Rubric photo essay

A Sample Hotel Business Plan Template FREE (Hospitality) Are you about essay starting a hotel and introduction thesis, hospitality business? If YES, here is essay a complete sample hotel business plan template feasibility report you can use for FREE . Okay, so we have considered all the requirements for thinking definition webster starting a hotel business. We also took it further by rubric analyzing and drafting a sample hotel marketing plan template backed up by actionable guerrilla marketing ideas for hotel businesses. University Submission! So let#8217;s proceed to the business planning section. What is the Essence of the Hospitality Industry? All over the world, the hospitality business is rubric photo essay being seen as a very serious trade and the reason for this cannot be farfetched. The reason the hospitality business – especially hotel business is being taken seriously is because of its relationship with the tourism industry. Either locally or internationally, one of the ways to make people who arrive at unknown places at ease and making them feel comfortable is by having a very relaxed hotel in place for them to lodge in. This is essay one of the reasons why the hotel business continues to witness a boom.

Starting a hotel business could eventually be one of the best things to attain for yourself. This is because of the lucrative nature and the prosperity involved in this industry. Every day foreigners, as well as local migrants and rubric essay, business people travel from one point or the other and the option they are faced with is staying in hotels. It is pertinent to note that there are different categories of hotels, like the 5 star, 4 star or even the 3 star hotels. One of the essential things that is unique to each category of essay that harvard, hotel, are the facilities that make up each. Whatever type of hotel category you may have is in view, there is always the most important step to take in essay making your business stand out, as well as succeed in the long run. What can this be? Well, that is the hurdle of writing a business plan. One of the introduction paragraphs reasons why writing a business plan might be one of the best things to do is this. It helps you stay focused whilst trying to build your business to the height you want it to be.

The various segments and technicality involved, also requires that a deep and thorough calculative approach is used to arrive at photo, the best of projections for your business. Writing a business might not pose too great a threat as you might think. This is because it entails using a sample hotel business plan to write yours. As a matter of fact this approach is largely what some consultants’ use to help their clients do justice to introduction thesis, writing a business plan. You too have the wherewithal to do so, as a well put together business plan is available to rubric photo, you below. A FREE Sample Hotel Business Plan Template. The hospitality industry has been in existence from time immemorial and it is still waxing strong simply because people can’t do away with the services they offer. When you talk about a hotel, you are talking about an establishment that provides lodging for guest / travelers, tourist, visitor et al, on a short-term basis with a fee.

When people lodge in hotels, they have the options of subscribing to other services the hotel offers; services like feeding, drinks, laundry, fitness center, swimming pool, conference room and business room, amongst others. As a matter of thesis, fact, the facilities provided by some hotels may range from a basic bed and storage wardrobe, to luxury features such as en-suite bathrooms, mini parlor et al. It is the norm for big hotels to provide additional guest facilities like swimming pool, conference center, business center, childcare, self-service laundry, fitness center and social function services. In some countries, hotels are required by photo essay law to serve food and drinks to all their clients that lodged in their facility while in best proofreader some country, you would have to rubric photo essay, choose the additional services you want from the hotel. Paragraphs! The bottom line is the higher the essay amount you pay in hotels, the more the services you are entitled to. Starting a hotel business is shakespere hamlet capital intensive and it is considered a long term investment because it takes a while for the owners to rubric, breakeven and start making profits. No doubt it takes a big time investor to consider starting his or her own hotel business, which is best proofreader why loads of hotels are owned by groups of investors. One good thing about the hotel business is photo that the business can grow so big that it will not only have active presence in essay got into key cities in the country where it started from, but in major cities in all the continent of the world. It is important to state that hotel operations vary in size, function, and photo essay, cost which is why hotels are classified into different grades (two star hotel, five star hotel, seven star hotel et al). Shakespere! Sample Hotel Business Plan Template Executive Summary. Sean and Sharon Hotel will be located in the heart of photo essay, Las Vegas less than 20 minute drive from McCarran International Airport in thesis Las Vegas, and few minute drive from Mandalay Bay Event Center.

We are conveniently located in the world’s headquarter for casinos and games; a commercial center. Sean Sharon Hotel believes in photo the passionate pursuit of excellence and financial success with uncompromising services and proofreader, integrity, which is why we have decided to venture into the hospitability industry by establishing our own hotel. We are certain that our values will help us drive the business to enviable heights and also help us attract the number of clients that will make our hotel fully booked all through the year. We are going to be a customer-centric hotel with a service culture that will be deeply rooted in rubric photo the fabric of our organizational structure and indeed at all levels of the organization. With that, we know that we will be able to consistently achieve our set business goals, increase our profitability and reinforce our positive long-term relationships with our clientele, partners, and all our employees as well. Our hotel facility will be decorated in an exquisite and elegant facade, so much so that it will be a conspicuous edifice in the city where it is best online proofreader located.

Sean Sharon Hotel will provide a conducive spot for our customers to take a break from their various busy schedule, to a place where they can find comfort and luxury. Sean and Sharon hotel will be equipped with a business center and essay, a VIP lounge, as well as a Fitness room and critical, self-service laundry which will be made available for resident guests at no extra cost. We will also install a free Wi-Fi that will enable our guests surf the internet with their laptop in photo the hotel room free of charge, and there will be wireless access in all the public area in the hotel; we will also provide mobile phones for loan to harvard, business travelers for their convenience so as to enable them stay in – touch with their family members, friends, and business partners. No doubt our business class guest rooms will provide our customers with a warm and comfortable home away from home experience, large banquet venue, as well as Chinese and Intercontinental cuisine. We are set to give our esteemed guests an unforgettable experience whenever they patronize our hotel. Sean and Sharon Hotel is owned by Sean Glacier, Sharon Glacier and other investors whose names can’t be mentioned in this business plan for rubric photo obvious reasons. The owners and board members of Sean and Sharon hotel are big time investors in the hospitality industry. Sharon Glacier has well over 20 years of shakespere hamlet essays, experience in hotel management and she has a Master’s Degree in Hotel Management. She will be bringing her wealth of experience to the table to rubric photo, make Sean and Sharon Hotel the number one choice in Las Vegas. Over and above we are building a hotel business that will be the university submission cynosure of all eyes.

One that competes favorably with other hotels that is in existence in Las Vegas. We plan to do this bearing in mind that it would take hard work, loads of financial commitment, as well as well trained employees who can be indoctrinated in rubric photo essay the quest for building a top notch hotel in the Las Vegas city. Sean and Sharon Hotel is set to operate a standard hotel service in Las Vegas, Nevada. Definition Webster! The point that we want to become a force to reckon with in the hospitality industry means that we will provide our guests with fitness room, social room, and self-service laundry room and business center; for the purpose of business or leisure and more. In all that we do, we will ensure that our guests leave with an essay, unforgettable experience that will make them want to come back as well as recommend our hotel to essay that got into harvard, their friends, family members and business partners. Rubric Essay! These are the services and amenities that will be made available to our guests; Lodging Meals (Local Delicacies, Chinese cuisines and intercontinental cuisines et al) Drinks (wines, beers, distilled spirits, martinis, beverages and non – alcoholic drinks) Swimming pool Gym Self – service laundry room Business center Mini mart Conference room Banquet venue Childcare Shuttle service. Essay! Our vision is to open a standard hotel that will become the number one choice in rubric photo essay Las Vegas. Our mission is to deliver reliable, genuine, caring and excellent service superior to what our competition can offer in any location where our hotel will be situated and to shakespere hamlet, ensure that our hotel enjoys over 90 percent occupancy in most parts of the calendar year.

The success of any business is to a larger extent dependent on the business structure of the organization and photo essay, the people who occupy the available role. Sean and Sharon Hotel will work with a business structure that will give room to employees to explore their creativity, give a sense of belonging, as well as grow through the corporate ladder of the hannah in understanding organization. We will work hard to ensure that we only recruit the right set of photo, people with the hamlet essays right mindset to help us achieve our business goals and objectives in record time. We intend building Sean and Sharon Hotel on this structure; Chief Executive Officer (Owner) Hotel Manager Human Resources and Administrative Manager Bartender / Baristas Accountants / Cashiers Facility / Maintenance Manager Marketing Officer Front Desk Officer Cleaners / Washer men Security Officers. Rubric Photo! Roles and Responsibilities. Chief Executive Officer – CEO: Responsible for providing direction for hamlet essays the business Creates, communicates, and implements the organization’s vision, mission, and overall direction – i.e. leading the development and implementation of the overall organization’s strategy. Responsible for fixing prices and signing business deals Responsible for recruitment Responsible for payment of salaries Responsible for signing checks and documents on behalf of the company Evaluates the success of the organization. Responsible for photo essay managing the daily activities in university thesis the hotel Ensures that the rubric photo facility is in tip top shape and conducive enough to hannah essays scribd, welcome customers Interfaces with vendors Reports to the Chief Executive Officer Attends to Customers complains and enquiries Prepares budget and reports for the organization Responsible for essay Training and Development in critical thinking webster the organization Handles procurement Handles any other duty as assigned by the CEO. Human Resources and rubric essay, Administrative Manager. Responsible for overseeing the smooth running of HR and administrative tasks for the organization Defines job positions for recruitment and essays in understanding, managing interviewing process Carries out staff induction for new team members Responsible for training, evaluation and assessment of employees Responsible for arranging travel, meetings and appointments Oversees the smooth running of the daily office activities. Develops, executes and evaluates new plans for photo expanding increase sales Documents all customer contact and information.

Represents the company in strategic meetings Helps increase sales and growth for the company Identifies, prioritizes, and scribd, reach out to new partners, and business opportunities et al. Facility / Maintenance Manager. Responsible for rubric photo essay planning and overseeing building work/renovation Responsible for allocating and managing space within buildings Responsible for managing building maintenance activities Responsible for coordinating cleaning, catering and parking services Responsible for organizing security and definition webster, general administrative services Ensures that facilities meet government regulations and environmental, health and security standards Advises on energy efficiency and cost-effectiveness Supervises multi-disciplinary teams of staff including maintenance, grounds and custodial workers. Interacts with customers, take orders for drinks, food and snacks. Plans and essay, presents bar menu. Checks identification of the essay that got into guest to make sure they meet age requirements for purchase of alcohol and tobacco products. Mixes ingredients to prepare cocktails and other drinks. Mixes drinks, cocktails and other bar beverages as ordered and in compliance with hotel standard drink recipes. Prepares alcohol or non-alcohol beverages.

Services Wine and Beer to guests. Arranges bottles and glasses to make attractive displays. Assesses customers’ needs and preferences and make recommendations Makes lists of supplies in conjunction with the bar manager / management Prepares inventory or purchase requisitions as needed to replenish supplies. Ensures that the assigned bar area is essay fully equipped with tools and products needed for Mixing beverages and serving guests. University Of Toronto Thesis Submission! Collect payment for drinks served and balance all receipts. Prepare financial report at the end of every working week Handles all financial transaction on behalf of the company Interfaces with our bankers Responsible for payment of tax, levies and utility bills Handle any other duty as assigned by the CEO / microbrewery manager. Ensures that customers feel relaxed and at home Handles customers enquiries Assesses customers’ needs and preferences and make recommendations Ability to rubric photo, Sell or influence others for up selling and suggestive selling. That Harvard! Provides recommendations and suggestions to guest for choosing Drinks, food and Snacks. Serve customers in a friendly and helpful manner.

Provides guidance to guests on resort activities, dining options and general resort and Regional information. Demonstrates a thorough knowledge of food and beverage products, menus and Promotions Handles any other duty as assigned by the bar manager. Handles and moves objects, such as glasses, dish and bottles, using hands and rubric, arms. Cleans up after customers and clean work area. Shakespere! Clears ashtrays as and when required. Washes glassware and utensils after each use.

Maintains a clean working area by sweeping, vacuuming, dusting, cleaning of photo, glass doors and windows, etc. Critical Thinking Definition Webster! if required. Ensures that toiletries and supplies don’t run out of photo, stock Responsible for handling laundry Handles any other duty as assigned by the restaurant manager, Ensures that the thinking webster facility is secured at photo, all time Controls traffic and organize parking Gives security tips to hannah arendt essays in understanding scribd, staff members from rubric essay time to time Patrols around the thinking webster building on a 24 hours basis Submits security reports weekly Any other duty as assigned by rubric photo the restaurant manager. Sample Hotel Business Plan Template SWOT Analysis. Sean and Sharon Hotel is that got into harvard fully aware that they are coming into an industry that can be highly competitive which is why they have decided to pay attention to the SWOT analysis for the organization. Photo Essay! We know that once we are able to identify our strengths, our weaknesses, our threats and the opportunities that is available to us, we will be able to come up with good business strategies that will help us achieve all our business goals and hamlet, objectives.

We know too well that one of the rubric essay ways to introduction thesis, build a successful business in rubric photo essay the long run, is the ability to glean some lessons from the weak points we have found ourselves in in understanding and convert it to an area of strength. In a case where there is little or nothing that can be done, we may also work so hard so that our areas of strength blossoms more, so that are weak area is very less visible. Here is a preview of the result we got from the SWOT analysis that was conducted on behalf of Sean and Sharon Hotel Las Vegas, Nevada; Our area of strength cannot be farfetched; the location of our hotel is perfect for such business, our management team has robust experience in the industry, our customer’s services is second to none in the whole of photo essay, Las Vegas and our facility is top notch. Our perceived weakness could be that we are a new business, and we may not have the financial muscle to sustain the kind of publicity we want to give our business. We are in one of the cities in the world that never goes to bed, plus the fact that Las Vegas is regarded as the world headquarter as far as casino business is concerned. It means that loads of tourist, business executives and travelers would want to visit Las Vegas and we are well positioned to welcome them, because our hotel facility is just about that got into 20 minute drive from McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas, and few minute drive from Mandalay Bay Event Center.

One of the threats that is likely going to confront us is; unfavorable government policies, downturn in the economy which is likely going to affect sales and perhaps the emergence of rubric photo, new hotels (competitors) within the same location where our hotel is hannah arendt essays in understanding located. Sample Hotel Business Plan Template MARKET ANALYSIS. The trend in the hospitality industry is photo essay such that there are peak periods and off peak periods. Thus, hoteliers know this and have been able to make provision to properly handle the change in season. For example; during summer or during any major sporting event or business summit, most hotels in Las Vegas are almost fully booked.

As a matter of fact, that is the period that some hotel make the money that will sustain the business for the rest of the year. Be that as it may, some hotels are well positioned and they enjoy rich patronage all through the 12 calendar months of the year. Best! Another trending feature in the hotel industry is that it is profitable to build your brand and rubric photo essay, then venture into the sale of franchise, if you know you don’t have the capacity to manage various branches of your hotel. Over and above, hoteliers are quite aware that they are in the industry not for quick returns on their investments, but to steadily build a brand that can become a global brand while growing their profits year in year out. Of Toronto Thesis Submission! Sean and Sharon conducted her feasibility studies and rubric photo, market survey and we were able to identify those who we expect will eventually become our loyal customers. We do not intend to waste our time on activities that would yield us nothing, which is why we invested time to create a hotel marketing plan to help us do only the most needful things.

These are the category of people that we intend marketing our hotel to; Corporate Executives Business People Sports Men and of toronto submission, Women Government Officials College Students Tourists Travelers Travelling Agencies Event Managers Religious Organizations. The competitive edge of rubric essay, Sean and online, Sharon Hotel Las Vegas, Nevada is the excellent and essay, customized service that we offer to all our guest irrespective of their status. Shakespere! We can boldly say that the location of our hotel is going to give us an essay, edge over our competitors in Las Vegas. Essays In Understanding Scribd! We are in essay the middle of the happening city in introduction Nevada. From the location of rubric essay, our hotel, you can connect any part of the city with little or no stress. Another significant competitive advantage that we are bringing to the industry is the robust experience of our management team. University Of Toronto Submission! We have a team that has a combination of 40 years of experience in the hospitality industry in United States and Canada. They are considered as core professionals in their own right.

Sample Hotel Business Plan Template SALES AND MARKETING STRATEGY. Marketing Strategy and Sales Strategy. We will adopt the rubric photo following means to attract the kind of people that we want in critical webster our hotel per – time: The model of bar we intend running is a neighborhood type of bar, hence, we are not going to rely only on the conventional ways of rubric, marketing. We don’t have the plans to run paid adverts on Local TV stations, local radio stations or even local newspaper but we will sure maximize every other available means to promote our business. Our unique selling proposition is best online that we have a collection of almost all brands of photo essay, beers produced in university submission America in rubric our bar, we have assorted drinks and tobaccos et al.

In view of that, we are going to best online proofreader, adopt the following strategies to ensure that we do not only attract customers but generate repeated sales from them; Parts of the rubric photo marketing and sales strategies that we will adopt are; Open our hotel in a grand style with a party for all. Advertise our hotel brand in travel and tours magazines, national newspapers, Satellite TV stations and best proofreader, Radio station Promote our business online via our official website and all available social media platform Continuously Improve the performance of our brands Hire the services of rubric photo essay, experts to make our brands the first choice for guests Deliver consistent customer experiences to all our guest; making our first impression count positively Continuously Improve the submission efficiency of our hotels and operating processes Ensure that we Put our market scale and rubric photo essay, knowledge to essay got into harvard, good use Using our worldwide scale and experience to convert more hotels to our brands Make the most of our global presence – guests choose brands they know when they travel Build strong partnerships within our own company and with our stakeholders across the world Make use of attractive hand bills to rubric essay, create awareness and university of toronto thesis submission, also to give direction to our bar Position our signage / flexi banners at strategic places Position our greeters to welcome and direct potential customers Create a loyalty plan that will enable us reward our regular customers Engage on road shows within our neighborhood to create awareness for our hotel. Sean and Sharon Hotel will generate income from the following service offerings; Lodgings Meals (Local Delicacies, Chinese cuisines and photo essay, intercontinental cuisines et al) Drinks (wines, beers, distilled spirits, martinis, beverages and non – alcoholic drinks) Swimming pool Gym Laundry service Business center Mini mart Conference room Banquet venue Childcare Shuttle service. It is important to state that our sales forecast is based on the data gathered during our feasibility studies and also some of the assumptions readily available on the field. Below is the sales projection for Sean and Sharon Hotel, it is based on the location of our hotel and university submission, the services and products that we will be offering; N.B -: This projection is rubric essay done based on what is obtainable in introduction thesis the industry and with the assumption that there wouldn’t be any unfavorable government policy. Rubric Photo Essay! Our pricing system is going to be based on what is university thesis submission obtainable in photo the industry, we don’t intend to charge more (except for arendt essays premium and essay, customized services) and we don’t intend to charge less than our competitors are offering in Las Vegas.

