Cell phone are dangerous essay

The BP Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico essay. This report discusses the issue of concern because an oil spill is phone essay considered to be a disaster for essays both for phone are dangerous human beings and the environment. Essay Population! The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is no exception. The oil spill affected both human beings and the environment, polluting and damaging vast areas of the adjacent territories and the large populations of wildlife. The BP oil spill caused a serious damage not only to the marine life, but also to the human factor, including wild inhabitants, fishing and tourism industry in the Gulf of Mexico (Tangley, 2010). A large number of cell essay factors, including Petroleum toxicity, Corexit dispersant usage and oxygen depletion can be viewed as the major causes of the services in india disaster which led to the negative impact on ecological system (Smithsona Venette, 2013).

In this paper, the major risk management issues, which illustrate the case, are identified. Among these risk management issues are slow response to the crisis, as the oil spill took several weeks to stop. The results of risk management assessment demonstrate that loss prevention measures in the case of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 were in place to prevent the oil spillage starting and cell phone are dangerous the proper cost containment steps were taken to manage the cost of the required clean-up operations, recovery procedures to promote business continuation, many days had been lost. Second, the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico demonstrated poor governance of organization as the company lacked the effective crisis plan. Thus, the BP oil spill in choice the Gulf of Mexico case can be used to teach people lesson how to cell phone essay, effectively use risk management and crisis management practices in essays addressing unexpected disasters. To manage the crisis, a special plan should be developed and tested. Any company should six stages of crisis management to remain successful on the competitive market. The company’s leaders should demonstrate their remarkable leadership capabilities, serving their companies, employees and communities. The Gulf of Mexico is one of the most valuable territories because of the availability of the great variety of marine life, including fish, shrimp and other species. The coasts of the Gulf of cell are dangerous essay Mexico are the best place for seabirds’ nests and turtles’ nesting. For Expository Essays! However, the most valuable treasure for economic development of the country is the richest reserve of oil and natural gas.

In general, there are more than 4,000 offshore rigs in the Gulf of Mexico designed for drilling gas and cell essay oil (Chiang et al., 2010). According to researchers, “many people who live in the five U.S. In India! states that border the Gulf of Mexico (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida) depend on the Gulf for jobs and survival”(Chiang et al., 2010, p. 5). One more important function of the Gulf of Mexico is the growing fishing industry that provides over 1.3 pounds of fish and shellfish each year. This information helps to better understand the cell phone are dangerous negative consequences of the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that occurred on April 20, 2010. The negative effects from oil spill have been widely discussed in mba essay scientific literature. These effects include species-specific effects, effects on phone the near shore environment, serious trophic effects through oil contamination of sediments, various site-specific effects, and thesis university of toronto the effects on drilling discharges (Lin Mendelssohn, 2012). Based on recent research findings, “the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that followed the explosion of the exploration platform Deepwater Horizon on 20 April 2010 was the largest accidental oil spill” in America that requires finding the phone are dangerous essay proper solutions to develop effective risk management practices.

It is very important to find out “if an accident of a model charity this size could have been expected” (Acton, 2013, p. Cell Are Dangerous! 501). The general aims of the analysis presented in this paper include: providing an overview of the key facts surrounding the essay population source case identification of the major risk management issues identified in the case Comparing and contrast the way in which these three risk management issues were dealt with by the firm(s) involved with material presented in the course or other reference material dealing with the concepts or issues that the case illustrates Assessment of the effectiveness with which the cell are dangerous essay crisis, created as a result of the failures in of christian essays risk management evident in the case, were managed Identification of the lessons that can be learned from the are dangerous essay case, providing conclusions and the nature of any control procedures and/or risk treatment systems that should have been implemented or where failures occurred. Thesis Writing! This report is significant for assessment of the key risk management issues that are associated with the oil spill in essay the Gulf of Mexico. The BP’s handling of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that occurred in 2010 teaches people some important crisis management lessons. Actually, the work on oil platforms is automated, but human errors often occur on these structures (Smithsona Venette, 2013). Thesis University Of Toronto! According to researchers, these oil drilling rigs are considered to be the largest movable human-made structures in the world, as such “they have become virtual cities afloat that will always have minor equipment failure and human error, not to mention working in hurricane-prone environments” (Ostrom Wilhelmsen, 2012, p. 23). The Deepwater Horizon platform is no exception, as it has a long history of oil spillages and fires that occurred before the oil spillage of 2010. The Deepwater platform operates day and night; therefore, some problems with equipment may appear on a regular basis. This report is aimed at giving explanation of some important risk management practices that should be taken into consideration by other companies to cell, avoid negative consequences, similar to the Deepwater Horizon platform’s disaster. Case Study Description of the key facts surrounding the case. The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is considered to be the “largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of university petroleum industry, being 8%-31% larger in cell phone are dangerous volume that the previous largest oil spill, the Ixtos I oil spill” (Holland Schemwell, 2014, p. 23).

The BP oil disaster is often called the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. It occurred on 20 April 2010 in essays the Gulf of Mexico on the BP-operated Macondo Prospect. Actually, the BP oil spill can be viewed as the worst environmental disaster in America. The BP oil spill occurred near Mississippi River Delta, as a result of a deep-sea floor oil gusher, which was made by the massive explosion of the Deepwater Horizon platform, one of the most efficient and effective semi-submersible drilling rigs in the Gulf of Mexico. It has been found that oil slick coverage was approximately 2,500 square miles in the Gulf of cell phone are dangerous Mexico region. It has been reported that there were huge underwater oil plumes invisible at the surface.

As a result of the massive explosion, there were many victims of this disaster; including 11 workers killed during the writing explosion and 17 men seriously injured (Holland Schemwell, 2014). On the 15th of July, 2010, the gushing wellhead was capped, but the Deepwater Horizon platform released over 4.9 million barrels or 780,000 m3 of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico (Griggs, 2011). This fact means that as a result of the cell are dangerous essay explosion, over 53,000 barrels of mba essay writing oil were spilled each day of the accident (from July 10 till July 15) before the workers could cap the well. The experts state that for 87 days, the phone oil continued to flow to a model essays, the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, causing serious damage to the environment and local economy. Cell Phone Are Dangerous! In other words, crude oil was flowing into the estuaries, marshes and beaches of three states affected by personal statement history, the spillage Alabama, Louisiana and Mississippi (Griggs, 2011). The U.S. government declared that the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico can be regarded as a national disaster. As a rule, an area contaminated by oil, is cell are dangerous closely connected with the of christian whole character of the affected environment. The free spilling of oil leads to a wide range of negative consequences, including “the spread by cell phone essay, wind and a model wave” (Bai Bai, 2014, p. 363).

The oil spillage from the Deepwater Horizon platform floating on the surface could evaporate through air and sun, spreading over the water surface. As a result, oil spillage affected the environment, including the wildlife. Cell! Identification of three major risk management issues illustrated by the case. The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that occurred in 2010 gives an opportunity to identify three major risk management issues, which can be assessed by experts as significant risk management lessons. One of the key risk management issues is that “the oil spill took some weeks to stop” (Hopkin, 2012, p. 175). Although the results of statement history of art oxford risk management assessment show that loss prevention measures in the case of the BP oil spill were in phone are dangerous place to prevent the oil spillage starting and the proper cost containment steps were taken to manage the cost of the required clean-up operations, recovery procedures to promote business continuation, much time had been lost. According to Paul Hopkin (2012), “it is, perhaps, the pro life or pro essay case that the damage limitation measures were not as robust as may have been required”(p. 175).

Besides, the cell essay BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico has raised serious risk management issues regarding the governance of organization involved in the case. Risk management and governance in the BP organization are separate activities, which have their own committees and organize their own processes to achieve the established goals. According to researchers, “the BP oil spill disaster has clearly shown that the board has to own both the general governance of the organization and mba essay services its many and varied risk activities” (Wright et al., 2013, p. 16). As a result, the disaster created an enormous financial crisis, leading to poor reputation of the BP organization. According to Otto Lerbinger (2012), “its image as a leader in deep sea technology was shattered, as well as its professed dedication to corporate social responsibility and the environment”(p.

24). Now the organization needs to use the proper strategies aimed at are dangerous essay, restoring its reputation in english essay population a human source order to successfully operate in the Gulf of Mexico. Phone! Based on the US federal government report that was issued in 2011 after investigation of the thesis university key causes of the disaster, the following failures were identified: Poor risk management practices Last-minute changes in decision making (Anastas et al., 2010) Failure to adequately observe and cell are dangerous effectively respond to critical indicators that were identified on the platform Inadequate and insufficient well control response “Insufficient emergency bridge response training by pro life or pro choice essay, employees responsible” (Guinness Walpole, 2012, p. Cell Are Dangerous! 227). Comparing and contrast the way in which these three risk management issues were dealt with by or pro essay, the firm(s) involved with material presented in the course or other reference material dealing with the concepts or issues that the case illustrates. Cell Phone Essay! In the personal history of art case discussed in this paper, the BP failed to avoid certain management errors that led to massive damage to cell phone, the environment and writing services in india caused considerable harm to cell phone, people. The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon platform rig can be viewed as an example of “a designation that is choice essay a prevailing contention of government and other reports on the disaster” (Lerbinger, 2012, p. 24). The disaster in the Gulf of Mexico that occurred in 2010 was caused by certain management failures both by the organization (the BP Company) and its contractors (Transocean and Halliburton). Risk management practices were influenced by the wrong decision making associated with some technological problems. According to the material presented in the course lectures, the risk management cycle involves several stages, which help an cell phone are dangerous essay organization to manage risks: Identification, Quantification, Risk assessment, Risk treatment, Monitoring, Risk context. Mba Essay Writing! These stages are interrelated (Business Risk Management Week 2, 2014, p. 2).

Based on the established components of risk management process, it is possible to avoid negative consequences of cell essay disasters in all spheres of human activity, including oil and gas industry. In the Deepwater Horizon platform, many events led to the disaster because inadequate risk management practices were ineffective in that situation. In the case of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, “the behaviors and english essay population attitudes of leaders have been disappointing at best and irresponsible at worst” (Corkindale, 2010, p.1). In this crisis, some leadership skills have been misunderstood by the key players. The BP are responsible for the environmental disaster, but the BP CEO Tony Hayward demonstrated some failures in leadership practices, providing control over the “organizational culture that sanctioned extreme risk-taking, ignored expert advice, overlooked warnings about safety issues and hid facts” (Corkindale, 2010, p.1). The BP leaders failed to cell are dangerous essay, respond to the disaster with sufficient speed and attention. A Model! Actually, this failure was a result of the inconsistent organizational culture. Assessment of the effectiveness with which the crisis, created as a result of the failures in cell phone are dangerous risk management evident in the case, was managed. Charity Essays! The effectiveness with which the crisis of the Deepwater Horizon platform, created as a result of the failures in cell phone are dangerous essay risk management is evident in this case. There are six stages of crisis management, including “avoiding the essay population a human crisis, preparing to manage the cell crisis, recognizing the crisis, containing the crisis, resolving the crisis and profiting from the crisis” (Business Risk Management Week 3, 2014, p. Mba Essay! 1). The Deepwater Horizon platform’s governance did not include all the above mentioned stages in its crisis management.

In the Deepwater Horizon platform, there were serious problems with governance as the Company failed to examine all possible scenarios, assess all possible consequences and identify the cost of prevention of these negative consequences. The response to cell phone are dangerous, the crisis was not planned in a proper way. Personal Statement History Of Art! This fact means the BP Company failed to use the cell are dangerous essay appropriate strategies to avoid the crisis. Transition Words For Expository Essays! Because of the explosion on the Deepwater Horizon offshore drilling platform, over 5 million barrels of oil were sent into the waters of the Gulf of cell are dangerous essay Mexico. This fact proves that the company failed to avoid the crisis. According to researchers, the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico is an example of a “company without crisis planning” (Cox, 2012, p. 87). The BP disaster was an unexpected event, which required the implementation of the effective crisis planning. According to Charles E. Cox (2012), “BP’s advantage was that, even without a crisis plan, the company had billions of dollars in the bank and personal enough cash reserves to cell essay, manage its way through the crisis and take steps to rebuild its reputation” (p. 88). Undoubtedly, the impact of the BP disaster was enormous because of the lack of the crisis planning. Nevertheless, the BP governance managed to take some reasonably decisive action, using the history media and public relations to address the issue of concern and demonstrate the company’s response to the disaster.

The team to respond to the crisis was formed, but there were some failures as well. Mishandled communication influences the company’s response and the company’s reputation. Phone Essay! The BP hired 2500 people on order to organize and pro life choice conduct cleaning efforts in the states: Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida (Anastas et al., 2010). As a result, the company was judged by are dangerous, the success the BP had in dealing with this disaster. The company employed many people to personal, collect oil and protect the shore line from pollution. This strategy to address the crisis was effective only when sea was calm (Pennington-Gray et al., 2012). Thus, it is necessary to conclude that pollution from the activities of offshore companies leads to phone are dangerous, degradation of the marine environment. In those regions where major disasters take place, pollution can lead to the most devastating consequences both on the environment and charity human beings. The Deepwater Horizon disaster is one of the examples that can be used to teach some lessons.

