to peer Wide-Area-Network for unattended file and data (message) transfers between remote stores, including object code updates of all software.

Logical messaging between applications on machines in remote locations supported easy, reliable, distributed database updates. Implemented in 1986 using the portable pSystem and 5th, direct dial, point to point modems, prior to development of the commercial Internet as we know it today.

essay japan A Case Study of Tokugawa Japan through Art: Views of research papers the curriculum, a Society in Transformation. Tokugawa Japan: An Introductory Essay. by Marcia Yonemoto, University of Colorado at Boulder. Sir George Sansom’s history of Japan was first published in 1932 and used in U.S. college classrooms into the 1980s. In it, he described the Tokugawa period (1603-1868) as an era of oppressive “feudal” rule. America War Two Essay. In this view, hierarchical divisions between samurai, peasant, artisan, and merchant were strictly maintained. Sansom described a system in which swaggering samurai used their swords to cut down commoners. Miserable peasants barely eked out papers across, a living, and urban merchants were scorned as unethical profiteers.

According to Sansom, change was loathed. The government kept the rest of the world out, denying “themselves all the gifts which the West then had to offer.” This move, said Sansom, “arrested the cultural development of essays, Japan” (Sansom 1932, 455, 457). Scholars today largely dismiss this view. Yet it remains pervasive. Writing Papers Across 5th. Films and manga comics glorify samurai bravado. But they ignore much else about the period. Richard Wagner Judaism In Music And Other. Thus, even the well-informed often are surprised when they read more recent histories of the period. Such newer works describe the political system as a rational “integral bureaucracy.” This system was “not merely a samurai institution.” Rather, it depended on non-elite “commercial agents and activities” (Totman 1981, p. 133). Newer histories call the across 5th era “a time of extraordinary social growth and change. In terms of 3 parts 5 paragraph, population and writing research across the curriculum, production, urbanization and thesis writing university of toronto, commercialization, and societal sophistication and elaboration, the century was one of unparalleled development.”

What should readers make of these discrepancies? What do teachers and writing papers the curriculum, students really need to know about the Tokugawa period? This brief essay addresses these questions by (1) sketching the outline of Tokugawa history, touching on politics, economics, society, and culture; (2) introducing some historical debates regarding the Tokugawa period; and (3) giving references for further reading on essays important topics. The Tokugawa Political Settlement. The first Tokugawa shogun was Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616). He came of writing research across the curriculum 5th, age in america during world essay, an era of violence and conflict.

During the Warring States period (c.1467-1590), centralized political authoritythe imperial court and the military government (shogunate, or bakufu )had lost its effectiveness. Practical political power had passed into the hands of approximately 200 local warlords, or daimy#333; . The daimy#333; controlled their own territories. These territories were called domains. By the end of the writing papers the curriculum period, some daimy#333; had become extremely powerful. Each commanded large swaths of territory and wagner in music and other, tens of thousands of warriors. One such leader was Oda Nobunaga (1534-82).

Nobunaga was a daimy#333; from the province of writing research papers the curriculum, Owari in central Honshu. Using strategic alliances and brutal military tactics, Nobunaga brought about one-third of the country under his control. When he was assassinated in 1582, his most able general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98), took his place. Hideyoshi was a brilliant military and political tactician. His talent and ambition had allowed him to world war two essay rise from a humble peasant background. Building on across Nobunaga’s achievements, Hideyoshi brought all of Japan under his control by about 1590. Two problems marked Hideyoshi’s later years. One was his growing belief that his power was unlimited. This megalomania was reflected in unsuccessful attempts to business plan invade Korea and China. The second problem was his difficulty in producing an heir.

At his death in 1597, he had only one infant son. Research Papers Across 5th. He entrusted his son’s fate to five trusted allies. Each swore to protect the business startup plan heir and help ensure the research across Toyotomi clan’s future. Among these allies was Tokugawa Ieyasu. Sat Essay. Ieyasu controlled significant territory in northeastern Honshu. Ieyasu’s castle headquarters was located in the city of Edo (now Tokyo).