Be that as it may, we have put plans in place to discount our products and services once in a while and also to definition, reward our loyal customers. Rubric Photo! Our payment policy is all inclusive because we are quite aware that different people prefer different payment options as it suits them. Here are the payment options that will be available in best online every of our pub; Payment by cash check Payment via Point of Sale (POS) Machine Payment via online bank transfer (online payment portal) Payment via Mobile money. In view of the above, we have chosen banking platforms that will help us achieve our payment plans without any difficulty. Sample Hotel Business Plan Template Publicity and rubric, Advertising Strategy. Essay Harvard! Sean and Sharon Hotel is in photo the hospitality business to of toronto, make profit and we can only rubric photo, make profit if we steadily increase our customer base. No doubt, in order to online, remain relevant in the hospitality industry as an hotelier in Las Vegas, you should be able to continue to create hype around your hotel brand and that is essay exactly the publicity and advertising strategy that we will adopt. We will ensure that we leverage on all conventional and non – conventional publicity and advertising techniques to best, promote our hotel brand.

Although our hotel is rubric located in Las Vegas, but the scope of our market is global which is why we choose to make use of best practices as far as publicity and advertisement is concerned in hotel business. Best Online Proofreader! Here are the platforms we intend leveraging on to promote and advertise Sean and Sharon Hotel, Las Vegas; Encourage our loyal customers to help us use Word of Mouth (referrals) Advertise our hotel brand in travel and tours magazines, national dailies, Satellite TV stations and Radio station Promote our business online via our official website Sponsor relevant community programs Leverage on rubric photo essay, the internet and social media platforms like; Instagram, Facebook , twitter, et al to promote our brand Install our Bill Boards on strategic locations Engage in road show from time to time Distribute our fliers and handbills in target areas. Start – Up Expenditure (Budget) This is the key areas where we will spend our start – up capital on; Legal expenses for obtaining licenses and permits: $1,500. The Total Fee for Registering the Business in Las Vegas, Nevada: $750. Marketing promotion expenses (2,000 flyers at university, $0.04 per copy) for the total amount of $3,580. Cost for hiring Consultant – $5,000.

Insurance (general liability, workers’ compensation and property casualty) coverage at rubric essay, a total premium – $30,800. University Submission! Cost of accounting software, CRM software and Payroll Software – $15,000 Cost for acquiring facility for the hotel: $500,000. Cost for facility remodeling – $100,000. Other start-up expenses including stationery – $1000) Phone and rubric photo, utility deposits ( $3,500 ). Essays! Operational cost for the first 3 months (salaries of employees, payments of bills et al) – $60,000 The cost for Start-up inventory – $35,000 Storage hardware (bins, utensil rack, shelves, glasses case) – $3,720 The cost for counter area equipment (counter top, sink, ice machine, etc.) – $9,500 Cost for serving area equipment ( glasses, flatware) – $5,000 Cost for store equipment (cash register, security, ventilation, signage) – $13,750 Office equipment and furniture – $3,600 The cost for the purchase of furniture and rubric photo, gadgets (Computers, Printers, Telephone, TVs, Sound System, tables and chairs et al): $4,000. The cost of Launching a Website: $600 The cost for our grand opening party: $5,000 Miscellaneous: $2,500. We would need an estimate of $3.5M to successfully launch Sean and Sharon Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada. Generating Funding / Startup Capital for university submission Coffee4All® Sean and Sharon Hotel will be financed by Sean and Sharon Glaciers and their business partners.

Part of the start – up capital will also be raised as a loan facility from the bank in the United States. These are the areas where we intend sourcing for photo essay fund for Sean and Sharon Hotel. Generate part of the start – up capital from personal savings and sale of his stocks (Sean and Sharon Glaciers) Generate part of the start – up capital from our business partners Generate a larger chunk of the startup capital from the bank. N.B: Please note that Sean and Sharon Glaciers want to retain the lion share of the business shares hence they both are investing a total of 1 million USD. They will also secure a mortgage to paragraphs, purchase the property for the hotel. Sample Hotel Business Plan Template Sustainability and Expansion Strategy. Part of the grand plan of sustaining Sean and Sharon hotel is to photo essay, ensure that we provide the shakespere hamlet best of trainings for our employees, put succession plan in rubric place, and we will not relent in marketing and promoting our hotel brand.

From our findings, another factor that kills new business is financial leakages. In order to plug financial leakages, the management of Sean and Sharon Hotel will adopt the university of toronto submission use of photo essay, payment machines and accounting software to run the business. In the bid to building a successfully business, we will ensure that all our employees are comfortable and we will provide them with the best of facilities and critical thinking definition, welfare package that will help them achieve peak performance in rubric all their duties and in turn help the organization achieve its goals and business objectives. Shakespere! Business Name Availability Check: Completed Business Registration: Completed Opening of Corporate Bank Accounts: Completed Securing Point of Sales (POS) Machines: Completed Opening Mobile Money Accounts: Completed Opening Online Payment Platforms: Completed Application and essay, Obtaining Tax Payer’s ID: In Progress Application for business license and permit: Completed Purchase of Insurance for the Business: Completed Acquiring facility and remodeling the facility: In Progress Conducting Feasibility Studies: Completed Generating capital from family members: Completed Applications for Loan from the bank: In Progress Writing of paragraphs thesis, Business Plan: Completed Drafting of Employee’s Handbook: Completed Drafting of Contract Documents and other relevant Legal Documents: In Progress Design of The Company’s Logo: Completed Graphic Designs and rubric photo essay, Printing of Packaging Marketing / Promotional Materials: In Progress Recruitment of employees: In Progress Purchase of the Needed furniture, electronic appliances, office appliances and bar accessories: In progress Creating Official Website for the Company: Completed Creating Awareness for the business both online and in essay that harvard the neighborhood: In Progress Health and Safety and Fire Safety Arrangement (License): Secured Opening party / launching party planning: In Progress Establishing business relationship with vendors – suppliers of rubric photo, all our needed food ingredients, drinks, tobacco and snacks : In Progress.

Bibliometrics, Citation And Citation Analysis. Chapter 3: Bibliometrics, Citation and Citation Analysis. Dr. Ranganathan S. R. (1969) coined the term 'Librametry' and rubric photo essay presented his concept in ASLIB conference held at thinking definition, Leamington Spa. He used the term to include statistical approaches to study library and its services.

However, the practice of using quantitative method to measure information sources were made even before Dr. Ranganathan but under different terms or without any particular term but 'Statistical Analysis' was in common use before the term Librametry. Cole and Eales (1917) graphically mapped the literature and called this method of analysis as 'Statistical analysis'. Hulme (1923) studied the literature and called it 'statistical bibliography', but the terms were found to be clumsy as it could easily be mistaken. Later the term was coined as bibliometrics by rubric photo essay, Pritchard (1969). 3.2 Different Terminologies in Use:- Many attempts have been made to define the term bibliometrics and its analogous terms since the use of the term 'statistical bibliography' by Hulme (1923), and according to him 'the purpose of statistical bibliography is to online, throw light on the process of written communication and photo essay the nature and course of development of a discipline (in so far as this is displayed through written communication) by means of essay that got into, counting and analyzing its various facets of written communication'. Raising (1962), in his article clearly defined the term statistical bibliography as 'the assembling and interpretation of rubric, statistics relating to books and periodicals to demonstrate historical movements and to determine national and universal research, use of books and journal, and to ascertain in many local situations the general use of books and journals'. This definition is also treated as one of the university submission, classical definitions of bibliometrics. The term Bibliometrics was first coined by rubric, Pritchard (1969) in preference to existing terminology 'statistical bibliography' as he felt there is fair likelihood to misinterpret it as bibliometrical methods to books and other media of communication'. According to Fairthorne (1969), statistical bibliography was 'Quantitative treatment of properties of recorded discourse and essay that got into harvard behaviour appertaining to it'.

British Standard Glossary (1976) of documentation explained the term bibliometrics as 'the study of use of documents and patterns of publication in which mathematical and statistical methods have been applied' which is basically similar to Pritchard's original definition of bibliometrics. Photo! Hawkins (1977), in his on-line bibliometrics study interpreted bibliometrics term as 'The quantitative analysis of the bibliographic features of a body of literature'. Nicholas and Ritchie (1978), in their books entitled 'Literature on Bibliometrics' opined that bibliometrics provided information about the structure of knowledge and how it is communicated? They further added that bibliometrics studies fall mainly into two broad groups, describing characteristics or features of a literature (descriptive studies) and those examining the relationship formed between the components of literature (behavioural studies). More recently Plotter (1981) had defined bibliometrics as 'the study and hannah arendt essays in understanding measurement of the publication patterns of all forms of written communication and their authorship'. Schrader (1981), has also tried to define the term in a more simplified manner and rubric photo essay stated that bibliometrics is 'the scientific study of hamlet, recorded discourse.' Broadus (1987b) presented a historical overview of photo, various definitions of bibliometrics and proposed an alternative definition for bibliometrics. According to him, bibliometrics is the hannah arendt essays, quantitative study of physically published units or of bibliographic units or of surrogates of either.

More explicitly Sengupta (1990), defines the term as 'organization, classification and photo essay quantitative evaluations along with their authorship by in understanding scribd, mathematical and statistical calculus'. A more elaborate concept of bibliometrics has been recently explained by Egghe (2000), as 'development and application of mathematical models and techniques to all aspects of communications.' From these definitions it is concluded that statistical bibliography is replaced by bibliometrics and it means study of measurement of the photo, publication patterns of all forms of written communication and their authorship by means of using citation studies. 3.3 What is Bibliometrics? The term 'bibliometrics' was first used by Pritchard (1969) in his article 'Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics' published in the 'Journal of Documentation'. 'Biblio' means book and 'Metric' means a scale or measure. Bibliometric means application of statistical studies in library and information science. According to Pritchard (1969), bibliometrics is defined as 'the application of mathematics and statistical methods to books and other media of communication.' Potter (1981) defines bibliometrics as 'the study and arendt essays in understanding scribd measurement of the publication pattern of all forms of written communication and their author'. In Bibliometrics and Librametry as an area in which studies 'information process and information handling in libraries and photo information canters by quantitatively analyzing the characteristics and behaviour of documents, library staff, and library users.' The study of bibliometrics and shakespere Librametry include bibliometric distribution, citation analysis, library use studies, etc. It is also a quantitative study of literatures as reflected in bibliographies.

Bibliometrics is the use of rubric photo essay, quantitative analysis and statistics to describe patterns of publication within a given field or body of literature. Bibliometrics is a set of shakespere essays, methods to quantitatively analyze scientific and technological literature (Bellis 2009). The commonly used bibliometric methods are citation analysis and content analysis. Content analysis or textual analysis is photo essay a methodology used in the social sciences for studying the content of communication. Earl Babbie (2010) defines it as the study of recorded human communications, such as books, websites, paintings and laws. According to Farooq Joubish (2011), content analysis is considered a scholarly methodology in the humanities by which texts are studied as to authorship, authenticity, or meaning.

Later subject includes were philology, hermeneutics, and semiotics. Lasswell (1951, p.525 ) formulated the that got into, core questions of content analysis and stated that 'Who says what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect? Ole Holsti (1969) offers a broad definition of rubric photo, content analysis as any technique for making inferences by objectively and systematically identifying specified characteristics of messages. Kimberly (2002) offers a six-part definition of content analysis:Content analysis is a summarizing, quantitative analysis of messages that relies on got into the scientific method (including attention to objectivity, inter subjectivity, a priori design, reliability, validity, generalisability, replicability, and hypothesis testing) and is not limited as to the types of variables that may be measured or the context in which the rubric photo, messages are created or presented. Garfield (1983) and Richard (2010) defined citation analysis as 'the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in articles and books'. Content analysis uses citations in scholarly works to establish links to other works or other researchers.

Citation analysis is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics. Martyn (1976), defined citation analysis as, 'Analysis of the citations or references or both which forms of part of the scholarly publication.' According to Baughman (1974), 'Citation study is a systematic enquiry into the structural properties of the literature of the subject' he explains that the structure of literature is of a good quality. Bibliometric method is most often used in arendt the field of library and information science; as well it has an photo essay, equal applicability in other areas also. In fact, in many research fields use of bibliometric methods is carried out to explore the impact of their field, the impact of a set of online proofreader, researchers, or the impact of a particular paper etc. Bibliometrics are now used in quantitative research assessment exercises of rubric, academic output (Henderson et al 2009). Shakespere Essays! The UK government is considering using bibliometrics as a possible auxiliary tool in its Research Excellence Framework, a process which may assess the quality of the research output of UK universities and on the basis of the assessment results, allocate research funding (http://www.ref.ac.uk/) Bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations.

Citation analysis, which involves examining an item's referring documents, is used in searching for materials and analyzing their merit. Citation indices, such as Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science, allow users to rubric photo, search forward in critical thinking webster time from a known article to more recent publications which cite the known item. Today citation analysis tools are easily available to compute various impact measures for scholars based on data from citation indices. Rubric Photo Essay! These have various applications, from the identification of expert referees to review papers and grant proposals, to providing transparent data in support of academic merit review, tenure, and promotion decisions. Nicholas (1978) in his article 'Literature and Bibliometrics' explained the importance of citation analysis and its applications in LIS. He pointed out that information scientists and librarians use citation analysis to quantitatively assess the core journal titles and watershed publications(less used or border lined publications) in particular disciplines; interrelationships between authors from different institutions and schools of thought; and related data about the academia.

Some more pragmatic applications of this information includes the planning of retrospective bibliographies, finding the age of essay harvard, material used in a discipline (Half life) , and rubric essay comparison between use of critical webster, recent publications versus older ones, comparing the coverage of secondary services which can help publishers gauge their achievements and competition, and photo can aid librarians in evaluating the effectiveness of their stock. There are also some limitations to the value of citation data. They are often incomplete or biased; data has been largely collected manually (which is expensive), though citation indexes can also be used; incorrect citing of definition, sources occurs continually; thus, further investigation is required to truly understand the rationale behind citing to allow it to be confidently applied. Thus it is revealed that bibliometric method is very useful to analyze the impact of literature in photo any subject areas and in LIS it is useful to decide the policies for different activities like acquisition, organization, stacking, introduction of new service, ranking of periodicals, half life of literature in shakespere essays any subject discipline formatting and collection development policies and related policies etc. 3.4 Laws of Bibliometrics:- The three most commonly used laws in bibliometrics are. 1) Bradford's Law of Scatter: - which describes how the literature of a subject area is essay distributed in its journals and which forms the basis for calculating how many journals contain a certain percentage of hannah, published articles? 2) Lotka's Law of Scientific Productivity: - A formula for measuring / predicting the rubric photo, productivity of scientific researchers. 3) Zipf's Law of Word Occurrence: - which describes the frequency of the appearance of certain words or more specifically, suggests that people are more likely to select and use familiar rather than unfamiliar words. Among all these three laws, Bradford's Law is essay harvard more useful to LIS professionals and photo related to citation analysis.

3.4.1 Bradford's Law of Scatter:- Bradford (1934), pointed out that if scientific journals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity of critical definition webster, articles on essay a given subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of that got into harvard, periodicals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups and zones containing the same number of articles as the nucleus when the number of periodicals in essay the nucleus and succeeding zones will be 1: n: n2. That Harvard! Bradford's Law states that journals in a single field can be divided into three parts, each containing the rubric photo essay, same number of articles: * A core of journals on the subject, relatively few in number, that produces approximately one-third of all the articles; * A second zone, containing the same number of articles as the first, but a greater number of journals, and. * A third zone, containing the essays, same number of articles as the second, but a still greater number of journals. The mathematical relationship of the number of journals core to the first zone is a constant n and to the second zone the relationship is n. Bradford expressed this relationship as 1 : n : n. Bradford formulated his law after studying a bibliography of geophysics, covering 326 journals in the field. He discovered that 9 journals contained 429 articles, 59 contained 499 articles, and 258 contained 404 articles.

So it took 9 journals to contribute one-third of the articles, 5 times of 9, or 45, to rubric, produce the next third, and 5 times 5 times 9, or 225, to produce the last third. Bradford's Law serves as a general guideline to librarians in determining the number of core journals in hannah arendt essays any given field. Bradford's Law is not statistically accurate, but it is photo still commonly used as a general rule of thumb. 3.4.2 What is Citation:- Citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an essay that got into harvard, abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. Newell84) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of rubric, acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and introduction paragraphs the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). A prime purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way. 3.4.3 What is Reference:- Reference is derived from Middle English referren, from Middle French rfrer, from Latin referre, to carry back, formed from the rubric photo, prefix re- and ferre, to bear.

A large number of words derived from this root, including referee, reference, referendum, all retaining the basic meaning of the original Latin as a point, place or source of origin. A referee is the provider of this source of origin, and a referent is the possessor of the source of origin, whether it is knowledge, matter or energy. Because of its meaning, the word reference is shakespere hamlet essays used in every sphere of human knowledge, adopting shades of meaning particular to the contexts in which it is used. References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is rubric photo essay audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other, space-time coordinate, symbolic or alpha-numeric, a physical object or an energy projection; but, other concrete and abstract contexts exist as methods of defining references within the scope of the various fields that require an origin, point of departure, or an original form. This includes methods that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in university thesis cryptography.

Citations are measured to find the rubric photo essay, different use patterns like author, chronology, geography, subject, forms etc in critical thinking LIS. An essential part of research papers, particularly in science is the list of references indicating towards prior publications. Rubric! Ziman (1968) has rightly indicated 'a scientific paper does not stand alone; it is embedded in the literature of the subject'. Similarly Nann (1976) defines 'A reference is the acknowledgement that one document gives to another; a citation is the acknowledgement that one document receives from another'. Best Online! Malin (1968) says 'A citation implies a relationship between a part or the whole of the cited document and a part or the whole of the essay, citing document.' From these statements of stalwarts it is essay that very clear that citation has an rubric, importance while publishing scientific or research communications. It is must to cite the author from which data is used. Best! The research activity built on photo citing papers and essay that using previous knowledge.

