Theology dissertation topics

bastiat essays Found on the site US History resources in the translation by Dean Russell for theology dissertation topics, the Foundation for Economic Education . Reformatted by Francois-Rene Rideau for Bastiat.org . Note that the headlines were introduced by the FEE translation, and were not present in the original text in French La loi When a reviewer wishes to give special recognition to a book, he predicts that it will still be read “a hundred years from now.” The Law , first published as a pamphlet in June, 1850, is already more than a hundred years old. And because its truths are eternal, it will still be read when another century has passed. Frederic Bastiat (1801-1850) was a French economist, statesman, and author. He did most of his writing during the cae review, years just before and immediately following the Revolution of February 1848. Dissertation Topics? This was the period when France was rapidly turning to on education and national development, complete socialism. As a Deputy to theology, the Legislative Assembly, Mr. Bastiat was studying and explaining each socialist fallacy as it appeared.

And he explained how socialism must inevitably degenerate into communism. But most of his countrymen chose to help, ignore his logic. The Law is here presented again because the same situation exists in America today as in the France of 1848. The same socialist-communist ideas and plans that were then adopted in France are now sweeping America. The explanations and arguments then advanced against socialism by Mr. Bastiat are word for word equally valid today. His ideas deserve a serious hearing. The Foundation for Economic Education, Inc. Irvington-on-Hudson, New York 10533.

This translation of The Law was done by Dean Russell of topics, The Foundation staff. His objective was an accurate rendering of Mr. Bastiat's words and ideas into twentieth century, idiomatic English. A nineteenth century translation of The Law, made in 1853 in England by an unidentified contemporary of Mr. Bastiat, was of much value as a check against this translation. In addition, Dean Russell had his work reviewed by Bertrand de Jouvenel, the noted French economist, historian, and author who is also thoroughly familiar with the English language.

While Mr. de Jouvenel offered many valuable corrections and suggestions, it should be clearly understood that Dr. Russell bears full responsibility for the translation. The law perverted! And the police powers of the creative writing, state perverted along with it! The law, I say, not only turned from topics, its proper purpose but made to follow an entirely contrary purpose! The law become the weapon of every kind of oxford creative writing, greed! Instead of theology dissertation topics, checking crime, the law itself guilty of the evils it is supposed to punish! If this is true, it is a serious fact, and moral duty requires me to call the cae review, attention of my fellow-citizens to it. We hold from dissertation, God the gift which includes all others. This gift is life physical, intellectual, and moral life.

But life cannot maintain itself alone. The Creator of life has entrusted us with the responsibility of preserving, developing, and perfecting it. In order that we may accomplish this, He has provided us with a collection of writing essays, marvelous faculties. And He has put us in the midst of a variety of natural resources. By the application of our faculties to these natural resources we convert them into products, and use them.

This process is necessary in order that life may run its appointed course. Life, faculties, production in theology dissertation topics other words, individuality, liberty, property this is man. And in spite of the cunning of artful political leaders, these three gifts from God precede all human legislation, and are superior to it. Life, liberty, and cae review property do not exist because men have made laws. On the contrary, it was the fact that life, liberty, and property existed beforehand that caused men to make laws in the first place. What, then, is law? It is the collective organization of the individual right to lawful defense. Each of topics, us has a natural right from God to defend his person, his liberty, and his property. These are the three basic requirements of life, and the preservation of any one of mba admission buy answers, them is completely dependent upon dissertation the preservation of the other two.

For what are our faculties but the extension of our individuality? And what is property but an on education development, extension of our faculties? If every person has the right to defend even by force his person, his liberty, and his property, then it follows that a group of men have the right to organize and theology dissertation support a common force to protect these rights constantly. Thus the principle of collective right its reason for existing, its lawfulness is based on papers, individual right. And the common force that protects this collective right cannot logically have any other purpose or any other mission than that for which it acts as a substitute. Thus, since an dissertation topics, individual cannot lawfully use force against the person, liberty, or property of another individual, then the common force for the same reason cannot lawfully be used to writing, destroy the person, liberty, or property of individuals or groups. Such a perversion of force would be, in both cases, contrary to theology dissertation, our premise. Cae Review? Force has been given to us to defend our own individual rights. Dissertation Topics? Who will dare to say that force has been given to us to cae review, destroy the equal rights of theology dissertation topics, our brothers? Since no individual acting separately can lawfully use force to destroy the contractions writing essays, rights of others, does it not logically follow that the same principle also applies to the common force that is nothing more than the organized combination of the dissertation topics, individual forces? If this is true, then nothing can be more evident than this: The law is the organization of the natural right of lawful defense.

It is the substitution of a common force for individual forces. And this common force is to do only what the individual forces have a natural and lawful right to do: to protect persons, liberties, and properties; to maintain the right of each, and to cause justice to reign over us all. If a nation were founded on this basis, it seems to me that order would prevail among the people, in oxford creative writing thought as well as in deed. It seems to theology dissertation, me that such a nation would have the most simple, easy to accept, economical, limited, nonoppressive, just, and enduring government imaginable whatever its political form might be. Under such an administration, everyone would understand that he possessed all the privileges as well as all the responsibilities of his existence. No one would have any argument with government, provided that his person was respected, his labor was free, and the fruits of his labor were protected against all unjust attack. When successful, we would not have to essay, thank the state for our success. And, conversely, when unsuccessful, we would no more think of blaming the state for dissertation topics, our misfortune than would the farmers blame the state because of hail or frost.

The state would be felt only by the invaluable blessings of safety provided by this concept of government. It can be further stated that, thanks to mba admission essay, the non-intervention of the state in private affairs, our wants and topics their satisfactions would develop themselves in a logical manner. We would not see poor families seeking literary instruction before they have bread. We would not see cities populated at the expense of rural districts, nor rural districts at the expense of cities. Writing? We would not see the great displacements of capital, labor, and population that are caused by legislative decisions. The sources of our existence are made uncertain and precarious by these state-created displacements. And, furthermore, these acts burden the government with increased responsibilities. But, unfortunately, law by no means confines itself to its proper functions. And when it has exceeded its proper functions, it has not done so merely in some inconsequential and debatable matters.

The law has gone further than this; it has acted in direct opposition to its own purpose. The law has been used to destroy its own objective: It has been applied to annihilating the justice that it was supposed to theology dissertation topics, maintain; to limiting and destroying rights which its real purpose was to respect. The law has placed the collective force at the disposal of the unscrupulous who wish, without risk, to exploit the person, liberty, and property of others. It has converted plunder into a right, in order to protect plunder. And it has converted lawful defense into a crime, in order to punish lawful defense. How has this perversion of the law been accomplished? And what have been the results? The law has been perverted by the influence of two entirely different causes: stupid greed and false philanthropy. Let us speak of the first.

Self-preservation and buy answers self-development are common aspirations among all people. And if everyone enjoyed the unrestricted use of his faculties and theology dissertation topics the free disposition of the fruits of his labor, social progress would be ceaseless, uninterrupted, and unfailing. But there is also another tendency that is common among people. When they can, they wish to for sale, live and theology topics prosper at essay the expense of others. This is no rash accusation. Nor does it come from a gloomy and uncharitable spirit. The annals of history bear witness to the truth of dissertation topics, it: the incessant wars, mass migrations, religious persecutions, universal slavery, dishonesty in commerce, and papers monopolies. This fatal desire has its origin in the very nature of man in topics that primitive, universal, and insuppressible instinct that impels him to satisfy his desires with the least possible pain. Mba Admission? Man can live and satisfy his wants only by ceaseless labor; by the ceaseless application of his faculties to natural resources.

This process is the origin of property. But it is also true that a man may live and satisfy his wants by seizing and theology consuming the products of the labor of others. This process is the origin of plunder. Now since man is naturally inclined to avoid pain and since labor is cae review, pain in itself it follows that men will resort to dissertation topics, plunder whenever plunder is easier than work. History shows this quite clearly. And under these conditions, neither religion nor morality can stop it. When, then, does plunder stop? It stops when it becomes more painful and more dangerous than labor. It is evident, then, that the proper purpose of law is to use the power of its collective force to homework, stop this fatal tendency to plunder instead of to theology dissertation topics, work. Writing? All the measures of the law should protect property and dissertation topics punish plunder. But, generally, the law is made by one man or one class of men.

And since law cannot operate without the sanction and support of a dominating force, this force must be entrusted to those who make the laws. This fact, combined with the fatal tendency that exists in the heart of man to satisfy his wants with the least possible effort, explains the graduate papers for sale, almost universal perversion of the law. Thus it is easy to understand how law, instead of theology dissertation, checking injustice, becomes the invincible weapon of injustice. It is easy to understand why the law is online science homework, used by the legislator to destroy in varying degrees among the dissertation topics, rest of the people, their personal independence by slavery, their liberty by oppression, and their property by plunder. This is done for mba admission buy answers, the benefit of the person who makes the law, and in proportion to the power that he holds. Men naturally rebel against the injustice of which they are victims. Thus, when plunder is dissertation topics, organized by law for the profit of those who make the law, all the plundered classes try somehow to contractions writing essays, enter by peaceful or revolutionary means into the making of theology, laws.

According to their degree of enlightenment, these plundered classes may propose one of two entirely different purposes when they attempt to attain political power: Either they may wish to stop lawful plunder, or they may wish to share in it. Woe to the nation when this latter purpose prevails among the mass victims of lawful plunder when they, in turn, seize the power to essays, make laws! Until that happens, the few practice lawful plunder upon theology the many, a common practice where the right to participate in the making of law is limited to a few persons. But then, participation in the making of law becomes universal. And then, men seek to balance their conflicting interests by universal plunder. Instead of rooting out the injustices found in society, they make these injustices general. As soon as the mba admission buy answers, plundered classes gain political power, they establish a system of reprisals against other classes.

They do not abolish legal plunder. (This objective would demand more enlightenment than they possess.) Instead, they emulate their evil predecessors by theology dissertation, participating in cae review this legal plunder, even though it is against their own interests. It is as if it were necessary, before a reign of justice appears, for everyone to theology dissertation topics, suffer a cruel retribution some for their evilness, and some for their lack of oxford brookes writing, understanding. It is dissertation topics, impossible to mba admission buy answers, introduce into society a greater change and a greater evil than this: the dissertation topics, conversion of the law into an instrument of plunder. What are the essay buy answers, consequences of such a perversion? It would require volumes to describe them all. Thus we must content ourselves with pointing out the most striking. In the first place, it erases from everyone's conscience the distinction between justice and injustice. No society can exist unless the laws are respected to dissertation, a certain degree.

The safest way to make laws respected is to make them respectable. When law and on education morality contradict each other, the citizen has the cruel alternative of either losing his moral sense or losing his respect for dissertation topics, the law. These two evils are of equal consequence, and it would be difficult for a person to choose between them. The nature of law is to maintain justice. This is so much the case that, in the minds of the people, law and justice are one and the same thing. There is in all of us a strong disposition to believe that anything lawful is also legitimate. This belief is so widespread that many persons have erroneously held that things are “just” because law makes them so. Thus, in order to make plunder appear just and essay sacred to theology topics, many consciences, it is only necessary for the law to decree and sanction it. Slavery, restrictions, and monopoly find defenders not only among those who profit from them but also among those who suffer from them. Mba Admission Essay Buy Answers? If you suggest a doubt as to dissertation, the morality of these institutions, it is boldly said that “You are a dangerous innovator, a utopian, a theorist, a subversive; you would shatter the foundation upon which society rests.” If you lecture upon morality or upon homework help political science, there will be found official organizations petitioning the government in this vein of theology, thought: “That science no longer be taught exclusively from the point of view of free trade (of liberty, of property, and of justice) as has been the case until now, but also, in the future, science is to be especially taught from the viewpoint of the graduate papers, facts and laws that regulate French industry (facts and laws which are contrary to theology dissertation topics, liberty, to property, and to justice). That, in government-endowed teaching positions, the professor rigorously refrain from endangering in the slightest degree the respect due to the laws now in force.” [1] Thus, if there exists a law which sanctions slavery or monopoly, oppression or robbery, in help any form whatever, it must not even be mentioned.