Hideyoshi had been dead scarcely three years when Ieyasu turned on his former lord. In 1600, his forces defeated the Toyotomi. In 1603, Ieyasu established a new shogunate in his family’s name. He went to war once again in 1615 to completely wipe out the Toyotomi and their allies. From then on, the Tokugawa maintained political authority for research papers across the curriculum 5th 253 years without resorting to military combat. The primary political goal of Tokugawa Ieyasu and his heirshis son, Hidetada (1578-1632) and grandson, Iemitsu (1604-1651)was to cut off the roots of potential dissent and rebellion. In the late 1630s, Tokugawa Iemitsu expelled Portuguese and Spanish Catholic missionaries and richard judaism in music and other essays, traders. This decision was motivated more by the political threat posed by converts, especially daimy#333; converts, than by dislike of Christian doctrine or the foreign presence in Japan. The early shoguns were wary of other daimy#333; . Many of research the curriculum 5th, these daimy#333; were recent allies who were not totally committed to Tokugawa rule.

The Tokugawa shoguns built on the ideas and small startup plan, tactics of Nobunaga and Hideyoshi. Research Papers 5th. They developed a form of political rule that was authoritarian but not dictatorial. This can be seen in the way the early shoguns distributed land to their daimy#333; allies. America During World War Two. The Tokugawa kept only about a quarter of the land available for redistribution for across the curriculum themselves. Of the remaining lands, the shogunate allocated about 10 percent to richard judaism essays blood relations (known as the research across 5th collateral, or shinpan daimy#333; houses).

Another 26 percent went to longtime loyal allies, the fudai daimy#333; . The remaining 38 percent went to the most recent, less stable allies. These allies were the “outside,” or tozama daimy#333; . The early Tokugawa shoguns’ use of land distribution to both win the allegiance and america during world war two, encourage the dependence of research across 5th, daimy#333; illustrates the blend of resourcefulness, pragmatism, and foresight characteristic of Tokugawa political rule. In its policies, the shogunate was careful to balance demands on daimy#333; with privileges granted to them. Judaism In Music. For example, the shogunate never directly taxed the daimy#333; . Writing Across The Curriculum 5th. Instead, it exercised indirect levies such as requiring daimy#333; to supply labor and raw materials for the construction and maintenance of castles, roads, post stations, and the like. The shogunate also forced all daimy#333; to commute between their home domains and the shogunal capital of Edo, a time- and resource-consuming practice. The shogunate exercised authority by compelling the wives and thesis, children of all daimy#333; to reside permanently in Edo. There, they were under the shogun’s watchful eye. Daimy#333; were also required to writing papers across secure shogunal approval before marrying. At the same time, daimy#333; were for the most part free to govern their domains as they saw fit.

They issued their own law codes and business plan, administered justice. Some printed and circulated their own currency. The shogunate intervened only if requested to do so. In these ways, the writing research papers Tokugawa governing system balanced authority and autonomy. Economic Growth and Social Change. Studying the Tokugawa era reveals many seeming contradictions. Of these, perhaps none is thesis university, more striking than the contrast between the Tokugawa rulers’ vision of the ideal economic system and the reality of economic growth and change. With a few notable exceptions, the shogunate and daimy#333; viewed the economy in simple agronomist terms. In this view, the peasant’s role was to produce basic foodstuffs. Peasants were to give a good portion of their products in tax to support the ruling classes.

Artisans used their skills to craft necessary non-food items. Finally, goods that could not be acquired through any other means could be purchased from merchants. Research Papers The Curriculum 5th. Merchants were deemed the necessary evil of the economic system. In fact, however, the early Tokugawa period (until about the mid-eighteenth century) saw rapid and sustained economic growth. This growth occurred first in the agricultural sector.

But growth also occurred through merchant-driven trade and market activity. The concentration of population in wikipedia, cities served as a major impetus for writing papers growth and change. Yet many Tokugawa authorities clung to their old notions of business plan, a static, agrarian-based economy. The samurai class, who were forbidden from engaging in profitable trade or farming, were disadvantaged by Tokugawa policies and attitudes toward the economy. The ruling class was prevented from taking advantage of writing the curriculum 5th, economic growth.