The use of citation and its study reveals many concepts useful for developing libraries properly. Rubric Photo Essay! Citation analysis is the area of bibliometrics which deals with the study of their relationships which might be useful for bridging research. Weinstock (1974) identified reasons for citing and quoting references in research study as under. 1. Giving homage to pioneers. 2. Giving credit for hamlet related works (Homage to Press.) 3. Identifying methodology, equipment etc. 4. Providing background reading.

5. Correcting one's own work. 6. Correcting the work of rubric, others. 7. Criticizing previous work and adding quality and innovation. 8. In Understanding Scribd! Substantiating claims. 9. Alerting to essay, forthcoming work. 10. Providing leads to poorly disseminated or poorly indexed or uncited work. 11. Authenticating data and classes of fact-physical constants etc. 12.

Identifying original publications in which an idea or concept was discussed. 13. Identifying original publication or other work describing a concept or term (e.g.HODGKIN'S Disease Pareto's Law, Friedel-Crafts reaction etc.) 14. Disclaiming work or ideas of others. (Negative Claims)

15. Best Online Proofreader! Disputing priority claims of others. (Negative Homage) Apart from these points references appended in the research study is valid indicator of its significance. Rubric! The facts stated in the research needs to thinking webster, be supported by earlier citations (studies) and there is always a relation between citing theses or book or an article indicating similarity of the research. 3.4.4 Importance of Citations:- Ziman (1968), Price (1968), Narin (1976), Marin (1968) had opened that citations plays an important role in research. Father they added that scientific paper or scientific research does not go alone, but it is embedded in the subject of literature, as a reference (citation) which is acknowledgement for the use of information by the another author who cites in his writing. The relation of cited and citing document stating 'a citation implies relationship between a part or the whole of the rubric essay, cited document and a part or the whole of the shakespere, citing document.' Citation analysis is the area dealing with the bibliometrics and deals with study of relationship of cited and rubric photo citing document and such studies are essential to track the scholarly development in any subject field.

3.5 Citation Analysis:- When one author cites another author, a relationship is established. Citation analysis uses citations in scholarly works to establish links. Many different links can be ascertained, such as links between authors, between scholarly works, between journals, between fields, or even between countries. Citations both from introduction, and to a certain document may be studied.

One very common use of citation analysis is to determine the impact of a single author on a given field by counting the number of times the author has been cited by others. Photo Essay! One possible drawback of this approach is that authors may be citing the single author in a negative context (saying that the author doesn't know what s/he's talking about university submission, (Osareh 1996). 3.5.1 Co-citation Coupling:- Co-citation coupling is rubric photo essay a method used to establish a subject similarity between two documents. If papers A and B are both cited by paper C, they may be said to be related to one another, even though they don't directly cite each other. If papers A and B are both cited by hamlet essays, many other papers, they have a stronger relationship. The more papers they are cited by, the stronger their relationship is. 3.5.2 Bibliographic Coupling:- Bibliographic coupling operates on a similar principle, but in a way it is the mirror image of co-citation coupling. Bibliographic coupling links two papers that cite the same articles, so that if papers A and B both cite paper C, they may be said to photo, be related, even though they don't directly cite each other. The more papers they both cite, the stronger their relationship is.

3.6 Reasons to conduct Bibliometric Studies:- Historically bibliometric methods have been used to trace relationships amongst academic journal citations. The bibliometric research uses various methods of citation analysis in essay that got into harvard order to establish relationships between authors or their work. The Bibliometric studies are conducted to identify the rubric photo essay, peers, social change and the core journal, etc. indexing and Thesaurus, research, formulating search strategies in thinking case of automated system, comparative assessment of the secondary services, Bibliographic control, preparation of retrospective bibliographic and library Management. Collection development includes planning, implementation and evaluation of collections (Baughman, 1977): Planning is to map information needs, to develop aims and make decisions about priorities. Knowledge about the rubric photo essay, structure of a subject field and about the information resources used in introduction paragraphs thesis the field is needed for planning the collection. Bibliometric methods such as citation analysis, bibliographic coupling, co-word analysis and co-citation analysis can be used to map the knowledge structure and the use of rubric essay, literature.

Implementation of the collection includes library routines, communication and information provision. A working indexing language, which reflects the modern terminology, is needed to organise the submission, collection. Knowledge about the important themes in a field gives a base for developing the terminology. Rubric Essay! These themes are based on the knowledge structure received by bibliometric methods. Collection Evaluation is analysis and assessment of the collection according to its aim and functions. Different bibliometric methods such as citation analysis, analysis of the scattering of articles to journals and analysis of the obsolescence of online, literature are used for this purpose. Application of bibliometric research identified by essay, Wallace (1989), indicated that the use is for developing libraries.

- Improving the shakespere, bibliographic control of literature. - Identifying a core literature especially journals. - Classifying a literature. - Tracing the spread of ideas and rubric photo growth of a literature. - Improving the critical definition webster, efficiency of rubric photo, information handling services. - Predicting publishing trends and best online needs. - Describing patterns of book use by patrons. - Developing and evaluating library collections. 3.7 Strengths of Bibliometrics as a Research Approach:- Bibliometric studies are useful and have a quantitative base. The method helps analysis status and strength is in: ' Methods are objective and repeatable.

' Results have a wide range of potential practical value. ' Does not require human subject interaction. ' High reliability in data that are collected unobtrusively, from the published record, and can be easily replicated by others. 3.7.1 Limitations of bibliometrics as a research approach:- Following few limitations of the study are observed by. Results are only valid to extent that citations are assumed to represent significant link between citing and photo essay cited documents.

' Technical issues related to data obtained from citation indexes and critical thinking definition webster bibliographies. ' Variations and misspelling of author names, authors with same name, incomplete coverage of non-English publications. 3.8 Application of rubric photo, Bradford's Law in Library and Information Science Research:- Bradford's law is thinking webster used to solve problems in photo essay journal collection management as well as resource development in critical definition webster any libraries. The basic concept is to conduct Bradford analyses of journals i.e. to sort the journals in photo Bradford zones and thus identify which belong to the core and hamlet which does not.

Any Bradford analysis involves three steps. 1. Identify many or all items (usually articles) published in this field; 2. List the sources (usually journals) that publish the articles (or items) in rank order beginning with the source that produces the most items; 3. While retaining the order of the sources, divide this list into groups (or zones) so that the number of items produced by each group of sources is about the same. The 'most obvious potentials' of photo, Bradford analyses are: ' Defining the core. ' The law of that got into harvard, diminishing returns. ' Calculation of essay, cost based on various coverage. ' Setting priorities among journals. Bradford's law is used to solve practical problems related to information seeking and retrieval. An automatic option for sorting the output from online searches of journal literature, which he argued would help online users. 'Computerized sorting of hits by the journals in university of toronto thesis which they appear, and then of journals, high to low, by the number of hits appearing in each'. Photo! Special libraries and online information officers make good use of photo, data generated using bibliometric techniques in selecting and maintaining collections of the most needed serials.

Bradford's law, Lotka's law, Zipf's law, and shakespere essays citation analysis have contributed to the effective operation of special libraries' From the various studies it is analysed major thrust areas of research in Library and Information Science are using application of rubric essay, bibliometrics and the reasons are: 1. Essay That Harvard! Identify the quantum and structure literature on a specific subject during a particular period. 2. Examine the growth literature output in a subject during a period of rubric photo, time. 3. Identify the source and country-wise distribution of research literature in a particular subject. 4. Compare and measure the growth rate of literature on a particular subject in various countries. 5. Analyze the authorship pattern of literature on a particular subject published from various countries. 6. Analyze the shakespere, degree of single versus multiple author publication and study the trend in authorship pattern. 7. Photo! Apply Lotka's authorship productivity concepts on the frequency distribution of authorship productivity.

8. Track the development of research literature on a particular subject and its language of publication during the of toronto, period of coverage and analyze the trend in the language of publication. 9. Study the language of the publication in the context of quantum of pages. 10. Study the rubric photo essay, frequency distribution of applications in the context of country-wise breakdown. 11. Analyze quantitatively the annual literature output on essay that got into harvard a specific subject. 12.

Identify the variety of research publication on a particular subject. 13. Analyze the trend among the photo essay, various types of publication. The recent developments and methods used and developed the techniques: 3.8.1 The impact factor:- The impact factor, often abbreviated as IF, is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in best online science and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the relative importance of photo essay, a journal within its field. Essay! In case of journals with higher impact factors deemed to be more important than those of lower ones. The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), now part of Thomson Reuters.

Impact factors are calculated yearly for those journals that are indexed in Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports and listed in . In a given year, the impact factor of a journal is the average number of citations received per photo essay, paper published in that journal during the definition webster, two preceding years.[ For example, if a journal has an impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 received 3 citations each on average in 2008. The 2008 impact factor of a journal would be calculated as follows, 2008 impact factors are actually published in 2009; they cannot be calculated until all of the 2008 publications have been processed by the indexing agency. A = the number of times articles published in 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed journals during 2008. B = the total number of citable items published by that journal in 2006 and 2007. (Citable items are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor.) 2008 impact factor = A/B. If is used by many libraries as a tool for selecting Journals for subscription, similarly researcher try to contribute in using it journals for credits. New journals, which are indexed from rubric essay, their first published issue, will receive an impact factor after two years of indexing; in this case, the citations to the year prior to Volume 1, and the number of articles published in the year prior to Volume 1 are known zero values. Journals that are indexed starting with a volume other than the first volume will not get an impact factor until they have been indexed for three years. Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes publish no items in a particular year, affecting the introduction thesis, count. The impact factor relates to a specific time period; it is rubric possible to calculate it for any desired period, and the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) also includes a 5-year impact factor.

The JCR shows rankings of journals by impact factor, by discipline such as organic chemistry or psychiatry. The terminology used later and becomes popular is Infometrics which covers: The h-index is an introduction thesis, index that attempts to measure both the productivity and rubric photo essay impact of the published work of a scientist or scholar. The index is hannah in understanding based on the set of the scientist's most cited papers and photo the number of citations that they have received in other publications. The index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a group of shakespere, scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested by Jorge E. Hirsch, a physicist, as a tool for determining theoretical physicists' relative quality and photo essay is sometimes called the shakespere, Hirsch index or Hirsch number. The h-index can be manually determined using citation databases or using automatic tools. Subscription-based databases such as Scopus and rubric photo the Web of Knowledge provide automated calculators. Harzing's (2011) Publish or Perish program calculates the h-index based on Google Scholar entries.

In July 2011 Google trialed a tool which allows a limited number of of toronto submission, scholars to keep track of their own citations and also produces a h-index and an i10-index (Google Scholar Blog, 2011), the I10 index indicates the number of academic papers an author has written that have at least ten citations from others. It was introduced in July 2011 by Google as part of their work on Google scholar. A search engine dedicated to academic and related papers. Each database is likely to produce a study different h for the same scholar, because of different coverage: Google Scholar has more citations than Scopus and Web of Science but the rubric, smaller citation collections tend to be more accurate. In addition, specific databases, such as the Stanford Physics Information Retrieval System (SPIRES) can automatically calculate h-index for researchers working in High Energy Physics. Infometrics is the study of quantitative aspects of information. This includes the production, dissemination and use of all forms of information, regardless of its form or origin. As such, infometrics encompasses the fields of. ' Scientometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of science; ' Webometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of the World Wide Web; ' Cybermetrics, which is similar to webometrics, but broadens its definition to include electronic resources; ' Bibliometrics, which studies quantitative aspects of recorded information. University Submission! Scientometrics and webometrics are the latest methods.

Scientometrics covers quantitative fashion of the development of science and of the mechanism of scientific research. ' Emphasizes investigations in which the development of science and of the mechanism of scientific research is studied by means of rubric photo essay, (statistical) mathematical methods. ' Publishes original studies, short communications, preliminary reports, review papers, letters to the editor and book reviews on scientometrics. ' Includes the essay that got into, Journal of Research Communication Studies. Scientometrics is concerned with the quantitative features and characteristics of science and scientific research. Photo Essay! Emphasis is placed on investigations in which the development and mechanism of science are studied by statistical mathematical methods. The journal publishes original studies, short communications, and preliminary reports, and review papers, letters to the editor and book reviews on scientometrics. Due to its fully interdisciplinary character, the journal is indispensable to research workers and research administrators. It provides valuable assistance to librarians and documentalists in central scientific agencies, ministries, research institutes and webster laboratories.

Scientometrics includes the Journal of Research Communication Studies. Consequently its aims and rubric photo essay scope cover that of the latter, namely, to bring the results of such investigations together in one place. Bibliometrics and scientometrics are two closely related approaches to measuring scientific publications and science in general, respectively. In practice, much of the work that falls under this header involves various types of citation analysis, which looks at got into, how scholars cite one another in publications. This data can show quite a bit about networks of scholars and scholarly communication, links between scholars, and rubric photo the development of areas of knowledge over time. Bibliometrics are also one of the key ways of of toronto, measuring the impact of photo, scholarly publications. If an article is published in a journal with a high impact factor, which is determined in part by the number of citations to articles within a particular journal, this raises the publishing profile of the author. The number of citations to that article over time is also a key measure of the productivity and the impact of that scholar. These techniques are very well developed for traditional citations among journal articles, but are much less clear for shakespere hamlet essays new types of outputs, including data sets, websites, and digitized collections.

For items such as these, when researchers have used the rubric photo, materials to support their publications, they often don't have clear methods available to them to proofreader, cite the rubric, material. Essay That Got Into! Many of the style guides do not have clear guidance for rubric how to cite a database, for instance, or whether to cite a digitized resource in a way to hannah essays scribd, identify its digital location, or that cites the original item, whether or not the researcher actually consulted it. 3.9.2 Webometrics (Cyber metrics):- The concept of webometrics is based on photo bibliometrics, because like the bibliometrics study, one can measure the different quantitative aspect of the web in online webometrics study. Secondly it is based on photo Infometrics. The Infometrics study is thesis such type of study, which measures the quantitative aspect of photo essay, any type of information and through webometrics study one can get the information about web (web site). Introduction Thesis! That's why the above phrase is used.

The science of webometrics (also Cyber metrics) tries to measure the rubric photo essay, World Wide Web to that harvard, get knowledge about the number and types of hyperlinks, structure of the photo, World Wide Web and critical thinking webster usage patterns. According to photo essay, Bjrneborn and Ingwersen (2004), the definition of webometrics is the study of the quantitative aspects of the construction and use of information resources, structures and technologies on the Web drawing on bibliometric and Infometrics approaches. The term webometrics was first coined by Almind and Ingwersen (1997). A second definition of essay that, webometrics has also been introduced as the rubric photo, study of web-based content with primarily quantitative methods for social science research goals using techniques that are not specific to one field of study (Thelwall, 2009), which emphasizes the development of applied methods for use in the wider social sciences. The purpose of this alternative definition was to help and publicize appropriate methods outside the information science discipline rather than to replace the original definition within information science. Similar scientific fields are bibliometrics, infometrics, scientometrics, virtual ethnography, and definition webster web mining. One relatively straightforward measure is the Web Impact Factor (WIF) introduced by Ingwersen (1998). The WIF measure may be defined as the number of web pages in a web site receiving links from other web sites, divided by the number of web pages published in the site that are accessible to the crawler. However the use of WIF has been disregarded due to the mathematical artifacts derived from power law distributions of these variables.

Other similar indicators using size of the photo essay, institution instead of number of web pages have been proved more useful. There is one electronic journal, Cyber metrics published since 1997 by introduction, the Spanish National Research Council that is devoted entirely to rubric photo essay, this discipline. Cyber metrics is a branch of knowledge which employs mathematical and statistical techniques of quantity web sites or their components and concepts, measure their growth, stability, propagation, and use examines the authenticity of content, establish laws governing these factors, studies the efficiency of cyber information services and systems, services and products and assesses the impact of cyber age on society. Citations in scholarly works are used to establish links to other works. It is one of the most widely used methods of bibliometrics and studies reference to and from documents Gooden (2001). The benefit of bibliometrics and citation analysis is expressed by Van Raan (2003), which is reinforced by the studies (Lal and Panda, 1996, Aksnes 2006) that have used this method of research enquiry to evaluate a library collection. Citation analysis reveals interesting information about knowledge producers in terms their information seeking behaviour and usage of various information sources. It can highlight the familiarity, awareness and that usage of knowledge producers regarding the online and print information sources. Rubric Essay! Citation analysis examines the essay that got into, frequency, patterns and graphs of citations in articles and books (Garfield, 1983). Rubric! This chapter satisfy the objective set for the study i.e. 'To study the significance of citations as well as citation study and bibliometrics'. This chapter elaborates the arendt essays, detailed study of citations, reference, need of citation study and rubric photo essay laws etc.

' Aksnes, D.W. Proofreader! (2006), Citation rates and perceptions of scientific contribution. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 57(2), p.169-185. ' Bellis, De Nicola (2009). Bibliometrics and citation analysis: from the Science citation index to Cybermetrics. Scarecrow Press, p.417. ISBN 0-8108-6713-3. Located at rubric photo, http://books.google.com/books/about/Bibliometrics_and_citation_analysis.html?id=ma4YjaKyM9cC accessed on 23.08.2011.

' Bhughman J C (1974), A structural analysis of the literature of sociology, Library Quarterly, Vol. 44 (Oct), p.293-308. ' Birger Hjrland and Jeppe Nicolaisen 'Bradford's Law of Scattering: Ambiguities in essays the Concept of Subject Royal School of Library and Information Science, Birketinget 6, DK-2300 Copenhagen S., Denmark @db.dk. ' Bradford, S.C. Rubric! Sources of information on specific subjects. Engineering, 1934, 137 (3550), p.85-86. ' British Standards Institution. British standards of documentation terms. BSI; London; 1976, p.7. ' Broadus R N (1987a), early approaches to bibliometrics, journal of the American society for information science, 38, p.127-129.

' Cole, F J and Eales Nellie B (1917), the history of comparative anatomy: a statistical analysis of the literature, Science Progress (11), p.578-596. ' Earl Babbie (2010), the practice of social research, 10th edition, Wadsworth, Thomson Learning Inc., ISBN 0-534-62029-9. ' Egghe L (2000), Lectures Potter, W G (1981) Introduction to Bibliometrics. That! Library Trends Vol 30, p.5. ' Egghe L (2000). Photo! A heuristic study of the first-citation distribution. Shakespere Hamlet Essays! Scientometrics 48(3), p.345-359. ' Fairthorne, R. A. (1969), Empirical hyperbolic distributions (Bradford-Zipf-Mandelbrot) for bibliometric description and prediction, Journal of Documentation, 25, p.319'343. ' Fairthrone R A (1969), Empirical hyperbolic distributions for bibliometric description and prediction, Journal of Documentation, 25, p.319. ' Farooq Joubish and Ashraf Khurram (2011), outlook on some concepts in photo essay the curriculum of got into harvard, social studies, World Applied Science Journal 12(9), p.1374-1377. ISSN 1818-4952.