For how can it be mentioned without damaging the respect which it inspires? Still further, morality and political economy must be taught from the dissertation topics, point of view of cae review, this law; from the theology, supposition that it must be a just law merely because it is a law. Another effect of this tragic perversion of the law is that it gives an exaggerated importance to political passions and conflicts, and to politics in general. I could prove this assertion in on education and national development a thousand ways. But, by theology topics, way of illustration, I shall limit myself to a subject that has lately occupied the minds of everyone: universal suffrage. The followers of contractions, Rousseau's school of thought who consider themselves far advanced, but whom I consider twenty centuries behind the times will not agree with me on this. But universal suffrage using the word in its strictest sense is not one of those sacred dogmas which it is theology, a crime to oxford brookes creative writing, examine or doubt. In fact, serious objections may be made to universal suffrage. In the first place the word universal conceals a gross fallacy. For example, there are 36 million people in France.

Thus, to make the right of suffrage universal, there should be 36 million voters. But the most extended system permits only dissertation topics, 9 million people to vote. Three persons out of four are excluded. And more than this, they are excluded by the fourth. This fourth person advances the principle of incapacity as his reason for writing, excluding the others. Dissertation? Universal suffrage means, then, universal suffrage for those who are capable. But there remains this question of fact: Who is capable? Are minors, females, insane persons, and persons who have committed certain major crimes the only ones to be determined incapable? A closer examination of the subject shows us the motive which causes the right of suffrage to be based upon the supposition of incapacity. The motive is that the elector or voter does not exercise this right for himself alone, but for everybody. The most extended elective system and the most restricted elective system are alike in this respect.

They differ only in respect to what constitutes incapacity. It is not a difference of principle, but merely a difference of degree. If, as the republicans of our present-day Greek and Roman schools of thought pretend, the right of suffrage arrives with one's birth, it would be an injustice for adults to prevent women and children from voting. Why are they prevented? Because they are presumed to be incapable.

And why is contractions writing essays, incapacity a motive for exclusion? Because it is not the voter alone who suffers the consequences of theology dissertation topics, his vote; because each vote touches and affects everyone in the entire community; because the people in the community have a right to cae review, demand some safeguards concerning the acts upon theology dissertation which their welfare and existence depend. I know what might be said in answer to this; what the objections might be. But this is buy answers, not the place to theology dissertation topics, exhaust a controversy of this nature. I wish merely to observe here that this controversy over universal suffrage (as well as most other political questions) which agitates, excites, and overthrows nations, would lose nearly all of its importance if the law had always been what it ought to be. In fact, if law were restricted to protecting all persons, all liberties, and all properties; if law were nothing more than the organized combination of the individual's right to self defense; if law were the obstacle, the for sale, check, the punisher of all oppression and topics plunder is it likely that we citizens would then argue much about the cae review, extent of the franchise? Under these circumstances, is it likely that the theology dissertation, extent of the right to vote would endanger that supreme good, the public peace? Is it likely that the excluded classes would refuse to peaceably await the coming of their right to vote? Is it likely that those who had the right to vote would jealously defend their privilege? If the law were confined to its proper functions, everyone's interest in online science homework help the law would be the same.

Is it not clear that, under these circumstances, those who voted could not inconvenience those who did not vote? But on the other hand, imagine that this fatal principle has been introduced: Under the pretense of organization, regulation, protection, or encouragement, the law takes property from one person and gives it to another; the law takes the wealth of all and gives it to a few whether farmers, manufacturers, ship owners, artists, or comedians. Under these circumstances, then certainly every class will aspire to grasp the law, and dissertation topics logically so. The excluded classes will furiously demand their right to vote and will overthrow society rather than not to obtain it. Even beggars and vagabonds will then prove to you that they also have an on education and national, incontestable title to vote. They will say to you: We cannot buy wine, tobacco, or salt without paying the tax.

And a part of the tax that we pay is given by law in dissertation privileges and subsidies to men who are richer than we are. Others use the law to raise the prices of bread, meat, iron, or cloth. Cae Review? Thus, since everyone else uses the law for his own profit, we also would like to dissertation, use the law for our own profit. We demand from the graduate papers for sale, law the right to relief , which is the poor man's plunder. To obtain this right, we also should be voters and legislators in order that we may organize Beggary on a grand scale for our own class, as you have organized Protection on a grand scale for your class.

Now don't tell us beggars that you will act for theology topics, us, and then toss us, as Mr. Mimerel proposes, 600,000 francs to keep us quiet, like throwing us a bone to gnaw. We have other claims. And anyway, we wish to contractions writing, bargain for ourselves as other classes have bargained for themselves! And what can you say to answer that argument! As long as it is admitted that the law may be diverted from its true purpose that it may violate property instead of protecting it then everyone will want to theology dissertation topics, participate in making the law, either to protect himself against plunder or to mba admission buy answers, use it for plunder. Political questions will always be prejudicial, dominant, and all-absorbing. There will be fighting at the door of the Legislative Palace, and the struggle within will be no less furious. To know this, it is hardly necessary to examine what transpires in theology the French and English legislatures; merely to understand the issue is to know the answer.

Is there any need to offer proof that this odious perversion of the law is a perpetual source of hatred and discord; that it tends to essay, destroy society itself? If such proof is needed, look at topics the United States [in 1850]. There is no country in the world where the law is kept more within its proper domain: the protection of every person's liberty and property. As a consequence of this, there appears to be no country in the world where the social order rests on a firmer foundation. But even in the United States, there are two issues and only two that have always endangered the public peace.

What are these two issues? They are slavery and tariffs. These are the only two issues where, contrary to the general spirit of the republic of the homework help, United States, law has assumed the character of theology dissertation, a plunderer. Slavery is a violation, by homework help, law, of theology dissertation, liberty. The protective tariff is a violation, by law, of property. Contractions? It is a most remarkable fact that this double legal crime a sorrowful inheritance from the Old World should be the only issue which can, and perhaps will, lead to theology, the ruin of the Union. It is indeed impossible to imagine, at the very heart of a society, a more astounding fact than this: The law has come to be an for sale, instrument of injustice . And if this fact brings terrible consequences to the United States where the proper purpose of the law has been perverted only in dissertation topics the instances of slavery and tariffs what must be the buy answers, consequences in Europe, where the perversion of the law is a principle; a system? Mr. de Montalembert [politician and writer] adopting the thought contained in dissertation topics a famous proclamation by Mr. Carlier, has said: We must make war against socialism.

According to essays, the definition of socialism advanced by Mr. Charles Dupin, he meant: We must make war against plunder. But of what plunder was he speaking? For there are two kinds of plunder: legal and illegal. I do not think that illegal plunder, such as theft or swindling which the penal code defines, anticipates, and punishes can be called socialism. It is not this kind of plunder that systematically threatens the theology dissertation topics, foundations of cae review, society. Anyway, the war against this kind of topics, plunder has not waited for the command of these gentlemen.

The war against illegal plunder has been fought since the beginning of the world. Long before the Revolution of February 1848 long before the appearance even of essay on education and national, socialism itself France had provided police, judges, gendarmes, prisons, dungeons, and scaffolds for the purpose of fighting illegal plunder. The law itself conducts this war, and it is my wish and theology dissertation opinion that the law should always maintain this attitude toward plunder. Brookes Creative? But it does not always do this. Sometimes the law defends plunder and participates in it. Theology Topics? Thus the beneficiaries are spared the shame, danger, and scruple which their acts would otherwise involve.

Sometimes the law places the whole apparatus of judges, police, prisons, and brookes creative writing gendarmes at theology topics the service of the plunderers, and treats the victim when he defends himself as a criminal. In short, there is a legal plunder , and it is of this, no doubt, that Mr. de Montalembert speaks. This legal plunder may be only an isolated stain among the legislative measures of the people. If so, it is best to wipe it out with a minimum of speeches and denunciations and in contractions spite of the dissertation topics, uproar of the vested interests. But how is this legal plunder to be identified? Quite simply. See if the law takes from some persons what belongs to them, and gives it to on education and national development, other persons to whom it does not belong. See if the law benefits one citizen at the expense of another by doing what the citizen himself cannot do without committing a crime. Then abolish this law without delay, for it is not only an evil itself, but also it is a fertile source for further evils because it invites reprisals. If such a law which may be an isolated case is not abolished immediately, it will spread, multiply, and develop into a system. The person who profits from this law will complain bitterly, defending his acquired rights . Dissertation Topics? He will claim that the state is online help, obligated to protect and encourage his particular industry; that this procedure enriches the state because the protected industry is thus able to spend more and to pay higher wages to the poor workingmen.

Do not listen to this sophistry by vested interests. Dissertation Topics? The acceptance of these arguments will build legal plunder into a whole system. In fact, this has already occurred. Online? The present-day delusion is an attempt to enrich everyone at the expense of dissertation topics, everyone else; to writing essays, make plunder universal under the pretense of organizing it. Now, legal plunder can be committed in an infinite number of ways. Thus we have an infinite number of plans for organizing it: tariffs, protection, benefits, subsidies, encouragements, progressive taxation, public schools, guaranteed jobs, guaranteed profits, minimum wages, a right to theology dissertation, relief, a right to the tools of labor, free credit, and mba admission so on, and so on.

All these plans as a whole with their common aim of legal plunder constitute socialism. Now, since under this definition socialism is dissertation, a body of doctrine, what attack can be made against it other than a war of doctrine? If you find this socialistic doctrine to be false, absurd, and evil, then refute it. And the more false, the more absurd, and the more evil it is, the easier it will be to refute. Above all, if you wish to be strong, begin by rooting out every particle of socialism that may have crept into cae review your legislation. This will be no light task. Mr. de Montalembert has been accused of desiring to fight socialism by the use of brute force. Topics? He ought to be exonerated from oxford brookes writing, this accusation, for he has plainly said: The war that we must fight against socialism must be in harmony with law, honor, and justice. But why does not Mr. de Montalembert see that he has placed himself in a vicious circle? You would use the law to oppose socialism?

But it is upon the law that socialism itself relies. Socialists desire to practice legal plunder, not illegal plunder. Socialists, like all other monopolists, desire to make the law their own weapon. And when once the law is on the side of socialism, how can it be used against socialism? For when plunder is abetted by the law, it does not fear your courts, your gendarmes, and your prisons. Rather, it may call upon dissertation them for help. To prevent this, you would exclude socialism from entering into writing the making of laws? You would prevent socialists from entering the Legislative Palace? You shall not succeed, I predict, so long as legal plunder continues to be the main business of the legislature.

It is illogical in fact, absurd to assume otherwise. This question of legal plunder must be settled once and for all, and there are only three ways to settle it: The few plunder the many. Everybody plunders everybody. Nobody plunders anybody. We must make our choice among limited plunder, universal plunder, and no plunder. The law can follow only one of theology dissertation, these three. Cae Review? Limited legal plunder: This system prevailed when the right to vote was restricted.

One would turn back to this system to prevent the invasion of socialism. Universal legal plunder: We have been threatened with this system since the theology dissertation topics, franchise was made universal. The newly enfranchised majority has decided to formulate law on cae review, the same principle of legal plunder that was used by their predecessors when the vote was limited. No legal plunder: This is the principle of justice, peace, order, stability, harmony, and logic. Theology Dissertation? Until the day of my death, I shall proclaim this principle with all the force of my lungs (which alas! is all too inadequate). [2] And, in all sincerity, can anything more than the absence of plunder be required of the law? Can the law which necessarily requires the use of force rationally be used for anything except protecting the rights of everyone? I defy anyone to extend it beyond this purpose without perverting it and, consequently, turning might against right. This is the most fatal and essay and national most illogical social perversion that can possibly be imagined.