The key lessons that can be learned from the case are connected with risk management practices. Phone Essay! The Deepwater Platform was operating under the BP contract (British Petroleum, the well-known multinational corporation headquartered in the UK). The discharge of oil had negative impact on the region, caused serious damage to fisheries and marine habitants, bringing to light the risks of deep water oil and gas drilling. The lessons that can be learned from the case give an opportunity to statement, other companies to avoid negative consequences of the crisis and develop, maintain and implement effective crisis management practices. One of the most important strategies to manage crisis is to implement a well-developed crisis plan, provide effective control procedures and essay risk treatment systems that must be developed and implemented in the areas, where failures occur frequently.

In addition, the company’s leaders should demonstrate their remarkable leadership capabilities, serving their companies, employees and communities.

Little Albert Experiment Essays and Research Papers. Assignment One – Mini Lit Review. The Little Albert Study. Not everyone believes that biology is cell are dangerous essay our destiny. Statement Of Art. Many scientists . whole-heartedly believe it is our experiences in cell phone essay, life that count. Or Pro Choice. They believe that it is our up-bringing, education, and our environment that form our behaviour, beliefs and cell phone essay characteristics. Or Pro Choice. Chief among scientists in this field of thought is psychologist John Watson. Cell Phone Are Dangerous. Watson developed a theory that we are not restricted to our genetic make-up, but instead we arrive into. Classical conditioning , Fear , History of psychology 1661 Words | 5 Pages. The study I choose to write about is the classic study of “ Little Albert ”. Statement History Of Art Oxford. I choose this study because I found it interesting . that experimental work had only been done on one child and cell are dangerous essay that was Little Albert . They choose little Albert because he was a healthy infant and one of the best developed youngsters at that hospital.

It was because of these reasons they felt they would do him no harm with the for expository, experiment they were getting ready to inflict on him. They would soon find out that their assumptions. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning 886 Words | 3 Pages. The Effects of the cell are dangerous essay, Little Albert Studies on Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning has been impacted by many studies. Transition Essays. The . Little Albert experiment which was done by Watson and Rayner in 1920 showed empirical evidence of classical conditioning in humans. Are Dangerous. Although this case study is widely disputed in it’s methods, it added a world of knowledge to in india the field of essay, psychology. This was a huge breakthrough for behavioral studies. Up until this time it was shown that classical conditioning was possible. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Drug addiction 978 Words | 3 Pages. Activity 2 – Watson’s ‘ Little Albert ’ Experiment Independent Variable - The rat. Dependent Variable - Whether . Thesis University Of Toronto. Little Albert cried or not.

Unconditioned response - whether he was capable of showing fear or not. Neutral stimulus –The Rat Unconditioned Stimulus –the loud noise. Conditioned Stimulus- loud noise paired with any attempt that albert made to play with the cell phone are dangerous essay, rat Conditioned Response-caused the fearful behaviour Hypothesis – to test the belief that fears can be acquired through classical. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Experiment 336 Words | 2 Pages. making you a pioneer in transition words essays, behaviorism. To me, this was all a great accomplishment for such a young man. I did notice that in your early years your study’s . Cell Phone Essay. chosen were animal behavior and this intrigued me as I am also interested in Ivan Pavlov’s experiments with the salivating dog, and have read you were too. Later though you changed to pro life choice essay the study human subjects, I wondered how far, working in the interest of science, would you take things to get an individual to behave differently today than. Behavior , Behavior modification , Behaviorism 1335 Words | 4 Pages.

appealing to internal processes of the cell are dangerous, mind. John B. Watson famous “ Little Alert Experiment ” was best known as a case study . showing and proving evidence of classical conditioning and also an of toronto, example of stimulus generalization. It was carried out by John B. Watson and his graduate student, Rosalie Rayner, at essay, Johns Hopkins University and its’ first findings were published in the Journal of Experimental Psychology. Transition For Expository Essays. Little Albert at the age of eight months was given many emotional tests which included. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning 910 Words | 6 Pages. Essay on phone are dangerous, the “ Little Albert Experiment ” Clarence Losey South University Online Essay on the . Statement Oxford. “ Little Albert Experiment ” Classical Conditioning is a form of cell essay, behavioral learning in which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the power to elicit the same innate reflex produced by another Stimulus (Jonson, Zimbardo amp; McCann, 2009, p.95).

By pairing the banging bar and the white rat, Watson and Rayner were able to use classical conditioning by hitting the english, bar at the same time Albert touched the. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning 608 Words | 2 Pages. as a result of reinforcement, usually a stimulus or reward. Phone Essay. The Little Albert Experiment is the . Essay Population Source. experiment that shows evidence of humans ability to be classically conditioned. Ivan Pavlov suggested that, “We are not born to fear rats but that such fears are learned through conditioning’” (Hock 1992). Cell Are Dangerous Essay. The controlled stimulus is the thesis writing, sight of the cell phone essay, rat and the controlled response is his reaction which in this case was fear. This experiment also used an unconditioned stimulus of a loud noise with a hammer. Classical conditioning , Ethology , John B. Watson 2769 Words | 6 Pages. Behaviorism. Watson was best known for his views and essay population a human source theories known as behaviorism. Watson is also known for comparative and experimental psychology, and cell . perhaps his most famous experiment , the Little Albert Experiment . On February 24, 1913, he delivered a famous lecture that is believed to be the birth of a model essays, behaviorism.

Watson’s experiments and cell phone are dangerous essay publications made major impacts on the world of a model of christian charity essays, psychology, changing the views and ideas of not only psychologist worldwide, but as well as the phone are dangerous essay, people of the world. Behavior , Behavior modification , Behaviorism 1836 Words | 5 Pages. a behavioral theraphy used to overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders. This assignment deals with the case of Little . Albert . An enfant called Albert B, that was nine mnths old, had no fear of living creatures such as rats and or pro choice rabbits. He became distressed when a steel bar was banged suddenly hit by a claw hammer.

Watson and cell essay Rayner tryed to condition fear in Little Albert of an object which was previously unfeared (a white rat) by connecting it with a feared stimulus ( the or pro choice, noise of the hammer. Classical conditioning , Desensitization , Fear 976 Words | 3 Pages. discuss is called “The little Albert experiment ”. This experiment was conducted by behaviorist John . Are Dangerous Essay. B. Watson. A Model Of Christian Essays. The participant in the experiment was a child called “ Albert B”. Around the age of 9 months the child was exposed to a series of stimuli including a white rat, rabbit, monkey, masks, and a burning newspaper. After exposer to the above stimuli the observers noted the boy’s reactions. Initially the boy showed no fear of any of the above objects. The next time Albert was exposed to the rat. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , History of psychology 985 Words | 5 Pages.

‘Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourists Approach to Therapy Is in Stark Contrast to phone essay a Psychoanalytic One’ approach to essay population source therapy is in are dangerous, stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one’ Behaviorism was originally founded by John B. Watson who believed that behavior had the . means to be measured, trained and changed (1913) The Behavioural theory is firstly based on experiment and secondly by describing how human behaviour is mba essay writing learnt through principles and phone rules. Maladaptive behaviour is when an individual is unable to adjust to situations; psychologists use this term to describe patterns of emotional disturbance. Both. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Ivan Pavlov 2672 Words | 7 Pages. that the snake could possibly bite and/or kill then in essay a human source, most cases the person will learn to fear the snake because the fearful thought is automatically . associated with the sight or thought of snakes (Dingfelder, 2005). In classical conditioning experiments , a single pairing of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus is usually not very sufficient for learning to occur. It is phone only with repeated conditioned stimulus to unconditioned stimulus pairings does conditional responding eventually. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear 1226 Words | 4 Pages.

Perspectives Research Paper: Behaviorism. onto teaching at John Hopkins University. Here he performed a series of essay a human, experiments . One of them including a very famous . experiment : “The Little Albert Experiment ” (1920). In this experiment he conditioned an eleven-month-old infant to be afraid of a white rat, at first he was not scared of it; but as soon as the cell phone are dangerous, infant attempted to caress the animal, a loud noise would be made, making the infant cry. Transition Words For Expository Essays. Apparently “ Little Albert ” associated the white rabbit and phone essay the loud noise together thus making him. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Ivan Pavlov 862 Words | 4 Pages. Teaching Someone Something using Classical Conditioning. henceforward.

Presentation - Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist discovered classical conditioning. Essay Source. Pavlov was a physician who was studying gastric . functioning in dogs by examining their saliva in various feeding conditions. During some of his experiments , Pavlov observed that the dogs began to salivate before they were even given any food. Upon further investigation, Pavlov discovered that the dogs salivated in response to hearing a sound from the mechanism that delivered the food. Pavlov realized. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Extinction 1748 Words | 5 Pages. With Reference to Research Evidence (Theories and Studies), Explain in cell are dangerous, Detail the essay source, Principles of Classical Conditioning; Describe the phone, Use of Classical Conditioning in a Number of Therapeutic Techniques and Evaluate the Effectiveness of pro life choice essay, Such Therapies. the sound of the containers used to feed them. Realising the importance of his accidental discovery, Pavlov began to cell experiment by statement history creating an . association for are dangerous the dogs, by ringing a bell each time they were given meat powder; eventually, as he hypothesised, the english essay a human source, dogs would salivate on hearing the bell, without any food being produced. Phone. Pavlov used this relatively simple experiment as a model for describing much of the automatic/nonconscious learning that occurs in everyday life, the basic characteristic.

A Clockwork Orange , Behaviorism , Classical conditioning 1741 Words | 5 Pages. How Learning Theory Can Be Used in Overcoming, Cynophobia, a Fear of Dogs. learning by temporal association in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in essays, time become fused in a person’s mind and cell are dangerous produce the mba essay services, same . response.” The major influence in learning theory is cell phone Pavlov (1902) who while carrying out an experiment into the glandular secretions during digestion noted that the dogs began to salivate when the food was about to be delivered. This gave rise to research based on writing university, this involving conditioning the cell phone are dangerous, animals to pro life or pro essay salivate on command. The unconditioned stimulus. Classical conditioning , Fear , Fear conditioning 1543 Words | 5 Pages. of phobias in classical conditioning occurred during the Little Albert experiment conducted by John Watson and . Rosalie Rayners (Kowalski Westen, 2011). For example, though Albert did not initially fear white rats, when a loud noise occered with the phone are dangerous essay, white rat the conditioned response became fear (Kowalski Westen, 2011). This created a phobia of white rats and other objects used during the experiment (Kowalski Westen, 2011). For Albert , classical conditioning created these behaviors. Addictions.

Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Extinction 1036 Words | 4 Pages. Habituation: form of adaptive learning in which an organism stops paying attention to an unchanging, often repeated stimuli II. Classical Conditioning . (C.C.) ( Learning through Associations: A. Pavlov - First demonstrated CC with experiments with dogs 1. 3 Phases i. Natural stimulus causes a natural reflex or response (unlearned ii. Neutral stimulus and of christian essays the natural stimulus are repeatedly paired eliciting a response iii. Neutral. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Extinction 774 Words | 4 Pages. Assignment Classical Conditioning Paper. this, Watson experiment on a youngster named Albert . Albert was conditioned using a steel bar, a hammer, and a . white rat (Olson Hergenhahn, 2009.) At the beginning of the experimentation, Albert was familiarized with a white rat.

He had shown no indication of anxiousness or fear when touching it or interacting with it. Following the initial interaction, Albert would reach for the white rat and then right following, a person would pound the hammer alongside a steel bar triggering Albert to violently. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Eyeblink conditioning 1343 Words | 5 Pages. Forward conditioning CS – US Backward conditioning US – CS ? NOT EFFECTIVE Simultaneous cond. ? not effective Stimulus generalization Performance of . learned response to stimuli similar to original training stimulus E.g., Watson Rayner Little albert (1920) CS ? US ? UR CS? CR White rat ? banging noise ? scared White rat ? scared Stimulus discrimination Learning to cell phone are dangerous essay make a response to a specific stimulus and thesis writing of toronto not another (prevent stimulus generalization). CS (rabbit) ? US (none) CS (rat).

Classical conditioning , Eyeblink conditioning , Fear conditioning 298 Words | 3 Pages. states such as thoughts, feelings, and essay emotions into consideration is english essay a human useless in cell phone are dangerous essay, explaining behavior. A Model. It's important to note that classical conditioning . Are Dangerous Essay. involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. English Essay Population A Human Source. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the cell phone are dangerous, sound of the tone alone. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning 1047 Words | 3 Pages. Use classical conditioning principles to explain the development of phobias, and personal of art oxford describe how systematic desensitisation can be used to overcome fears and phobias. the case of Little Albert . Through the use of the principles of cell are dangerous, classical conditioning the young infant was conditioned to fear a . white rat.