' Garfield, E (1974), Citation Indexing: Its theory and application in science, Technology and Humanities, New York, Wiley, ' Garfield, E. (1983). Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Application in Science, Technology and Humanities. Philadelphia: ISI Press. Photo Essay! Retrieved November 4, 2011 from Located at http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/ci/contents.pdf. accessed on 12.04.2011. ' Garfield, E.(1983) Citation Indexing - Its Theory and Application in online proofreader Science, Technology and Humanities Philadelphia's Press. ' Gooden, A.M. (2001). Citation analysis of chemistry doctoral dissertations: An Ohio State University case study. Retrieved October 13, 2008 Located at http://www.istl.org/01-fall/refereed.html accessed on 27.12.2011. ' Google scholar blog (2011), Google scholar citations open to rubric essay, all, Google. Located at http//en.wikipedia.ogr/wiki/I10-index accessed on essays in understanding 03.09.2011.

' Hawkins D T (1977), Unconventional uses of on-line information retrieval system on photo essay line British metric studies. Harvard! Journal of photo, American society for information science, 28(1), p.13-18. ' Henderson, M., Shurville, S. and of toronto thesis Fernstrom, K. (2009). The quantitative crunch: the rubric, impact of bibliometric research quality assessment exercises on academic development at small conferences, Campus-Wide Information Systems, Vol 26, No. 3, p.149'167.

' Henderson, M., Shurville, S. and Fernstrom, K. (2009). The quantitative crunch: the impact of bibliometric research quality assessment exercises on thinking webster academic development at small conferences, Campus-Wide Information Systems, Vol 26, No. 3, p.149'167. ' Higher Education Funding Council for rubric England, Located at http://www.hefce.ac.uk/Research/ref/. and http://www.ref.ac.uk/ accessed on 12th May 2012. ' Hjreppe, P (1982), Supplement to bibliography bibliometrics and citation indexing, 4, p.241-273. ' Hjreppe, R (1980), a bibliography of bibliometrics an dictation indexing and analysis, Royal institute of university thesis submission, Technology library, Stockholm, Sweden. Located at http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/ palmquis/courses/biblio.html#Laws and http://www.netugc.com/librametric-bibliometric-scientometrics-informetrics accessed on 25.08.2012. ' Hulme, E.W. (1923), Statistical Bibliography in Relation to the Growth of Modern Civilization, Grafton, London. p9. ' Kannappanavar, B U (1991), Citation analysis of the rubric, doctoral dissertation in library and hannah arendt information science accepted by the universities in Karnataka, Karnataka University, Dharwad, p. 88. (Ph.

D Thesis) ' Lal, A., Panda, S (1996). Research in plant pathology: A bibliometric analysis. Library Science with a Slant to Documentation and rubric photo Information Studies, 33(3), p.135-147. ' Lasswell Harold (1951), the analysis of political behavior: An empirical approach, Rautledge, London, p.525. ' Lotka A J (1926), the frequency distribution of scientific productivity, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. Critical Definition Webster! 16 (12), p.317-323. ' Malin M V (1968), the science citation index: A new concept in Indexing, Library trends, Vol.

16, p. 376. ' Martin, M U (1968), Science citation index: A new concept in indexing, Library Trends, Vol. 16, p.376. ' Martyn L A (1976), Use studies in photo essay library planning, Library Trends 24(30). ' Nann F et al (1976), Evaluative bibliometrics: The use of publications and citation analysis in the evaluation of scientific activity, cherry Hill, N J, Computer Horizon Inc, p.334-337.

' Narin, Francis and et. Al. (1976), evaluative bibliometrics: the use of publication and citation analysis in the evaluation of introduction paragraphs, scientific activity, Cherry Hill, New Jercy, Computer Horizon Inc. p.334-337. ' Neuendorf, Kimberly A. (2002), the Content Analysis Guidebook Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ' Nicholas, David and Maureen Ritchie (1978), Literature and Bibliometrics London: Clive Bingley, p.28-29. ' Nicholas, David and Maureen Ritchie (1978). Literature and Bibliometrics London: Clive Bingley, p.12-28. ' Ole R. Holsti (1969(, Content Analysis for rubric photo the Social Sciences and best online proofreader Humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. ' Potter W G (1981), Introduction to bibliometrics, Library Trends, Vol. 30, p.5. ' Pritchard A (1969), Statistical bibliography an interim bibliography, New Western Polytechnic school of Librarianship, London.

' Pritchard A (1969), statistical bibliography; an interim bibliography, North-western polytechnic, school of Librarianship, p.60. ' Pritchard, A and Witting, G R (1960), Bibliometrics: A bibliography and index (1874-1959), Aaih Books, Westford, ' Raising L (1962), Statistical bibliography in the health sciences, Bulletin the medical library Association, 50, p.450-461. ' Ranganathan S. R. (1969) Librametry and rubric essay its scope. DRTC Seminar (7) paper DA Bangalore: DRTC, ISI and Sarada Ranganathan Endowment of Library Science. Reprinted in : JISSI : The International Journal of Scientometrics and Infometrics; Vol.1, No.1 (1995), p.15-21. (ISSN-0971-6696) ' Rubin, Richard (2010). Foundations of university of toronto thesis, library and information science (3rd ed.). New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. ISBN 978-1-55570-690-6. Accessed at http://books.google.com/books?id=Pk1TSAAACAAJ accessed on 09.02.2012. ' Von Sara Ungern-Sternberg Applications in teaching bibliometrics, PhD, Senior lecturer, Abo Akademi University, Department of Library and Information Science, FINLAND. ' Schrader, Alvin M. (1981) Teaching Bibliometrics, Library Trends 30, p.151-172.

' Sengupta I N (1990), Bibliometrics and its application in information science and libraries, Atlantic, New Delhi, p.256. ' Swapna Kumar Patra and Prakash Chand (2006), 'Library and Information science Research in India: a Bibliometric Study' Annals of Library and Information Studies, Vol 53, December, p.219-223. ' Van Raan, A.F.J. (2003). Rubric! The use of bibliometric analysis in research performance assessment and monitoring of interdisciplinary scientific developments. Technikfolgenabschatzung, Theories und Praxis/ Technology Assessment- Theory and Practice, 12(1), p.20-29. ' Weinstock M (1974), Citation Index, Encyclopedia of library and information science, Vol.5, New York, Dekker, p.19. ' Ziman John M (1968), Public knowledge: An essay concerning the social dimension of hamlet, science, Cambridge, Cambridge university press, p.58. ' Zipf, G. Rubric Essay! K. (1949) 'Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort' Reading, MA: Addison- Wesley Publishing co, p.34. Chapter 4: Progress of Education and Research in LIS. Chapter/ Section Description Pages.

4.1 Introduction 104. 4.2 LIS Education : Global Overview 104. 4.3 Library and Information Science Education in India 105. 4.4 Historical Development 107. 4.5 Present Scenario of LIS Education in India 108. 4.6 Objectives of Library and Information Science Education 109. 4.7 Levels of university, Education 110. 4.8 First Course of Library Science in photo essay India (Certificate, Diploma and university of toronto thesis Training Courses) 112. 4.9 Post Graduate Diploma Courses 113. 4.10 Degree Courses 114.

4.11 Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC) 114. 4.12 Five Year Integrated Course in LIS 115. 4.13 Present Status of LIS Education in rubric India 115. 4.14 Specialization 116. 4.15 Syllabus 116. 4.16 ICT as an Integral Part 116.

4,17 Practical Exposure 117. 4.18 Problems with Present LIS Education and Research 117. 4.19 LIS Research in India 117. 4.20 LIS Research: Global Overview 119. 4.21 Research Trend in Indian Universities 128. Chapter 4: Progress of Education and Research in introduction LIS.

Higher education in each country has its own unique form of system and varies from streams or branches of knowledge. Higher education is imparted by universities and in rubric photo essay colleges having equal facilities. Academics in higher education plays an shakespere hamlet, important role in making the rubric photo, society strong as stated different policies are adopted in different countries similarly LIS is a specific subject discipline which support in university submission all educational branches through library systems. Schools of library science provide useful professional education universally and develop library and information professionals to photo, manage the libraries efficiently. The LIS schools have more emphasis towards developing technical and shakespere managerial skills through the LIS education. Following paragraphs briefly narrated the rubric, status of LIS education. 4.2 LIS Education: Global Overview:

Tsuji et al (2006), pointed out it in his study that the main theme in LIS education Japan was developed qualified librarians (Shisho) and assistant librarians (Shisho-ho) for public libraries and thesis as well as qualified teacher librarian (shisho-kyouyu) for school libraries. There is no formal education system for rubric photo essay academic and special libraries. In education field life line learning, library management, information reference service, information retrieval, library organization, copy right, information literacy etc. were more focused. Wilson (2012), in his article 'Fifty years of LIS education' in arendt essays scribd USA and conducted a survey of research productivity and LIS educators during the period 1959-2008. Author narrated the rubric essay, progress of LIS education in USA and stated that prior to 1960s practicing librarians were teaching LIS education according to syllabus and examination conducted by library associations and similar status was also in Australia and Library Association Australia (now Australia library and information association (ALIA) was taking care of the education system.. Latter LIS education moved to higher education institute since 1980. Chu (2006) in his paper 'Curricula of LIS programs in the USA: A content analysis' in which the syllabi was reviewed by author from essays, 45 ALA accredited LIS master programs in USA.

This study brought to the notice that more elective courses offered in LIS education in photo essay USA, while number of core requirement is reduced to few. Author has also pointed that 10% of the LIS courses in USA are designed in such a way to deal will emerging subject and latest development in the field of LIS. Thus subjects covered in hamlet essays the syllabus deals with knowledge organization, reference and information sources services, management, research in rubric photo essay LIS, ICT, collection development, information use etc. As indicated by author in USA education system is giving more emphasis on elective subject like ICT, librarianship, resources and services, technical services etc. to manage latest situation. Now LIS courses clusters were introduced, which covers: - Information seeking behaviour. - Digital publishing etc.

4.3 Library and Information Science Education in best India:- LIS education in India is completing a century of its existence during the period progress have been achieved in developing LIS education to tune with current practices. Radhakrishanan Commission, Kothari Commission, National Knowledge Commission, UGC, NAAC put more efforts in education sector including LIS by establishing advisory commission for libraries, national policy for library etc. Curriculum Development Commission (CDC) continues grading and upgraded of LIS education in photo essay India. The progress from certificate courses to research level through regular and distance mode took leading developing education in India (Joshi, 2010). There has been enormous growth in education and higher education around the globe. Every country worth its name and has developed a system of essay harvard, education and infrastructure to rubric essay, educate its people, and India is no exception.

There has been a fast growth in institution of higher education since the dawn of twentieth century and more particularly, after India attained independence in 1947. The new India started its development program to achieve the new educational, cultural and economic objectives at hannah essays scribd, the national level. Such developments at these institutions contributed to the development of more libraries, which in turn had to accept new responsibilities to meet society's changing needs and demands. Libraries are recognized to play an important role in education, scientific research and social-economic development of a country. This envisages the need for photo professionally qualified personnel to manage and run the libraries and information centres effectively and efficiently. In order to feed the growing number of libraries, more trained library professionals were needed. For this purpose, library science departments started springing up, and hamlet library science developed into essay, a distinct field of specialization with its own normative principles, theories, techniques, and practices that were deemed sufficient to meet the growing dimensions of introduction paragraphs, library services. Rubric Essay! Handling of recorded knowledge in thinking webster modern libraries has given birth to the functional aspects of collecting, organizing and promoting the use of reading materials relevant to the users through information transfer activities. These activities, no doubt, assist in rubric photo defining the spectrum of studies for librarianship. The basic tenet of thinking, LIS education is to provide balanced training, integrating theory with practical exercises, and to cover all aspects of professional work with equal emphasis embracing new frontier of librarianship.

LIS education aims at providing trained manpower to manage different types of libraries, information and documentation centres which, over a period of time have undergone changes in rubric photo essay terms of needs, functions, types and range of services offered as well as tools and techniques being used when offering the online, services. Research in library and information science in India is not deep rooted. In the beginning it was in the form of a trial and error method. It was Padamashree S R Ranganathan (1889-1972) father of library science who lifted trail librarianship to the level of a science with the formulation of essay, laws of hannah arendt in understanding scribd, library science, and establishment library schools and photo essay research centres. He even graded them as normative principles, fundamental laws, canons, principles and postulates. Ranganathan cut new grounds and blazed new practices in introduction paragraphs library and information science initially by solo research. This is evidence from the photo, published literature that Ranganathan era's is characterized by a period of intellectual contribution to the library and information science, particularly library classification. The root of the best online proofreader, library and information science research in India were off shoots from the country first LIS intellectual workshop (i.e., Department of Library and Information Science, University of rubric essay, Delhi) instituted by Dr S R Ranganathan a day of library science profession in arendt essays in understanding India in 1946. The first research degree in the library and information science in the country and even in photo the commonwealth countries was awarded by thesis, the University of Delhi in 1957 to rubric, D B Krishna Rao for his thesis 'Facet Analysis and Depth Classification of Agriculture' under the supervision of Dr. S R Ranganathan.

4.4 Historical Development:- The modern period in the history of education for librarianship began in the mid-1800s as librarians around the world recognized that systematic education and training were required so that proper order could be brought to the collections that had been growing in all libraries. The need for professionally qualified personnel to manage these libraries effectively and efficiently was duly recognized during the university thesis submission, first half of the present and consequently, the library education programme had been started at several places much before Independence. Photo! The history of the education of essay that harvard, library science in India may be traced far back as the photo essay, year of 1911 with the starting of a short term training programme in library science in the Baroda State, under the patronage of Maharaja Sayajirao Gaikwad of got into, Baroda, who, impressed by the splendid work done by public libraries in the West, secured the services of an American librarian Mr. W. A. Borden as Director of the State Library Department. Mr. Bordon had been a pupil of Mr. Melvil Dewey, who established the first library school in photo the Columbia College, New York in 1887. In 1915, another student of Dewey, Mr. A Dickenson, the online, then librarian of Punjab University, Lahore started a three months apprentice training programme for working librarians.

Before Independence, only five universities namely the Andhra University, Banaras Hindu University, Calcutta University and Madras University were offering diploma course in library science. Rubric Photo Essay! Library education was given a new status and design by Professor S. R. Ranganathan in 1920, when the first systematic programme in best online proofreader library education was started under the auspices of the Madras Library Association in collaboration with the Madras University. This library school was subsequently taken over by the Madras University in 1931 and in 1937 the course was converted into Postgraduate (PG) Diploma in Library Science. This was the photo essay, first diploma programme in thinking Library Science in India. University of Delhi was the first university to establish a full-fledged Department of rubric essay, Library Science just before independence in 1946, and started admitting students to the PG Diploma in 1947. That Got Into! In 1951, the rubric photo, diploma was changed to critical thinking definition, Master in Library Science (M.Lib.Sc). Later, between 1956 to 1959, six new LIS departments were established at rubric, Aligarh Muslim University, M.S.University of Baroda, Nagpur University, Osmania University, Pune University and Vikram University. Since 1960s, the number of LIS departments has continued to increase.

After Independence the hamlet, stimulus for the growth and rubric photo development of webster, libraries and photo essay library science education has come from the progress in and extension of education, scientific research and programmes of essays, socio-economic development which started in 1951 with the commencement of the First Five-Year Plan. As a result of rubric photo, these developments, Library and Information Science today is a well-recognized discipline of study and research at the post-graduate level in more than hundred universities in the country. The Baroda and Nagpur universities started training course in library science in 1956 and the Vikram University in 1957. 4.5 Present scenario of LIS Education in India:- Since its inception decades ago, LIS education has grown and developed into a full-fledged multi-disciplinary subject. LIS courses at bachelors, masters and scribd research level are being impacted by different institutions ' university departments, colleges, library associations and specialized institutions. There are now 96 universities in rubric photo essay India imparting Library and Information Science education as independent departments in different levels. The list is critical thinking webster shown in essay appendix. Apart from these departments, there are also specialized RD organizations imparting library and information science education. Worth mentioning is the two years Associateship in arendt essays in understanding scribd Documentation and Information Science (ADIS) imparted by Documentation Research and Training Institute (DRTC), Indian Statistical Institute, Bangalore (Karnataka) and National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR) formerly INSDOC, New Delhi which is equivalent to Mater degree of rubric, Library and Information Science (LIS). In addition to, these universities/departments there are several other open universities imparting library education as distance education.

The professional associations such as Delhi Library Association (DLA) and the polytechnic institutions throughout the country are also imparting LIS education as lower level such as Certificate/Diploma in Library and Information Science. With the realization of the importance of higher education and thesis research, research in rubric photo essay Library education is university submission not lagging behind like other disciplines. The University Grants Commission (UGC) and the Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) are promoting to research activity in library and information science by awarding scholarships to photo essay, research and doctoral students. 4.6 Objectives of Library and Information Science Education:- The goal of library and information science education is the preparation of personnel for the task of successful performance at different levels of competence in in understanding different types of libraries with an insight into the role of these libraries in a fast changing society. It should impart a thorough grounding in essay the intellectual foundations of the profession and competence in the technical and technological skills required for their day-to-day practice in different positions. In other words, education for library and thinking information science should be both knowledge and rubric theory oriented task or practice oriented. The two aspects of theory and practice blend harmoniously in a sound programme of library and information science education because on this aspects LIS education depend the hamlet, effectiveness and success of the rubric photo, programme. In achieving this objective the methods of teaching and evaluation employed are as important as the quality of the faculty. Essay That Harvard! The main objectives of LIS profession are to provide training for building up leadership qualities among the LIS profession develop knowledge on the latest techniques of information storage, transfer and retrieval of information help to rubric essay, acquire necessary skills in handling information, accessing and application of electronic resources, tools and media; and help to know the thesis, latest developments in the Information Technology (IT) To sum up, the basic aims of library and information science education may be as follows. ' To develop necessary technical skills; ' To develop administrative skills; ' To develop service orientation; ' To develop thorough knowledge of various sources of information, necessary to give traditional and modern library services.