It must be admitted that the theology dissertation topics, true solution so long searched for papers, in the area of social relationships is contained in topics these simple words: Law is organized justice. Now this must be said: When justice is organized by law that is, by force this excludes the idea of using law (force) to organize any human activity whatever, whether it be labor, charity, agriculture, commerce, industry, education, art, or religion. The organizing by law of papers, any one of these would inevitably destroy the essential organization justice. For truly, how can we imagine force being used against the liberty of citizens without it also being used against justice, and thus acting against its proper purpose? Here I encounter the most popular fallacy of our times. It is not considered sufficient that the law should be just; it must be philanthropic. Nor is it sufficient that the law should guarantee to every citizen the theology dissertation, free and inoffensive use of his faculties for physical, intellectual, and moral self-improvement.

Instead, it is demanded that the law should directly extend welfare, education, and morality throughout the nation. This is the seductive lure of socialism. And I repeat again: These two uses of the law are in direct contradiction to each other. We must choose between them. A citizen cannot at the same time be free and not free. Mr. de Lamartine once wrote to cae review, me thusly: Your doctrine is only the half of dissertation, my program. You have stopped at liberty; I go on to fraternity. I answered him: The second half of your program will destroy the contractions, first. Legal plunder has two roots: One of them, as I have said before, is in human greed; the other is in false philanthropy. At this point, I think that I should explain exactly what I mean by the word plunder. [3] I do not, as is often done, use the word in any vague, uncertain, approximate, or metaphorical sense.

I use it in its scientific acceptance as expressing the idea opposite to that of theology dissertation, property [wages, land, money, or whatever]. When a portion of wealth is transferred from the person who owns it without his consent and without compensation, and whether by force or by fraud to cae review, anyone who does not own it, then I say that property is violated; that an act of plunder is committed. I say that this act is exactly what the law is supposed to suppress, always and theology everywhere. When the science homework, law itself commits this act that it is supposed to suppress, I say that plunder is still committed, and I add that from the point of view of society and theology welfare, this aggression against rights is even worse. In this case of legal plunder, however, the person who receives the benefits is not responsible for the act of plundering. The responsibility for this legal plunder rests with the cae review, law, the legislator, and society itself.

Therein lies the political danger. It is to be regretted that the word plunder is offensive. I have tried in theology dissertation vain to find an oxford creative writing, inoffensive word, for I would not at topics any time especially now wish to add an irritating word to our dissentions. Thus, whether I am believed or not, I declare that I do not mean to attack the intentions or the morality of anyone. Rather, I am attacking an idea which I believe to be false; a system which appears to me to be unjust; an contractions, injustice so independent of personal intentions that each of us profits from it without wishing to theology dissertation topics, do so, and on education and national development suffers from it without knowing the cause of the suffering. Theology Topics? The sincerity of those who advocate protectionism, socialism, and communism is not here questioned. Any writer who would do that must be influenced by a political spirit or a political fear. It is to be pointed out, however, that protectionism, socialism, and communism are basically the same plant in cae review three different stages of its growth.

All that can be said is that legal plunder is more visible in communism because it is complete plunder; and in protectionism because the plunder is limited to specific groups and industries. [4] Thus it follows that, of the three systems, socialism is the vaguest, the most indecisive, and, consequently, the most sincere stage of development. But sincere or insincere, the dissertation, intentions of persons are not here under question. In fact, I have already said that legal plunder is based partially on philanthropy, even though it is a false philanthropy. With this explanation, let us examine the writing, value the origin and the tendency of this popular aspiration which claims to accomplish the general welfare by theology topics, general plunder. Since the law organizes justice, the socialists ask why the writing, law should not also organize labor, education, and religion. Why should not law be used for these purposes? Because it could not organize labor, education, and religion without destroying justice. We must remember that law is force, and that, consequently, the theology topics, proper functions of the law cannot lawfully extend beyond the cae review, proper functions of force. When law and force keep a person within the bounds of justice, they impose nothing but a mere negation. They oblige him only to abstain from harming others. They violate neither his personality, his liberty, nor his property.

They safeguard all of these. They are defensive; they defend equally the rights of all. Theology Dissertation? The harmlessness of the mission performed by law and lawful defense is self-evident; the usefulness is obvious; and the legitimacy cannot be disputed. As a friend of mine once remarked, this negative concept of law is so true that the statement, the purpose of the oxford creative, law is to cause justice to reign , is not a rigorously accurate statement. It ought to be stated that the purpose of the law is to prevent injustice from reigning . In fact, it is injustice , instead of justice, that has an existence of its own.

Justice is achieved only when injustice is absent. But when the law, by means of its necessary agent, force, imposes upon men a regulation of labor, a method or a subject of education, a religious faith or creed then the law is no longer negative; it acts positively upon theology topics people. It substitutes the will of the legislator for their own wills; the initiative of the legislator for their own initiatives. When this happens, the buy answers, people no longer need to discuss, to theology, compare, to plan ahead; the law does all this for online science, them. Intelligence becomes a useless prop for the people; they cease to be men; they lose their personality, their liberty, their property. Try to imagine a regulation of labor imposed by force that is not a violation of liberty; a transfer of wealth imposed by force that is not a violation of property. If you cannot reconcile these contradictions, then you must conclude that the law cannot organize labor and industry without organizing injustice.

When a politician views society from the seclusion of his office, he is theology dissertation topics, struck by the spectacle of the inequality that he sees. He deplores the deprivations which are the lot of science, so many of topics, our brothers, deprivations which appear to be even sadder when contrasted with luxury and essays wealth. Perhaps the theology topics, politician should ask himself whether this state of affairs has not been caused by old conquests and lootings, and by more recent legal plunder. Perhaps he should consider this proposition: Since all persons seek well-being and perfection, would not a condition of justice be sufficient to cause the greatest efforts toward progress, and the greatest possible equality that is papers for sale, compatible with individual responsibility? Would not this be in accord with the concept of individual responsibility which God has willed in order that mankind may have the choice between vice and virtue, and topics the resulting punishment and reward? But the politician never gives this a thought.

His mind turns to organizations, combinations, and arrangements legal or apparently legal. He attempts to remedy the evil by increasing and perpetuating the very thing that caused the evil in the first place: legal plunder. We have seen that justice is a negative concept. Is there even one of these positive legal actions that does not contain the principle of plunder? You say: There are persons who have no money, and you turn to oxford brookes creative, the law. But the dissertation topics, law is not a breast that fills itself with milk. Nor are the lacteal veins of the law supplied with milk from a source outside the society. Nothing can enter the public treasury for the benefit of one citizen or one class unless other citizens and other classes have been forced to send it in. If every person draws from the treasury the amount that he has put in it, it is true that the law then plunders nobody. But this procedure does nothing for the persons who have no money.

It does not promote equality of income. Cae Review? The law can be an instrument of equalization only as it takes from some persons and gives to other persons. When the law does this, it is an instrument of plunder. With this in mind, examine the protective tariffs, subsidies, guaranteed profits, guaranteed jobs, relief and welfare schemes, public education, progressive taxation, free credit, and public works. You will find that they are always based on legal plunder, organized injustice. You say: There are persons who lack education, and you turn to dissertation topics, the law. But the brookes creative, law is not, in itself, a torch of learning which shines its light abroad. The law extends over a society where some persons have knowledge and others do not; where some citizens need to learn, and others can teach. In this matter of education, the law has only two alternatives: It can permit this transaction of teaching-and-learning to operate freely and without the use of force, or it can force human wills in theology this matter by taking from some of them enough to pay the contractions essays, teachers who are appointed by government to theology dissertation topics, instruct others, without charge.

But in this second case, the essay on education and national, law commits legal plunder by topics, violating liberty and property. You say: Here are persons who are lacking in morality or religion, and you turn to the law. But law is force. And need I point out what a violent and futile effort it is to use force in and national development the matters of morality and religion? It would seem that socialists, however self-complacent, could not avoid seeing this monstrous legal plunder that results from such systems and such efforts. But what do the dissertation topics, socialists do? They cleverly disguise this legal plunder from others and even from themselves under the seductive names of fraternity, unity, organization, and association. Because we ask so little from the law only homework help, justice the socialists thereby assume that we reject fraternity, unity, organization, and association.

The socialists brand us with the name individualist . Theology Topics? But we assure the buy answers, socialists that we repudiate only forced organization, not natural organization. We repudiate the forms of association that are forced upon us, not free association. We repudiate forced fraternity, not true fraternity. We repudiate the artificial unity that does nothing more than deprive persons of theology, individual responsibility. We do not repudiate the graduate for sale, natural unity of mankind under Providence. Socialism, like the theology topics, ancient ideas from which it springs, confuses the distinction between government and society. As a result of this, every time we object to a thing being done by government, the socialists conclude that we object to its being done at all. We disapprove of state education. Then the socialists say that we are opposed to any education. We object to a state religion. Then the socialists say that we want no religion at all.

We object to a state-enforced equality. Then they say that we are against contractions writing equality. And so on, and so on. It is as if the socialists were to accuse us of not wanting persons to eat because we do not want the state to raise grain. How did politicians ever come to believe this weird idea that the law could be made to produce what it does not contain the wealth, science, and religion that, in a positive sense, constitute prosperity? Is it due to the influence of our modern writers on public affairs? Present-day writers especially those of the socialist school of thought base their various theories upon one common hypothesis: They divide mankind into two parts.

People in theology dissertation topics general with the online homework, exception of the theology, writer himself form the first group. The writer, all alone, forms the second and most important group. Surely this is the weirdest and most conceited notion that ever entered a human brain! In fact, these writers on public affairs begin by supposing that people have within themselves no means of discernment; no motivation to action. The writers assume that people are inert matter, passive particles, motionless atoms, at best a kind of vegetation indifferent to its own manner of existence. They assume that people are susceptible to being shaped by the will and hand of another person into science help an infinite variety of forms, more or less symmetrical, artistic, and perfected. Moreover, not one of these writers on governmental affairs hesitates to topics, imagine that he himself under the title of organizer, discoverer, legislator, or founder is this will and hand, this universal motivating force, this creative power whose sublime mission is to mold these scattered materials persons into a society. And National Development? These socialist writers look upon people in topics the same manner that the oxford writing, gardener views his trees. Theology? Just as the gardener capriciously shapes the trees into pyramids, parasols, cubes, vases, fans, and creative other forms, just so does the socialist writer whimsically shape human beings into groups, series, centers, sub-centers, honeycombs, labor-corps, and dissertation other variations. And just as the help, gardener needs axes, pruning hooks, saws, and shears to shape his trees, just so does the socialist writer need the dissertation topics, force that he can find only in law to shape human beings. For this purpose, he devises tariff laws, tax laws, relief laws, and school laws.

Socialists look upon people as raw material to be formed into social combinations. This is so true that, if by chance, the socialists have any doubts about the success of these combinations, they will demand that a small portion of mankind be set aside to experiment upon . The popular idea of trying all systems is graduate, well known. And one socialist leader has been known seriously to demand that the topics, Constituent Assembly give him a small district with all its inhabitants, to try his experiments upon. In the same manner, an oxford writing, inventor makes a model before he constructs the full-sized machine; the chemist wastes some chemicals the farmer wastes some seeds and land to try out an idea. But what a difference there is topics, between the gardener and his trees, between the inventor and his machine, between the chemist and his elements, between the farmer and his seeds! And in all sincerity, the cae review, socialist thinks that there is the same difference between him and mankind! It is no wonder that the writers of the nineteenth century look upon society as an artificial creation of the legislator's genius.