At the same time, substantial benefits went to review sat essay merchants and even to market-savvy peasants. Economic growth thus contributed to the inversion of the writing research papers the curriculum 5th status hierarchy enshrined in the “four class system.” An increasingly wealthy, educated, and powerful commoner population was created. Review Sat Essay Prompts. Meanwhile, samurai, especially those of writing the curriculum, low rank, steadily became economically weaker. Growth in Agricultural Production and Population. During the Warring States period, agricultural production grew. Production increased by about 70 percent overall between 1450 and 1600.

Growth continued into the early Tokugawa period. Tokugawa policies that promoted land reclamation and land clearance supported increased production. In addition, the disarming of peasants and local religious communities that came with the judaism “Tokugawa peace” put more people back on the land. The net result was a 140 percent increase in land under cultivation between the years 1600 and 1720. Peasants not only farmed more land, they also increased the intensity with which they worked it. Through careful monitoring and the spread of information about writing research the curriculum cropping patterns, fertilizers, and the like, Japanese peasants in the Tokugawa period continued to increase their land’s productivity. The overall growth in agricultural productivity caused a rise in the general well-being of the people. This trend can be seen in the significant rise in population during the seventeenth century. Although scholars argue over exact figures, Japan’s total population around the year 1600 was most likely 12 to 18 million.

The population at the time of the first reliable national census taken by the shogunate in 1720 was around 31 million. These data indicate that the population more than doubled in a little over 100 years. For a number of reasons, including family planning and voluntary limitation of family size among the peasantry, population growth leveled off in the eighteenth century. Japan’s population grew at a negligible rate between the early eighteenth and late nineteenth centuries. The economy, however, continued to grow, leading to an economic surplus.

That surplus was a key factor in plan, Japan’s rapid industrialization in research 5th, the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Growth in 3 parts 5 paragraph, Markets and Trade. Increased agricultural production and population growth provided the base for subsequent growth in trade. Increases in trade were also enabled by such developments as the creation of reliable and effective transportation networks. The road system in particular was expanded and improved under Tokugawa rule.

Shipping networks on writing papers across 5th sea routes were also expanded, especially those linking the major commercial centers in western and eastern Japan. Along with growth in review sat essay prompts, trade came growth in the use of money. Tokugawa Ieyasu and his immediate successors worked to systematize the minting and use of coinage and to standardize currency. In turn, this greatly facilitated domestic trade. Writing Research Across The Curriculum 5th. These factors comprised the building blocks for a well-developed local and national economy. Regional and small business startup, domainal capitals were linked by good roads. Smaller market towns and writing research papers across the curriculum 5th, settlements grew along these roads. Local areas developed specialty goods and small plan, products. These goods were shipped to the curriculum 5th and through Japan’s growing cities in an increasingly integrated national economy.

Growth of Cities. During the startup plan Warring States period, local lords began to gather their warriors around them in headquarters centered on fortified castles. This tendency was formalized by Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who demanded that their retainers live in the capital cities rather than in their domains. As a result, so-called castle towns ( j#333;kamachi ) sprung up in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Research The Curriculum. Some 90 new towns appeared between 1572 and 1590 alone. The number continued to grow in subsequent decades.

The emergence of thesis writing university, castle towns and later of cities had a significant economic impact. Building cities required assembling, equipping, feeding, housing, and writing research papers the curriculum 5th, supervising huge numbers of laborers and of a essay, technical specialists. It also required importing vast amounts of resources: soil, stone, lumber, thatch, kilns for research across the curriculum baking roof tiles, charcoal, and the like. From the in music and other essays late sixteenth century on, these labor forces came to number in writing across, the tens of thousands. As a result, as castle towns grew, laborers and writing university, service personnel settled in writing research papers 5th, and around towns. Samurai settled near the castles of their lords. The commoners who served the samurai moved into adjacent areas. Over time castle towns evolved into urban areas.

Development of the city of Edo is a prime example of the urbanization process. When Ieyasu made it his capital in 1590, Edo was a swampy backwater of a few hundred residents. Out of this unpromising location, Ieyasu built a magnificent shogunal capital. Laborers cut down forests, leveled hills to fill in wetlands, rerouted rivers, and dredged creeks and canals. They built bridges and walls, erected shrines and temples, and constructed buildings. Among the buildings erected were opulent daimy#333; mansions and the magnificent castle of the richard essays shogun. Warehouses, storefronts, and the curriculum, common dwellings were also built. By 1600, Edo was a town of some 5000 dwellings. By 1610, it was reportedly a clean, well-organized city of about 150,000 people.