' To develop professional awareness. 4.7 Levels of Education:- Out of the 96 university departments, 56 departments conduct one-year Bachelors degree and one year Masters Degree in Library and Information Science at the postgraduate level. Thirteen of these universities conduct two years integrated Masters Degree in Library Science. These programme further leads to M.Phil. and PhD levels. The levels of rubric, LIS education in India are discussed as follows in brief: 1.7.1 Certificate/Diploma in Library Science (C/D. Lib. Arendt Scribd! Sc.):- Many polytechnic colleges, schools and Library Associations impart the low level of library science courses in India having duration of six months to one year.

The basic qualification for these courses is 10+2. This course prepares students for low level professional positions in libraries such as Library Attendant, Library Clerk, etc. 1.7.2 Bachelor of Library and Information Science (BLIS) after any graduation:- This is rubric photo a one-year post graduate degree course. The basic eligibility is a three years degree from any discipline. This course prepares students for junior professional positions at all types of libraries and they perform technical libraries. 1.7.3 Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS):- In the early 19th Century, young people learned librarianship by working under the more experienced practitioners.

But, gradually the tasks performed by librarians became more complex and more dependent on introduction paragraphs thesis technology. As a result, the rubric, study of library science has moved from the essay that, work-setting to professional schools in Universities. The first ever library school was started by photo, Melvil Dewey in USA in 1887 at Columbia College (now Columbia University). In 1889 the programme moved to the New York State Library in Albany when Dewey became the Director there. The success of Dewey's training programme and the publication of Training for Library Service, a book by the economist Charles Williamson in 1923, led other universities, institutes of technology, and large public libraries to establish their own professional degree programmes in library science. Master of Library and Information Science is imparted as a one-year post graduate degree course in some universities while in some, it is essay got into harvard conducted as a two years integrated course. Photo Essay! Many universities which offered one year BLISc and MLISc courses are now switching to two years integrated MLIS course in the line of other masters degree courses. Best Online Proofreader! The North East Hill University (NEHU), RTM Nagpur, Punjab University Chandigarh, Karnataka University, Dharwad, etc are now offering two years MLISc course.

This course trains persons for senior professional position in photo libraries, documentation centres and/or information centres and teachers as well. 1.7.4 Associateship in Documentation and Information Science (ADIS):- The Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore (Karnataka) offers two years Associateship in Documentation and Information Science (Now know as Master of Science in Information Science). Thesis! The National Institute of Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR), New Delhi , formerly INSDOC also impart two years documentation programme i.e., Associateship in Documentation (AID) after graduation. The course offered by the DRTC and NISCAIR have upper age on the courses as offered by the university departments in terms of ICT syllabus and intake of the enrolments.

1.7.5 Master of Philosophy in Library and Information Science (M.Phil):- In Library and Information Science prepares a student for further advanced research in LIS. The basic eligibility for admission for this programme is rubric photo minimum 55% MLISc or any equivalent degree recognized by the UGC. With candidates having more qualifications are being preferred for superior position, many students are opting for M.Phil. Courses to better equip them for better positions and develop research activity. 1.7.6 Doctor of Philosophy of introduction, Library and Information Science:- This is an advanced level of rubric essay, research programme being offered after the completion of MLISc or M.Phil. The general aim of a research degree, whether M.Phil. or Ph.D. is to provide training in doing research as well as to develop in thesis the candidate a critical and analytical process of rubric essay, thinking with the purpose that they would be able to provide leadership in the profession. They would also be able to essay got into harvard, help librarians and information scientists to develop techniques and skills required to meet their requirements of the fast changing society. They should be able to identify the needs, set objectives, identify and analyze the rubric essay, problems and critical find appropriate solutions.

They would also be in a position to participate in the planning, organization and implementation of programmes at various levels. 1.8 First Course of Library Science in India(Certificate, Diploma and Training courses):- In India the existence of in service training was initiated by John Macfarlane, the first librarian of the Imperial Library (Now National Library) at rubric photo, Calcutta from 1901-06, as mentioned in some reports. Harvard! In subsequent years, the rubric essay, training programme was opened to the staff of other libraries and even those interested in librarianship who deals with books and other documents. 1.8.1 Baroda School:- In 1911, Sayajirao Gaikwad (1862-1939), the ruler of Baroda state called the American librarian Mr. William Allenson Borden (1853-1931), a disciple of Melvil Dewey to create a cadre of men for the newly established libraries in university submission the state library system. Rubric! In 1912, he initiated the first training school in library education in India.

In 1913, another training class for working librarians of town libraries was started. These classes continued even after the departure of Borden. 1.8.2 Lahore School:- In 1912, the thinking webster, Punjab University called another librarian Mr. Asa Don Dickinson (1876'1960) from USA.

He started the second educational course of three month duration in library science in the year 1915. Photo Essay! This happens to be the first university course in India. Mr. Asa Don Dickinson later becomes the Librarian of Panjab University, Lahore (now Pakistan) during 1915'1916. 1.8.3 Andhra Desha:- The Andhra Desha Library Association (founded in 1914) started conducting 'training classes for the library workers' at Vijayawada in essay got into 1920. The classes covered a module on running adult education classes in photo addition to library technique.

1.8.4 Mysore State:- In 1920, a course for the training of librarians was conducted at Bangalore under the 'program of hamlet, library development' initiated by the then Dewan of Mysore Mr. M. Visweswaraya. 1.8.5 Madras Library Association:- A summer school for college librarians and lecturers in charge of college libraries in Madras was held in 1928 and repeated in 1930. The Madras Library Association also organized a regular certificate course in library science from 1929. Then in rubric essay 1931, University of Madras took up the essay, training course of MALA in 1931 and started offering the course on a regular basis. 1.8.6 Andhra University:- Andhra University started a certificate course in 1935, which was letter abandoned. 1.8.7 Imperial Library, Calcutta:-

The Imperial library, Calcutta started a training class under the supervision of its librarian Mr. Rubric! K. Online! M. Asudulah in 1935. Rubric Essay! It was a full time regular Diploma course in librarianship at the Imperial Library, Calcutta (now National Library, Kolkata). It continued till 1946. 4.9 Post Graduate Diploma courses:- University of Madras, in 1937, introduced a one year Post Graduate Diploma course in place of the certificate course of three month duration. Hannah Arendt In Understanding Scribd! This was the first P G Diploma in library science in India. The second university to start a post graduate diploma course was the Banaras Hindu University in 1942.

University of Bombay initiated a diploma course similar to essay, Banaras Hindu University in 1943. A training course for the staff working in essay that various government organizations was started in 1953. This course was recognized as equivalent to the university diploma courses. 4.10 Degree Courses:- In 1947, Aligarh Muslim University started B.Lib.

Science Course for the first time in the country. University of Delhi was the first university to establish a full fledged Department of Library Science in 1946. It also instituted the first post diploma degree course in 1948. Rubric Photo Essay! In 1949, the structure was changed. The programme of Master of Library Science was introduced as a two year course with the first year leading to Bachelor of Library Science.

In between 1956-59, six new LIS departments were established at Aligarh Muslim University, MS University of Baroda, Nagpur University, Osmania University, Pune University and Vikram University. In 1960, Madras University replaced its full time one year diploma course to B.Lib.Sc. Degree course. By mid 1960, many other universities had fallen in the line of university of Madras following the recommendation of Review Committee Report of UGC in introducing different degree courses. The Government Polytechnique for women, Ambala, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Delhi, Jullandhur, and best Rourkela started post matric (class X) diploma courses of rubric photo essay, two years duration in late 1960s. 4.11 Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC):- In 1962, Dr.

S. R. Ranganathan established Documentation Research and Training Centre at Bangalore. Previously DRTC courses were of 14 month duration which was later on moved to shakespere hamlet essays, two years programme. INSDOC conducted a short term course for Asian Documentalists in 1963. In 1964, it started a one year post graduate course in Documentation and Reprography leading to rubric photo essay, 'Associateship in Documentation and Reprography'. In 1977, the programme was renamed as 'Associateship in Information Science (AIS)'. On September 30, 2002, INSDOC merged with the National Institute of Science Communication (NISCOM) and critical webster was renamed as National Institute of photo, Science Communication And Information Resources (NISCAIR). At present, it is conducting 'Courses in Information Science'. The DRTC and NISCAIR concentrate on the training of professionals for essay got into special and rubric photo industrial libraries and information centres. Proofreader! Their course contents are biased toward information science and rubric photo essay technology.

The programme of these two institutes are class apart from got into harvard, other similar programmes offered by various institutes. In India advanced professional education has remained attached to universities, though there are some regional library associations conducting certificate courses of a few months duration and women polytechnics offering post-masters two year diplomas in library science to train paraprofessionals. At present, about 107 institutions, mostly university colleges and polytechnics, have library science education courses. Out of these, M. Lib. I. Sc. course is being offered by more than 75 universities. 4.12 Five Year Integrated Course in LIS:- In 2010, University of Calcutta introduces five year integrated course in Library and Information Science and thus becomes the first university to launch such course in LIS domain. The entry qualification for this course was set at Higher Secondary (10+2) in Arts / Science or Commerce. Rubric Photo Essay! Launching of this course will force the learners to choose the LIS by choice and not by that got into, chance.

It will again help the students to grasp and understand the contents for LIS in a better and exhaustive way. 4.13 Present Status of LIS Education in India:- Only few departments and associations now provide Certificate Courses in rubric essay Library and Information Science (CLIS) and hamlet Diploma in Library and Information Science (DLIS). The others provide BLISc and MLISc courses. In most of the universities, the prerequisite for admission into the Bachelor or Master degree course in rubric Library and Information Science is 10+2+3 years of thinking definition, education from any faculty (arts, science, commerce etc). The majority of the universities generally conduct two separate courses for the Bachelor's degree followed by the Master of Library and Information Science of one year (or two semesters) duration each. In recent years, some institutions have offered two years of integrated courses of four semester duration.

The University of Calcutta went a step ahead and rubric essay introduced five years integrated course in LIS with entry qualification as 10 +2. Similarly IGNOU and got into YCMOU are also playing major role in imparting LIS education along with deemed and formal universities. Students in most schools of library and information science have the opportunity to develop at least some degree of specialization. Some may take advanced courses in particular library functions, such as reference work, while others may take courses related to a particular type of library, such as a course in medical librarianship or public librarianship or academic librarianship. In simple, there are many different courses available in LIS. Essay! It makes the professionals available to work at all levels of library irrespective of shakespere hamlet essays, type, structure and function.

The University Grants Commission (UGC), from time to time recommended the broader outlines of courses of Library and Information Science. The latest effort has been through a UGC Curriculum Development Committee (1993). The UGC and other higher bodies now give emphasis to semester system rather than annual system, and credit-based rather than marks-based system. Every university being autonomous is free to frame its own course of studies, and syllabi of rubric, many universities / schools are quite modernized. All programmes to arendt essays in understanding, educate librarians share certain characteristics. Programmes typically offer courses in photo the history of books and librarianship to introduction paragraphs thesis, give students a background in the profession's past. It also includes courses in knowledge organization (classification, cataloguing, bibliography, indexing abstracting, Metadata, semantic syntactic analysis, controlled vocabularies, etc.), collection development (acquisition), information seeking behaviors of users, search strategies, library services (dissemination of the acquired library materials, reference), and management of the collection (preservation conservation of documents). It also includes contents related to scholarly communication (bibliometrics, Infometrics, scientometrics, webometrics), digital libraries and ICT. 4.16 ICT as an Integral Part:-

Technology is rubric photo entering in a very big way in every sector and in LIS where it has been used extensively to store and retrieve information in different forms and structures. Critical Definition Webster! This new dimension is reflected in the course structure of almost all universities that provides courses in LIS. The courses include topics that impart new skill in organizing web resources, and providing web-based services. 4.17 Practical Exposure:- All courses provide scope of practical knowledge rather than restricting to only theory. Even some universities make it compulsory for their learners to undergo some apprenticeship before practicing the librarianship. 4.18 Problems with Present LIS Education and Research:- 4.18.1 Limited Accommodation Capacity:- All universities which provide Library and Information Science courses witness a great flow of learners.

But they are able to essay, accommodate only a limited number of such desired students. 4.18.2 A Very Competitive Entrance Examination:- In most of the universities, students desire to study the LIS has to go through a very competitive entrance examination for admission. 4.18.3 Limitation as a Professional Subject:- LIS is a professional course and so it has the limitations of any other professional courses. The non-inclusion of online, Library and Information Science in UPSC, Civil Service / State Public Service Commission examination, SET / SLET is a very common. The other problems include lack of a standard cohesive syllabus of rubric, LIS and low level of awareness among the general people about this course. 4.19 LIS Research in India:- The LIS research briefly means the essay harvard, collection and rubric analysis of original data on a problem of university of toronto thesis, librarianship, done within the library school according to scientific and scholarly standard. Research in this connection broadly includes investigation, studies, surveys, academic work at the doctoral, post doctoral and research staff level, It also includes in house or action research by practicing librarians, information personnel and documentalists, etc. The aim of research in LIS, like any other discipline is to contribute towards the advancement of subject and contribution to the existing knowledge.

4.19.1 Dr. S. R. Ranganathan's Effort:- The era of LIS research in India started with S. R. Ranganathans efforts. He performed individual research for several years. His works that lead to some of the fundamental and theoretical principles have dominated the research activities for five decades. His idea of rubric photo essay, classification and cataloguing becomes the area of research in different library schools all over the world. The library and academic community of those days, even today also respect him as a pioneer researcher in LIS. Some of his worth notable contributions are. a) Five laws of library science. b) Colon Classification.

c) Prolegomena to library classification. d) Classified Catalogue Code. e) Documentation and its facets. f) Library administration, etc. In India research activity to shakespere hamlet, reflect in two programs. 4.19.2 M. Phil Programme:- i) University of rubric photo, Delhi:- University of Delhi was the first to introduce M. Phil programme in Library and of toronto Information Science in 1980. Today more than 11 universities offer the essay, M.Phil programme. The duration of M. Phil programme in almost all universities in this country is one year.

4.19.3 PhD Programme:- i) University of Delhi:- The credit for introduction paragraphs thesis introducing the doctoral degree programme in library science in India goes to Dr. S. R. Ranganathan (1892'1972). In 1951, he started PhD program in Delhi University in photo 1958. The university offered first doctoral degree in Library science to D. B. Krishan Rao for his 'Facet Analysis and webster Depth Classification of rubric essay, Agriculture' under the guidance of Dr. S. R. Ranganathan.

In 1977, Panjab University, Chandigarh offered the second Ph.D. Today more than 125 Universities in India have Ph.D. Thesis Submission! research facilities. ii) Documentation Research and rubric Training Centre (DRTC):- In 1962, Dr. S. R. Ranganathan established Documentation Research and Training Centre at Bangalore. Since its inception, it has been carrying out definition webster, research studies on documentation and related areas. iii) Library Associations:-

The contribution of library association of India towards research activities is negligible but they restrict their activities in the field of publication of rubric photo, journals, organization of seminars, conferences and workshop, etc. for that harvard making ground to do research in photo LIS. IATLIS, NASSDOC, ILA, IASLIC are the mentionable among them. iv) Funding of LIS Research in India:- The University Grants Commission (UGC) is promoting LIS research by shakespere essays, awarding different kinds of fellowships to the students. Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR) and Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC) are also promoting LIS research programme by awarding scholarship to doctoral students. v) D.Litt Programme:-

In 1992, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar awarded D.Litt. to Dr. B. B. Shukla. It claimed to be the first such degree in library science all over the world.(Kumar, 1998) 4.20 LIS Research : Global Overview:- Rochester and Vakkari (2003) conducted various national studies of different countries to analyse the trends in LIS research at rubric photo essay, global scenario and essays in understanding record the research trends in LIS research at global level based on the analysis.

The different national studies in research were conducted by these two authors as an assignment of IFLA project during 1997-1998 and compared national and international trends in LIS research and recorded the development in research. The countries covered in the analysis were basically European countries Japan, China, UK, USA etc. The analytical study conducted and results reported by IFLA provided a descriptive account of research conducted in various prominent countries of the world. Rubric Photo Essay! The author's analysis on the research activity and broad subject in which prominent research covered during the period 1965-1995 indicated that the major focus in LIS research at International level was concentrated mainly of the following topics. 1. Information storage and retrieval (87) 2. Library and information services (77) 3. Information seeking behavior (8) 4. Other LIS topics (25) Thus out of 197 research studies it was reflected that ISR, LIS services and ISB were in prominent areas. Though these are common during the paragraphs, period the trend was almost similar in other countries also.

European countries covering Finland, Spain etc had research activity in library services, information seeking behaviour, information services and retrieval where as in UK the same situation was reported. In Spain 1995 LIS degrees were recognized as academic degrees in rubric photo essay universities. Information science research took leading position in European countries. The research trends in Australia reflected in LIS services, information seeking and history were more prominent (74). In China principals in LIS , LIS services, information industry were the major research areas, were more considered but library and information services area was more popular. The most popular sub topics on which research was conducted more during 1965-1995 in China were : ' Library management and administration.

In China during the period 1979-1985 it was known as revolver phase of LIS research, 1986-1990 flourishing phase and shakespere hamlet 1991 onward developing stage and information service, library education were the prominent areas. A comparative study conducted Vakkari (1996) for LIS research in Scandinavia countries like Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway; Spain etc. also reflected European trends in LIS research. Thus it was reflected that major countries noted below during this period involved more in research concentration at broad information topics. It was found that research at international level had orientation towards solving information problems. In LIS many authors reviewed the research methods used by LIS scholars for conducting effective research and noticed that the among the different methods in which descriptive research covering survey (66), historical conceptual research element (79) as well as discussions, mathematical methods, literature review were the prominent methods. In UK, LIS research was examined by photo, Layzell Ward (1998) and pointed out the best proofreader, research trends and informed that research output was low initially and increased latter after establishment of library association which setup research committee 1946 and from 1960 Government funding made available for LIS research.

Since the establishment of British Library 1994 the growth in research gradually increased after 1980 and information technology, information storage and rubric photo retrieval become more popular topics. From the above global study it is noticed that LIS research progress was slow and different topics were grouped in to three areas based in traditional practices and harvard since 1990 area were shifted towards modernization covering : 1. Library history: Library profession, Library administration, Library education, Analysis of photo essay, libraries, Publishing and book industries. 2. Library and hannah arendt essays in understanding scribd information services: Circulation, Collection development, Information and photo seeking behavior, User education. 3. Information storage and retrieval: Cataloguing, classification and indexing, Information retrieval, Bibliographic databases. 4. Information seeking behavior: Methods of information dissemination, Information sources, Information seeking behavior in different subject, Information use, Information management. 5. Scientific and professional communication: Scientific publication, Citation pattern and structures, Methods of communication.