This in turn generalized to of christian essays a number of other small fluffy animals and objects. Although this experiment by phone Watson and Rayner was a huge success in terms of demonstrating that fear could be conditioned in humans it was also highly unethical in transition words for expository, that Little Albert was never reconditioned and so had to deal with the consequences of this experiment for the rest. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear 1175 Words | 3 Pages. for the sake of are dangerous, this paper we are going to focus strictly on mba essay, how classical conditioning plays a role in phone are dangerous essay, acquiring a phobia through classical conditioning. . An example of a formed phobia is the experiment conducted by John Watson and his colleague, Rosalie Rayner, known as the Little Albert . Little Albert formed a phobia of white rats as a result of pairing the white rats (as well as other white fury objects) with loud banging sounds simultaneously as the transition essays, white rat was visually introduced (Northern. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Extinction 1307 Words | 7 Pages. Assignment 3: Essay— Little Albert and phone Classical Conditioning There have been several classic experiments to . study and describe classical conditioning; one of the more famous is the Little Albert experiment . Over the years, the experiment has lost some of mba essay writing, its validity due to numerous interpretations by several introductory psychology textbooks. It is, therefore, beneficial to go back to the original (or primary) source and read what the authors of the experiment themselves had to say. Copy and. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , History of psychology 401 Words | 2 Pages. Little Albert-Classical Conditioning.

terms of learning through classical conditioning. What is unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR)? “Two months . after pretesting, Albert was shown a white rat, and anytime Albert touched the rat, he was exposed to the sound of the cell phone are dangerous, hammer hitting a steel bar. After seven trials, Albert cried and demonstrated avoidance on presentation of the rat—the conditioned stimulus—in the mba essay in india, absence of the loud noise.”(Watson J. Cell. B., Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning 523 Words | 2 Pages. Little Albert Study: Emotional Responses Could Be Conditioned or Learned. graduate student Rosalie Rayner who he later married to carry out an history of art oxford, experiment to prove that emotional responses could be conditioned or . learned. He believed that environmental factors influence behaviour despite the biological make up of human beings. Watson and Rayner used an essay, 11 month old baby Albert in the now famously known “ Little Albert ” study. Albert was a healthy and a human source stable baby at the time of the experiment . When Albert was 9 months old, he was presented with white rats, rabbits and cotton.

Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear 711 Words | 2 Pages. Research Essay: Elements of Classic Conditioning. Research Essay: Elements of cell phone, Classic Conditioning In the Little Albert experiment of Conditioned Emotional . Reactions, baby Albert was exposed to various stimuli which were paired with a loud banging noise on a bar. A rat was put next to Albert and charity essays when he would reach for the rat, they would bang that bar to get baby Albert to cell phone are dangerous display fear by crying. Albert was conditioned to the point that by simply showing him the rat he would cry and or pro want to crawl away. Cell Phone. He knew that along with the rat. Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning , History of psychology 630 Words | 2 Pages. it is a reflex. English Essay Population A Human. It comes naturally whenever they see food. Phone Are Dangerous. This is called an unconditioned response, this means a stimulus response that needed no . learning. Pavlov did an experiment to show his theory.

He presented a dog with a bowl of of art, food and measured the essay, saliva the thesis of toronto, dog produced. But after doing this same experiment over and over again the dog began to associate things with the bringing of the food, therefore started to phone essay produce saliva before the food was brought to him, e.g. whenever he seen. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , History of psychology 634 Words | 2 Pages. from Vassar and came to Johns Hopkins as a grad student. She collaborated with Watson on the famous Little Albert study of . conditioned emotional responses in 1920. She collaborated with him. Mba Essay Services. The Little Albert experiment was a famous psychology experiment conducted by behaviorist John B. Watson and graduate student Rosalie Raynor. Previously, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov had conducted experiments demonstrating the conditioning process in dogs. Watson was interested in taking Pavlov's research. Behavior modification , Behaviorism , Classical conditioning 410 Words | 2 Pages. ? Little Albert : Conditioned Emotional Reactions Victoria Whelchel Intro to Psychology Dec.

9, 2014 Jade Bost . Explain the cell phone essay, initial pairing of the essay, banging bar and the rat in terms of essay, learning through classical conditioning. What is unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR)? Albert is a nine month old boy who was subject to emotional testing. He went through a series of pretesting and was eventually introduced to a white rat. Albert initially.

Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning 464 Words | 4 Pages. Classical conditioning and phobias. conditioned stimulus is presented alone, it no longer predicts the pro life essay, coming of the unconditioned stimulus hence the cell phone are dangerous, conditioned responding gradually stops. . One of the most famous experiments of classical conditioning was John B. Watson's experiment in which a fear response was conditioned in a young boy known as Little Albert . The child initially showed no fear of a model essays, a white rat so it was a neutral stimulus, but however what did startle him and cell phone essay cause him to be afraid was if a hammer was struck against. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Eyeblink conditioning 425 Words | 2 Pages. Principles of Behavioralism in Human Being. 2.0 Human Behaviour From Classical Conditioning Perspective 4 . 3.1 Pavlov’s Classic Experiment 4 3.2 Watson’s Little Albert Experiment 5 3.3 Other Characteristics of Classical Conditioning . Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , History of psychology 3578 Words | 11 Pages. articles “Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it”, also published “Behavior: An Introduction to Comparative Psychology”.

He was elected president of the . American Psychological Association [1920] John published the most famous conditioning experiment : The Little Albert study. [1921] He became a vice president in the J. Of Christian. Walter Thompson advertising agency [1925] John published Behaviorism [1935] His 2nd wife, Rosalie died. John became devastated and began abusing alcohol. [1946] John retired from his. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Furman University 278 Words | 2 Pages. University where he remained until 1920. While teaching psychology at Johns Hopkins University, he acted as the cell phone are dangerous essay, department chair and the director of the . psychological laboratory. Or Pro Essay. Watson set up his own laboratory where he ran a variety of psychological experiments based on the direction of animal behaviour.

After that, he shifted his research in animal behaviour to cell are dangerous human behaviour and focused his study on children. It was here that John Watson produced some of his greatest accomplishments. In 1913. Behavior , Behaviorism , Classical conditioning 3471 Words | 5 Pages. accurately studied.

Watson had very little interest in the work of transition, Freud because it could not be observed. Cell Phone Are Dangerous Essay. One of Watson’s most famous . experiments came with a subject “ Little Albert ”. Watson conditioned fear in thesis writing, the young boy by are dangerous making loud, scary noises simultaneously to introducing him to a rabbit. The boy originally loved the a model of christian charity essays, rabbit but was conditioned to be terrified of it because of the cell phone essay, accompanying noise. Little Albert was traumatized for life because of the experiments . Today, Watson would be disbarred. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Extinction 745 Words | 2 Pages. to unconditioned stimuli and of the potential to condition responses from previous no stimuli. Pavlov performed his experiments at thesis writing university, the . Institute of Experimental Medicine in Petrograd. There, he reflected on his previous work. He had noticed during his previous work that dogs naturally produced amounts of saliva depending on what they were given to cell phone essay eat. The dogs salivated little amounts for moist food, larger amounts for dry food, and a model essays varying amounts for inedible objects.

He then had the theory. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Fear conditioning 401 Words | 2 Pages. Describe and essay Discuss the Behaviourist Approach in essay a human, Psychology. results and cell phone reach conclusions. English Essay Population. For example Watson and Reynar used an experiment when carrying out research on cell are dangerous essay, little . Mba Essay Writing Services In India. Albert . Cell. Where they aimed to or pro show that you can condition a phobia into people and successfully condition the cell phone are dangerous essay, fear of rats into Albert by showing him a rat then quickly scaring him by striking a steel bar. By using an transition for expository, experiment they then had more scientific evidence to support their theory.

A limitation of cell, using experiments is that they often lack eco-logical validity. This means it is. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Extinction 826 Words | 2 Pages. AP Psychology Chapter Outlines: Study Notes. opened her car door and got attacked by a swarm of bees that got in through an open window. Lucy developed a phobia of cars and now takes the bus to work. . During this situation, US is bees’attack, UR is fear CS is cars, CR is statement history of art oxford fear.

4. In the experiment , Pavlov presented food, and the dog salivated. Then, he began to ring the phone essay, bell before he presented the food, at first, the dog didn’t have response. Then, after he repeated this action again and again, then once the bell rang, the dog started salivated. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , History of psychology 473 Words | 2 Pages. determine what a person would become, in other words the environment influences the development of the individual. Behaviourists didn’t concern themselves . with the internal mechanisms which occur inside the organism. In 1913, John Watson (of Little Albert experiment ) founded the behaviourist approach by setting out its main assumptions on mba essay writing, an article in the journal The Psychological Review.

John Watson stated in the review ““Psychology as the cell are dangerous, Behaviourist views it is a purely objective experimental. Behavior , Behaviorism , Classical conditioning 4925 Words | 14 Pages. Pavlov’s experiment , he associated the mba essay writing, ringing of a bell with the sight of phone essay, food, teaching a hungry dog to for expository essays salivate when the phone are dangerous essay, bell would ring. . The dog naturally responded with salivation to the meat powder. When Pavlov used classical conditioning to english essay source teach the dog to cell are dangerous associate the ringing of a bell with meat powder, the thesis writing university of toronto, dog responded to the ringing of the bell with salivation, even when there was no meat powder involved. Cell Essay. Though these results were originally “mistakenly” found, this experiment alone is. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Eyeblink conditioning 545 Words | 2 Pages. C H A P T E R 5 LEARNING kowa_c05_162-194hr.indd 162 9/13/10 11:03 AM A n experiment by John Garcia and his colleagues adds . Thesis University Of Toronto. a new twist to phone are dangerous all the mba essay writing services in india, stories ever told about are dangerous, wolves and sheep. The researchers fed a wolf a muttonburger (made of the a model of christian, ?nest sheep ?esh) laced with odorless, tasteless capsules of cell phone are dangerous essay, lithium chloride, a chemical that induces nausea.

Displaying a natural preference for mutton, the transition, animal wolfed it down but half an hour later became sick and cell phone vomited (Garcia. Behaviorism , Classical conditioning , Extinction 21843 Words | 87 Pages. + (association formed/pairing made) Bowl or steps Dog salivating CS . CR Learned S-R Little Albert generalized his fear of pro life or pro choice essay, rats into fear of anything with white fur, including a Santa Claus mask, a rabbit, etc. Typically, the CS occurs slightly before the UCS. There are types of conditioning that change this order and overlapping- it’s in a. Classical conditioning , Extinction , Fear conditioning 375 Words | 2 Pages.

Conditioned emotional reactions “The little Albert experiment ” Reference:Watson, John B. Cell Phone Essay. amp; Rayner, Rosalie. . (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Thesis Of Toronto. Journal of cell phone essay, Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14. In this journal article, Jhon B. Watson and transition essays his assistant Rosalie Rayner performed one of the most influential experiments in psychology to prove that emotional responses could be conditioned or learned vs Sigmund Freud’s theories of sexual and phone life-preservation to be solely the shaping of. Classical conditioning , Emotion , Experiment 624 Words | 2 Pages. Albert Einstein The Theory Of Special Relativity “Two things are infinite: the mba essay writing services, universe and human stupidity; and cell phone are dangerous I'm not sure about the . universe.” Albert Einstein * Who was Albert Einstein? For almost everybody Einstein was and still is the most important physicist that has ever lived. He made world-changing discoveries and has the most influence on our thinking about essays, physics today. Cell Phone Are Dangerous. Albert Einstein was born on March 14th 1879 in Ulm, a city far in the south of Germany. He went.

Albert Einstein , Energy , General relativity 1501 Words | 5 Pages. Experiment 22 Title: Reactions of aldehydes and ketones Aim: The purpose of this experiment is to compare some . reactions of ethanal and propanone. Pro Life Choice Essay. Introduction: We have chosen ethanal and propanone as relatively safe examples of aldehydes and ketones to illustrate their reactions in are dangerous essay, simple test-tube experiments . Personal Statement. The reactions or properties to be investigated are as follows: A. Condensation (addition-elimination) B. Oxidation C. Triiodomethane (iodoform) reaction Requirements: . Acetic acid , Aldehyde , Ammonia 499 Words | 3 Pages. Experiments in physics lab report Department of Electrical Engineering Isabela State University Ilagan Campus, Calamagui 2nd, City of . Ilagan, Isabela baccaljoemel@yahoo.com Submitted to: Engr. Rafael S. Phone Are Dangerous Essay. Ramos Physics12 Professor Submitted by: Joemel L. Baccal BSEE IIA Experiments in Physics Lab Report Joemel L. Baccal Department of for expository, Electrical Engineering Isabela State University - Ilagan Campus, Calamagui 2nd, City of Ilagan, Isabela baccaljoemel@yahoo.com Abstract In. Atom , Electric charge , Electricity 826 Words | 4 Pages. ?The Philadelphia Experiment The Philadelphia Experiment took place in the fall of phone are dangerous, 1943 when a group of scientists funded . by the U.S. A Model Of Christian. government set out to turn a U.S.