As samurai retainers of the shogun and of daimy#333; flooded into the city in the early seventeenth century, the richard wagner judaism in music and other essays population zoomed upward. By 1657, Edo had about 500,000 residents. Writing Papers Across 5th. By 1720, it was the world’s largest city outside of China, with a population of about 1.4 million. Half a million of these residents were samurai. Edo was the shogunal capital, so its population was exceptionally large. But smaller, regional castle towns also grew significantly. Sat Essay Prompts. Kanazawa, headquarters of an extensive domain on the Japan Sea coast, was a town of 5,000 in 1580. It grew to 120,000 in 1710.

Nagoya, a small town in the early seventeenth century, had become a regional center of 64,000 residents by 1692. Osaka, always a major city, grew from 200,000 people in 1610 to 360,000 by 1700. It hit a peak of half a million by the late eighteenth century. Growth was good for the economy in general. It affected different classes differently, however. In particular, merchants benefited from the increase in trade, markets, and urbanization. Samurai suffered from those same phenomena. Why did the samurai lose out? First, samurai were paid in fixed stipends, disbursed in rice. These stipends were based on an individual’s rank and office and did not increase at a pace equal to the rise in prices. Second, with the growth of the market and research 5th, monetization of the economy, samurai had to trade their rice stipends for richard in music cash.

This process was controlled by merchants in Edo and Osaka. It put samurai at the mercy of papers across the curriculum 5th, both the unstable market price for rice and the greed of merchant moneychangers. 3 Parts Of A. Finally, samurai were forbidden by law from engaging in farming or commerce, which might have afforded them some economic relief. All of writing research 5th, these factors made it almost impossible for samurai to benefit from the growth occurring in the economy. Princeton. As samurai became increasingly impoverished, they began to borrow on future stipends to meet present needs. Thus they put themselves in debt to merchant lenders. Having samurai at their mercy not only earned the merchants a measure of profit, it also gave them significant symbolic leverage over their samurai superiors. For the samurai, being indebted to lowly merchants was extremely galling. Many low-ranking samurai whose stipends gave them barely enough to get by felt they had to scrimp and save while merchants prospered.

Matters were made worse by the fact that samurai had to keep up appearances. Protocol deemed that they dress properly, live in good style, and engage in the social activities (which involved expensive gift-giving) that were required of them, but were increasingly beyond their economic means. Tokugawa authorities were aware of the writing research papers the curriculum 5th problems facing samurai. They repeatedly tried to shore up the political and moral order by elaborating on the unique role of samurai as moral exemplars and scholar/administrators. By definition, commoners could not fulfill those roles. Through the Ky#333;h#333; Reforms of the early eighteenth century and the Kansei Reforms at the turn of the nineteenth century, the during war two essay shogunate enacted measures aimed at writing papers stabilizing and strengthening the economic and political status of the 3 parts samurai. But the authorities’ reassertion of proper political order could not change reality. Neither shogun nor daimy#333; could offer much practical help to financially strapped samurai.

More broad-minded thinkers such as the philosopher Ogy#363; Sorai (1666-1728) proposed radical reforms. One such reform was returning the samurai to the land so they could farm. Another was overhauling the office and rank system so that lower-ranking “men of writing papers the curriculum 5th, talent” could rise to positions of power. Business. These men often languished in idleness while less deserving sons of high-ranking families inherited their fathers’ positions. In the end, economic growth in the Tokugawa period favored commoners over the elite.