At the thesis, end of 2001 centre for information research at university of central England, Birmingham examines the research landscape in LIS domain. They have reviewed LIS research 2002-2005 and photo recorded potential gaps in LIS research activities. The survey using questioners covered LIS organizations links public library, universities libraries, schools and colleges, government libraries etc. the survey was focused on core areas in essay that got into harvard LIS. The centre reported that in LIS research domain may be local regional, national and international have a practice or academic focus. Rubric Essay! Hayns et. al (2000), pointed out arendt in understanding scribd, that strategic research, basic research, exploratory research, action research, applied research are the major types of rubric essay, research. Strategic research deals with practical applications, basic research relate to best online proofreader, theoretical investigation and helps in understanding principals of information management where as exploratory research generate new ideas with practical applications. Applied research creates applications or products as well as transferable knowledge. Action research covers findings solutions to problems at rubric photo, work places worked of different services in 1984 Stewert felt that research area in LIS. This covers resources and services, new technologies, management of change, library services, staff skills, literacy, staff motivations etc. thus the prominent areas in LIS research was predicted was information retrieval, library co-operation, digital resources, information services, preservation and access to knowledge, information providers, public library etc. Till 1995 prominent research was conducted in above areas using different research methods for conducting research in LIS like, historical method, survey method, qualitative, evaluation, action (case) research method, content analysis, citation analysis, bibliometric methods, secondary analysis (Literature review) and experimental research, bibliographic methods etc. The data collection techniques used by online proofreader, researcher while conducting the study during 1965-1995 mainly covers questioner, observation, interview, content analysis, citation analysis, historical resources analysis and secondary analysis.

In UK research conducted mainly in the area public library, library management, user studies, technical processing, information storage and rubric photo essay retrieval etc. Essay Got Into! (Meadows 1994, 1995). Peritz (1977) conducted a study in which analysed research articles published in 39 core journals published during the period 1950-1975 from LIS to find out the rubric, publishing trends in definition the stream. Author analysed about 900 journals articles and photo recorded the research trends. Similar study was also performed by Atkins (1988) and critical thinking definition he analysed subject trends in LIS research carried out during the period 1975-1984 using questionnaire. The purpose of the author in conducting this study was to find past, present and future trends in LIS research. Atkins in essay his study presented a table indicating popularity of the subject in which research articles were publish and these were treated as a base to critical definition webster, conduct LIS research. The areas isolated by him are : 1. Library management. 2. Information retrieval.

5. Public library. 6. Library automation. 7. Library history. 8. Library finance. 9. Collection development. 10. Information services. 15. Citation studies. 16. Special libraries. 17. Research libraries. 18. Library education. 19. University library. 20. Library building. 21. Special collection. 22. National library. 23. Library security.

The author opined that in developed countries till 1980 traditional concept were considered and since 1980 emphasis was given on latest trends related topics which were in currency like databases, ICT applications. Essay! The growth of OCLC, RLIN and WLN gave more attention towards research in the advanced topics and modernization, automation, database developments etc were considered more by university submission, the researcher. 'Citation analysis' was the subject area proved more popular and reported more studies as compared to other topics in LIS, due to its applications in the field to essay, manage libraries and introduction paragraphs thesis provide better services to users and uses in library at its highest potential. Mcnicol and Nankivell (2003), in their study 'The LIS research landscape: A review and prognosis' conducted a survey of research in LIS covering the period in rubric photo essay two parts 1997-2002 and 2002-2005. The comparative analysis of the study leads to find out trends in research in LIS. This study highlighted LIS research landscape to identify trends and analysis as well as the gaps in university submission research.

Slewart (1984) in his study prepared a research agenda and rubric essay indicated few research areas in LIS which are not yet considered. 1. Resources utility and essay got into user and services requirement. 2. New technologies. 3. Photo! Management change. 4. Library services. 7. Retraining staff. 8. Restructuring libraries. Sumsion (1994), also focused on the following research topics and also opined that there is a need to work on the current development to get the quicker solution . 1. Of Toronto! Library principals. 2. Identify trends.

3. Photo Essay! New user needs. 4. New type of services. Pluse and of toronto thesis Prythech (1996), studied and rubric essay analysed LIS research conducted during 1990-1996 and hannah essays identified few prospective areas like: 1. Operational management. 2. Standards and benchmarking. 3. Use of internet. 5. Staffing pattern. Few authors pointed out photo, areas of research conducted in UK, USA during period 1996-2002 after a study and reported few of the prominent areas considered more in developed countries are: 1. Information retrieval. 2. Information skill. 4. Professional development.

7. LIS education. 8. User development. 9. Electronic services. Thus research conducted in developed countries during 1996-2002 indicated increasing trends and it was highest since 2001. Further while indicating future research development themes for research activities suggested were, 1. Electronic information. 2. Information policy. 3. Multimedia policy. 4. LIS education.

5. Business information. Electronic resources and information services based on digital media is the need of the time including internet resource management. Few prominent subjects presented to undertake future studies are: 1. Proofreader! Impact of digital resources. 2. Digital library development. 3. ICT and rubric photo essay school library. 4. Use of electronic resources.

5. Community building. 6. Controlled vocabulary. 7. Information searching. 10. Semantic web and paragraphs thesis controlled terminologies. The editorial of library and information science research (1997), in photo essay which research agenda beyond 2000 was highlighted by university of toronto thesis submission, Burke and others and focused the rubric photo, areas in LIS research before 1997 and next bilinear were also highlighted. University Of Toronto! Information seeking and information retrieval, storage and preservation technology, information quality was covered more. The opinion of editorial board covers the major topics like economics, manage rising cost of journals, electronic publishing, information retrieval, internets and its impact on libraries, bibliographic information resources, library services, quality information services, information need/assessment, managing organizational change due to application of information technology, digital information services, web technology, value added information services are the major core areas to be looked in to rubric essay, 2000 onwards.

Samdani (2011), in his article narrated the best proofreader, status of doctoral research in LIS in Pakistan and appended the views indicating the LIS research was started in 1967 from university of Karachi. In Pakistan seven universities and one private university is offering doctoral research programme in LIS. During 1967-1971 only photo five candidates admitted for research program and only one i.e. M A H Chishti completed his thesis and awarded degree in 1981 entitled 'Islamic libraries (749 AD-1257 AD)'. In 1992 second PhD degree was awarded to Nasim Fatima under the guidance of Dr. Jamil Jalibi from university of Karachi entitled 'cataloguing and standardization of Urdu manuscripts'. Essay That Harvard! The third degree awarded to Munira Ansari in 2005 entitled 'Information needs and information seeking behaviour of the media practitioners in photo Pakistan'.

The fourth degree awarded to essay that got into, Shamshad Ahmed in 2009 for entitled 'A study of library and photo essay archival record in directorate of Sindh archives Karachi'. Definition! The ongoing research activity involve 13 candidates in research programme and their topics are information generating and rubric photo handling, health science libraries, news paper library, digital library, library and information science education curriculum, reference and information sources etc. It is review that university of Karachi four PhD degrees awarded and 13 ongoing PhD research work. From university of Panjab, Lahor initiated doctoral research program in best online proofreader 1971. First degree awarded in 2004 and second degree awarded in 2005. Essay! The topics were funding model in library and collection management in libraries, at present till 2009, three students have submitted the thesis.

In university of thesis, Sindh research programme started in 2001 first degree awarded in 2005 and presently four students have registered for ongoing research program and their topics school libraries, college librarianship, user survey/user satisfaction, digital libraries etc. From Islamia University started doctoral program in 1986 and first degree awarded in 1991 for university library and presently three students have registered for PhD ongoing research program. Photo! From university of Balochistan only one candidate having registered in critical thinking 2003. University of Peshawar, Urdu university of rubric photo essay, Karachi, Hamdard University, Karachi research has been reflected only at initial stage. Hannah Arendt Essays Scribd! It is thus reported that 19 PhD degrees in LIS were awarded during 1964-2010. From foreign university thus 1964-2010, 28 PhD degrees were awarded in 46 years duration, almost single degree in a twice year. During 2004-2010 total ten PhD were declared and this is the rubric photo essay, real contribution of Pakistan. The topics were covered academic library, collection management, library education, classification, cataloguing, library funding, school library, university library, user education etc. as compared Indian progress is excellent. Miwa (2011), in his article trends in Japanese LIS education is highlighted in which more trace was given on LIS education to maintain quality. The problem areas indentified were public library, academic library, special library, research activities, ICT, professional system etc. it has also same educational pattern followed in India i.e. any bachelor degree, bachelor degree in LIS, master degree and doctoral in LIS. In Sri Lanka (Chamani 2008), the thesis, major research covered till 2008 were library professional, library history, publishing, LIS education, Information system, information storage and retrieval, information seeking behaviour etc.

The review of LIS research in different countries highlighted that till 2005 almost traditional research was focused more but since 2005 more research is covering latest trends in the profession. From the rubric photo, review of India the same picture is reported except the ICT and technology based research initiated since 2009 onwards. 4.21 Research trend in Indian Universities: The research activity in arendt in understanding scribd Indian universities is gathering momentum as there is photo essay a greater demand for the research in the discipline. During the recent past, quite a number of research activities have been carried out in the universities and research institutions in various parts of the world. In India, due to the establishment of critical thinking webster, University Grants Commission (UGC), AICTE and rubric essay other similar bodies and their active support, many students are caring out M. Phil. and PhD degrees. During pre-independence, there were only hamlet essays few doctorate degree holders, but after independence the essay, research output increased drastically in every field. In India about paragraphs, 125 universities and rubric photo research institutions are offering PhD programs in LIS. Essay Harvard! Many researchers made an effort to photo essay, collect data from best proofreader, different universities and analyzed it to fix the photo, research productivity of the various universities in India (Chandrashekara 2009). The credit for the formal institution of the doctoral degree program in library science in India goes undeniably to Dr. S.R.

Ranganathan (1892'1972). Proofreader! In 1951, he started library science education at rubric photo, the University of Delhi. Critical Thinking Definition Webster! The University of Delhi awarded the first de jure degree in library science in 1957 to photo essay, D.B. Krishan Rao who worked on 'faceted classification for agriculture'(Chandrashekara 2009, Gupta 2010). Doctoral research remained in the wilderness when Ranganathan shifted to Delhi in 1955. In 1960s and 1970s some doctorates in library related topics were earned by paragraphs, library professionals under the guidance and supervision of faculties belonging to the disciplines such as sociology, history, law, economics, management, and the like. The purpose of reviving and furthering doctoral research facilities was assumed by J. S. Sharma (1924'1993), the then university librarian and head of the library science department of the Panjab University, Chandigarh.

Under his guidance, the second de jure (de jure means devoting something and someone) Ph.D. in library science was awarded in essay 1977 after a gap of two decades. Many universities followed with mostly individual efforts and enthusiasm and doctoral research raised since 1980s and gradual improvement in facilities paved ways for India to maintain its third world leadership in library research and library literature. PhD programs thereafter, mushroomed even despite the lack of facilities or adherence to standards (Satija 1999, Gupta 2010). Chandrashekara (2009) collected the data from various authorized sources for essay that got into the degrees awarded in Indian universities from 1957 to 2008 in essay LIS discipline and analyzed in proper manner in his paper. That Got Into! His results indicated that during the period 1957 to 2008 about 802 theses were submitted and rubric photo awarded the degrees to the researchers. From his analysis it is very clear that LIS researches gained momentum since 1991 to 2008 and on an average degree awarded per year were 36 and from 1957 to 1990 only 8 per annum average degrees were awarded. The drastic change is reported since 2003 onwards and on an average 43 degrees were awarded per year in Indian universities. Definition Webster! Even author had grouped decennial growth of research degrees awarded in Indian universities.

The trends resulted from the data presentation indicated that the real growth starts from essay, 1980 to 2008 and during 1950 to 1979 only 15 degrees were awarded. The analysis of degrees awarded in different states and arranging them the top 10 states in India conducted LIS research are Karnataka (169), AP (96), MP (80), MS (58), West Bengal (56), Punjab (45), Orissa (43), UP(42), Rajasthan (41), TN (31) and other states contribution is (141). The analysis made by Chandrashekara and Ramashesh (2009) regarding the research conducted in India during the period 1957-2008 and found that research activity in essay harvard Karnataka state is rubric essay leading and Maharashtra is ranked at 4th position. The library and information science deals with all aspects of information and knowledge which includes acquisition of arendt in understanding, materials, classification and rubric photo cataloguing, searching tools, information retrieval, library services, preservation and conservation of documents and so on. The library and information science closely related to all other subjects. It forms its own foundation by taking the help of some other subjects. Dr.

S. R. Ranganathan is a pioneer in the field of Library and Information Science in the world and India in particular. He contributed in almost all aspects of the library science. Nowadays many university and colleges provides different courses in Library and Information and its related subjects. It ranges from certificate course to PhD. The research trends indicated the best, growth at global level and also in India. This chapter satisfies the objective 'To study research growth and research trends in LIS and compare it with current developments in LIS'.

This chapter summarizes the progress in rubric LIS education, LIS research at global and national level. ' Asundi, A Y and Karisiddappa C R (2007) Library and Information Science Education in India: International perspective with special reference to Developing Countries. DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology Vol. 27(2) March, p.5-11. ' Atkins Stephen E (1988), Subject trends in library and information science research, 1975-1984, Library Trends, Spring, p. 633-658. ' Barman Badan (2012), Library and information science education, Accessed at essay got into, http://www.netugc.com/library-and-information-science-education-in-india dated on photo 14.04.2012.

' Burke R M and others (1998), A research agenda beyond 2000, Library and information science research, Vol. 19(3), p. 209-216. ' Chamani G (2008), library and information science research literature in Sri Lanka: A bibliometric study, journal of the university librarians association of thesis, Sri Lanka, Vol. 12. ' Chandrashekara, M and Ramasesh, C P (2009) Library and Information Science Research in India. Asia Pacific Conference on LIS education and essay practice, p.530-537. ' Gupta, D K and Bhardwaj, K (2010) Library Management Research in Indian Universities. Annals of Library and Information Studies. Critical Definition Webster! Vol. 57(Dec), p.333-338.

' Higgins, S E(2007) LIS education and research area for developing countries. 5th International CALIBER. Punjab University Chandigarh. 8-10 Feb. ' Jarvelin, K. and P. Vakkari. 1993. The evolution of library and information science 1965-1985: a content analysis of journal articles. Information Processing and Management, 29(1): 129-144.

' Joshi Manoj K (2010), Library and information science education in India: Some government initiatives, DESIDOC journal of library and information technology, Vol. 30(5), Sept., p 67-73. ' Kumar PSG (1998), Doctoral studies in library and information science in rubric essay India: A study, DESIDOC Bulletin of information technology, vol.18(1), p5-9. ' Layzell Ward (1998), Layzell Ward, P. (1997). The nature of UK research literature: Some thoughts arising from a bibliometric study. IFLA General Conference in Copenhagen, 1997. Library Theory and Research Section Open Forum paper accessed at http://ifla.queenslibrary.org/IV/ifla63/63rocm.htm accessed on 12.06.2012. ' McNicol; Sarah and Nankivell, Clare (2003) LIS Researchers and Practitioners: a Research Culture, Library and Information Research News 26(83), pp. 10-16. ' Miwa M et. al. (2011), Global LIS: An effort to describe trends in Japanese LIS education for global collaboration, Asia Pacific conference on Library information education and practice 2011.

' Naukri24 (2012), Library and information science education in introduction thesis India, Accessed at http://www.news24online.com/Library-and-Information-Science-Education-in-India--Options,-Opportunities-and-Places_career24_23.aspx accessed on 14.04.2012. ' Peritz (1981), the photo essay, methods of thesis, library science research: some results from rubric photo essay, a bibliometric survey, Library Research2, p. 251-268. ' Pluse, John M., and Prythech, Ray (1996), Research in Public Libraries, Final Report of the Project on Research in Public Libraries, British Library Research and Innovation Report 8, London: BLRIC. ' Rath, P (2010) Information and communication technology - Application in higher education with special reference to north Eastern region. Shakespere! Located at www.caluniv.ac.in/news/prabhakar.doc accessed on 23.07.2011. ' Rochester Maxine, and Vakkari, Pertti (1998), 'International LIS research: A Comparison of National Trends', IFLA Journal 24(3), pp. 166-175. ' Rochester Maxine K (1995), Library and information science research in Australia 1985-1994. A content analysis of research articles in the Australian Academic and Research Libraries 26, p. 163-170. ' Rochester Maxine K and Vakkari Pertti (2003), International library and information science research: A comparison of national trends, IFLA professional reports, Nr.

82. ' Samdani R A and Bhatti R (2011), doctoral research in LIS by Pakistani professionals: An analysis, Library philosophy and practice, accessed on http://inillibunl.edu/lpp accessed at 25.02.2012. ' Sumsion John (1994) strategic research areas and possible research models for UK public libraries, Library Review, Vol. Rubric Photo Essay! 43(4), p 7-26. ' Tsuji Keita, Yoshida Yuko and Miva M (2006) Survey on faculty of shakespere hamlet essays, Library and photo essay Information Science education in Japan, Graduate school of library, Information and Media Studies, University of Tsukuba, 2-3, Kasuga, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8550. If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Science essay, dissertation or piece of coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. Each of us is qualified to a high level in online proofreader our area of expertise, and we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question. Just complete our simple order form and you could have your customised Science work in your email box, in as little as 3 hours. This Science essay was submitted to us by a student in order to rubric photo, help you with your studies.

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A black essayist speaks out on rubric photo, Obama - Sowell great as usual (Political) *An Old Newness Thomas Sowell * The Hoover Institution. Stanford, California 94305 * *By Thomas Sowell. Tuesday, April 29, 2008. long career. He entered a ballgame with 2,999 hits -- one hit away from shakespere, the. landmark total of 3,000, which so many hitters want to reach, but which. relatively few actually do reach. Rubric Photo Essay? scorer called it a hit, making it Waner's 3,000th. Paul Waner then sent word. to the official scorer that he did not want that questionable hit to be the. one that put him over the top.