Cannon Class destroyer escort into an invisible war machine. The initial conspiracies surrounding the experiment were formulated by are dangerous essay two scientists, William L. Personal History Of Art. Moore and Charles Berlitz’. After extensive research, Moore and phone are dangerous Berlitz’ concluded that The Philadelphia Experiment went awry when a U.S. Naval Destroyer was used to conduct. Annotated bibliography , Charles Berlitz , Conspiracy theories 1592 Words | 5 Pages. ALBERT EINSTEIN: The Miracle Mind The book, Albert Einstein: The Miracle Mind, written by Tabatha Teatts is statement history oxford about this . century’s greatest physicist, Albert Einstein. He was born on March 14, 1879 in Ulm, Germany to Hermann Einstein and are dangerous Pauline Koch. Albert’s original name was Ainstein and his ancestors were of Jewish origin. Down the in india, generation, for essay some unknown reason, the pro life or pro essay, name was changed to Einstein.

When he was about one year old, his family moved to phone essay Munich to set up an electrical engineering. Albert Einstein , Einstein family , Hans Albert Einstein 2270 Words | 6 Pages. Albert Bandura He was born in a small town of Mundare in northern Alberta, Canada on December 4, 1925. He went to elementary and high school . in personal, a school with minimal resources. He received his bachelor degree from the University of British Columbia in Psychology in 1949. In 1952 he received his Ph.D from the University of Iowa. In Iowa, he met Virginia Varns, she was an essay, instructor in the nursing school. The got marry and later she had two girls. After he graduated, he took a postdoctoral.

Albert Bandura , Behavior , Educational psychology 737 Words | 3 Pages. ? Experiment #1: Introduction to english Experimentation Submitted by: Neann Klara M. De Jesus . BS Psychology II Submitted to: Dr. Geraldine E. Tria ABSTRACT SUMMARY The first experiment done by the class was called “Introduction to Experimentation”. Its main objective is to give basic knowledge about some of the cell, logic of words essays, experimentation. Cell Phone Are Dangerous. The class was divided into groups of 2. In each group there was an experimenter (E) and a subject (S). The. Empiricism , Experiment , Hypothesis 1222 Words | 8 Pages. What I find most admirable about Albert Einstein is the way he thought up his theories and had the ability to conduct . experiments on them. By doing this, he answered many questions of the scientific realm of the world. Some of the traits I admire are: 1. A trait I admire is his curiosity because he always wanted to find out how things worked. When he was five years old his father gave him a compass.

It was a mystery to him. Personal Statement History Of Art. He wanted to know why the arrow always pointed north. Phone Are Dangerous Essay. His father. Manhattan Project , Nobel Peace Prize , Nobel Prize 870 Words | 4 Pages. EXPERIMENT 1: REACTIONS OF ENOLATE IONS WITH CARBONYL GROUPS Aims In this experiment we used two techniques for the reactions . of enolate ions with carbonyl groups. One technique used was Doebner reaction and the other technique used was Claisen-Schmidt reaction.

Therefore the aim of this experiment is to synthesize trans p-methoxycinnamic acid and to synthesize dibenzalacetone via an aldol condensation reaction between acetone and a model of christian charity essays benzaldehyde. The products would be recrystallized using ethanol. Acid , Aldehyde , Aldol condensation 1824 Words | 6 Pages. EXPERIMENT 5 REDOX TITRATION: TITRATION USING SODIUM THIOSULPHATE Objectives 1. 2. Phone Are Dangerous Essay. To prepare a standard solution of potassium iodate for use . to determine the concentration of sodium thiosulphate solution accurately. To acquire the proper techniques of thesis writing, carrying out a titration. Introduction Redox titrations using sodium thiosulphate as a reducing agent is known as iodometric titration since it is used specifically to titrate iodine. The reaction involved is: I2 + 2Na2S2O3 I2 + 2S2O322NaI + Na2S4O6. Chemical reaction , Chemistry , Iodine 1141 Words | 5 Pages. ? Experiment : 1 Tittle : Preparation of bis(acetylacetonato)copper(II) complex Objective : To synthesis the . Cell. bis(acetylacetonato)copper(II) complex Introduction : A complex ion is usually form with high charge density metal ion as a central and formation of a model of christian charity essays, coordinate covalent bond (dative bond) with high electron molecules or ions. These molecules or ions are functioning as ligands (electrophile in organic compounds). They are easily attracted by electrophile (electron deficiency.

Ammonia , Coordination chemistry , Coordination complex 1723 Words | 11 Pages. ? Experiment 2: IDENTIFICATION OF UNKNOWNS BY TLC AND MP IN COMBINATION Introduction: Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is one of . the most valuable techniques in organic chemistry. This is a best method of separating and identifying mixtures of two or more compounds. The separation is accomplished by the distribution of the mixture between two phases: one that is stationary and essay one that is moving or mobile. Chromatography works on the principle that different compounds will have different.

Analytical chemistry , Chemical compound , Chemistry 1428 Words | 5 Pages. process of distillation. Distillation is the separation of volatile substances mixed with nonvolatile substances by words for expository boiling the mixture to alter the phase of . the volatile substance. The researchers used the simple distillation set up to conduct the experiment . Phone Essay. 25 ml of The Bar Vodka was used and 7 ml of words for expository essays, distillate was collected before a temperature of 95 degrees Celsius was reached. Collected distillate was then subjected to a flammability test to confirm ethanol content. The percent ethanol was computed. Alcoholic beverage , Boiling point , Distillation 956 Words | 5 Pages. FIRE RESISTANT BALLOON: Materials - 1 matchbox - 1 candle - 1 yellow colored balloon - 1 blue colored balloon - Half a cup of water . Procedure: 1. For this experiment , the independent variable is whether the phone are dangerous essay, balloon is filled with water or not. The dependent variable is choice essay what happens to the balloon when it is essay placed above the lit candle. This is determined by observing the mba essay writing, balloon. Cell Phone Are Dangerous Essay. The constants (control variables) are how much the personal statement of art oxford, balloon is cell phone are dangerous inflated and the amount.

Atlantic Ocean , Ice , Magnet 2181 Words | 7 Pages. The Life of essay population source, Albert Einstein Psy300 BF01BSP3 February 22, 2013 . THE LIFE OF ALBERT EINSTEIN As we all know Albert Einstein was no ordinary man. He was a man of determination, strength, struggle and a curiosity of the unknown. This is a man who dared dream to influence society, challenge the strong and cell overcome the weak minded. But there was a time when Albert was just a kid, and like all kids he had. Albert Einstein , Mathematics , Mother 1031 Words | 3 Pages. the famous ones is the social learning theory from Albert Bandura (Ormord, 2012).

However, there are many issues involved in transition words essays, this theory and . also many supportive evidences as well as controversies. Social learning is also known as observational learning, it is a theory that explains how people are influenced by observing other’s behaviors, especially the aggression of cell phone, children (Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart, Roy, 2008). According to Albert Bandura’s social learning theory, children tend to. Aggression , Albert Bandura , Behavior 1355 Words | 4 Pages.

American through Film/Paper about the American Gangster and How His Portrayal Reflects the Issues of the Time. Even though movies and films are good source of entertainment for many Americans, it is evident that most movies are produced based on the chronological events and the situations that the generations are facing. The writers of specific movies try to give and address the are dangerous essay chronological accounts of events and situations at a particular time. Even though the stories and that actions may sometimes be characterized by exaggerations, the deeper accounts of transition words for expository, real happening and situations in the society remains upheld in the theme of the movies. By critically analyzing the phone movies, it is very possible to clearly understand the surrounding environment when the movie was created and the personal opinion of the producers on the situations. American gangster despite being one of the famous movies in America holds an important account of events in American society.

Generally, gangster movies give an account of world in conflict with the legitimate society. For many years, gangsters have been viewed differently. Others have to the negative side of events viewed gangsters as deviant individuals coming up together with intentions to cause havoc in the lives of other members of the society. On the other hand, other people have had a positive view of pro life choice essay, gangsters as a way of living and addressing the are dangerous essay challenges that a particular group of history of art oxford, people are facing.[1] The prohibition in phone essay the early 1920 led to the emergence of a new era of gangs who created criminal empires who created cartels for a model of christian charity supplying illegal drugs and alcohol. The films of the 1930 gave a picture of criminal minded individuals willing to go the furthest level possible to create their world of criminal operations in order to acquire material possessions and power. The film glorified the genuine of the individuals who were willing to adopt the system that was controlled by phone are dangerous essay, corrupt businesspersons and of christian charity government officials. Cell Are Dangerous Essay? Public Enemy of 1931 is an excellent example of early gangster films in 1931.The public enemy gives an account of prohibition gangster from childhood through murderous, bootlegging adulthood and sudden sobering downfall. The film based on a 300 page draft of transition words for expository, unpublished novel titled “beer and blood” written by two former street gangsters john Bright and Kubec Glasmon. Bright and Glasmon were Bright witnesses of gang rivalry in Chicago and witnessed series of phone are dangerous, Al Capones murderous actions. Personal Statement Of Art? During this time, the stock market had crushed and cell phone are dangerous essay people were struggling in the best way possible to meet their daily needs and make ends meet.

The national unemployment levels skyrocketed and it was very difficult to mba essay in india, root (I would think the opposite would be true) for cell phone are dangerous essay protagonists who did whatever it takes to make their survival possible. During the great depression, denoting gangsters as heroes symbolized the decay of American societies as well as the paranoia that the traditional values would not survive the economic crisis.[2] In various ways, the public enemy clearly expresses the psyche of the America, which rejects the qualities, and the demands of the modern life .gangster films are socially antagonistic traditions directed to thesis, lower class and socially marginalized groups in America. In the 1933, National committee for study of social values published their findings that gangster movies gave convicted criminals their early education(citation).Increased censorship in the 1930s almost resulted to cell are dangerous essay, the departure of the gangster film, they did not disappear but however changed considerably after 1935. “Hollywood movie production system was not very certain on how to present gangster in the light of the hays office moratorium on the gangster movies.” (Where is that quote from, citation needed) Gangsters began converting to or pro, good people. (what does that mean) Many Americans identified with the film in various ways. Cell Phone Essay? Life had become very difficult for many Americans especially the minority groups during this time. Many Americans had resulted to gangs as surviving means. The worst was that despite joining and the emergence of gangs in America, there was competition among the gangs often resulting to gang rivalry. The most powerful gang would survive. Paragraph should be rewritten , hard to understand. English A Human? The director of the film in his mind giving a chronological account of a gangster who rises to power but then drastically ends in despair wanted to give the audience the picture that despite how you thrive to phone essay, power through gangs , the a model of christian essays government will always bring you down. High sierra presents a bridge from the classic gangster to the alienated protagonists. The film is acknowledged as one of the gangster pictures for the style and moral complexities.

The film was created in the early 1940. The film marks the waning of the 30s gangster’s protagonists in the forties as the film begins. Cell Phone Are Dangerous Essay? In the late 1940s and the early 1950s, high sierra romanticizes the in india classical gangsters the classical gangster of the previous decades. He lives by a code and phone are dangerous essay still has honor and integrity in the society. High sierra was the last major film made before the history of art Pearl Harbor attack that brought the United States to phone essay, the light of World War II.

The post-World War II introduce a new era of english population, gangsters. The film gives chronological accounts of the cell phone are dangerous essay influence of greed and corruption.(How does it do that, explain?) During this time in America, outlawed heroes and larger than life lawmen appeared and were being looked by personal statement history of art, the public in response to certain situations(like who). Are Dangerous? Such situations included unjust government regulations, concentration of wealth on the hand of the particular few and widespread poverty. During the great depression, United States witnessed unjust government regulations while wealth concentrated on few individuals while the larger populations languished in population a human poverty. In the cell are dangerous early years of source, depression, the cell phone are dangerous government imposed a ban on alcohol in pro life choice what was known as prohibition years. Cell? At the same time, very small percentage of American population controlled a large portion of thesis writing university, wealth in America. Due to extreme depression, many middle class families succumbed to extreme poverty for the first times in their entire lives. On the side of the workers, early ages of depression brought with it desperation and conflicts .various riots and unemployment protests arose. At the beginning, the cell are dangerous government seemed incapable to solve many problems that affected the lives of ordinary middle class citizens.[3]

In the middle of great depression, challenges with economic difficulties and a human source desperations, American societies needed heroes to outsmart the government ban on alcohol. To respond to this call, ethically organized gangs in cell essay the ghettos, which were associated with criminal activities, organized themselves and english source began to supply the drugs. The organized gangs became powerful and by the middle 0f 1930s and cell phone early 1940s, the outlaws in the Midwest began robbing banks. Writing University? The role of the federal government during this time was not only to deal with economic programs but also to enforce laws. The violent occurrences such as gangs’ rivalry, food riots in the streets of America were the cell phone hallmarks of the great depression. The film high sierra psyched many Americans in various ways. On the surface of the film, high sierra seems like a straightforward crime Humphrey Bogart is Roy Earle, a tough criminal trying to pull one last job. In the deeper sense, the film high sierra is about a man’s failure to redeem himself and eventual acceptance of tragic destiny. The film depicts the cruel unforgiving nature of the society. The tough guy facade is something that Roy Earle develops as a result of the cruel harsh conditions around him and in this sense he represented many of the english essay population American men who have found themselves into cell phone are dangerous criminal platforms simply due to the harsh environmental situations trying to choice, provide a cold and lathery exterior to guard themselves from the pains and hart breaks of cell, daily life challenges. Roy’s weaknesses here represent weakness of all men.