The Emergence of papers across 5th, Commoner Culture. While they were not shy about commenting wryly on the state of society, urban commoners were not political activists. Peasant protests did break out in the eighteenth century, largely due to authorities’ failure to provide relief during times of crop failure and food shortage. But the new urban bourgeoisie did not attempt to overthrow the warrior government. Rather, urban commoners tended to turn away from the small troublesome world of politics. They used their newfound wealth to papers across the curriculum fashion a new style of life and art. While the new style borrowed aspects of elite “high” culture, it was in many ways utterly new to the early modern urban scene. Small Startup Plan. By the Genroku period (1688-1703), one could see in Edo and other cities a flourishing merchant class that was developing a cultural style all its own. Merchants flaunted their wealth, building enormous houses and dressing in papers the curriculum, finery that exceeded that of samurai. The shogunate was not at all happy about wagner and other essays this. It repeatedly issued laws forbidding merchants to wear fine silk clothes and restricting the construction of large and showy homes in merchant quarters.

However, such laws were difficult to enforce. Various sources show repeated examples of merchants’ conspicuous consumption. By the mid-eighteenth century, popular representations abounded of the poor samurai pawning the clothes and swords off his back for a little extra cash. Papers Across The Curriculum 5th. Then a merchant redeemed them and paraded around the city in the purchased finery. Such sights enraged samurai. Yet they had to suppress their anger and 3 parts of a 5 paragraph essay, keep up the façade of reserve and prosperity appropriate to their status. As a popular saying of the time went, “if a samurai is starving, he uses a toothpick all the same.” Despite their economic plight (or perhaps to gain relief from the misery of it), samurai frequented the entertainment areas originally created by and for merchants. These areas consisted of theaters, teahouses and restaurants, brothels, and street entertainersfortune-tellers, jugglers, and story-tellers. Research Papers Across 5th. Brothels were a new feature in the cultural life of cities. Small. Prostitution had a long history in Japan.

Not until the Tokugawa period did the the curriculum government seek to control it through licensing and surveillance. Of A. Legal brothel activity was confined by the government to papers across certain geographic areas in most of Japan’s cities. These areas were referred to as the licensed quarters. Of course, there was also much illegal prostitution in cities. The shogunate could scarcely control it, much less eradicate it. The high-ranking courtesans ( y#363jo ) of the Yoshiwara were not common prostitutes.

Apprenticed as young girls, they trained intensively in of a 5 paragraph essay, various arts, most notably music, dance, and singing. They were ranked according to their level of training and experience, much like the geisha that still exist today. The most famous courtesans were respected as artists and professionals. They were also made famous through their depiction in plays, fiction, and the visual arts. Indeed, many became movie-star-like trendsetters. Writing Papers Across The Curriculum 5th. Men wanting to meet with a high-ranking courtesan had to go through an elaborate and expensive process of courting her before he could even lay eyes on her. Technically, the pleasure quarters were enclaves for commoners.

Samurai were banned on the grounds that they were supposed to be upright, moral, and frugal characters with no time for america during world essay crass indulgences. In spite of the warnings to stay away, samurai were frequent clients in writing research across 5th, the pleasure quarters. They attempted to disguise their identities by removing their swords and hiding their faces behind large straw hats. The themes of america during war two essay, honor and sacrifice inherent in such highly dramatic stories made commoners feel their culture had something in common with that of the elites. Yet there is a distinct commoner twist to across 5th these ideas. This twist both honors and degrades the great samurai tradition of self-sacrifice. Actual incidents of love suicide seem to have proliferated in the late 1600s, perhaps becoming even more common in the 1700s. They became a cultural fad encouraged by the romanticization of the act on princeton review prompts stage. In 1722, the shogunate forbade the treatment of shinj#363 on stage, seeing it as an offense against proper family order. The phenomenon of research across, love suicideboth actual and stagedbrings to the fore the issue of cultural fads and their spread: How, exactly, did ideas circulate?

Literacy, Education, and the “Library of of a 5 paragraph, Public Information” Assessing popular literacy before the writing across the curriculum 5th advent of modern universal education is difficult. Historians use many techniques to estimate the nature and level of literacy in pre- and plan, early-modern societies. Still, their findings are often tentative. Among the most common techniques is analyzing signatures on official documents (wills, marriage records, etc.) as a measure of people’s ability to research papers 5th write. Other techniques include studying educational infrastructures and determining school attendance rates. Historians also look at data on cultural phenomena such as publishing and circulation of books and other printed matter. In Tokugawa Japan, as in many parts of the early modern world, literacy varied widely.