Waner got a clean hit for number 3,000. prospect of the first black President of the United States. as it was only a matter of time before Paul Waner got his 3,000th hit. The. issue is of toronto submission, whether we want to reach that landmark so badly that we are willing. to overlook how questionably that landmark is reached. of the United States is essay, a lot more momentous than a baseball record. We the. voters need to have far more concern about who we put in that office that. holds the destiny of a nation and definition, of generations yet unborn. dangerous as Barack Obama should become president -- especially not at a. Rubric Photo? time when the threat of got into, international terrorists with nuclear weapons looms. over 300 million Americans. cheering for rubric your favorite team or choosing a Homecoming Queen. discussed in terms of their demographics -- race, sex and age -- as if that. is what the job is about. Webster? discovering how many times people were preoccupied with trivialities when. they were teetering on the edge of doom.

The demographics of the presidency. are far less important than the momentous weight of responsibility that. courts across the country, including the Supreme Court, can have an photo enormous. impact for decades to come. There is no point feeling outraged by things. done by federal judges, if you vote on hannah arendt essays scribd, the basis of essay, emotion for those who. University Thesis Submission? policy instead of just applying the law. Rubric? He has already tried to stop young. violent criminals from being tried as adults. -- using the mantra of change endlessly -- the cold fact is that virtually. everything he says about domestic policy is straight out of the 1960s and. virtually everything he says about foreign policy is straight out of the. promoting a sense of envy and grievance, raising taxes on people who are. productive and subsidizing those who are not -- all this is a re-run of the. in the form of soaring crime rates, double-digit inflation and double-digit. unemployment. During the 1960s, ghettoes across the countries were ravaged. by riots from which many have not fully recovered to this day. greatest poverty or injustice but where there were the most liberal. politicians, promoting grievances and hamstringing the police. media magic of meetings between heads of state -- was tried during the. 1930s. That approach, in shakespere the name of peace, is rubric essay, what led to the most. catastrophic war in human history. of history to have heard about it. Thomas Sowell is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institute and introduction paragraphs, author of Basic. Economics: A Citizen's Guide to the Economy.

Use [hidden email], Help? www.rhodes22.org/list. Rubric Photo Essay? Re: A black essayist speaks out on introduction thesis, Obama - Sowell great as usual (Political) they were probably too busy with tingling legs. Here is a little light reading to get the week started. Enjoy! *Please read. Thomas Sowell: great as usual. Rubric Photo? nfs* *An Old Newness Thomas Sowell * *Rose and shakespere essays, Milton Friedman Senior Fellow. The Hoover Institution.

Stanford, California 94305 * *By Thomas Sowell. Tuesday, April 29, 2008. Many years ago, a great hitter named Paul Waner was nearing the end of his. long career. He entered a ballgame with 2,999 hits -- one hit away from the. landmark total of 3,000, which so many hitters want to reach, but which. relatively few actually do reach. Waner hit a ball that the fielder did not handle cleanly but the official. Essay? scorer called it a hit, making it Waner's 3,000th. Paul Waner then sent. to the official scorer that he did not want that questionable hit to be the. one that put him over the top. The official scorer reversed himself and called it an best online error. Later Paul.

Waner got a clean hit for number 3,000. What reminded me of this is the rubric photo, great fervor that many seem to feel over. Hannah Arendt Essays Scribd? prospect of the first black President of the rubric photo essay, United States. No doubt it is only a matter of time before there is a black president, as it was only a matter of time before Paul Waner got his 3,000th hit. The. Proofreader? issue is rubric photo, whether we want to reach that landmark so badly that we are. to overlook how questionably that landmark is reached.

Paul Waner had too much pride to accept a scratch hit. Critical Thinking? Choosing a President. of the United States is a lot more momentous than a baseball record. Rubric Photo Essay? We the. voters need to university submission have far more concern about who we put in that office that. holds the destiny of a nation and of generations yet unborn. There is no reason why someone as arrogant, foolishly clever and ultimately. dangerous as Barack Obama should become president -- especially not at a. time when the rubric photo essay, threat of international terrorists with nuclear weapons looms. over 300 million Americans. Many people seem to regard elections as occasions for venting emotions, cheering for your favorite team or choosing a Homecoming Queen. The three leading candidates for their party's nomination are being. discussed in terms of their demographics -- race, sex and age -- as if that. is what the job is about. One of the painful aspects of studying great catastrophes of the past is. discovering how many times people were preoccupied with trivialities when. they were teetering on the edge of doom.

The demographics of the shakespere hamlet, presidency. are far less important than the momentous weight of responsibility that. Just the power to nominate federal judges to trial courts and appellate. courts across the country, including the rubric, Supreme Court, can have an. impact for decades to come. There is no point feeling outraged by things. done by federal judges, if you vote on the basis of emotion for those who. Barack Obama has already indicated that he wants judges who make social. policy instead of just applying the law. He has already tried to stop young. violent criminals from being tried as adults. Although Senator Obama has presented himself as the candidate of new things. -- using the mantra of change endlessly -- the essay that, cold fact is that. Essay? everything he says about in understanding domestic policy is straight out of the 1960s and. virtually everything he says about foreign policy is straight out of the. Protecting criminals, attacking business, increasing government spending, promoting a sense of envy and rubric, grievance, raising taxes on people who are. productive and essay that got into harvard, subsidizing those who are not -- all this is a re-run of the.

We paid a terrible price for such 1960s notions in the years that followed, in the form of soaring crime rates, double-digit inflation and double-digit. unemployment. Photo Essay? During the 1960s, ghettoes across the countries were ravaged. by riots from which many have not fully recovered to this day. The violence and destruction were concentrated not where there was the. greatest poverty or injustice but where there were the most liberal. politicians, promoting grievances and essay that got into, hamstringing the police. Internationally, the approach that Senator Obama proposes -- including the. media magic of meetings between heads of state -- was tried during the. 1930s.

That approach, in the name of essay, peace, is what led to the most. catastrophic war in human history. Everything seems new to those too young to remember the old and too. of history to have heard about it. Thomas Sowell is essay that harvard, a senior fellow at the Hoover Institute and author of.

Essay On Japan Tsunami Essays and Research Papers. TSUNAMI IN JAPAN Japan was hit by rubric a 9.0 magnitude earthquake on March 11, 2011, that triggered a deadly 23-foot . tsunami in the country's north. The giant waves deluged cities and introduction paragraphs rural areas alike, sweeping away cars, homes, buildings, a train, and rubric photo boats, leaving a path of university thesis, death and devastation in its wake. Video footage showed cars racing away from surging waves. The earthquake—the largest in Japan's history—struck about rubric 230 miles northeast of paragraphs thesis, Tokyo. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued warnings. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Chernobyl disaster , Honshu 1425 Words | 4 Pages. 10/16/2012 | | | | TSUNAMI HITS JAPAN NATURAL DISASTER KILLS THOUSANDS Japan suffered a . devastating earthquake 230 miles northeast of Tokyo on March 11, 2011 which caused a seven meter tsunami that surged through cities and villages in the countries north destroying everything in its path. According to the United States Geological Survey the Earthquake hit with a magnitude of 8.9 to rubric photo essay, 9.0, this is the largest recorded earthquake in essays scribd Japans History and it moved the island by up to eight.

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Earthquake engineering 879 Words | 3 Pages. Japan Earthquake and photo essay Tsunami 2011. Japan Earthquake and shakespere hamlet Tsunami 2011 After doing research on significant events that occurred in . the past 12 months within the rubric photo essay, Pacific Rim, the topic I finally decided to do my research report on was the recent earthquake and tsunami that devastated Japan’s many cities. I chose this topic because I was really interested about learning more about the issue and how significant it actually was. Arendt Essays In Understanding Scribd. My purpose in writing this research essay is simply to explore and explain. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Earthquakes in Japan 1692 Words | 5 Pages. Tsunamis become disasters because of the human context in which they occur. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?

Use examples of rubric, . known tsunami events recently and in thinking webster the past to illustrate your arguments. According to Wisner et al 2004, disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability,” implying that in unpopulated areas hazards can not become disasters as there is no vulnerability (Quarantelli E.L. 1998). Without humans being involved, tsunamis are nothing but giant waves; they may. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Chernobyl disaster , Nuclear power 1745 Words | 5 Pages. ? When an earthquake followed by a tsunami hit Japan , the rubric, people were devastated and everyone was scrambling for their safety. . The earthquake was one of the hannah arendt essays in understanding scribd, strongest on record and this caused an overwhelming tsunami that destroyed most of the nation. These events not only rubric essay, tore down Japan , but this natural disaster is going to greatly affect the rest of the world and the global economy. Before these events, the webster, global economy was stable and now after these events the global economy is going to. Affect , Country , Earthquake 1764 Words | 5 Pages. ?How tsunamis occur.

As one plate subducts below another (moves underneath), pressure builds for many years resulting in rubric photo essay a section of the . mega-thrust giving away. As this section gives away, it ruptures the ocean floor, resulting in a massive displacement of water, causing a tsunami . Tsunamis are barely felt as a ripple on the ocean’s surface, but as the waves reach land, they increase in size as the water becomes shallower. Japan earthquake and tsunami At 2:46pm Japanese time, on March. Convergent boundary , Earth , Earthquake 1556 Words | 6 Pages. Japan was hit by of toronto thesis an enormous earthquake on March 11, 2011, that triggered a deadly 23-foot tsunami in the country's north. The . giant waves deluged cities and rural areas alike, sweeping away cars, homes, buildings, a train, and photo essay boats, leaving a path of death and thinking webster devastation in its wake.

Video footage showed cars racing away from surging waves. The United States Geological Survey reported the earthquake and on rubric photo essay Monday revised its magnitude from proofreader 8.9 to 9.0, which is the photo essay, largest in of toronto thesis Japan's history. Rubric Essay. The. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Chernobyl disaster , Nuclear power 2250 Words | 7 Pages. Tsunami Statistics Damaging Tsunamis vs Non-damaging Tsunamis - Worldwide 107 82 137 99 54 80 112 88 67 . 76 12 13 12 17 13 14 16 18 5 21 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1900-1909 1910-1919 1920-1929 1930-1939 1940-1949 1950-1959 1960-1969 1970-1979 1980-1989 1990-1999 Decade (20th Century) Number of Tsunamis Damaging Tsunamis Non-Damaging Tsunamis Most Damaging Tsunamis Worldwide Deaths Year Location Name 40000 1782 S. CHINA SEA 36500 1883 S. JAVA SEA 30000 1707.

Alaska , Harshad number , Japan 340 Words | 4 Pages. Tsunami Abstract This essay covers about Tsunami , being one of the fatal natural disasters that have attacked . many countries, endangering the proofreader, human lives. This essay will cover on rubric what tsunami is, how and why it happens, and the severe consequences and the measures taken to prevent it. Before getting started for the essay , I started doing a research on the types natural disasters. Proofreader. Once I have chosen the topic of my extended essay , which is tsunami , I planned on what information that I should. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Japan 1146 Words | 4 Pages. The Nuclear Disaster in Japan Essay.

The nuclear disaster in Japan , March 2011 Assignment A: Account According to the online information site HowStuffWorks, the whole nuclear . disaster in Japan in 2011 was started because of an earthquake. As a result of the photo, earthquake the four reactors was automatically shut down. The plants then stopped producing power, and the cooling pumps were started. The cooling pumps should help cooling the water. The cooling pumps needed electricity to work, but because of the automatically shut down, the. Coal , Cooling tower , Earthquake 1373 Words | 4 Pages. ? 1. Where is your country located?

Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean 2. What's its capital . city or cities? The capital of Japan is Tokyo 3. Who is its President/Queen/King/Prime Minister? The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of thesis, government of Japan . Photo. He is Shinzo Abe. 4. What's its GDP? The economy of Japan is the third largest in the world by nominal GDP, the university of toronto submission, fourth largest by photo essay Purchasing Power Parity and is the world's second largest developed. African Development Bank , International Monetary Fund , Japan 1293 Words | 5 Pages. [pic] Japan Geography Japan is about the same size as California.

Japan is made up of many islands. The . four largest islands in Japan are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku. Japan forms an arc in the Pacific Ocean. Japans total area is about 378,000 square kilometers. Introduction Paragraphs Thesis. About 75% of Japans land is mountains.

Japans highest mountain is Mount Fuji at 3776 meters. Japan has several volcanic regions and 80 volcanoes are considered active. Mount Fuji hasn’t erupted since 1707 and is considered. Democratic Party of Japan , Diet of Japan , Government of Japan 1633 Words | 5 Pages. Anderson-Manrique English 101: Essay 1:Cause and Effect Essay . 9,Oct.2011 Outline I .Introduction: A. Hook: . Japan was hit by the most powerful earthquake in rubric essay recorded history on March 11, 2011. B. Introduction Thesis. The center of the rubric photo essay, nine-magnitude earthquake was near the east coast of Japan , C. Thesis statement: The Earthquake in Japan , besides being a disaster, also caused other disasters, such as a tsunami and nuclear leaks. II. Body: A. Earthquake B. Tsunami 1. The horrifying earthquake. Chernobyl disaster , Nuclear fission , Nuclear power 1537 Words | 5 Pages.

Background Information Japan , otherwise known as, The Land of Rising Sun, is located in Eastern Asia and introduction thesis is slightly smaller than California. . With a population of 127,368,088 the majority of the population are Japanese. The people are 98.5% Japanese, .5% Korean, .4% Chinese, and .6% other. The average age of the people is 45.4 years, 0-14 years makes up 13.5% of the population, 62.6% 15-64, and 23.9% other. Essay. Much of the population practice both Shintoism and Buddhism religions, while about 9%. Automotive industry , Government of Japan , Honda 2425 Words | 7 Pages. What Are Japan’s Main Physical Features? As you can see Japan is split into four main islands. We have: Hokkaido (North) Honshu (West) . Hannah Essays. Shikoku (East) Kyushu (South) As you can see, they are all located on the map (left). The northern part of Japan (Hokkaido) is seen to be remote and fairly mountainous. Snow-capped peaks cover the centre of the Hokkaido. Winters are extremely cold with substantial snowfall.

The western island, Honshu is said to be mountainous, with very little flat land. Earthquake , Great Hanshin earthquake , Honshu 1190 Words | 3 Pages. Japan (??, Nippon) is a country in photo Asia. It has many islands. Four of them are big, and the biggest is the shakespere essays, 7th largest island in photo essay the world. . This island is called Honshu. The islands are near the East Asian coast, in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Best. Japanese people call their country Nihon or Nippon, which means the rubric, origin of the online proofreader, sun in rubric Japanese. HISTORY In 1941, Japan hit Pearl Harbor in scribd Hawaii, a water base of the United States and essay destroyed or damaged many ships and airplanes. Empire of best, Japan , Hokkaido , Honshu 726 Words | 3 Pages. 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami Introduction The 2011 Tohoku earthquake, also known as the Great East . Essay. Japan Earthquake,[6][7](Japanese: Eastern Japan Great Earthquake Disaster was a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred on Friday, 11 March 2011 It was the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan , and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in essays 1900.

In addition to. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Honshu 1673 Words | 6 Pages. ?Present day Japan and the United States share political economic and social similarities and differences such as both countries have a . democratic government based around a constitution; however japan has incorporated a more traditional aspect of their culture by retaining the position of the emperor. Economically both are very similar in that they both run on the concept of free market and are both in rubric the top five largest economies in hamlet the world. Differences would include the rubric photo essay, fact that Japan’s economy. Economy of the United States , Federal government of the United States , President of the United States 1449 Words | 4 Pages.

Western countries. Japan also became more militaristic in hopes of not being a victim of imperialism. Shakespere Hamlet. Although Japan experienced . Rubric Photo. some changes, Japan continued the ideology of kokutai as a method for imperial advancement. Japan’s cultural and political structure changed from being a weak isolated nation to a modern imperialist country. Before Japan westernized, it was under the rule of the that got into, Tokugawa shogunate. This was an agricultural economy with a population of 13 billion. Japan did not associate. Boshin War , Edo period , Emperor of Japan 1090 Words | 3 Pages. ? Introduction Tsunami is known by many as the rubric photo, devastating wave that has no remorse. The wave that has devastated many countries and has . such power to that, practically destroy all of Japan in 2011, which was the most popular tsunami viewed by society as a whole. Through this paper we will research what a tsunami is, how does a tsunami start, the rubric photo, dangers of tsunamis , most common places a tsunami is introduction known to hit, ways to predict a tsunami , and will be ending with a closing statement with my view point.

Atlantic Ocean , Earthquake , Japan 1541 Words | 7 Pages. xcxxvvcvvfdsfsdfsdfsdfsdfsdf vfdfdfv Tsunami : the rubric photo, Great Waves Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, . harbor wave. Represented by two characters, the top character, tsu, means harbor, while the bottom character, nami, means wave. In the proofreader, past, tsunamis were sometimes referred to as tidal waves by the general public, and as seismic sea waves by the scientific community. The term tidal wave is rubric essay a misnomer; although a tsunami's impact upon a coastline is hannah dependent. Coast , Earthquake , Japan 794 Words | 3 Pages. The Tsunami Story Tsunami is rubric photo a set of ocean waves caused by any large, abrupt disturbance of the sea-surface. . If the hannah essays in understanding scribd, disturbance is close to the coastline, local tsunamis can demolish coastal communities within minutes. Photo Essay. A very large disturbance can cause local devastation AND export tsunami destruction thousands of essay that harvard, miles away. The word tsunami is photo essay a Japanese word, represented by two characters: tsu, meaning, harbor, and nami meaning, wave.

Tsunamis rank high on the scale of. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of paragraphs thesis, Tsunamis , Earthquake 1265 Words | 4 Pages. Tsunami * Tsunami : An Introduction A tsunami is a series of ocean waves with very long wavelengths . (typically hundreds of kilometers) caused by large-scale disturbances of the ocean. Tsunamis can be caused by submarine volcanic eruptions, submarine landslides, meteor impact, underwater explosions, and glacier calving’s and major earthquakes occuring beneath the seabed causing large vertical movements. The term ‘ Tsunami ’ has been coined from the Japanese term Tsu meaning ‘harbour’ and nami. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Indian Ocean , Ocean 2067 Words | 7 Pages. Tsunami A tsunami , also called a tsunami wave train, and at rubric photo essay one time incorrectly referred to as a tidal wave, is thesis submission a . Rubric Essay. series of water waves caused by the displacement of shakespere, a large volume of a body of rubric, water, usually an critical thinking definition webster, ocean, though it can occur in large lakes. Tsunamis are a frequent occurrence in photo essay Japan ; approximately 195 events have been recorded. Of Toronto Thesis Submission. Owing to rubric essay, the immense volumes of shakespere essays, water and the high energy involved, tsunamis can devastate coastal regions.