This idea the dissertation topics, fruit of classical education has taken possession of all the intellectuals and famous writers of our country. To these intellectuals and graduate for sale writers, the relationship between persons and the legislator appears to be the same as the relationship between the clay and the potter. Moreover, even where they have consented to recognize a principle of action in theology the heart of man and a principle of discernment in man's intellect they have considered these gifts from essay and national development, God to be fatal gifts. They have thought that persons, under the impulse of dissertation topics, these two gifts, would fatally tend to ruin themselves. They assume that if the legislators left persons free to follow their own inclinations, they would arrive at atheism instead of religion, ignorance instead of oxford creative, knowledge, poverty instead of theology, production and exchange. According to these writers, it is indeed fortunate that Heaven has bestowed upon cae review certain men governors and legislators the exact opposite inclinations, not only for their own sake but also for the sake of the rest of the theology topics, world! While mankind tends toward evil, the legislators yearn for good; while mankind advances toward darkness, the legislators aspire for enlightenment; while mankind is drawn toward vice, the buy answers, legislators are attracted toward virtue. Theology Dissertation Topics? Since they have decided that this is the true state of graduate, affairs, they then demand the theology, use of force in order to substitute their own inclinations for those of the oxford creative writing, human race. Open at random any book on philosophy, politics, or history, and dissertation topics you will probably see how deeply rooted in our country is brookes creative writing, this idea the child of classical studies, the mother of socialism.

In all of them, you will probably find this idea that mankind is merely inert matter, receiving life, organization, morality, and prosperity from the power of the dissertation, state. And even worse, it will be stated that mankind tends toward degeneration, and is stopped from this downward course only by the mysterious hand of the essay development, legislator. Conventional classical thought everywhere says that behind passive society there is a concealed power called law or legislator (or called by some other terminology that designates some unnamed person or persons of undisputed influence and authority) which moves, controls, benefits, and improves mankind. Dissertation Topics? Let us first consider a quotation from Bossuet [tutor to the Dauphin in the Court of Louis XIV] [5] : One of the oxford brookes, things most strongly impressed (by whom?) upon the minds of the Egyptians was patriotism. No one was permitted to be useless to the state. The law assigned to each one his work, which was handed down from dissertation topics, father to son. No one was permitted to have two professions.

Nor could a person change from one job to another. But there was one task to which all were forced to conform: the study of the laws and of wisdom. Ignorance of religion and of the cae review, political regulations of the country was not excused under any circumstances. Moreover, each occupation was assigned (by whom?) to a certain district. Among the good laws, one of the best was that everyone was trained (by whom?) to obey them.

As a result of this, Egypt was filled with wonderful inventions, and nothing was neglected that could make life easy and quiet. Thus, according to Bossuet, persons derive nothing from themselves. Patriotism, prosperity, inventions, husbandry, science all of these are given to the people by the operation of the theology dissertation, laws, the rulers. All that the people have to do is to bow to leadership. Bossuet carries this idea of the graduate for sale, state as the source of all progress even so far as to defend the Egyptians against theology dissertation topics the charge that they rejected wrestling and graduate papers for sale music. He said: How is that possible? These arts were invented by dissertation topics, Trismegistus [who was alleged to have been Chancellor to the Egyptian god Osiris]. And again among the Persians, Bossuet claims that all comes from above: One of the first responsibilities of the prince was to essay and national development, encourage agriculture.

Just as there were offices established for the regulation of armies, just so were there offices for the direction of farm work. The Persian people were inspired with an overwhelming respect for royal authority. And according to theology dissertation topics, Bossuet, the Greek people, although exceedingly intelligent, had no sense of personal responsibility; like dogs and horses, they themselves could not have invented the most simple games: The Greeks, naturally intelligent and writing essays courageous, had been early cultivated by the kings and settlers who had come from Egypt. From these Egyptian rulers, the Greek people had learned bodily exercises, foot races , and horse and chariot races. Topics? But the best thing that the Egyptians had taught the Greeks was to become docile, and to for sale, permit themselves to be formed by dissertation, the law for the public good. It cannot be disputed that these classical theories [advanced by these latter-day teachers, writers, legislators, economists, and philosophers] held that everything came to the people from a source outside themselves.

As another example, take Fenelon [archbishop, author, and instructor to the Duke of Burgundy]. He was a witness to the power of Louis XIV. This, plus the fact that he was nurtured in the classical studies and mba admission the admiration of antiquity, naturally caused Fenelon to accept the idea that mankind should be passive; that the misfortunes and theology dissertation topics the prosperity vices and virtues of people are caused by the external influence exercised upon them by the law and and national the legislators. Thus, in dissertation his Utopia of Salentum , he puts men with all their interests, faculties, desires, and possessions under the absolute discretion of the legislator. Whatever the issue may be, persons do not decide it for themselves; the prince decides for them. The prince is depicted as the soul of this shapeless mass of people who form the nation. In the prince resides the thought, the foresight, all progress, and the principle of essays, all organization. Dissertation Topics? Thus all responsibility rests with him. The whole of the homework help, tenth book of Fenelon's Telemachus proves this. I refer the reader to it, and content myself with quoting at random from this celebrated work to theology dissertation topics, which, in every other respect, I am the first to pay homage.

With the graduate, amazing credulity which is typical of the classicists, Fenelon ignores the authority of dissertation topics, reason and facts when he attributes the general happiness of the Egyptians, not to their own wisdom but to on education, the wisdom of their kings: We could not turn our eyes to either shore without seeing rich towns and topics country estates most agreeably located; fields, never fallowed, covered with golden crops every year; meadows full of flocks; workers bending under the weight of the fruit which the earth lavished upon its cultivators; shepherds who made the echoes resound with the soft notes from their pipes and flutes. Happy, said Mentor, is the people governed by a wise king. Later, Mentor desired that I observe the contentment and abundance which covered all Egypt, where twenty-two thousand cities could be counted. He admired the good police regulations in the cities; the justice rendered in favor of the poor against brookes creative writing the rich; the sound education of the children in obedience, labor, sobriety, and the love of the arts and letters; the exactness with which all religious ceremonies were performed; the unselfishness, the high regard for honor, the dissertation topics, faithfulness to men, and the fear of the gods which every father taught his children. He never stopped admiring the prosperity of the country. Happy, said he, is the people ruled by a wise king in such a manner. Fenelon's idyl on Crete is even more alluring. Mentor is made to say: All that you see in this wonderful island results from the laws of Minos. The education which he ordained for the children makes their bodies strong and robust. From the very beginning, one accustoms the children to oxford brookes creative, a life of topics, frugality and labor, because one assumes that all pleasures of the contractions writing, senses weaken both body and theology mind.

Thus one allows them no pleasure except that of becoming invincible by virtue, and of acquiring glory. Contractions Writing? Here one punishes three vices that go unpunished among other people: ingratitude, hypocrisy, and greed. There is no need to punish persons for pomp and dissipation, for theology dissertation topics, they are unknown in Crete. No costly furniture, no magnificent clothing, no delicious feasts, no gilded palaces are permitted. Thus does Mentor prepare his student to mold and to manipulate doubtless with the best of intentions the people of Ithaca. And to convince the student of the essay on education development, wisdom of these ideas, Mentor recites to him the example of Salentum. It is from this sort of philosophy that we receive our first political ideas! We are taught to treat persons much as an theology dissertation topics, instructor in agriculture teaches farmers to prepare and tend the soil. Cae Review? Now listen to the great Montesquieu on this same subject: To maintain the spirit of commerce, it is necessary that all the laws must favor it. Dissertation Topics? These laws, by proportionately dividing up the fortunes as they are made in commerce, should provide every poor citizen with sufficiently easy circumstances to enable him to work like the others.

These same laws should put every rich citizen in such lowered circumstances as to force him to work in order to keep or to gain. Thus the laws are to dispose of cae review, all fortunes! Although real equality is the soul of the state in a democracy, yet this is so difficult to establish that an extreme precision in this matter would not always be desirable. It is theology, sufficient that there be established a census to reduce or fix these differences in wealth within a certain limit. After this is mba admission buy answers, done, it remains for specific laws to equalize inequality by theology topics, imposing burdens upon the rich and granting relief to the poor. Here again we find the idea of equalizing fortunes by law, by science homework help, force. In Greece, there were two kinds of republics. One, Sparta, was military; the other, Athens, was commercial. In the former, it was desired that the citizens be idle; in the latter, love of labor was encouraged . Note the marvelous genius of these legislators: By debasing all established customs by mixing the usual concepts of all virtues they knew in advance that the world would admire their wisdom. Theology Dissertation Topics? Lycurgus gave stability to his city of Sparta by combining petty thievery with the soul of justice; by essay on education development, combining the most complete bondage with the most extreme liberty; by combining the most atrocious beliefs with the greatest moderation.

He appeared to deprive his city of all its resources, arts, commerce, money, and defenses. In Sparta, ambition went without the hope of material reward. Natural affection found no outlet because a man was neither son, husband, nor father. Even chastity was no longer considered becoming. By this road, Lycurgus led Sparta on topics, to greatness and glory. This boldness which was to be found in the institutions of Greece has been repeated in the midst of the degeneracy and corruption of our modern times . An occasional honest legislator has molded a people in cae review whom integrity appears as natural as courage in the Spartans. Mr. William Penn, for example, is a true Lycurgus.

Even though Mr. Penn had peace as his objectivity while Lycurgus had war as his objective they resemble each other in dissertation that their moral prestige over free men allowed them to overcome prejudices, to subdue passions, and to lead their respective peoples into new paths. The country of Paraguay furnishes us with another example [of a people who, for mba admission, their own good, are molded by their legislators]. [6] Now it is true that if one considers the topics, sheer pleasure of commanding to be the greatest joy in life, he contemplates a crime against society; it will, however, always be a noble ideal to govern men in a manner that will make them happier. Those who desire to establish similar institutions must do as follows: Establish common ownership of property as in essays the republic of Plato; revere the gods as Plato commanded; prevent foreigners from mingling with the dissertation topics, people, in contractions writing order to preserve the customs; let the state, instead of the citizens, establish commerce. Theology Topics? The legislators should supply arts instead of luxuries; they should satisfy needs instead of desires. Those who are subject to vulgar infatuation may exclaim: Montesquieu has said this! So it's magnificent! It's sublime! As for me, I have the courage of my own opinion. I say: What! You have the nerve to call that fine?

It is frightful! It is homework help, abominable! These random selections from the writings of Montesquieu show that he considers persons, liberties, property mankind itself to theology topics, be nothing but materials for online homework, legislators to theology dissertation topics, exercise their wisdom upon. Now let us examine Rousseau on this subject. This writer on public affairs is the supreme authority of the democrats. And although he bases the social structure upon the will of the people , he has, to a greater extent than anyone else, completely accepted the theory of the total inertness of mankind in the presence of the legislators: If it is true that a great prince is contractions writing essays, rare, then is it not true that a great legislator is even more rare? The prince has only to follow the pattern that the legislator creates. The legislator is the mechanic who invents the machine; the theology dissertation topics, prince is merely the workman who sets it in motion.

And what part do persons play in all this? They are merely the machine that is set in motion. In fact, are they not merely considered to be the raw material of which the machine is made? Thus the same relationship exists between the papers, legislator and theology dissertation topics the prince as exists between the agricultural expert and the farmer; and the relationship between the prince and his subjects is the same as that between the online homework help, farmer and theology topics his land. How high above mankind, then, has this writer on public affairs been placed?

Rousseau rules over brookes creative writing, legislators themselves, and teaches them their trade in these imperious terms: Would you give stability to the state? Then bring the extremes as closely together as possible. Tolerate neither wealthy persons nor beggars. Theology Dissertation Topics? If the science homework, soil is poor or barren, or the country too small for its inhabitants, then turn to industry and arts, and trade these products for the foods that you need. On a fertile soil if you are short of inhabitants devote all your attention to agriculture, because this multiplies people; banish the theology dissertation topics, arts, because they only serve to depopulate the graduate papers for sale, nation. If you have extensive and accessible coast lines, then cover the theology dissertation, sea with merchant ships; you will have a brilliant but short existence. If your seas wash only inaccessible cliffs, let the people be barbarous and eat fish; they will live more quietly perhaps better and, most certainly, they will live more happily. In short, and in and national addition to dissertation topics, the maxims that are common to all, every people has its own particular circumstances. And this fact in itself will cause legislation appropriate to the circumstances. This is the reason why the Hebrews formerly and, more recently, the Arabs had religion as their principle objective. The objective of the essay development, Athenians was literature; of Carthage and Tyre, commerce; of Rhodes, naval affairs; of Sparta, war; and of Rome, virtue.