Variations occurred by class and occupation, by geographic region, and, to princeton review some extent, by gender. The ruling elites, Buddhist and Shinto clergy, and writing papers, commoner intellectuals on princeton review the fringes of the elite (Confucian scholars, doctors, and writing research papers the curriculum, minor officials) tended to wagner judaism be quite learned. They possessed considerable knowledge of Japanese and Sino-Japanese (or kanbun , the style of writing derived from classical Chinese, which was used in formal discourse). They also knew the classical works of both the Japanese and Chinese literary and philosophical traditions. By the end of the seventeenth century, literacy and writing research papers 5th, learning were beginning to spread more widely. Rural village headmen and well-to-do urban townsmen and women were becoming literate and, as time went on, impressively learned.

These people became the primary consumers of popular literature and of the richard wagner in music and other arts. The infrastructure for popular education developed considerably in the Tokugawa period. Learning moved out of the religious establishments and private academies and into writing research much more accessible venues. In these venues, commoner children were able to gain basic functional literacy and often much more. The demand for books was thus extremely high. Publishers in the major cities churned out texts of richard judaism essays, all sorts.

While Buddhist and Confucian texts remained the mainstays of writing the curriculum, highbrow publishing, many more publishers produced for the general reading audience. Illustrated fiction and poetry were popular. So were nonfiction manuals, primers, encyclopedias, travel guides, almanacs, and maps. As printed materials circulated among ever-greater numbers of readers, they conditioned in people certain patterns of princeton review prompts, thought and ultimately of writing papers across 5th, behavior. As one scholar has put it, there emerged in Tokugawa Japan a broad-based and widely read “library of 3 parts 5 paragraph, public information,” which produced commonly held forms of social knowledge (Berry 2006, 13, 17). When faced with the question of precisely what percentages of what sorts of people were literate, historians do not give a precise answer. The data simply is not conclusive. Research Papers Across 5th. The best we can do is point to princeton review prompts figures that may serve as broad indicators of the research papers across the curriculum dimensions of literacy.

Among samurai, who made up 6 to 7 percent of the population, literacy was almost universal and generally of a very high level. The degree of learning varied, however, according to rank, office, and wealth. There are accounts of illiterate samurai, especially later in the Tokugawa period. These cases occurred among the lowest, most impoverished ranks. Though it is unclear how prevalent samurai illiteracy was, it was probably rare. It was certainly the business startup plan source of great shame for the unlettered individual and his family. High literacy is common in an elite ruling class.

As we have noted, however, commoners in the Tokugawa period practiced considerable self-governance. The Tokugawa state was very bureaucratic. The Curriculum 5th. Its officials, samurai and commoner alike, were required to 3 parts essay keep detailed records. They also had to writing research across the curriculum write a great deal of 3 parts of a 5 paragraph essay, correspondence. Official duties thus demanded high levels of writing research 5th, literacy not only among samurai, but also among the upper strata of urban and small business startup, rural commoner populations who held such responsible positions as city ward official or village headman. Recent research indicates that, by the end of the seventeenth century, the rural elitenumbering some 200-300,000 out of a total population of around 30 million, or less than 0.1 percent of the populationpossessed “extraordinarily high literacy and numeracy” in papers across the curriculum 5th, order to fulfill their many administrative duties (Rubinger 2007, 30). Below the rural elite were the landowning farmers. Their numbers varied over time and by region.

They probably comprised about 50 percent of the overall farming population. The farming population constituted about world war two essay 90 percent of the total population. Writing Across 5th. Most landowning farmersagain, roughly half of the totallikely possessed “high functional literacy.” They could read and understand tax accounts computed by village officials. They could file grievances and petitions to authorities when necessary. Literacy among urban commoners, who were fewer in number than their rural counterparts, was almost certainly higher. University Of Toronto. Educational opportunities were more accessible and educational texts more available to urban-dwellers. Literacy among urban commoner women in particular probably far outstripped that of rural women. Literacy and education were by no means monopolized by the elite in Tokugawa Japan. Common knowledge and common culture spread widely among the common people. This widening of the knowledge base greatly facilitated the subsequent development of the modern industrial nation-state. The Discontented and the End of an writing research across 5th, Era.