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Coast , Earthquake 1478 Words | 4 Pages. be talking to you about the rubric photo, earthquake and shakespere essays tsunami that struck Japan on March 11th, 2011 at 2:46pm (local time). This was the . most powerful earthquake recorded in Japanese history with an estimated 8.9 -9.0 on the Richter scale. This catastrophic earthquake struck off the rubric essay, coast of Honshu, Japan . The tremors were the result of a violent uplift of the sea floor 80 miles off the coast of online, Sendai, where the rubric photo, Pacific tectonic plate slid beneath the essays, plate Japan sits on. Tens of miles of crust ruptured along. Earthquake , Japan , New Zealand 917 Words | 3 Pages. Tsunamis: Causes, Effects and photo essay Differences. ?A tsunami us a large wave caused by a displacement of critical, a large volume of water. Photo Essay. A tsunami are the effect of a natural primary . hazards meaning that they are a secondary hazard, mostly the result of tectonic activity.

The Boxing Day tsunami was caused by the subduction of the indo-Australian plate boundary underneath the best online proofreader, Eurasian plate (240km off the coast of Indonesia). In contrast, the Japan tsunami was caused by the Pacific Plate subducting under the North American plate. The Asian and the Japan. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Convergent boundary , Earthquake 1522 Words | 4 Pages. Japan Tsunami and Earthquake Sion Hau 7D 31/07/11 An . earthquake occurred in rubric Sendai, Japan on the 11th of online, March in 2011; this earthquake also resulted in a tsunami . The earthquake measured at magnitude 8.9-9.0 on the Richter scale, the scale is photo measured in powers of ten (e.g. magnitude 2.0 is ten times more than magnitude 1.0). Japan sits on the Ring of Fire (an area encircling Pacific Ocean that has high volcanic and earthquake. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Japan 450 Words | 2 Pages. ? For Japanese Women, a Competition to be Thin In Japan , only 3.5 percent of the population is considered obese. In contrast, the U.S has a . Critical Definition Webster. climbing obesity rate that is currently thirty percent. A main reason for the contrast in obesity rates is the “culture of health” that Japan has long promoted. In part, Japan has been the rubric photo, healthiest nation thanks to its meals of vegetables, fish, and small portions.

However, although Japan is able to avoid the problem of obesity, it is experiencing a rapid. Anorexia nervosa , Body mass index , Body shape 1369 Words | 5 Pages. Japan and Earthquake/Tsunami Mitigation. Japan and Earthquake/ Tsunami Mitigation Geography 312 – Term Paper Alexandra Bradshaw – 301144682 March 29th, 2012 On . March 11th 2011, Japan suffered a 9.0 magnitude earthquake off its northern coast, followed by an enormous tsunami which took the paragraphs, lives of around 20,000 people. An earthquake of this magnitude had never been experienced in the history of rubric, mankind, and came as a shock to many seismologists. With the title of being the critical definition, most earthquake prepared country in the world, Japan was thought.

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Geothermal power 3287 Words | 8 Pages. Rizal in Japan (Land of rubric, Cherry Blossoms) Feb. 28 – April 13 1888 • Rizal left Hong Kong on board of the Oceanic, an American steamer on his . way to Japan . Hannah. Places he went… YOKOHAMA GRAND HOTEL Places he went… TOKYO TOKYO HOTEL People he met JuanPerezCaballero • Secretary of the Spanish legation visited him in the hotel inviting him to stay in the Spanish legation. Rubric. • Knowing that it is a plot to monitor him, Rizal accepted the offer for the following reasons: REASONS WHY HE ACCEPTED CABALLERO’S. El filibusterismo , Honshu , Japan 373 Words | 19 Pages. 84:209–216 DOI 10.1007/s10551-008-9701-8 O Springer 2008 ‘‘Karoshi (Work to Death)’’ in Japan Atsuko Kanai ABSTRACT. Since the . collapse of Japan’s bubble economy in the early 1990’s, the Japanese economy has only recovered slightly. Best Online Proofreader. This has direct implications for employment. Both the seniority wage system and the lifetime employment system, which were popular during the period of economic growth in Japan , unavoidably changed to an outcome-wage system. Photo Essay. Now there is greater mobility in employment. Death , Economy of university of toronto submission, Japan , Employment 1246 Words | 5 Pages.

Essay on Tsunami, December 26th 2004 the disaster that was caused by the Tsuanmi, and it takes a look into rubric photo essay, its sociological persepctives. On December 26, 2004 the world experienced the most devastating natural disaster to hit the Indian Ocean. Shakespere Hamlet Essays. It was classified as a tsunami , a . tsunami holding immense power equivalent to the destruction of three nuclear bombs. Tsunami waves can become more than 30 feet high as they come into shore and can rush miles inland across low-lying areas. The death tolls were astronomical causing much grief, pain and depression throughout the rubric photo essay, world. Estimates of the total toll from the eleven countries hit. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Aceh , Bay of Bengal 2086 Words | 6 Pages. ?Study Guide: China- Japan Unit Test 2014 For your first unit test, be able to: Use the following vocabulary terms in sentences of your own . showing you know the meaning of the term in context. Porcelain Fire Lance Civil Service Exams Minamoto Yoritomo Forbidden City Shogun Genghis Khan Samurai Diamond Sutra Zheng He Steel Silk Feudalism Steppe Vassal Scholar-Officials Daimyo Census Terrorism Bushido Yuan Dynasty Meditation Shinto Confucianism Grand Canal Answer questions. Genghis Khan , Mongol Empire , Mongolia 2216 Words | 7 Pages. Cascadian Tsunami Barely had they set foot in the city in paragraphs . mourning the death of their benefactor, they feel the earth shake beneath their feet, the sea rises bubbling in rubric photo essay the harbor, and breaks the vessels that are to anchor.

Swirls of online, flames and ashes covered the streets and public places; houses collapsed, roofs are reversed on the foundations, and foundations disperse, and essay thirty thousand inhabitants of all ages. 1700 Cascadia earthquake , Cascadia subduction zone , Earthquake 1515 Words | 5 Pages. History of Tsunami Events Need Emergency Advice? Please listen to university submission, your local radio and rubric photo essay TV announcements or call 1300 TSUNAMI . (1300 878 6264) for online proofreader, latest warning information. For emergency assistance, call your local emergency authority on 132 500 Recent Tsunamis affecting Australia * 28 February 2010 * 15 July 2009 List of past tsunami events around the world Tsunamis through history Destructive tsunamis have occurred in all of the world's oceans and photo seas. The following table lists some. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Atlantic Ocean , Earthquake 2462 Words | 7 Pages. cost, fuel efficiency, and exquisite design. In the early Eighties, dollars appreciated against thesis submission major currencies including the Japanese yen. It boosted the . expansion of rubric essay, Japan's exports, U.S. government faced successive years of trade deficits against Japan , protectionist coalitions claimed that measures shall be taken to thinking definition, reverse the present trade situation.

As such, a new agreement called the Plaza Accord was brought onto the agenda. Instead of controlling domestic demands, U.S. government exerted. Currency , Exchange rate , Foreign exchange market 1607 Words | 6 Pages. The wavelength is the horizontal distance between two troughs or crests. 2)The Largest and most dangerous of essay, oceanic waves is called tsunami . Definition Webster. or tidal waves. It’s wave could reach up to thousands of feet tall. 3) Tsunami is photo word originated from japan , and introduction paragraphs thesis it’s equivalent in English is called “seismic sea waves.” There are many factors causing Tsunami . Most tsunamis that has occured in rubric essay the past few years are caused by the down drop or upthrust of the Earh’s crust that results in Earthquke. It can also. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis , Earth 1355 Words | 3 Pages. in the 1870’s was raw cotton.

It’s price fell 45 percent. Japan’s largest export in the 1870s was raw silk. Its price rose 50%. (8 points) Show using a . graph why if these were Japan’s only export good and only import good, this would imply that Japan would have gained from trade. (note: the specific numbers don't matter, just showing the kind of change from submission autonomy to trade). Label all parts of your diagram. 70866016764000 1798320161290Cotton 2255520106680E1 4000020000E1 95250052070 214122011303000708660673100021031206350 . Daimyo , Edo period , Empire of Japan 1066 Words | 3 Pages. Tsunami in Japan Assesment Notes(A*) 4038600-137160How Are Tsunami’s Made -Initiation The sea floor rises and rubric essay drops suddenly creating large columns of water -Split ddsddsThe initial . tsunami then splits into two, one heads further into university of toronto thesis, sea another heads towards shore -Amplification As the essay, wave appdsroaches shore, the height of the wave is critical webster amplified as the wave gathers energy as approaches shore -Run Up The leading wave is steepened, the wave does not break at this point, instead it acts like a wall of water smashing everything. Earthquake , Japan , Nuclear power 3319 Words | 6 Pages.

of Malaysia. Photo. Recently, Kampung Sungai Balang had been hitting by a Tsunami . Tsunami is essay that harvard one of the horrible natural disasters in . the world history. The earthquake that caused the wave of the photo essay, tsunami measures up to 9.0 on the Richter scale. Harvard. In the morning, when all the people in the Kampung Sungai Balang slept, movements stated down below 10,000 feet in the epicentre. The disastrous horror that came in the form of a massive tsunami has ravaged and devastated an incredibly large area and has left many. Disease , Earthquake , Epidemiology 610 Words | 2 Pages. exactly are tsunamis ? Tsunamis are immensely strong, long length and long period sea waves. Tsunamis have caused . much grief and rubric sorrow for critical, anyone who have experienced it.

The term tsunami comes from the Japanese language meaning harbor and wave. The term was created by fishermen who returned to photo, port to find the area surrounding their harbor devastated, although they had not been aware of submission, any wave in the open water. Tsunamis are common throughout Japanese history, as 195 events in Japan have been recorded. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Indian Ocean 1446 Words | 4 Pages. Essay: to What Extent Was Japan Modernized by photo 1920s? Essay : To what extent was Japan modernized by 1920s? Modernization is thesis submission a process by which human beings progress in rubric photo essay political, . economic, social, intellectual and military aspects for hamlet, the betterment of society as a whole.

In the rubric, early 20th century, Japan achieved different levels of modernization in online proofreader political, social, economic and cultural aspects. Although Japan still kept many traditional beliefs, it was the most modernized country in Asia at that time. Here, I will evaluate to what extent was. Diet of Japan , Empire of Japan , Prime minister 1024 Words | 3 Pages. Water Problem In Japan Table of rubric photo essay, Contents Abstract In the introduction part, I will give the hannah arendt in understanding, purpose and thesis . Essay. statement of the research and university of toronto thesis submission give some necessary background knowledge to provide some idea for photo, readers. In the Methodology part, I will give the method how I collect the information. Critical Webster. In the finding part, I give the information I find of the water problem in Japan . And in the discussion part, I give the process of the rubric photo essay, research and finally I justify the critical thinking webster, solution. Cadmium poisoning , Chernobyl disaster , Government of rubric photo essay, Japan 1648 Words | 5 Pages. Japan Railway System-Adaptation to Natural Disaster. References 11 Abstract This research paper is hannah arendt essays in understanding scribd about the Japan railway systems that always face the natural disaster and its . adaptation in order to survive from the natural disaster and save its passengers from the photo, disaster.

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2008 Sichuan earthquake , Earthquake , Fault 1063 Words | 3 Pages. Asia Tsunami Introduction 26th of December 2004 saw one of the deadliest natural disasters in history; a tsunami killing . more than 270,000 people in fourteen countries across two continents (The Bolton Council of Mosques 2007-2012). This essay will aim to address the following issues: the nature of the disaster, geographic and webster human factors that contributed to the disaster, the preparation involved, the recovery process and the limitations of the data. Photo Essay. Nature of the critical webster, South Asia tsunami . 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Aceh , Natural disaster 851 Words | 3 Pages. 2011 The Hilo Bay: Tsunami Magnet of Hawaii On the afternoon of 22 May 1960 the rubric photo, Valdivia Earthquake struck the country of best, Chile with . devastating repercussions for the Chilean people and people around the world. The Earthquake rated a 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale and is, to date, the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. It occurred at roughly 1911 GMT, 1411 local time, and generated a massive tsunami that struck Hawaii approximately fifteen hours later. Photo Essay. The tsunami caused little damage. 1960 Valdivia earthquake , 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake 2408 Words | 6 Pages.

Tsunami in Japan The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued warnings for Russia, Taiwan, Hawaii, Indonesia, the . Marshall Islands, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and shakespere essays the west coasts the photo essay, U.S., Mexico, Central America, and South America Earthquake Causes Nuclear Disaster The cooling system at the reactor failed shortly after the earthquake. Officials feared that a meltdown may occur, and radioactive material was detected outside the hannah in understanding scribd, plant. These fears were realized on Sunday, when officials said they. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Japan 461 Words | 2 Pages. [pic] Tsunami From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Tsunami (disambiguation). . [pic] [pic] A destroyed town in Sumatra after being hit by a tsunami , caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami ; from Japanese: ??, lit. harbor wave;[1] English pronunciation: /su??n??mi/ soo-nah-mee or /tsu??n??mi/ tsoo-nah-mee[2]), also called a tsunami wave train,[3] and at one time referred to as a tidal wave, is a series. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Pacific Tsunami Warning Center 5676 Words | 27 Pages. Japan earthquake and tsunami - 2011 Japan is an photo, island nation located in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, . it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan , China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia. Japan is an archipelago of hamlet essays, 6,852 islands. Essay. The four largest islands are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, together comprising about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area.

Japan is a major economic power and introduction has the rubric photo, 3rd largest nominal GDP Its GDP per capita is $34,739 or the paragraphs, 25th highest in the. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Chernobyl disaster , Earthquake 1079 Words | 3 Pages. Main article: Historic tsunami [-0] As early as 426 B.C.[-1] the Greek[-2] historian Thucydides[-3] inquired in his book History of the . Peloponnesian War[-4] about the rubric essay, causes of tsunami , and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause.[5]HYPERLINK l cite_note-Smid.2C_T._C._103f.-5[6] The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in online the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is photo essay driven back, and suddenly recoiling with. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Earthquake engineering 5523 Words | 19 Pages. Name: Andrew Gordon Subject: Exp201, Professor Morales Summary Assignment Forerunners Sei Shonagon: Hateful Things Essay question: . Hannah Arendt. Consider Sei Shonagon’s definition of the word ‘hate’ in rubric the Heian era.

Is an university of toronto, opinion considered hostile if it focuses on honesty and photo essay transparency of a situation? “Hateful Things” is an hannah arendt essays in understanding scribd, opinionated extract from the rubric photo essay, book “Pillow Talk” written by Sei Shonagon. Pillow Talk is a collection of the lists, desires, poetry and judgmental conversations by Shonagon. Sei. Essay , Heian period , Japan 1371 Words | 4 Pages. Warning Systems and Prevention Techniques of Tsunamis. Tsunamis are series of ocean waves caused by underwater seismic activity or volcanic activity. Several countries all around the arendt essays in understanding scribd, world are being . affected by this type of natural disaster and even though usually small tsunamis do not cause much damage, the giant waves are a threat. A tsunami while reaching the shore full of rubric essay, people. http://www.positivestart.org/images/china_2002_wave_350.jpgThe tsunami from December 2004 was generated by a 9.1 magnitude earthquake and its waves devastated the Indian.

2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis , Earthquake 1239 Words | 4 Pages. Tsunami EENS 3050 Tulane University Natural Disasters Prof. Stephen A. Essay That Got Into Harvard. Nelson Tsunami This page last updated on 02-Jul-2012 . Up until December of 2004, the phenomena of tsunami was not on the minds of most of the rubric essay, world's population. That changed on the morning of December 24, 2004 when an earthquake of moment magnitude 9.1 occurred along the oceanic trench off the coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. This large earthquake resulted in vertical displacement of the sea floor and hamlet generated a tsunami that. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Japan 4029 Words | 12 Pages. Tsunamis Have The Same Impacts On MEDC S And LEDC S. ? Tsunamis have the same impacts on MEDC’s and LEDC’s. Rubric Essay. As seen on Boxing Day 2004, just off the hannah scribd, west coast of the essay, Indonesian island of Sumatra, . and in March 2011, just off the eastern coast of Japan , earthquakes can have devastating consequences, as can the paragraphs thesis, tsunamis that followed. Submarine earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis (responsible for about three-quarters of all tsunamis ), however they are not exclusively causal as they can also be triggered by volcanic eruptions above or below. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Earthquake , Indian Ocean 1411 Words | 3 Pages.

TAMOY LOGAN GRADE 8E What is rubric a Tsunamis ? Tsunami are waves caused by sudden movement of the ocean due to earthquakes, . Hannah Arendt Essays Scribd. landslides on photo the sea floor, land slumping into the ocean, large volcanic eruptions or meteorite impact in hannah essays scribd the ocean. • Tsunamis generally consist of rubric photo, a series of university of toronto thesis submission, waves withperiods ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called wave train.[4] Wave heights of tens of photo essay, metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of essay that, tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , Causality , Earthquake 498 Words | 9 Pages. The Causes of Tsunami All tsunamis are caused by the sudden displacement of large volumes of water. All are the result of . Photo Essay. violent events with enough power to critical, displace large volumes very rapidly.

Moreover, Tsunamis are often referred to high waves of water caused by changes in the flow and rubric photo surge of the ocean. On the other hand, Tsunamis can be caused by best proofreader a few different factors, which are an earthquake, a large-scale undersea landslide, a submarine volcanic eruption (Cause of Tsunami , n.d.). Photo Essay. . Earth , Earthquake , Ocean 767 Words | 3 Pages. Gross Domestic Product of Japan According to the business cycle graph of Japan shown above, Japan’s economy faced a recession . in three years consecutively, from years 2007 to 2009. It only starts to recover from the recession at best online year 2009 and photo gradually picking up its pace in growth in both the years 2010 and 2011. As seen in harvard the graph, Japan’s economy made a plunge from year 2007 to year 2008, where GDP fell from ?525,469,000 to ?505,794,000 at a rate of rubric photo, 3.74%. This recession is the result of.

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