His weakness is the desire to of toronto, love and be loved in return even though Bogey has the sharp and sultry Ida Lupino he still wants Velma the virgin , the innocent whom he can truly start a new life. The movie has a wonderful feel. Roy seemed headed to emotional if not literal death and the joy relies in watching him trying to change his fate. Cell Are Dangerous Essay? Crime and gangster films are created along the sinister actions of essay a human, criminals and gangsters, they include; bank robbers, underworld figures and hoodlums operating against the law, stealing and killing their ways through life. A new type of crime thriller In the 1940s emerged, very dark and cynical.

Criminal and gangster films fall under the category of phone are dangerous essay, post-world war film noir due to the similarities. Crime stories of this kind often give a life account of essay population a human source, crime figure or crime victims. They further glorify the rise and fall of particular criminal of cell are dangerous essay, gangster in personal power struggle with the society and the law by giving an account of the rise and fall of a model of christian charity, a gangster. [4] The forces of evil. During this time cold war was intensifying. Various events had plunged America and Britain into cold war with there was the cell are dangerous fall of Czechoslovakia and berlin crisis. Communism is regarded as the real enemy and counterfeiters and personal statement history of art smugglers were aiding the real public enemies. The film presents a statement about ones needs to cell phone essay, preserve or regain personal integrity. Finding a balance between free speech and being labeled. Words For Expository? The film was an exposes on the number rackets but censorship prevented the film from showing how the racket worked.

Twenty minutes footage was cut before the film release. The number rackets fed on phone, the nickel and dimes of the little people. Illegal clandestine “banks” operated the racket and were scattered throughout the mba essay in india big cities. In the m film, Hollywood production code prohibited glamorizing the gangster legend (citation) Two bothers Joe and Leo are great criminals but Leo’s lack of ambitions really frustrate Joe. Leo seems not ready to join the larger outfits, he has certain degree of respect for the little people and eventually meets his death .On realizing the murder of his brother, Joe decides to seek revenge. In this case, the film highlights the struggle between the little guy and the soulless big business that is taking over. The film creators were questioned about cell their beliefs. The producer John Garfield appeared before the committee in 1951 .it was an experience that took its toll on his health. He died the following year. The director Abraham Polonsky was blacklisted and did not direct another movie for twenty years (citations) Forces of evil presents a world hooked in choice corruption.

Director Martin Scorsese refers to the film as his own gangster dramas seminal influence (needs citation)The movie star John Garfield is a corrupt lawyer whose face represents moral conflict Garfield is a Wall Street lawyer who is selfish and grew up on the streets. He is a product of Bronx street gangs but has had the opportunity and chance to rise to the place of undeniable importance. Garfield’s “office in the clouds” was a result of criminal mob that practically use him as their brains in a plot to cell phone essay, gain control of the a model essays city’s smalltime illegal gambling trade. Fixing the July 4 gambling racket so that the cell popular bet of 776 comes the winner. Joe and Ben Tucker plan to drive all the minor numbers racketeers out of transition for expository, business when they are in capable of paying out cell essay winning bets. Abraham Polonsky (who is this) bitterly compares between the money-oriented corruptions undertaken by lawyers such as Joe with more explicit graft of mobsters like Tucker. both of them refers to people who are not include in thesis university their scam as “suckers” and cell essay casual dismissal of ordinary people is seen in thesis university of toronto the film’s opening overhead shot of pedestrians (sentence needs fixing) Joe’s single attempt to reach out to the little man fails and results in jeopardizing the entire plan. Joe’s older brother who is sick operates a minor racket and Joe is determined to bring him into scheme of Tucker before his office is whipped out cell phone essay with the rest of the small change money rackets. Leo on the other hand has nothing to do with the scheme. The two brothers draw a line on the sand that leads to bloody battle between the choice essay two brothers finally leading to disastrous bloody consequences. According to cell, Polansky, the film was an examination of the sick souls of the english essay modern man living within the cell phone are dangerous essay political system. Capitalism cause major rifts between individuals in the human society.

The capitalist system drives people into history of art corruption in order to stay alive. The forces of evil is American business symbolized by Wall Street. Leo’s conversation with his wife stress the point “I have been business man all my life and honest. I do not know what business is” Leo. “Well you have a garage, you had a real estate business” Sylvia “…. real estate business. Living from mortgage, stealing credit like a thief and the garage-that was a business. Phone Essay? Three cents over or pro essay charging on every gallon of gas, two cents for the chauffer and a penny for me. Penny for one thief an two cents for the other” Leo.[5] It did not matter whether the business was small or big they were all corrupt. Doris is an are dangerous example of that. Transition Words Essays? At first, she is innocent and resists Joe’s advances. He becomes greatly impatient and tries his best to demean her. deep down her she have the same desires and it only takes a little pushing for those desires to surface and she breaks out of the cell phone are dangerous shell. Personal? The telephone in the film plays a symbolic meaning.

It represents the connection between different worlds. Phone Are Dangerous? These worlds can communicate with each other. Charity Essays? The film has very little actions and departs from the typical shoot them up gangsters. It shows the connections between business and politics, business and crime.[6] During this period, various events had plunged Britain and cell United States into cold war with Russia. Stalin had ensured that the communist governments had come to power in all the countries of Eastern Europe by “salami statistics “(citation and explanation). Russia said that Winston Churchill had declared war on them. In February 1947, President Truman began paying for the soldiers fighting to prevent Greece from turning to communist nation.(citation) In March 1947, he clearly said that it was barely American responsibly to contain communism. American general George marshal convinced the congress to aid the fight to stop Europe from turning into communism by giving 17 billion dollars.

When communists took power in Czechoslovakia, Stalin responded by setting up conform. Tension was growing between America and Russia even at the Yalta conference. In India? The conference seemed successful, on the surface, but afterwards, Churchill wrote to essay, Roosevelt that Soviet Union was becoming a threat to the free world. In July 1945 during the Potsdam conference, arguments openly emerged. Of Art? Stalin had arrested the non-communist polish leaders. America on the other hand knew that President Truman was very determined to resist Russians. In 1947, Stalin made sure that communist governments came to power in all countries in cell essay Eastern Europe. Russia took control over Albania, Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and East Germany. On witnessing the Russian expansion, President Winston Churchill gave a speech on history oxford, which he said that the countries of Eastern Europe should cut off by an iron curtain -were subjects to Soviet influence, totalitarianism and governments. The Russian response on the other hand was that Winston had staged war against them. It was certain that there was a great rift between Russia and phone America.

By the time the film forces of evil was produced, there was increased tension between communist Russia and he capitalist America. During the words for expository essays early 1940s, American psyche was dominated by the total war effort and all the contradictory feelings that come along with war times. The film evil forces contained classic noir crimes and moral ambiguity, were marked by its stylistic stark shadows, and sense of claustrophobia- a mod that echoed the darker side of America at war.[7] Many people identified with the film. Many people at this time with the expanding battle between communism and capitalism wanted to cell, hold on their beliefs. On the other hand, America had just come out of the great depression and people were beginning to enjoy increased wages.

With the expanding capitalism. Many people who had come from poor background embarked on wealth accumulation. The strategy of accumulating wealth involved competition among people. Pro Life Or Pro Choice Essay? Corruption was one of the major characteristics of capitalization of wealth in capitalistic states. On the other hand, the heated arguments between the capitalistic America and the socialistic Russia had created an intense enmity in phone are dangerous essay the hearts of many Americans. In conclusion, gangster films give chronological accounts of writing in india, particular people who through violence and illegal ways maneuver their ways in life. Crime stories of this kind often give a life account of crime figure or crime victims.

They further glorify the rise and fall of particular criminal of gangster in personal power struggle with the society and essay the law by giving an account of the rise and fall of a gangster. Mason, Fran. American gangster cinema; from “little Ceaser” to “pulp fiction” Basingstoke, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2002. Minntz, Steven and Randy Roberts. Hollywood’s America; twentieth century America through film . Chichester; Willey Backel, 2010. Munby, Jonathan. Public enemies, Public heroes: Screening the gangster from little Ceaser to touch the evil . Chicago, University of Chicago press,2009 ebook library. Rafter, Nicole Hahn. Shots in the mirror: crime films and english essay population a human source society . New York: Oxford University press, 2006.

Roso, Eugene. Born to lose: the gangster film in America . New York, Oxford university press, 1978. Shadoian, Jack. Dreams dead ends: the American gangster film . Oxford. Essay? Oxford University Press, 2003.

[1] Fran, Mason, American gangster cinema; from “little Ceaser” to “pulp fiction ” (Basingstoke, Palgrave, Macmillan, 2002). [2] Munby Jonathan, Public enemies ,Public heroes :Screening the gangster from little Ceaser to touch the essay source evil, Chicago , university of Chicago press,2009 e book library web 21 October 2014. [3] Minntz, Steven and Randy Roberts , Hollywood’s America; twentieth century America through film , Chi Chester; Willey Backel , 2010. [4] Rafter Nicole Hahn, Shots in the mirror: crime films and society . New York: Oxford University press, 2006. [5] Jack, Shadoian Dreams dead ends: the are dangerous American gangster film , (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003). [6] Jack, Shadoian Dreams dead ends: the American gangster film , (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003). [7] Roso Eugene, Born to lose : the population a human gangster film in America , (New York, Oxford university press, 1978). Authenticity and Confidentiality Guaranteed. Cell Phone Are Dangerous Essay? The authenticity of our freelance essay writing and the confidentiality of all the information are guaranteed. English Population A Human? We do not disclose private information of our customers and we do not reuse ANY custom papers.

Order custom written term papers, sample essays, thesis papers, research papers, book reviews, dissertations, speeches, book reports and other assignments. Exclusive writing in approximately 70 subjects. NO PLAGIARISM. Order a custom paper written from scratch. on practically any subject. Cell Essay? Qualified writers only. Plagiarism free guarantee. It will just take you 2 minutes. Thesis Writing? You are allowed to use the original model paper you will receive in the following ways: As a source for additional understanding of the subject As a source of ideas / reasoning for your own research (if properly referenced) For proper paraphrasing (see your educational institution's definition of plagiarism and acceptable paraphrase) Direct citing (if referenced properly) Thank you very much for your respect to our authors' copyrights. We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website.

By continuing to browse this site, you give consent for cookies to be used. For more details, including how you can amend your preferences, please read our Cookie Policy.

essay on media news Robert G. Kaiser. I n 1998, Ralph Terkowitz, a vice president of The Washington Post Co., got to know Sergey Brin and Larry Page, two young Silicon Valley entrepreneurs who were looking for backers. Terkowitz remembers paying a visit to the garage where they were working and keeping his car and driver waiting outside while he had a meeting with them about the idea that eventually became Google. An early investment in Google might have transformed the Post 's financial condition, which became dire a dozen years later, by which time Google was a multi-billion dollar company. But nothing happened. Essay. “We kicked it around,” Terkowitz recalled, but the personal history, then-fat Post Co. Cell Are Dangerous Essay. had other irons in other fires. Such missteps are not surprising. People living through a time of revolutionary change usually fail to or pro choice grasp what is essay going on mba essay writing services in india, around them. The American news business would get a C minus or worse from any fair-minded professor evaluating its performance in cell phone are dangerous essay, the first phase of the Digital Age. Big, slow-moving organizations steeped in pro life or pro choice, their traditional ways of doing business could not accurately foresee the cell phone, next stages of a technological whirlwind. Obviously, new technologies are radically altering the a model of christian charity, ways in are dangerous, which we learn, teach, communicate, and are entertained.

It is impossible to transition words essays know today where these upheavals may lead, but where they take us matters profoundly. How the digital revolution plays out over time will be particularly important for journalism, and therefore to the United States, because journalism is the craft that provides the lifeblood of a free, democratic society. The Founding Fathers knew this. They believed that their experiment in self-governance would require active participation by an informed public, which could only be possible if people had unfettered access to information. James Madison, author of the First Amendment guaranteeing freedom of cell phone are dangerous, speech and of the history, press, summarized the are dangerous, proposition succinctly: “The advancement and diffusion of knowledge is the only guardian of true liberty.” Thomas Jefferson explained to his French friend, the mba essay in india, Marquis de Lafayette, The only security of all is in a free press. The force of cell phone are dangerous, public opinion cannot be resisted when permitted freely to personal history oxford be expressed.” American journalists cherish another of Jefferson's remarks: “Were it left to cell essay me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.”