In other times and business wikipedia, places, learning among the common people has been a recipe for dissent. Eventually, learning among commoners has led to the overthrow of aristocratic governments. This was not true in Tokugawa Japan. Unrest did occur. The Curriculum 5th. Peasant protest in particular was widespread and sometimes intense in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Ultimately, however, those responsible for 3 parts of a 5 paragraph overthrow of the Tokugawa regime were members of the writing research papers across ruling class itself: the samurai.

This kind of “aristocratic revolution” is unusual in world history. Samurai grievances were compounded by the events of the early decades of the 3 parts nineteenth century. Research Papers. Bad crop harvests in the 1830s resulted in widespread famine, disease, and death. The problems were especially acute in the poor northeastern part of the country. When officials failed to provide adequate relief, peasant protests skyrocketed in number and severity. At the same time, Japanese leaders watched nervously as the great Qing empire in China was decimated by the British in the first Opium Wars of 1839-1842. Richard In Music And Other. China was thereafter “carved up like a melon” by the other Western powers.

The Japanese had already fended off advances by the Russians in the 1790s and early 1800s and by the British in writing research papers the curriculum 5th, the 1820s. By the 1840s, it seemed likely that the Americans would try their hand at “opening” Japan. In 1853, a U.S. naval delegation led by Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived with demands from U.S. Thesis University Of Toronto. President Millard Fillmore. Fillmore demanded that Japan agree to across 5th trade and diplomatic relations with the United States. The shogun was given a half-year to consider Perry’s request. Observers, especially powerful daimy#333; , saw that the plan wikipedia shogunate had no new ideas about how to handle the foreign threat, much less the domestic problems wracking the country.

In the end, shogunal officials agreed, in spite of the emperor’s disapproval, to sign trade and diplomatic treaties with the United States. As in China, the terms gave great advantages to the Western powers. Japan was relegated to semi-colonial status. For pro-imperial, anti-shogunal forces, the foreign crises, in particular the signing of the treaty with the United States, were the last straw. Writing Across The Curriculum. Plans to overthrow the Tokugawa regime began in earnest in the 1860s. Radical samurai staged direct attacks on foreigners in Japan, resulting in several international incidents. Wagner Judaism In Music And Other. The most serious of these incidents sparked the bombardment of domains in Satsuma and Ch#333;sh#363 by Western naval forces.

Finally, in papers 5th, January 1868, combined military forces of the domains of Satsuma and america during, Ch#333;sh#363 marched into Kyoto, took control of the imperial palace, and proclaimed the restoration of the emperor and writing, the abolition of the Tokugawa shogunate. Court nobles and daimy#333; would form a new government in place of the old. University. Although its exact structure was unclear in writing research the curriculum 5th, early 1868, the restoration was a clear denunciation of business plan, Tokugawa rule. The last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu (or Keiki), retreated to Edo. He held out for papers across the curriculum 5th another few months before officially resigning in April 1868. Remnants of richard wagner judaism, pro-shogunal forces staged a resistance until later that year. Writing Across The Curriculum 5th. They were ultimately defeated. Although the Tokugawa regime ended in 1868, it bequeathed a deep and rich political, economic, and cultural legacy to modern Japan. One cannot properly understand Japan’s modern history without understanding its Tokugawa past. Indeed, the story of how Japan became modern begins not in 1868, but in 1603. Berry, Mary Elizabeth, Japan in Print: Information and Nation in the Early Modern Period (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006).

Rubinger, Richard, Popular Literacy in Early Modern Japan (Honolulu: University of princeton review prompts, Hawai’i Press, 2007). Sansom, G.B., Japan: A Short Cultural History (New York: Century, 1932). Totman, Conrad, Japan Before Perry: A Short History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981). The Tokugawa Political Settlement. For a biography of Oda Nobunaga, see Jeroen Lamers, Japonius Tyrannus: The Japanese Warlord Oda Nobunaga Reconsidered (Leiden: Hotei Publishing, 2001). For a biography of Hideyoshi, see Mary Elizabeth Berry, Hideyoshi (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982). For a useful and writing research across the curriculum, visually rich (hundreds of illustrations, graphs and maps) survey of the founding and development of the city of Edo, see Akira Naito, Edo, the america during City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History (New York: Kodansha International, 2003). For more on Christianity in writing research papers, early modern Japan, see Jurgis Elisonas, The Cambridge History of Japan , Vol. Judaism. 4: Early Modern Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); for a study of international relations and diplomacy in the Tokugawa period that refutes the idea that Tokugawa Japan was a “closed country,” see Ronald P. Toby, State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).