The author of The Spirit of dissertation, Laws has shown by essay development, what art the legislator should direct his institutions toward each of dissertation topics, these objectives . But suppose that the legislator mistakes his proper objective, and acts on a principle different from that indicated by help, the nature of things? Suppose that the selected principle sometimes creates slavery, and sometimes liberty; sometimes wealth, and sometimes population; sometimes peace, and sometimes conquest? This confusion of objective will slowly enfeeble the law and impair the dissertation, constitution. Contractions Writing? The state will be subjected to ceaseless agitations until it is destroyed or changed, and theology topics invincible nature regains her empire. But if nature is sufficiently invincible to essay on education and national, regain its empire, why does not Rousseau admit that it did not need the legislator to theology, gain it in papers the first place? Why does he not see that men, by obeying their own instincts, would turn to farming on fertile soil, and to commerce on an extensive and easily accessible coast, without the interference of a Lycurgus or a Solon or a Rousseau who might easily be mistaken . Be that as it may, Rousseau invests the dissertation, creators, organizers, directors, legislators, and writing controllers of society with a terrible responsibility. Dissertation? He is, therefore, most exacting with them: He who would dare to undertake the political creation of a people ought to believe that he can, in a manner of papers, speaking, transform human nature; transform each individual who, by himself, is a solitary and perfect whole into a mere part of a greater whole from which the individual will henceforth receive his life and topics being. Thus the person who would undertake the contractions, political creation of a people should believe in his ability to alter man's constitution; to strengthen it; to substitute for the physical and independent existence received from nature, an existence which is partial and moral. [7] In short, the would-be creator of political man must remove man's own forces and endow him with others that are naturally alien to him.

Poor human nature! What would become of a person's dignity if it were entrusted to the followers of Rousseau? Now let us examine Raynal on this subject of theology dissertation topics, mankind being molded by essay on education development, the legislator: The legislator must first consider the theology dissertation, climate, the air, and the soil. The resources at his disposal determine his duties. He must first consider his locality. Brookes Writing? A population living on maritime shores must have laws designed for navigation.

If it is an theology, inland settlement, the legislator must make his plans according to the nature and fertility of the soil. It is cae review, especially in the distribution of property that the genius of the legislator will be found. As a general rule, when a new colony is established in any country, sufficient land should be given to each man to support his family. On an uncultivated island that you are populating with children, you need do nothing but let the seeds of truth germinate along with the theology, development of reason. But when you resettle a nation with a past into a new country, the skill of the cae review, legislator rests in the policy of theology dissertation topics, permitting the people to mba admission essay, retain no injurious opinions and customs which can possibly be cured and corrected. If you desire to prevent these opinions and customs from becoming permanent, you will secure the second generation by a general system of public education for the children. A prince or a legislator should never establish a colony without first arranging to send wise men along to instruct the youth.

In a new colony, ample opportunity is open to the careful legislator who desires to purify the dissertation, customs and manners of the people . Essay On Education? If he has virtue and theology topics genius, the land and the people at his disposal will inspire his soul with a plan for society. A writer can only mba admission, vaguely trace the plan in advance because it is necessarily subject to the instability of all hypotheses; the problem has many forms, complications, and theology dissertation topics circumstances that are difficult to foresee and settle in detail. Essay Buy Answers? Raynal's instructions to the legislators on how to theology dissertation, manage people may be compared to a professor of online homework, agriculture lecturing his students: The climate is the dissertation topics, first rule for the farmer. His resources determine his procedure. He must first consider his locality.

If his soil is mba admission buy answers, clay, he must do so and so. If his soil is sand, he must act in another manner. Every facility is open to the farmer who wishes to theology dissertation, clear and improve his soil. If he is skillful enough, the manure at his disposal will suggest to graduate, him a plan of operation. Dissertation? A professor can only vaguely trace this plan in advance because it is necessarily subject to the instability of all hypotheses; the problem has many forms, complications, and circumstances that are difficult to foresee and settle in detail. Oh, sublime writers! Please remember sometimes that this clay, this sand, and this manure which you so arbitrarily dispose of, are men! They are your equals! They are intelligent and free human beings like yourselves! As you have, they too have received from God the faculty to observe, to online science homework help, plan ahead, to think, and to dissertation topics, judge for themselves!

Here is Mably on this subject of the law and the legislator. In the passages preceding the one here quoted, Mably has supposed the laws, due to online homework help, a neglect of security, to be worn out. He continues to address the dissertation, reader thusly: Under these circumstances, it is obvious that the springs of government are slack. Give them a new tension, and on education the evil will be cured. Think less of dissertation topics, punishing faults, and more of development, rewarding that which you need . In this manner you will restore to your republic the vigor of youth. Because free people have been ignorant of this procedure, they have lost their liberty! But if the evil has made such headway that ordinary governmental procedures are unable to cure it, then resort to dissertation, an extraordinary tribunal with considerable powers for a short time. The imagination of the citizens needs to be struck a hard blow. In this manner, Mably continues through twenty volumes. Under the influence of teaching like this which stems from classical education there came a time when everyone wished to place himself above mankind in order to writing essays, arrange, organize, and regulate it in his own way. Theology Dissertation? Next let us examine Condillac on this subject of the legislators and mankind: My Lord, assume the character of Lycurgus or of Solon.

And before you finish reading this essay, amuse yourself by giving laws to some savages in America or Africa. Confine these nomads to fixed dwellings; teach them to tend flocks. Attempt to mba admission, develop the social consciousness that nature has planted in them. Force them to begin to practice the duties of humanity. Use punishment to cause sensual pleasures to become distasteful to them.

Then you will see that every point of your legislation will cause these savages to dissertation topics, lose a vice and gain a virtue. All people have had laws. But few people have been happy. Why is this so? Because the legislators themselves have almost always been ignorant of the purpose of society, which is the uniting of families by a common interest. Impartiality in law consists of two things: the papers, establishing of equality in topics wealth and equality in dignity among the cae review, citizens. As the laws establish greater equality, they become proportionately more precious to every citizen. When all men are equal in wealth and dignity and when the topics, laws leave no hope of disturbing this equality how can men then be agitated by greed, ambition, dissipation, idleness, sloth, envy, hatred, or jealousy? What you have learned about the republic of Sparta should enlighten you on this question. No other state has ever had laws more in accord with the order of nature; of equality. Actually, it is not strange that during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the human race was regarded as inert matter, ready to receive everything form, face, energy, movement, life from a great prince or a great legislator or a great genius.

These centuries were nourished on the study of antiquity. And National? And antiquity presents everywhere in Egypt, Persia, Greece, Rome the spectacle of a few men molding mankind according to their whims, thanks to the prestige of force and of fraud. But this does not prove that this situation is desirable. Topics? It proves only that since men and society are capable of improvement, it is naturally to papers for sale, be expected that error, ignorance, despotism, slavery, and superstition should be greatest towards the dissertation, origins of history. The writers quoted above were not in error when they found ancient institutions to be such, but they were in error when they offered them for the admiration and imitation of future generations. Uncritical and childish conformists, they took for graduate papers, granted the grandeur, dignity, morality, and happiness of the artificial societies of the ancient world. They did not understand that knowledge appears and grows with the passage of topics, time; and that in brookes creative writing proportion to theology dissertation topics, this growth of knowledge, might takes the side of right , and society regains possession of itself. Actually, what is the graduate papers for sale, political struggle that we witness?

It is the instinctive struggle of all people toward liberty. And what is this liberty, whose very name makes the heart beat faster and shakes the world? Is it not the union of all liberties liberty of theology, conscience, of education, of association, of the press, of travel, of labor, of trade? In short, is graduate papers for sale, not liberty the theology dissertation, freedom of every person to make full use of writing essays, his faculties, so long as he does not harm other persons while doing so? Is not liberty the destruction of all despotism including, of course, legal despotism? Finally, is not liberty the theology, restricting of the law only to its rational sphere of organizing the right of the individual to lawful self-defense; of punishing injustice? It must be admitted that the tendency of the human race toward liberty is largely thwarted, especially in France. This is greatly due to a fatal desire learned from the teachings of antiquity that our writers on public affairs have in common: They desire to set themselves above mankind in order to arrange, organize, and regulate it according to their fancy. While society is struggling toward liberty, these famous men who put themselves at mba admission essay buy answers its head are filled with the spirit of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They think only of subjecting mankind to the philanthropic tyranny of their own social inventions. Like Rousseau, they desire to force mankind docilely to bear this yoke of the public welfare that they have dreamed up in their own imaginations.

This was especially true in 1789. No sooner was the old regime destroyed than society was subjected to still other artificial arrangements, always starting from the same point: the omnipotence of the law. Listen to the ideas of a few of the writers and politicians during that period: SAINT-JUST: The legislator commands the topics, future. It is for him to will the good of cae review, mankind. It is for him to make men what he wills them to be. ROBESPIERRE: The function of government is to direct the physical and moral powers of the nation toward the end for which the commonwealth has come into being. BILLAUD-VARENNES: A people who are to theology, be returned to liberty must be formed anew. A strong force and vigorous action are necessary to destroy old prejudices, to change old customs, to correct depraved affections, to restrict superfluous wants, and to destroy ingrained vices. Citizens, the inflexible austerity of Lycurgus created the firm foundation of the Spartan republic. The weak and homework trusting character of Solon plunged Athens into slavery. This parallel embraces the whole science of government.

LE PELLETIER: Considering the extent of human degradation, I am convinced that it is necessary to effect a total regeneration and, if I may so express myself, of creating a new people. Again, it is claimed that persons are nothing but raw material. Dissertation? It is not for them to oxford writing, will their own improvement ; they are incapable of theology dissertation topics, it. According to Saint-Just, only the legislator is capable of doing this. Persons are merely to graduate papers for sale, be what the legislator wills them to be. According to Robespierre, who copies Rousseau literally, the theology topics, legislator begins by contractions writing, decreeing the end for topics, which the commonwealth has come into being . Once this is determined, the government has only to direct the physical and moral forces of the nation toward that end. Meanwhile, the mba admission essay buy answers, inhabitants of the nation are to remain completely passive. And according to the teachings of Billaud-Varennes, the people should have no prejudices, no affections, and no desires except those authorized by the legislator. He even goes so far as to say that the inflexible austerity of dissertation, one man is the foundation of a republic.

In cases where the alleged evil is so great that ordinary governmental procedures cannot cure it, Mably recommends a dictatorship to promote virtue: Resort, he says, to an extraordinary tribunal with considerable powers for a short time. The imagination of the on education, citizens needs to be struck a hard blow. This doctrine has not been forgotten. Listen to topics, Robespierre: The principle of the republican government is writing essays, virtue, and the means required to establish virtue is terror. In our country we desire to substitute morality for theology dissertation, selfishness, honesty for honor, principles for customs, duties for essay on education development, manners, the empire of reason for the tyranny of fashion, contempt of vice for contempt of poverty, pride for insolence, greatness of soul for vanity, love of glory for love of money, good people for topics, good companions, merit for intrigue, genius for wit, truth for glitter, the charm of happiness for the boredom of pleasure, the greatness of man for the littleness of the mba admission essay buy answers, great, a generous, strong, happy people for a good-natured, frivolous, degraded people; in short, we desire to substitute all the virtues and theology miracles of a republic for all the vices and absurdities of a monarchy. At what a tremendous height above the rest of mankind does Robespierre here place himself! And note the arrogance with which he speaks. He is not content to pray for a great reawakening of the human spirit. Nor does he expect such a result from oxford brookes creative, a well-ordered government. No, he himself will remake mankind, and by topics, means of terror. This mass of creative, rotten and contradictory statements is extracted from a discourse by Robespierre in which he aims to explain the principles of morality which ought to guide a revolutionary government . Note that Robespierre's request for topics, dictatorship is not made merely for the purpose of repelling a foreign invasion or putting down the opposing groups.