The journalistic ethos that animated many of the Founders was embodied by a printer, columnist, and editor from Philadelphia named Benjamin Franklin. The printing press, which afforded Franklin his livelihood, remained the engine of American democracy for more than two centuries. But then, in the second half of the 20th century, new technologies began to undermine long-established means of sharing information. First television and then the computer and essays, the Internet transformed the way people got their news. Nonetheless, even at the end of the cell phone essay, century, the business of personal history oxford, providing news and analysis was still a profitable enough undertaking that it could support large organizations of professional reporters and editors in print and cell are dangerous, broadcast media. Now, however, in the first years of the population a human, 21st century, accelerating technological transformation has undermined the business models that kept American news media afloat, raising the possibility that the great institutions on which we have depended for phone are dangerous essay, news of the world around us may not survive. These are painful words to write for someone who spent 50 years as a reporter and editor at The Washington Post . For the first 15 years of my career, the Post 's stories were still set in lead type by linotype machines, now seen only in museums.

We first began writing on computers in the late 1970s, which seemed like an unequivocally good thing until the rise of the Internet in the 1990s. Then, gradually, the ground began to shift beneath us. By the time I retired earlier this year, the Graham family had sold the Post to services in india Jeff Bezos, the phone are dangerous, founder of Amazon, for $250 million, a small fraction of its worth just a few years before. Donald Graham, the chief executive at oxford, the time, admitted that he did not know how to save the newspaper. In fact, digital technology has flummoxed the owners of traditional news media, especially newspapers, from the beginning. For example, in 1983, in the early years of computerized production of newspapers when almost no one knew what was coming, The New York Times almost committed digital suicide.

The Times decided it only cell phone essay needed to retain the rights to the electronic versions of its stories for 24 hours after publication. To make a little extra money, the thesis writing, Times sold rights to everything older than 24 hours to Mead Data Central, owners of the Lexis-Nexis service. Mead Data Central then sold electronic access to essay Times stories to law firms, libraries, and the public. By the early 1990s, as the Internet was becoming functional and popular, this arrangement was a big and growing problem: newspapers, including the Times , were planning “online,” computerized editions, but the Times had sold control of its own product to Mead Data. Luckily for the country's best newspaper, the Anglo-Dutch firm Reed Elsevier bought Mead Data in for expository, 1994. The sale triggered a provision in the original Times -Mead contract that allowed the Times to reclaim the electronic rights to cell phone its own stories.

That enabled the Times to put its journalism online in 1995. But putting newspapers online has not remotely restored their profitability. Thesis Writing Of Toronto. For the moment, The New York Times is making a small profit, but its advertising revenues are not reassuring. The Washington Post made profits of more than $120 million a year in the late 1990s, and today loses money—last year more than $40 million. Newsweek magazine failed, and Time magazine is teetering. Once-strong regional newspapers from Los Angeles to Miami, from essay Chicago to transition for expository Philadelphia, find themselves in essay, desperate straits, their survival in doubt.

News divisions of the major television networks have been cutting back for more than two decades, and are now but a feeble shadow of their former selves. Overall the or pro choice essay, economic devastation would be difficult to exaggerate. One statistic conveys its dimensions: the advertising revenue of all America's newspapers fell from $63.5 billion in 2000 to about $23 billion in 2013, and cell phone essay, is still falling. Traditional news organizations' financial well-being depended on the willingness of advertisers to pay to reach the mass audiences they attracted. Advertisers were happy to pay because no other advertising medium was as effective.

But in the digital era, which has made it relatively simple to target advertising in very specific ways, a big metropolitan or national newspaper has much less appeal. Internet companies like Google and essays, Facebook are able to sort audiences by essay the most specific criteria, and thus to offer advertisers the possibility of spending their money only on ads they know will reach only people interested in what they are selling. So Google, the master of targeted advertising, can provide a retailer selling sheets and towels an audience existing exclusively of people who have gone online in the last month to shop for sheets and towels. This explains why even as newspaper revenues have plummeted, the ad revenue of writing of toronto, Google has leapt upward year after year—from $70 million in 2001 to an astonishing $50.6 billion in 2013. That is more than two times the combined advertising revenue of every newspaper in America last year. And the situation for proprietors of newspapers and magazines is likely to get worse. Cell Phone Essay. One alarming set of statistics: Americans spend about 5 percent of the time they devote to media of personal statement of art, all kinds to magazines and cell phone essay, newspapers. But nearly 20 percent of advertising dollars still go to print media. So print media today are getting billions more than they probably deserve from advertisers who, governed by the inertia so common in human affairs, continue to buy space in publications that are steadily losing audience, especially among the young. When those advertisers wake up, revenues will plummet still further.

King County Journal. Union City Register Tribune. Halifax Daily News. Rocky Mountain News. News organizations have tried to adapt to the new realities. As the pro life or pro choice, Internet became more popular and more important in the first decade of the 21st century, newspaper proprietors dreamed of paying for their newsrooms by mimicking their traditional business model in the online world.

Their hope was to create mass followings for their websites that would appeal to advertisers the way their ink-on-paper versions once did. But that’s not what happened. The news organizations with the most popular websites did attract lots of eyeballs, but general advertising on their sites did not produce compelling results for advertisers, so they did not buy as much of it as the papers had hoped. And the price they paid for it steadily declined, because as the Internet grew, the number of sites offering advertising opportunities assured that “supply” outstripped “demand.” Advertising revenues for the major news sites never amounted to even a significant fraction of the revenues generated by printed newspapers in the golden age. There seems little prospect today that online advertising revenues will ever be as lucrative as advertising on paper once was. The other online innovation that has devastated newspapers is Craigslist, the free provider of what the newspapers call “classified advertising,” the small items in small print used by individuals and businesses for phone essay, generations to university of toronto buy and sell real estate and merchandise, and to hire workers. Twenty years ago classifieds provided more than a third of the revenue of cell phone, The Washington Post . Craigslist has destroyed that business for transition words for expository, the Post and every major paper in the country. The Philadelphia Inquirer/Daily News headquarters building on Broad Street in Philadelphia, October 6, 2005. The paper is phone one of many major newspapers facing cutbacks and dwindling circulation. D espite two decades of pro life choice essay, trying, no one has found a way to make traditional news-gathering sufficiently profitable to assure its future survival. Serious readers of America's most substantial news media may find this description at odds with their daily experience.

After all, The New York Times , The Wall Street Journal , and The Washington Post still provide rich offerings of good journalism every morning, and they have been joined by numerous online providers of both opinion and are dangerous essay, news—even of classic investigative reporting. Digital publications employ thousands of reporters and a model of christian charity essays, editors in new and cell phone, sometimes promising journalistic enterprises. Is this a disaster? Of course not—yet. Choice. But today's situation is probably misleading. Cell Phone Are Dangerous Essay. The laws of economics cannot be ignored or repealed. Nor can the actuarial tables. Only about a third of Americans under 35 look at a newspaper even once a week, and the percentage declines every year. A large portion of today's readers of the transition for expository, few remaining good newspapers are much closer to the grave than to high school. Cell Are Dangerous Essay. Today's young people skitter around the Internet like ice skaters, exercising their short attention spans by essays looking for fun and, occasionally, seeking out cell phone, serious information. Audience taste seems to be changing, with the result that among young people particularly there is a declining appetite for the sort of transition words, information packages the phone essay, great newspapers provided, which included national, foreign and pro life or pro, local news, business news, cultural news and criticism, editorials and phone essay, opinion columns, sports and obituaries, lifestyle features, and science news.

Alas for those who continue to want access to thesis writing university that kind of product, there is no right to reliable, intelligent, comprehensive journalism. We only phone get it when someone provides it. And if it doesn’t pay someone a profit, it’s not likely to be produced. New York City. 1959. TV news anchorman Walter Cronkite. © Dennis Stock/Magnum Photos. B efore digital technology changed the world, the news was quite orderly and predictable. Thesis University Of Toronto. To find out what was happening, you bought a paper, listened to the radio, or watched television.

Most people relied on one or two sources for all their news—a newspaper and a TV network, for phone, example. A few institutions and a few individuals dominated the english source, provision of news: Walter Cronkite and John Chancellor; The New York Times and The Washington Post ; Time and are dangerous, Newsweek . Writing. The universe of news providers was small and also remarkably homogeneous. David Brinkley could move from NBC to ABC without causing much of a stir. When Roone Arledge, whose first big accomplishment was to make ABC the cell essay, leading network for sports, was empowered to transition words essays build a new ABC News, he did it by cell phone essay raiding the staffs of NBC and CBS. Pro Life Or Pro Essay. Similarly, when Ted Turner launched CNN, he poached talent from the networks.

This small, nearly-closed world rarely provided any surprises. Politically, the big news organizations cast themselves as fair-minded and even-handed, never partisan. Time magazine may have been somewhat more conservative, The New York Times more liberal, but none drifted far from the center of the political spectrum. For nearly four decades after World War II, mainstream journalism was notably non-ideological. At the height of their success, all the best news organizations shared two important qualities: a strong sense of responsibility about their roles as providers of news and analysis, and plenty of money to spend on those missions.

In their heyday, roughly the last third of the are dangerous essay, 20th century, these institutions tended to unify American society. News anchors like Cronkite, Chancellor, Tom Brokaw, Dan Rather, and Peter Jennings were reassuring, avuncular figures with whom millions of Americans shared the charity, dramas of the day. All the mainstream print and broadcast media sought to provide an information supermarket whose aisles—from sports to business to politics, foreign affairs, entertainment news, and gossip—would hopefully attract mass audiences across all classes of society. And they made money—a lot of essay, it—by selling those mass audiences to advertisers. NBC/NBCU Photo Bank via Getty Images.

The money allowed for an extravagant approach to news. Editors and of christian essays, producers could put their news instincts ahead of cell are dangerous essay, other considerations, including profits—at least occasionally. I did this myself, dispatching reporters around the country and the world with something awfully close to abandon when I was a senior editor of The Washington Post . The best newspapers—the best of a much more crowded field than exists today—invested in Washington bureaus, foreign correspondents, and investigative reporting teams, not to mention luxuries almost unheard of now. For years, for example, no reporter for thesis university, the Los Angeles Times had to suffer the indignity of cell, flying in personal history of art oxford, coach; business or first class was the cell phone are dangerous, norm. The broadcast media enjoyed even more extravagance. In the 1970s the three television networks each maintained large corps of foreign correspondents stationed in bureaus across the globe, and also domestic bureaus in the major American cities. They all did serious documentaries and showed them in prime time. Editors and producers pursued stories that interested them, without much concern for how readers or viewers might react to the journalism that resulted. Charity Essays. Members of cell phone essay, this tribe of journalists shared a sense of what “the news” was. Or Pro Essay. The most influential of them were the editors and reporters on the best newspapers, whose decisions were systematically embraced and cell phone essay, echoed by other editors and writers, as well as by the producers of television news. As many have noted now that their power has declined, these news executives were gatekeepers of a kind, deciding which stories got the most attention.

The most obvious examples of their discretionary power came in the realm of investigative reporting. One of the cardinal events of this era was Walter Cronkite's decision in late October 1972 to history oxford report in cell phone essay, detail on the CBS Evening News the findings of in india, two young Washington Post reporters, Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, on the developing Watergate scandal. Phone Essay. Cronkite’s decision highlighted the strength of the news culture, while also helping to put the statement history, Post —then still emerging as a leading newspaper—at the center of national attention. This was a golden era in journalism, a time when a prosperous and widely-respected press demonstrated an unprecedented willingness to confront a sitting president. Watergate and cell phone, the Vietnam War both made it much easier to challenge authority. Newspapers especially began to show increasing self-confidence—sometimes it felt like arrogance—by moving away from reactive journalism that focused on the events of the previous day and devoting more space and energy to “enterprise” journalism, which included not just in-depth investigations, but stories about trends in english population a human, society, profiles, and feature stories. Thanks to cell this new boldness, the relationship between reporters and government deteriorated and became quite contentious. Deference gave way to pro life skepticism and, often, cynicism about the believability of public officials and government agencies.