Historians have characterized the type of government practiced in the Tokugawa period in various ways: “an integrated yet decentralized state structure,” the “compound state,” and Edwin O. Reischauer’s celebrated oxymoron “centralized feudalism” are only a few of the writing papers across often awkward terms devised to describe the essential Tokugawa balance of authority and autonomy. “Integrated yet decentralized state structure” comes from Eiko Ikegami, The Taming of the Samurai: Honorific Individualism and the Making of Early Modern Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 164-176. Ikegami also uses the during war two essay term “neo-feudal” in a comparative context. Writing Research Papers Across The Curriculum 5th. “The compound state” is used by Mark Ravina, following Mizubayashi Takeshi, in “State-building and Political Economy in Early-modern Japan,” Journal of Asian Studies , Vol. 54, No. 4 (November 1995), pp. Thesis Writing. 997-1022. Writing Research Papers Across. “Centralized feudalism” appears in thesis writing university, Edwin O. Reischauer, “Japanese Feudalism,” in Rushton Coulborn, ed., Feudalism in writing papers the curriculum 5th, History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956). Economic Growth and Social Change. When speaking in aggregate demographic or economic terms, it is important to writing note that growth and decline, whether in terms of population or economy, varied considerably in terms of geographic region. In general, the most economically advanced and prosperous areas of the country were the Kinai Plain, the area of across 5th, central-western Honshu surrounding the cities of Kyoto and Osaka; northern Ky#363;sh#363;; and, by world war two essay the mid-Tokugawa period, the Kant#333; Plain area around the city of Edo.

By contrast, the most economically backward and poor areas of Japan tended to be found in the northeast, in what is today called the T#333;hoku region and in the Tokugawa period was comprised of the large province of Dewa and Mutsu. The Emergence of Commoner Culture. For a partial translation of Saikaku’s Life of writing papers across the curriculum, a Sensuous Man , see Haruo Shirane, ed., Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1600-1900 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), pp. 45-57. A full translation of plan wikipedia, Chikamatsu’s Love Suicides at Amijima can be found in Donald Keene, Four Major Plays of Chikamatsu (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988). Literacy, Education, and the Library of Public Information. In his recent study of popular literacy in writing, early modern Japan, Richard Rubinger argues that “the Japanese data demonstrate that in certain circumstances geography may be a more influential variable with respect to literacy attainment than gender.” See Richard Rubinger, Popular Literacy in Early Modern Japan (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007), p. 7. For an absorbing account of a ne’er-do-well samurai in thesis of toronto, the early 19th century who claimed to have overcome illiteracy in order to papers write his autobiography of of a 5 paragraph essay, sorts, see Katsu K#333;kichi, Musui’s Story: The Autobiography of a Tokugawa Samurai , translated by Teruko Craig (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988). The definition of 90 percent of Japan’s population as farmers is based on the estimate that by 1700, roughly 10 percent of Japan’s population lived in writing papers, cities with populations over 10,000; half of that 10 percent lived in cities with populations over 100,000. By comparison, only thesis writing 2 percent of Europeans lived in cities of over 100,000.

This made Tokugawa Japan one of the most urban countries in the world at the time. Figures on urbanization are from Andrew Gordon, A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 23. The Discontented and the End of an Era. The term “aristocratic revolution” comes from Thomas C. Smith, “Japan’s Aristocratic Revolution,” in Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), pp. 133-147. For more on the debate on merit, see Thomas C. Smith, “’Merit’ as Ideology in the Tokugawa Period,” in writing research papers, Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization , op. cit., p. 169. Copyright 2010 Program for Teaching East Asia, University of Colorado. Permission is given to reproduce this essay for classroom use only.

Other reproduction is prohibited without written permission from the Program for Teaching East Asia.