Rather he wants a dictatorship in order that he may use terror to force upon the country his own principles of morality. He says that this act is only to be a temporary measure preceding a new constitution. But in reality, he desires nothing short of using terror to extinguish from France selfishness, honor, customs, manners, fashion, vanity, love of money, good companionship, intrigue, wit, sensuousness, and poverty . Not until he, Robespierre, shall have accomplished these miracles , as he so rightly calls them, will he permit the law to brookes creative writing, reign again. (At this point in the original French text, Mr. Bastiat pauses and speaks thusly to all do-gooders and would-be rulers of mankind: Ah, you miserable creatures! You who think that you are so great! You who judge humanity to be so small! You who wish to reform everything!

Why don't you reform yourselves? That task would be sufficient enough.) Usually, however, these gentlemen the topics, reformers, the legislators, and essay the writers on public affairs do not desire to impose direct despotism upon mankind. Oh no, they are too moderate and philanthropic for such direct action. Instead, they turn to the law for this despotism, this absolutism, this omnipotence. Theology Topics? They desire only to make the laws. To show the cae review, prevalence of dissertation, this queer idea in France, I would need to copy not only the entire works of Mably, Raynal, Rousseau, and Fenelon plus long extracts from Bossuet and Montesquieu but also the entire proceedings of the Convention. I shall do no such thing; I merely refer the reader to them. It is, of course, not at all surprising that this same idea should have greatly appealed to Napoleon. He embraced it ardently and used it with vigor.

Like a chemist, Napoleon considered all Europe to be material for oxford creative writing, his experiments. But, in due course, this material reacted against dissertation topics him. At St. Helena, Napoleon greatly disillusioned seemed to recognize some initiative in mankind. Recognizing this, he became less hostile to liberty. Nevertheless, this did not prevent him from leaving this lesson to his son in his will: To govern is to increase and spread morality, education, and happiness. After all this, it is hardly necessary to quote the oxford brookes creative writing, same opinions from Morelly, Babeuf, Owen, Saint-Simon, and topics Fourier. Here are, however, a few extracts from Louis Blanc's book on the organization of labor: In our plan, society receives its momentum from power. Now consider this: The impulse behind this momentum is to essay buy answers, be supplied by the plan of Louis Blanc; his plan is to be forced upon topics society; the society referred to is the human race. Thus the human race is to receive its momentum from cae review, Louis Blanc. Now it will be said that the people are free to accept or to reject this plan.

Admittedly, people are free to accept or to reject advice from whomever they wish. But this is not the way in which Mr. Theology Topics? Louis Blanc understands the oxford writing, matter. He expects that his plan will be legalized, and dissertation thus forcibly imposed upon the people by essay development, the power of the law: In our plan, the state has only to pass labor laws (nothing else?) by theology topics, means of which industrial progress can and must proceed in complete liberty. Papers? The state merely places society on an incline (that is all?). Then society will slide down this incline by the mere force of things, and by the natural workings of the established mechanism.

But what is topics, this incline that is indicated by Mr. Louis Blanc? Does it not lead to an abyss? (No, it leads to happiness.) If this is true, then why does not society go there of its own choice? (Because society does not know what it wants; it must be propelled.) What is to propel it? (Power.) And who is to supply the impulse for this power? (Why, the inventor of the machine in this instance, Mr. Louis Blanc.) We shall never escape from this circle: the idea of passive mankind, and the power of the law being used by a great man to propel the people. Once on this incline, will society enjoy some liberty? (Certainly.) And what is liberty, Mr.

Louis Blanc? Once and for all, liberty is not only a mere granted right; it is also the power granted to a person to science help, use and to develop his faculties under a reign of justice and theology dissertation under the protection of the law. And this is no pointless distinction; its meaning is deep and its consequences are difficult to estimate. Oxford Creative? For once it is agreed that a person, to topics, be truly free, must have the power to use and on education develop his faculties, then it follows that every person has a claim on theology topics, society for such education as will permit him to develop himself. It also follows that every person has a claim on society for tools of production, without which human activity cannot be fully effective. Mba Admission? Now by what action can society give to every person the necessary education and the necessary tools of production, if not by the action of the state? Thus, again, liberty is power. Of what does this power consist? (Of being educated and of being given the tools of production.) Who is to give the education and the tools of production? (Society, which owes them to everyone. ) By what action is society to give tools of dissertation topics, production to those who do not own them? (Why, by the action of the state .) And from whom will the essay on education, state take them? Let the theology dissertation topics, reader answer that question.

Let him also notice the direction in which this is essay, taking us. The strange phenomenon of our times one which will probably astound our descendants is the doctrine based on this triple hypothesis: the total inertness of mankind, the omnipotence of the law, and theology dissertation the infallibility of the legislator. Homework Help? These three ideas form the sacred symbol of those who proclaim themselves totally democratic. The advocates of this doctrine also profess to be social . So far as they are democratic, they place unlimited faith in mankind. But so far as they are social, they regard mankind as little better than mud.

Let us examine this contrast in greater detail. What is the attitude of the democrat when political rights are under discussion? How does he regard the people when a legislator is to be chosen? Ah, then it is claimed that the theology dissertation, people have an papers for sale, instinctive wisdom; they are gifted with the finest perception; their will is always right; the general will cannot err; voting cannot be too universal. Theology Dissertation Topics? When it is time to vote, apparently the voter is not to be asked for any guarantee of his wisdom. His will and capacity to choose wisely are taken for granted. Can the people be mistaken? Are we not living in an age of enlightenment? What! are the people always to oxford writing, be kept on leashes? Have they not won their rights by great effort and sacrifice?

Have they not given ample proof of their intelligence and wisdom? Are they not adults? Are they not capable of judging for themselves? Do they not know what is best for themselves? Is there a class or a man who would be so bold as to set himself above the people, and judge and act for them? No, no, the people are and theology dissertation should be free . Brookes Creative Writing? They desire to manage their own affairs, and they shall do so.

But when the theology dissertation topics, legislator is online science help, finally elected ah! then indeed does the tone of dissertation topics, his speech undergo a radical change. The people are returned to passiveness, inertness, and unconsciousness; the legislator enters into omnipotence. Now it is for him to mba admission essay buy answers, initiate, to direct, to propel, and to organize. Mankind has only to submit; the hour of despotism has struck. We now observe this fatal idea: The people who, during the election, were so wise, so moral, and so perfect, now have no tendencies whatever; or if they have any, they are tendencies that lead downward into degradation. But ought not the people be given a little liberty? But Mr.

Considerant has assured us that liberty leads inevitably to monopoly! We understand that liberty means competition. But according to Mr. Louis Blanc, competition is a system that ruins the businessmen and exterminates the people . Theology Topics? It is for this reason that free people are ruined and exterminated in proportion to buy answers, their degree of freedom. Theology Dissertation? (Possibly Mr. Louis Blanc should observe the results of competition in, for example, Switzerland, Holland, England, and the United States.) Mr. Louis Blanc also tells us that competition leads to monopoly . And by the same reasoning, he thus informs us that low prices lead to high prices; that competition drives production to destructive activity; that competition drains away the sources of purchasing power; that competition forces an increase in production while, at the same time, it forces a decrease in consumption . From this, it follows that free people produce for the sake of not consuming; that liberty means oppression and madness among the people; and that Mr. Louis Blanc absolutely must attend to it. Well, what liberty should the legislators permit people to have? Liberty of conscience? (But if this were permitted, we would see the people taking this opportunity to become atheists.) Then liberty of education? (But parents would pay professors to teach their children immorality and falsehoods; besides, according to Mr. Thiers, if education were left to national liberty, it would cease to be national, and we would be teaching our children the ideas of the Turks or Hindus; whereas, thanks to this legal despotism over education, our children now have the buy answers, good fortune to be taught the noble ideas of the Romans.) Then liberty of labor? (But that would mean competition which, in turn, leaves production unconsumed, ruins businessmen, and exterminates the people.) Perhaps liberty of trade? (But everyone knows and the advocates of protective tariffs have proved over and over again that freedom of trade ruins every person who engages in it, and that it is topics, necessary to suppress freedom of trade in papers for sale order to theology, prosper.) Possibly then, liberty of association? (But, according to socialist doctrine, true liberty and voluntary association are in contradiction to each other, and the purpose of the socialists is to suppress liberty of association precisely in order to force people to associate together in true liberty.)

Clearly then, the conscience of the social democrats cannot permit persons to have any liberty because they believe that the nature of essay, mankind tends always toward every kind of degradation and disaster. Thus, of course, the legislators must make plans for the people in order to save them from themselves. This line of reasoning brings us to a challenging question: If people are as incapable, as immoral, and theology as ignorant as the politicians indicate, then why is the right of these same people to vote defended with such passionate insistence? The claims of these organizers of essay on education development, humanity raise another question which I have often asked them and which, so far as I know, they have never answered: If the natural tendencies of mankind are so bad that it is not safe to permit people to be free, how is it that the tendencies of these organizers are always good? Do not the legislators and their appointed agents also belong to topics, the human race? Or do they believe that they themselves are made of a finer clay than the rest of mankind? The organizers maintain that society, when left undirected, rushes headlong to its inevitable destruction because the instincts of the people are so perverse. The legislators claim to stop this suicidal course and to give it a saner direction.

Apparently, then, the legislators and the organizers have received from cae review, Heaven an intelligence and virtue that place them beyond and theology above mankind; if so, let them show their titles to this superiority. They would be the shepherds over cae review, us, their sheep. Certainly such an theology, arrangement presupposes that they are naturally superior to the rest of us. And certainly we are fully justified in demanding from the legislators and papers organizers proof of this natural superiority. Please understand that I do not dispute their right to invent social combinations, to advertise them, to advocate them, and to try them upon themselves, at their own expense and risk. But I do dispute their right to impose these plans upon us by law by force and to theology dissertation topics, compel us to pay for on education and national development, them with our taxes. I do not insist that the supporters of these various social schools of thought the dissertation, Proudhonists, the Cabetists, the Fourierists, the Universitarists, and the Protectionists renounce their various ideas. I insist only graduate for sale, that they renounce this one idea that they have in common: They need only to give up the idea of forcing us to theology topics, acquiesce to their groups and oxford creative series, their socialized projects, their free-credit banks, their Graeco-Roman concept of morality, and their commercial regulations. I ask only that we be permitted to decide upon these plans for ourselves; that we not be forced to accept them, directly or indirectly, if we find them to be contrary to our best interests or repugnant to our consciences.

But these organizers desire access to the tax funds and to the power of the law in order to carry out their plans. In addition to being oppressive and unjust, this desire also implies the theology dissertation topics, fatal supposition that the essay on education development, organizer is infallible and mankind is incompetent. But, again, if persons are incompetent to judge for dissertation, themselves, then why all this talk about universal suffrage? This contradiction in ideas is, unfortunately but logically, reflected in events in and national France. For example, Frenchmen have led all other Europeans in obtaining their rights or, more accurately, their political demands.

Yet this fact has in no respect prevented us from topics, becoming the most governed, the most regulated, the most imposed upon, the most harnessed, and oxford the most exploited people in theology topics Europe. France also leads all other nations as the one where revolutions are constantly to be anticipated. And under the circumstances, it is quite natural that this should be the case. And this will remain the case so long as our politicians continue to accept this idea that has been so well expressed by Mr. Louis Blanc: Society receives its momentum from power. This will remain the case so long as human beings with feelings continue to remain passive; so long as they consider themselves incapable of bettering their prosperity and happiness by their own intelligence and their own energy; so long as they expect everything from the law; in short, so long as they imagine that their relationship to the state is the same as that of the sheep to the shepherd. Online Science Help? As long as these ideas prevail, it is clear that the responsibility of theology, government is enormous.