One of the great symbolic moments of this era was the decision by the Nixon administration to seek a court order to stop The New York Times from publishing details of a secret Pentagon history of the Vietnam war that a disgruntled official had leaked to the paper. Cell Are Dangerous. Initially a federal district court accepted the government’s argument that publication endangered “national security,” and issued an order to the Times to cease publication of stories based on pro life essay, the “Pentagon Papers.” The Times 's source, Daniel Ellsberg, then leaked another set of the papers to The Washington Post , which hurriedly began preparing stories about them. The government sought court action to block the Post as well. The Supreme Court agreed to cell are dangerous essay take the case. The Times and Post hired some of the best (and most expensive) lawyers in the country to argue for publication. The court quickly decided in favor of the newspapers' right to publish. Nixon's attempt to impose “prior restraint” on the American press had failed. Two private corporations, the Times and Post companies, had defied the government and then persuaded the Supreme Court to let them get away with it. Journalists still remember this as a critical moment in the history of choice, their business. 1902-03: Ida Tarbell profiles John D. Rockefeller and cell are dangerous, the Standard Oil Company The progressive era of the late 19th and essay population a human source, early 20th centuries was a time of phone, social activism as Americans and their president, Theodore Roosevelt, fought corruption and writing services in india, monopolistic practices in government and industry.

Tarbell, a former school teacher, wrote a series of phone, articles for McClure’s Magazine about the giant Standard Oil Company and its owner John D. Rockefeller. The series was published in book form in history of art oxford, 1904, and in 1911 the U.S. Supreme Court found the company to be in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act, causing its breakup. Ironically, Tarbell didn’t like the term “muckraker,” which was applied to her and other reform-minded journalists of the era. 1906: Upton Sinclair exposes conditions in Chicago's meatpacking plants Chicago was America’s center of meat processing and packing around the turn of the essay, century in 1900. Although Sinclair’s famous 1906 work, The Jungle , was a novel, he based it on seven weeks in disguise working in Chicago’s meatpacking plants. Pro Life Choice. His exposé of conditions that immigrant workers faced in the stockyards and cell are dangerous essay, the unsanitary practices of the industry coincided with passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Sinclair later focused on American journalism itself, calling attention in 1920 to the practice of charity, “yellow journalism” in his book The Brass Check . 1953: Murrey Marder dogs Sen. Joseph McCarthy's witch hunt In February 1950, U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy declared that more than 200 Communists were working at the U.S. Phone Are Dangerous. State Department. After his re-election in 1952, McCarthy conducted a series of hearings on the matter and implicated Army personnel in espionage. In 1953, Murrey Marder, writing for The Washington Post , began full-time coverage of Sen. McCarthy and his hearings. Marder investigated the senator's accusations against Army personnel stationed at thesis university of toronto, Fort Monmouth in New Jersey, finding that the senator's charges against cell are dangerous, them were all false. Marder later opened the a model charity, London bureau of the The Post , and after his retirement, helped create the Nieman Watchdog Project.

1962-64: David Halberstam calls foul on the U.S. military's rosy Vietnam claims In October 1963, President John F. Kennedy was so upset about David Halberstam’s reporting from Saigon that he asked Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, the publisher of The New York Times , to transfer David Halberstam out of Vietnam. Since the previous year, Halberstam had offered dogged and skeptical coverage of U.S. government officials’ optimistic portrayals of their and the South Vietnamese government’s efforts against North Vietnam. Are Dangerous Essay. “The job of the reporters in writing in india, Vietnam,” Halberstam wrote in 1965, “was to report the news, whether or not the news was good for cell, America.” In 1964, Halberstam earned a Pulitzer Prize for his Vietnam reporting. 1969: Seymour Hersh exposes the mba essay services, My Lai massacre and cover-up In March 1968, U.S. Army soldiers massacred hundreds of civilians in cell phone essay, My Lai, a South Vietnamese village. In the months following, Army commanders downplayed the incident, keeping it hidden from the public. However, due to pressure on the chain-of-command from writing services in india a soldier in the infantry company involved, Lieutenant William Calley, Jr. was court martialed in cell are dangerous, September 1969 for his role. The public wouldn't learn of words for expository, My Lai until Hersh, acting on a tip, interviewed Calley and cell phone are dangerous essay, his lawyer. Hersh's story was published by Dispatch, a small news agency with a tiny staff, and of christian charity essays, then picked up nationally. Calley was the only soldier convicted in relation to the massacre. Hersh won the cell phone essay, 1970 Pulitzer Prize for his reporting. 1971: The Pentagon Papers leaked and published.

In 1971, with the Vietnam War still going after almost a decade, a military analyst named Daniel Ellsberg leaked a seven-thousand page history of U.S.-Vietnam relations that had been prepared for thesis, internal use by the Pentagon. Lengthy sections of these “Pentagon Papers” were published in The Washington Post and cell phone, The New York Times , revealing the covert origins of a war that was exceedingly unpopular at home. Words. The Nixon administration ordered the newspapers to cease publication of any of the documents. This led to a Supreme Court case ( New York Times Co. v. United States ) that eventually ruled in favor of the press. 1972: Woodward and Bernstein expose the Watergate break in In June 1972, five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee offices at the Watergate Complex in Washington, DC.

Two young reporters at The Washington Post , Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, were intrigued that one of the burglars was on are dangerous, the payroll of writing, President Richard Nixon’s reelection committee and began digging further. Essay. Woodward and Bernstein uncovered a series of political crimes and “dirty tricks” that connected the burglary back to the White House. Their reporting led to a model of christian charity indictments of 40 administration officials and the eventual resignation of President Nixon. The paper won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for the investigative reporting. 1992: Florence Graves reveals sexual misconduct in Congress In 1992, shortly after the Anita Hill controversy, Florence Graves, founder of essay, Common Cause magazine, began an investigation into sexual misconduct on Capitol Hill.

She quickly found a pattern of charges pointing to Senator Bob Packwood. In the fall of 1992, The Washington Post published Graves'story detailing allegations from 10 women of sexual misconduct by the Oregon senator. The story not only a model of christian led to the first-ever Senate Ethics Committee investigation of sexual misconduct and cell phone essay, the eventual resignation of Senator Packwood, but also to pro life or pro choice the passage of the landmark Congressional Accountability Act, subjecting Congress to the same discrimination laws as the rest of the nation. 2010: Dana Priest and William Arkin detail secret government organizations On July 19, 2010, Washington Post reporters Dana Priest and William Arkin published “Top Secret America,” a series of investigative articles revealing the massive and what they characterized as mismanaged post-9/11 growth of the U.S. intelligence community. The series, benefiting from the work of more than a dozen other journalists at phone, The Post , compiled hundreds of thousands of services in india, records over phone essay two years, identifying 45 government organizations (1,271 sub-units) and 1,931 private companies engaged in top-secret intelligence work. The series highlighted the oversight challenges facing such a fast-growing and words for expository essays, secretive system with such an important agenda: maintaining the safety of American citizens. Reuters/Jason Reed JIR.

2013: The Washington Post and The Guardian report on NSA surveillance In early June 2013, The Post and The Guardian broke nearly-simultaneous stories about National Security Agency surveillance activities being conducted on U.S. citizens and foreign officials. Both sets of articles, led by Barton Gellman at essay, The Post and Glenn Greenwald at The Guardian , along with Laura Poitras and of toronto, Ewan MacAskill, initially relied on cell essay, a confidential source who was a former NSA analyst and then-employee at writing university, a private sector consulting firm. The source had told Gellman that he was operating out of conscience and knew that he would be exposed. Phone Essay. That person was Edward Snowden. Both newspapers shared the Pulitzer Prize this year for their articles.

Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein (center) and Bob Woodward (left), the team who broke the Watergate story. Washington, D.C., 1974. © Wayne Miller/Magnum Photos. T he golden era had its shortcomings, to be sure. A herd mentality too often prevailed, especially in a model of christian essays, Washington coverage. Self-important journalists were too common. And both the conventional wisdom and conventional attitudes remained strong. So, for example, when confronted by a story like the AIDS epidemic, the cell, great news organizations reacted slowly and essays, clumsily. Few journalists paid serious attention to cell phone are dangerous essay the rising disparities in American society.

Toward the end of the or pro, era, in the first years of the 21st century, the news media succumbed to the national anxieties produced by the 9/11 attacks and failed to challenge effectively the Bush administration's rush to war in Iraq. Many journalists joined the phone are dangerous essay, rush. Mba Essay Writing In India. This was an phone are dangerous, embarrassment for our major journalistic institutions and a disservice to the country. Nevertheless, America's best news organizations have proved their value again and again, even in recent years, as their fortunes have declined. The culture of journalistic skepticism born in the 1960s and 1970s has continued to serve the country well. Repeatedly, journalists have broken significant news stories that government officials hoped would never be revealed, from accounts of Americans torturing terror suspects to revelations of the systematic mistreatment of veterans at Walter Reed Hospital; from accounts of the government's eavesdropping programs to descriptions of transition essays, its vast, post-9/11 intelligence apparatus. The major journalistic revelations of the last decade altered the country's image of itself. They mattered.

And society has benefited in less tangible ways, too. “How would this look on the front page of cell are dangerous, The Washington Post ?” has been a question asked in offices in Washington ever since the time of Watergate, to good effect. Or Pro Choice Essay. Of course this deterrent to illegal, unethical, or embarrassing behavior is unevenly effective; many miscreant public officials have ignored it, and cell phone essay, will in the future, whether or not there continues to be a front page of The Washington Post . But this sense of pro life, accountability has had a salutary effect. The best journalism has most often been produced by those news organizations that have both the cell phone, resources and the courage to defend their best work when it offends or alarms powerful institutions and individuals. The public may perceive journalism as an individualistic enterprise carried out by lone rangers of statement history of art, rectitude, but this is rarely the case. The best work is usually done by a team that has the backing of an organization committed to phone are dangerous maintaining the highest standards of seriousness and integrity, and to nurturing talented reporters and editors. In the writing of toronto, trickiest realms of investigative reporting on matters that touch on “national security,” the team—including the cell are dangerous, writers and editors as well as the lawyers and university of toronto, often the publisher too—can be critically important.

News organizations that can afford to support such teams are now at risk. A healthy democratic society requires referees—authority figures with whistles they can blow when they perceive infringements of the rules. Prosecutors and judges fulfill this role in matters of law enforcement, but their writ is are dangerous limited by the scope of the law. Statement. “I am not a crook,” insisted Richard Nixon, and perhaps he wasn't, but he was a kind of political criminal nevertheless, and he was first called to account by journalists. Will such whistle blowers be on the job to cell are dangerous confront the next Nixon? Paul Starr, the distinguished Princeton scholar, has put the matter succinctly: “By undermining the economic basis of professional reporting and by fragmenting the public, [the digital revolution] has weakened the ability of the press to act as an effective agent of public accountability. If we take seriously the idea that an english, independent press serves an essential democratic function, its institutional distress may weaken democracy itself. And that is the phone, danger that confronts us.” Bill O'Reilly vs. Jon Stewart 2012: The Rumble In The Air-Conditioned Auditorium at George Washington University on October 6, 2012.

Jamie McCarthy/Getty Images for The Rumble 2012. I f today's providers of the best journalism—often referred to these days, somewhat ominously, as “legacy media,” meaning the old stuff—cannot survive their continuing tribulations, what will take their place? Predicting the future is a fool's errand, but some trends are clear. The Internet promotes fragmentation by encouraging the development of like-minded communities, from you and your Facebook friends to avid Tea Party supporters who love Breitbart News, a highly readable, relentlessly ideological right-wing news site. Surveys by the Pew Research Center for essay source, the People the cell phone, Press show that increasing numbers of American get their “news” from ideologically congenial sources. The news media are fragmenting just as American society is fragmenting—by class, by region, by religious inclination, by generation, by ethnic identity, by politics and more. The rise of the fragmented news media is quite a recent phenomenon. It really became significant after the inauguration of Barack Obama in January 2009. President Obama came into the White House in the midst of the worst economic crisis since the writing services, Great Depression. He had run as a unifier who would bring a new era of bipartisan collaboration: “Yes we can!” But no, he couldn't. Cell Phone Are Dangerous Essay. Republicans in Congress decided at the outset of his administration that they would try to deny the new president any victories.

Obama's early legislative successes, based on the big Democratic majorities in the House and Senate produced by of christian essays the 2008 election, disguised the fact that partisan gridlock lay just around the corner. After 2010, when Republicans regained control of the House, the gridlock set in. The politicians made an uneasy peace with the idea of perpetual partisan warfare. Voters also took increasingly ideological positions, and looked with increasing suspicion on those who disagreed with them. Today's politicians, especially on the right, communicate to “their” voters through “their” media, most notably, of course, Fox News. Similarly, liberal Democrats like to appear on MSNBC. More ideological politicians like a world without Cronkites—without recognized gatekeepers and arbiters. So “the news” that once helped unify the country is now just another source of division.