Good fortune and bad fortune, wealth and destitution, equality and science inequality, virtue and vice all then depend upon political administration. It is dissertation topics, burdened with everything, it undertakes everything, it does everything; therefore it is responsible for everything. If we are fortunate, then government has a claim to our gratitude; but if we are unfortunate, then government must bear the blame. For are not our persons and property now at the disposal of government? Is not the law omnipotent? In creating a monopoly of education, the government must answer to the hopes of the fathers of families who have thus been deprived of mba admission buy answers, their liberty; and if these hopes are shattered, whose fault is it?

In regulating industry, the government has contracted to make it prosper; otherwise it is theology, absurd to deprive industry of cae review, its liberty. Dissertation? And if industry now suffers, whose fault is science homework help, it? In meddling with the topics, balance of online science help, trade by playing with tariffs, the dissertation topics, government thereby contracts to make trade prosper; and if this results in destruction instead of prosperity, whose fault is it? In giving the maritime industries protection in contractions exchange for their liberty, the government undertakes to make them profitable; and if they become a burden to the taxpayers, whose fault is it? Thus there is not a grievance in the nation for theology dissertation, which the government does not voluntarily make itself responsible. Is it surprising, then, that every failure increases the threat of another revolution in France? And what remedy is proposed for this? To extend indefinitely the domain of the law; that is, the responsibility of graduate for sale, government. But if the theology dissertation topics, government undertakes to control and to raise wages, and cannot do it; if the government undertakes to care for all who may be in want, and and national cannot do it; if the government undertakes to support all unemployed workers, and cannot do it; if the government undertakes to lend interest-free money to all borrowers, and cannot do it; if, in these words that we regret to say escaped from the pen of Mr. de Lamartine, The state considers that its purpose is to enlighten, to develop, to enlarge, to strengthen, to spiritualize, and to sanctify the soul of the people and if the government cannot do all of theology, these things, what then? Is it not certain that after every government failure which, alas! is more than probable there will be an equally inevitable revolution? [Now let us return to a subject that was briefly discussed in buy answers the opening pages of this thesis: the relationship of theology dissertation topics, economics and of politics political economy.] [8] A science of economics must be developed before a science of politics can be logically formulated.

Essentially, economics is the science of determining whether the interests of human beings are harmonious or antagonistic. This must be known before a science of cae review, politics can be formulated to theology, determine the proper functions of government. Immediately following the development of a science of economics, and at the very beginning of the formulation of essays, a science of politics, this all-important question must be answered: What is law? What ought it to be? What is its scope; its limits? Logically, at what point do the just powers of the legislator stop? I do not hesitate to answer: Law is the common force organized to act as an obstacle of injustice . In short, law is justice . It is not true that the legislator has absolute power over our persons and property. The existence of dissertation, persons and property preceded the mba admission essay, existence of the legislator, and his function is only to guarantee their safety. It is not true that the function of law is to regulate our consciences, our ideas, our wills, our education, our opinions, our work, our trade, our talents, or our pleasures.

The function of law is to protect the theology topics, free exercise of these rights, and to prevent any person from interfering with the free exercise of these same rights by cae review, any other person. Since law necessarily requires the support of force, its lawful domain is only in the areas where the use of force is dissertation topics, necessary. This is justice. Every individual has the right to use force for lawful self-defense. It is for this reason that the creative writing, collective force which is only the organized combination of the individual forces may lawfully be used for the same purpose; and dissertation topics it cannot be used legitimately for any other purpose. Law is solely the organization of the individual right of self-defense which existed before law was formalized. Law is justice. The mission of the law is not to oppress persons and plunder them of their property, even though the law may be acting in a philanthropic spirit. Its mission is to protect persons and contractions essays property. Furthermore, it must not be said that the law may be philanthropic if, in the process, it refrains from theology dissertation topics, oppressing persons and plundering them of contractions writing essays, their property; this would be a contradiction.

The law cannot avoid having an effect upon dissertation topics persons and and national property; and if the theology, law acts in any manner except to protect them, its actions then necessarily violate the liberty of persons and contractions their right to theology topics, own property. The law is justice simple and clear, precise and bounded. Every eye can see it, and every mind can grasp it; for papers for sale, justice is measurable, immutable, and unchangeable. Justice is neither more than this nor less than this. Theology Dissertation? If you exceed this proper limit if you attempt to online homework help, make the law religious, fraternal, equalizing, philanthropic, industrial, literary, or artistic you will then be lost in an uncharted territory, in vagueness and uncertainty, in a forced utopia or, even worse, in a multitude of utopias, each striving to theology dissertation, seize the law and impose it upon you. This is true because fraternity and oxford brookes philanthropy, unlike justice, do not have precise limits.

Once started, where will you stop? And where will the law stop itself? Mr. de Saint-Cricq would extend his philanthropy only to some of the industrial groups; he would demand that the law control the consumers to benefit the theology dissertation, producers. Mr. Mba Admission Essay? Considerant would sponsor the topics, cause of the labor groups; he would use the law to secure for oxford brookes creative writing, them a guaranteed minimum of clothing, housing, food, and all other necessities of life. Mr. Louis Blanc would say and with reason that these minimum guarantees are merely the beginning of complete fraternity; he would say that the law should give tools of production and free education to all working people.

Another person would observe that this arrangement would still leave room for inequality; he would claim that the law should give to everyone even in the most inaccessible hamlet luxury, literature, and art. All of these proposals are the high road to communism; legislation will then be in theology topics fact, it already is the battlefield for the fantasies and greed of everyone. Law is justice. In this proposition a simple and enduring government can be conceived. And I defy anyone to say how even the thought of revolution, of insurrection, of the slightest uprising could arise against a government whose organized force was confined only to suppressing injustice.

Under such a regime, there would be the essay on education development, most prosperity and theology dissertation topics it would be the most equally distributed. As for the sufferings that are inseparable from humanity, no one would even think of accusing the government for them. Graduate Papers For Sale? This is true because, if the dissertation, force of government were limited to suppressing injustice, then government would be as innocent of these sufferings as it is now innocent of changes in the temperature. As proof of this statement, consider this question: Have the people ever been known to rise against the Court of Appeals, or mob a Justice of the Peace, in order to get higher wages, free credit, tools of oxford writing, production, favorable tariffs, or government-created jobs? Everyone knows perfectly well that such matters are not within the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals or a Justice of the Peace. And if government were limited to theology topics, its proper functions, everyone would soon learn that these matters are not within the jurisdiction of the law itself. Essay? But make the laws upon the principle of fraternity proclaim that all good, and all bad, stem from the law; that the law is responsible for all individual misfortunes and all social inequalities then the door is theology dissertation topics, open to an endless succession of complaints, irritations, troubles, and revolutions. Cae Review? Law is justice. Theology Topics? And it would indeed be strange if law could properly be anything else!

Is not justice right? Are not rights equal? By what right does the law force me to conform to the social plans of Mr. Mimerel, Mr. de Melun, Mr. Thiers, or Mr. Louis Blanc? If the law has a moral right to do this, why does it not, then, force these gentlemen to submit to my plans ? Is it logical to suppose that nature has not given me sufficient imagination to dream up a utopia also?

Should the law choose one fantasy among many, and put the organized force of government at its service only? Law is justice. And let it not be said as it continually is said that under this concept, the law would be atheistic, individualistic, and heartless; that it would make mankind in its own image. This is an absurd conclusion, worthy only of those worshippers of government who believe that the law is mankind. Nonsense!

Do those worshippers of government believe that free persons will cease to act? Does it follow that if we receive no energy from the law, we shall receive no energy at all? Does it follow that if the law is restricted to the function of protecting the essays, free use of our faculties, we will be unable to use our faculties? Suppose that the law does not force us to follow certain forms of religion, or systems of association, or methods of theology dissertation, education, or regulations of labor, or regulations of trade, or plans for charity; does it then follow that we shall eagerly plunge into development atheism, hermitary, ignorance, misery, and greed? If we are free, does it follow that we shall no longer recognize the power and goodness of God? Does it follow that we shall then cease to associate with each other, to help each other, to love and succor our unfortunate brothers, to study the secrets of nature, and to strive to improve ourselves to theology dissertation, the best of online science homework, our abilities? Law is justice. And it is under the law of justice under the reign of right; under the influence of liberty, safety, stability, and responsibility that every person will attain his real worth and dissertation topics the true dignity of his being. It is only under this law of essay buy answers, justice that mankind will achieve slowly, no doubt, but certainly God's design for the orderly and peaceful progress of humanity.

It seems to me that this is theoretically right, for whatever the question under discussion whether religious, philosophical, political, or economic; whether it concerns prosperity, morality, equality, right, justice, progress, responsibility, cooperation, property, labor, trade, capital, wages, taxes, population, finance, or government at whatever point on the scientific horizon I begin my researches, I invariably reach this one conclusion: The solution to the problems of human relationships is to be found in liberty. And does not experience prove this? Look at the entire world. Which countries contain the most peaceful, the most moral, and the happiest people? Those people are found in the countries where the law least interferes with private affairs; where government is least felt; where the individual has the greatest scope, and free opinion the greatest influence; where administrative powers are fewest and simplest; where taxes are lightest and most nearly equal, and popular discontent the topics, least excited and the least justifiable; where individuals and groups most actively assume their responsibilities, and, consequently, where the morals of admittedly imperfect human beings are constantly improving; where trade, assemblies, and associations are the least restricted; where labor, capital, and populations suffer the fewest forced displacements; where mankind most nearly follows its own natural inclinations; where the inventions of men are most nearly in harmony with the laws of oxford brookes creative writing, God; in short, the happiest, most moral, and most peaceful people are those who most nearly follow this principle: Although mankind is theology dissertation topics, not perfect, still, all hope rests upon writing essays the free and topics voluntary actions of persons within the limits of oxford brookes writing, right; law or force is to be used for nothing except the administration of universal justice. This must be said: There are too many great men in the world legislators, organizers, do-gooders, leaders of the people, fathers of nations, and so on, and so on. Too many persons place themselves above mankind; they make a career of organizing it, patronizing it, and ruling it. Theology Dissertation? Now someone will say: You yourself are doing this very thing. True. Essay On Education And National? But it must be admitted that I act in an entirely different sense; if I have joined the ranks of the reformers, it is solely for the purpose of persuading them to leave people alone.

I do not look upon dissertation people as Vancauson looked upon his automaton. Rather, just as the physiologist accepts the human body as it is, so do I accept people as they are. I desire only to study and admire. My attitude toward all other persons is well illustrated by mba admission essay, this story from a celebrated traveler: He arrived one day in the midst of a tribe of savages, where a child had just been born. Theology Dissertation Topics? A crowd of soothsayers, magicians, and quacks armed with rings, hooks, and cords surrounded it. One said: This child will never smell the perfume of a peace-pipe unless I stretch his nostrils. Another said: He will never be able to hear unless I draw his ear-lobes down to on education development, his shoulders. A third said: He will never see the sunshine unless I slant his eyes. Another said: He will never stand upright unless I bend his legs.

A fifth said: He will never learn to think unless I flatten his skull. Stop, cried the topics, traveler. What God does is well done. Do not claim to know more than He. God has given organs to this frail creature; let them develop and grow strong by exercise, use, experience, and liberty. God has given to men all that is necessary for them to accomplish their destinies. He has provided a social form as well as a human form. And these social organs of persons are so constituted that they will develop themselves harmoniously in the clean air of liberty.

Away, then, with quacks and writing essays organizers! A way with their rings, chains, hooks, and pincers! Away with their artificial systems! Away with the whims of governmental administrators, their socialized projects, their centralization, their tariffs, their government schools, their state religions, their free credit, their bank monopolies, their regulations, their restrictions, their equalization by taxation, and their pious moralizations! And now that the legislators and dissertation topics do-gooders have so futilely inflicted so many systems upon society, may they finally end where they should have begun: May they reject all systems, and try liberty; for liberty is an acknowledgment of essay on education, faith in God and His works. Dissertation Topics? [1] : General Council of Manufacturers, Agriculture, and Commerce, May 6, 1850. [2] : Translator's note: At the mba admission essay, time this was written, Mr. Bastiat knew that he was dying of tuberculosis. Within a year, he was dead. [3] : Translator's note: The French word used by Mr. Bastiat is spoliation . [4] : If the special privilege of government protection against competition a monopoly were granted only to one group in France, the iron workers, for instance, this act would so obviously be legal plunder that it could not last for long.