Daniel Patrick Moynihan used to argue that “everyone is entitled to his own opinion, but not to his own facts.” No longer. Politicians and commentators now seem perfectly happy inventing their own reality when it suits their political or ideological purposes. Fox News's determination to cell phone are dangerous essay ridicule the Affordable Care Act—”Obamacare”—had nothing to do with traditional journalistic truth-seeking. Rather, it was part of a propaganda campaign. The MSNBC cable network, part of a model of christian charity essays, NBC, which used to be a serious news organization, saw a business opportunity in making itself a liberal alternative to Fox, the most profitable cable news network, and now unabashedly propagates a liberal view of the news. Fox and MSNBC have both decided to cater to their audiences not with original reporting of the phone, news (which is transition words for expository essays expensive), but with commentary on the news interspersed with broadcasts of set-piece events like presidential news conferences. Curiously, or revealingly, there is little outrage in the culture about these developments. We seem to have adapted to the demise of the old expectations about cell phone, accuracy, fairness, and reporting without much of a fight. Some of the new online products produce interesting and informative journalism, but none has the ambitions or the sense of responsibility of the english, best publications. They couldn't afford those luxuries. A great news organization is expensive.

The newsroom of The New York Times costs about $230 million a year. The news operation of The Washington Post , already substantially diminished from the height of its profitability and influence, still costs more than $90 million a year. Without the revenues to support them, newsrooms all over the country have been decimated. Newspapers employed 59,000 journalists in 1989, and 36,000 in 2012 (and fewer since then). Once-formidable institutions including The Baltimore Sun , Chicago Tribune , Los Angeles Times , and Miami Herald are vastly diminished. Others have gone out of business altogether. The significant news organizations that have survived are under terrific pressure now. A revealing document emerged this spring from The New York Times , a 96-page report written by a committee of Times employees on the digital future. Reading it makes clear the extent to which even Times reporters and editors now see the demands of the digital age as incompatible with their traditional pursuits.

The committee argues that The New York Times must become a “digital first” organization. “That means aggressively questioning many of our print-based traditions and their demands on our time, and determining which can be abandoned to free up resources for digital work.” One example cited in the report: “Packaging, promoting and sharing our journalism” on the Internet—three activities that have nothing to do with reporting and writing news stories—must become a priority for the newsroom. Even when journalists are allowed to pursue traditional reporting, the requirements of online journalism limit their opportunities to do so. Before the essay, big papers had websites, a reporter could take all day to mba essay services cover an event, talk to sources to get background information, consider the implications of the new developments, and write a story for the next day's paper. Today the same reporter has to file multiple versions of the cell phone are dangerous essay, same story as the day progresses, adding new tidbits as she acquires them. There is mba essay much less time available to dig into a story and discover its ramifications.

The quantity of original reporting has surely declined as the importance of the cell, Internet has grown. One immediate effect of all these changes and cutbacks is that there's no paper in America today that can offer the same coverage of its city, suburbs, and state that it provided 20 or even 10 years ago, and scores of university, city halls and state legislatures get virtually no coverage by any substantive news organizations. Television remains the primary source of cell phone essay, news for most Americans, but local stations have dramatically reduced their reporting staffs, and english essay population, the networks no longer try to cover the world and the country as they once did. It’s true that the federal government in Washington still gets a lot of attention from reporters. But one large category of Washington coverage has virtually disappeared: journalism about members of Congress by news organizations “back home.” A generation ago scores of local newspapers and television stations employed Washington correspondents who kept an phone, eye on the members of the personal statement, House and Senate from phone essay their cities and states. Choice. Senator Christopher Dodd recalls that in his early years in the Senate, in are dangerous, the 1980s, a dozen reporters from Connecticut outlets were based in Washington and reported regularly on his activities. By the time he retired in 2010, that number had fallen to zero.

No Connecticut newspaper or television station had a reporter in the nation's capital. Facade of The Newseum, incorporating the text of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. David Monack/Wikimedia Commons. A re there no grounds for optimism, or even hope? Of course there are. In this age of creative destruction, the destruction is more obvious than the creativity, but some of the of toronto, new, online providers of news are doing interesting work that helps compensate for the shrinkage of traditional outlets' reporting staffs.

For example, in Connecticut there are now several bloggers reporting on the state's members of Congress, and CT Mirror, a non-profit news site, has a full-time Washington reporter. Around the cell essay, country dozens of news websites have sprung up to essay population source provide some local coverage, many of them employing their own reporters, and a few of them are quite good. There are also several web-based operations that sometimes break important national stories. The very best of them is ProPublica, a non-profit organization founded by Paul Steiger, the former managing editor of The Wall Street Journal , that is cell phone are dangerous essay devoted to thesis investigative reporting, an expensive specialty that has suffered in the era of disappearing newspaper profits. ProPublica provides pro bono journalism of the highest quality, as good as the investigative projects of the cell phone are dangerous, major newspapers. Its budget of $12 million a year, nearly all raised from donors, funds a staff of mba essay, 45 reporters and editors. But as its journalists acknowledge, the ProPublica stories that have the greatest impact are those done in cell phone essay, collaboration with legacy news media that publish or broadcast them. Its own excellent website has a relatively small audience. AP Photo/Jason DeCrow.

Other non-profit organizations are also providing reporting at a level that only the major news organizations used to offer. The winner of the a model of christian charity essays, 2014 Pulitzer Prize for cell phone are dangerous, investigative reporting was Chris Hamby of the Center for Public Integrity in Washington, a non-profit watchdog organization that maintains vast electronic files tracing the flow of money into personal statement of art oxford our politics. Marcus Brauchli, who has served as the senior editor of both The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post , observed recently that thanks to cell phone essay Internet offerings, the quantity of American journalism has never been greater. It used to be the case that newspapers like the or pro, Times and Post offered their readers what was usually the very best coverage available in a wide range of news categories—there were no serious competitors. Today there are competitors in every one: ESPN in sports, Politico in Washington coverage, BuzzFeed in the world of popular culture, and cell essay, so on. We at the Post used to a human have a corner on the market in cell phone are dangerous essay, Washington—no competitor could challenge us in any of our major categories. No corners are available now.

New York Times Building. Jleon/ Wikimedia Commons. I f there is some good news, it's hardly enough to be reassuring. Something more substantial has to happen to writing services sustain the kind of journalistic excellence that a democracy requires. Cell Essay. Of course there can be technological surprises. A group of young people could be working in a Silicon Valley garage right now on an idea that could re-establish a healthy revenue stream for major news organizations. I certainly hope so. Efforts to save serious journalism enjoy one natural advantage: smart people playing influential roles in society know that they need good information about many subjects.

It is conceivable that these citizens, who are a significant audience albeit a small fraction of the thesis, total population, will be willing to pay the full cost of the journalism they consume. At first blush this may sound painfully obvious. Are Dangerous. Don't people usually pay for the services they use? Not the news. Before websites, readers paid a pittance for pro life choice, their news in newspapers that were deliberately priced below the cell phone essay, cost of a cup of writing in india, coffee to try to maximize circulation (and therefore advertising dollars). And then for the better part of two decades—the first decades of the World Wide Web—online consumers got used to the idea that news was not just cheap but free. In the United States The Wall Street Journal was the only major publication that charged for online access to its journalism. Everyone else gave their work away on the theory—or hope—that this was the way to cell phone are dangerous essay build the a model of christian, audiences that advertisers would eventually pay to reach. Then in March 2011, The New York Times announced a paywall that required regular online readers to pay for phone essay, its journalism, a risky gambit that has proven remarkably successful.

At the beginning of April the Times had 800,000 “digital subscribers,” people paying to read the paper on electronic devices only. Transition Essays. (The daily ink-on-paper Times is bought by 680,000 people, and 1.2 million on cell phone are dangerous essay, Sundays.) Digital subscriptions currently bring in more than $150 million a year, money that has saved the writing university, company from the grave financial crisis caused by declining revenues for the print edition. The Washington Post and cell phone essay, most other large newspapers followed the Times , if they were not already charging for online access. Words For Expository Essays. Though none of the others has had as much success signing up digital subscribers as the cell phone, Times , the newspaper’s ability to persuade online readers to in india pay is heartening. It suggests at least the cell, possibility that over time, consumers of mba essay, news might follow the path of television viewers, who once thought—before the arrival of cable television—that TV was free, but eventually got used to paying substantial monthly cable bills. Some version of that transition could save the cell essay, traditional news business—if some clever inventor can figure out how to make it happen. Until now no one has, and even the transition for expository, Times 's encouraging numbers fall short of cell, a solution that could save its $235 million-a-year newsroom. A morning edition of the Washington Post- August 6, 2013. Amazon.com Inc founder Jeff Bezos bought the newspaper in a surprise deal that ended the Graham family's 80 years of writing university, ownership. “Design the are dangerous, electronic classifieds now.” see the full memo. L ast fall, when he met the staff of The Washington Post soon after buying the paper, Jeff Bezos of Amazon spoke about the importance of “the bundle,” as he called the variety of news, opinion, useful information, and entertainment that the transition words, Post offers each day. The goal in the digital age, Bezos said, had to be to make the cell are dangerous essay, bundle attractive to a lot of people—so attractive that they would be willing to pay for english population, it.

The average age of the are dangerous, readers of the printed paper, Bezos noted, goes up “about one year every year.” It's no secret where that leads, he quipped. Now that he owns the charity essays, money-losing Post , Bezos faces the challenge of how to sell that bundle. Michael Moritz of Sequoia Capital, one of the country's most successful venture capitalists, summarized the problem: “How [can] an Internet property, dedicated to broad-based news and information, ever generate a lot of money? Without solving that riddle, there is no path to prosperity.” Of course, a large organization offering “broad-based news and are dangerous, information” is not the only conceivable model. Personally I am convinced that our society will be best served by the survival of a few distinguished news organizations committed to a model of christian essays holding powerful people accountable for cell, the ways they use their power.

This view is certainly a product of history of art, my lifetime's service in one such organization. But there are other possibilities. The news supermarkets we are used to may not survive, but “disaggregated” news organizations specializing in specific subjects might, over time, provide the accountability journalism we need. One interesting example is the SCOTUS blog, which provides excellent coverage of the Supreme Court. It makes no profit, but is supported by Bloomberg. Politico's coverage of Washington and politics, though uneven, is better than that of cell phone essay, any but the very best news organizations. And Politico, thanks to revenue from a model charity essays its Capitol Hill newspaper edition, actually makes money. It is also possible that “prosperity” won't be necessary.

The $250 million Bezos paid for cell phone, The Washington Post was a tiny sliver of his $30 billion net worth. For him to a model of christian cover the cell are dangerous essay, Post 's losses now costs the equivalent of lunch money for an ordinary mortal—something Bezos could easily afford for thesis writing university, decades to come, if he chooses to play the angel's role indefinitely. The money-losing Boston Globe , sold at are dangerous, a huge loss by a model essays The New York Times in 2013, has a deep-pocketed new owner in John Henry, principal owner of the Boston Red Sox, who similarly could keep the paper afloat indefinitely if he wants to. There might be comparable angels in the futures of other news organizations. Phone Essay. New Yorkers have speculated for years that their former mayor, Michael Bloomberg, worth $34 billion, might play that role some day for writing, The New York Times . The wealthiest giants in this brave new world are companies that did not exist 20 years ago, inventive outfits that have capitalized on phone essay, digital technologies most effectively. Facebook and of art, Google, for example, bestride the globe like modern-day King Kongs, catering to billions of people and earning scores of billions of dollars. Both exploit the work of phone are dangerous essay, traditional providers of news that create information useful to Facebook friends and Google searchers. Choice. They lead large numbers of cell phone are dangerous, readers to the journalism of the legacy media. But they contribute relatively little to the survival of those providers. These firms were created by a model charity essays a new generation of cell phone are dangerous, young people whose self-interest may lead them either to realize the importance of the legacy institutions, or figure out how to create new ways to do what the old news organizations did in the past.

Financially, it would be easy for Google to rescue The New York Times . The annual cost of the a model of christian charity essays, Times 's newsroom represents less than 2 percent of phone are dangerous, Google's 2013 profits. Google, or someone else, could also create new news organizations dedicated to excellent coverage of narrow fields. The future, in Mort Sahl's wise words, lies ahead—but remains invisible. News as we know it is at risk. So is democratic governance, which depends on an effective watchdog news media. Both have been undermined by changes in society wrought by digital technologies—among the most powerful forces ever unleashed by mankind. We have barely begun the english population, Digital Age, and are dangerous essay, there is mba essay writing in india no point in are dangerous, trying to predict just where it will take us. Transition For Expository Essays. News certainly has a future, but what that will be is phone unclear. English Population A Human. All that we know for certain is that we are lighting out for new territory. Join the conversation on Twitter using #BrookingsEssay or share this on Facebook . This Essay is also available as an eBook from these online retailers: Amazon Kindle, Barnes Noble, Apple iTunes, Google Play, and on Kobo.

Like other products of the essay, Institution, The Brookings Essay is intended to contribute to discussion and stimulate debate on important issues. Writing Services In India. The views are solely those of the author. Graphic Design: Marcia Underwood and Jessica Pavone. Research: Fred Dews, Thomas Young, Jessica Pavone, Kevin Hawkins. Editorial: Beth Rashbaum and Fred Dews.

Web Development: Marcia Underwood. 1775 Massachusetts Ave, NW, Washington , DC 20036.