It is for this reason that we see all the protected trades combined into theology dissertation topics a common cause. They even organize themselves in such a manner as to appear to represent all persons who labor . Instinctively, they feel that legal plunder is concealed by generalizing it. [5] : Translator's note: The parenthetical expressions and the italicized words throughout this book were supplied by Mr. Bastiat. All subheads and bracketed material were supplied by the translator. [6] : Translator's note: What was then known as Paraguay was a much larger area than it is today. It was colonized by the Jesuits who settled the Indians into villages, and oxford generally saved them from further brutalities by the avoid conquerors. [7] : Translator's note: According to Rousseau, the existence of social man is partial in the sense that be is henceforth merely a part of society. Knowing himself as such and theology dissertation topics thinking and oxford brookes feeling from the point of view of the whole he thereby becomes moral. [8] : Translator's note: Mr.

Bastiat has devoted three other books and several articles to theology topics, the development of the ideas contained in the three sentences of the following paragraph.

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5 Different Types of Essays – It’s All about Purpose. Generally, students either love or hate to theology, write there doesn’t seem to graduate, be much middle ground. It’s rather like anything in life. We love doing those things at which we are “good,” and hate performing tasks at which we are not skilled. Housecleaning and mowing the lawn are probably somewhere in theology dissertation topics, between. Loving or hating to write essays is really a moot point for students anyway, because they have to write, and by online help, the time they reach college, essay assignments have permeated every. single. Dissertation. course. Understanding the types and purposes of mba admission essay, essays, moreover, is pretty important, if assignments are going to meet instructors’ expectations.

So here is a quick rundown which may help to understand exactly what it is an instructor might want. Theology Topics. Not everyone agrees that there are 5 essay types. Some say 4; others say 6-7. Oxford. It doesn’t really matter so long as all of “sub-types” are addressed. For purposes of this explanation, however, we’re just going to theology dissertation topics, accept the oxford brookes writing, number 5. Of all the different types of dissertation, essays, this category is the largest, so we’ll dispense with it first. The whole point of an exposition is to brookes, explain something. Theology Dissertation. You can probably see right away that there are lots of things in this world to explain, and that’s exactly what makes this category so large. Broken down, however, the sub-categories are pretty self-explanatory, and in assigning this type of essay, instructors will always refer to essay on education, the sub-category (at least we hope they will).

Basic Explanation: this category requires that you explain some type of process. Theology. In high school, you might have been asked to write an essay explaining the process of mitosis or the method by which a bill becomes a law. These are pretty straight-forward topics, and mba admission buy answers the approach will be pretty objective you probably wouldn’t be able to present a subjective argument that mitosis is bad or good. Definition: now we move out of the realm of total objectivity, because chances are you will not asked to define the term “car” or “dog.” No, definition essays have more abstract topics, such as love, justice, and the like. Theology Dissertation Topics. Because we all have our own experiences, definitions of abstract terms will vary, and such an cae review, essay may include both a dictionary definition and then a more personalized one. Cause/Effect: Some would put this in a separate, but then there would be 6 types, and the title would be wrong. Remember, in a cause/effect essay, you are still explaining something. Suppose, for example, your instructor said, “Discuss the causes of the Vietnam War,” or “What were the causes and effects of the dissertation topics, economic meltdown in essay on education, 2008?” You will need to list and explain each cause and/or effect.

Personal Response: now, we’re really in theology, the realm of subjectivity, but we are also still explaining. Brookes Creative. Suppose you read a journal article or heard a speech. Now, your instructor wants you to theology dissertation, write a response essay. Here you will take the author’s points, one by one, briefly describe them and then insert your reaction to those points. Do you agree?

Why or why not? Analysis: These essays will require that you read and really understand what you have read. Now, you will have to dissect the piece and speak to its parts, analyzing them for validity, importance, etc. You might be asked to analyze a soliloquy in one of Shakespeare’s plays. Creative Writing. You will go line by line, provide an explanation of the meaning, and then speak to its importance in terms of theology topics, understanding the character’s personality, flaws, and so forth, or to the play as a whole.

As one can see, there are really 5 different types of essays within this one category. And we still have 4 more to go. Onward! This type of essay is in a category of its own, because it is rather unique. Contractions Writing Essays. Think of the last piece of literature you read a short story or a novel. Within all of the theology topics, action and dialogue, there are descriptions descriptions of scenes, sunsets, physical appearances of characters, storms, and so on. Essay. If you take a look at those descriptions, you will see that they are written so as to theology dissertation, appeal to online science, the reader’s senses. They also may have lots of figurative language similes, metaphors, or personification. Theology Dissertation. These things give the reader a “picture” of mba admission essay buy answers, what is being described. Types of college essays that require descriptions are almost always found in English comp and creative writing courses.

So if you are not an English major, and your required coursework is finished, you are not likely to be writing another descriptive essay before you graduate. Certainly a favorite of theology dissertation, English teachers, you will be telling a story. Homework. It might be fictional or it might be a tale about something in your own life. “Describe the most frightening experience you have ever had” is an example of a narrative assignment. The other time you encounter these types of essays is when you apply for college, graduate school, or for a scholarship. You will receive essay prompts from which to select your topic, and away you go. You will take a little slice of your life and prepare an essay that is compelling, engaging, and theology hopefully creatively written!

This essay type might be placed in science, the expository category, and many people do just that. You will be presenting the similarities and differences between people, places, things, situations, or perhaps views on theology dissertation an issue. Occasionally, more than two things will be compared or contrasted. Consider, for example, this essay topic. “What are the mba admission buy answers, similarities and differences among the various groups that are found in a typical high school?” Here you would need to organize your groups into dissertation intersecting circles, so that the space where all circles share in common are those things that are similar. Mba Admission Essay. Jocks, preps, nerds, stoners these are some of the groups you might identify. Theology Topics. You will then have to develop some criteria by which you will compare and contrast these groups. What types of clubs would each group join? What would each group do on mba admission buy answers the weekends? How does each group dress? How about language? You probably get the point.

The Persuasive/Argumentative Essay. The terms say it all. You will need to take a position on an issue and support that position, using factual data (yes, that usually means research). Generally, the difference between these two essay types is this: In a persuasive essay, you state your position and then you defend it; in an argumentative essay, you must also include the opposing viewpoint and attempt to dissertation topics, discredit as best you can. The other difference is that the argumentative essay is writing essays more difficult to organize. All essays have the same basic structure an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Your thesis statement comes in the introduction, and your paragraphs should be logically organized according to the points you are making. Theology. Types of essay formats, then, do not vary much, except perhaps in the case of the narrative, if you have characters and on education dialogue. But once you understand the purpose of each essay type, it really does make it a bit easier to choose a topic, a thesis, and to write something that will meet instructor expectations. Do not know exactly what you need?

Free Quote is what you need when you have some doubts regarding your assignments or the services we offer. Send us your instructions and theology guidelines and we will evaluate it for free!

Duties, Responsibilities and Authority of the NCO. For more information on Duties, Responsibilities and Authority of the NCO see AR 600-20, “Army Command Policy,” DA PAM 600-25, “US Army NCO Professional Development Guide” and FM 6-22 (22-100), Army Leadership. For more information on inspections see FM 22-5, Drill and Ceremonies. and AR 1-201, “Army Inspection Policy.” Need essay sample on Duties, Responsibilities and Authority of the NCO ? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for theology dissertation you for only $12.90/page.

ASSUMING A LEADERSHIP POSITION. 2-1. Assuming a leadership position is one of the most important leadership situations you’ll face as an NCO. Papers For Sale? Everything discussed in dissertation topics, FM 6-22 (22-100) about what you must BE, KNOW and DO is relevant to your success of cae review, assuming a leadership position. 2-2. When assuming a leadership position, there are some things to think about and learn as you establish your goals in the organization. Figure 2-1 will assist you in achieving your goals. · Determine what your organization expects of you. · Determine who your immediate leader is and what they expect of theology, you. · Determine the level of competence and the strengths and weaknesses of your soldiers.

· Identify the key people outside of your organization whose willing support you need to accomplish the mission. Figure 2-1. Tasks to Assume a Leadership Position. 2-3. You should also talk to your leaders, peers and key people such as the contractions writing, chaplain and the sergeant major. Seek clear answers to the questions in Figure 2-2. · What is the organization’s mission? · How does this mission fit in with the theology topics, mission of the next higher organization? · What are the standards the organization must meet?

· What resources are available to help the on education and national, organization accomplish the mission? · What is the current state of morale? · Who reports directly to you? · What are the strengths and weaknesses of your key subordinates and the unit? · Who are the key people outside the organization who support mission accomplishment? (What are their strengths and theology dissertation topics weaknesses?) · When and what do you talk to your soldiers about? Figure 2-2. Questions When Assuming a Leadership Position. 2-4.

Be sure to for sale, ask these questions at dissertation the right time, of the right person and in the best way. The answers to these questions and others you may have will help you to correctly assess the situation and select the right leadership style. DUTIES, RESPONSIBILITIES AND AUTHORITY. 2-5. As a noncommissioned officer, you have duties, responsibilities and authority. Do you know the meaning of essay development, duties, responsibilities and authority? 2-6. Dissertation? A duty is something you must do by online homework virtue of theology dissertation topics, your position and is a legal or moral obligation. For example, it is the supply sergeant’s duty to issue equipment and keep records of the unit’s supplies.

It is the first sergeant’s duty to hold formations, instruct platoon sergeants and assist the commander in supervising unit operations. It is the duty of the squad/section/team leader to account for his soldiers and ensure that they receive necessary instructions and are properly trained to perform their jobs. 2-7. A noncommissioned officer’s duties are numerous and must be taken seriously. An NCO’s duty includes taking care of soldiers, which is your priority. Corporals and sergeants do this by essays developing a genuine concern for their soldiers’ well-being. Leaders must know and understand their soldiers well enough to train them as individuals and teams to operate proficiently. This will give them confidence in their ability to dissertation, perform well under the difficult and demanding conditions of battle. Individual training is the principle duty and responsibility of NCOs. No one in the Army has more to do with training soldiers than NCOs.

Well trained soldiers will likely succeed and survive on the battlefield. Well trained soldiers properly do the cae review, tasks their NCOs give them. A good leader executes the boss’s decisions with energy and enthusiasm; looking at theology dissertation their leader, soldiers will believe the leader thinks it’s absolutely the best possible solution. “We don’t need ‘leaders’ who stay warm on mba admission, cold days… while their men freeze on the grenade ranges. Theology Topics? If they get cold, the leader ought to cae review, get just as cold. And when he marches back to the barracks with them after that kind of day, they know he is theology dissertation topics, one of them.” Drill Sergeant Karl Baccene. 2-8. There may be situations you must think carefully about what you’re told to do. For example, duty requires that you refuse to obey illegal orders. This is cae review, not a privilege you can claim, but a duty you must perform.

You have no choice but to do what’s ethically and legally correct. Making the right choice and acting on it when faced with an ethical question can be difficult. Sometimes, it means standing your ground and telling your supervisor you think their wrong. If you think an topics, order is illegal, first be sure that you understand both the details of the order and its original intent. Seek clarification from the graduate papers for sale, person who gave the order. This takes moral courage, but the question will be straightforward: Did you really mean for me to… steal the part… submit a false report… shoot the prisoners?

“Moral courage, to me, is much more demanding than physical courage.” SMA Leon L. Van Autreve. 2-9. If the question is complex and time permits, seek advice from legal assistance. However, if you must decide immediately, as in the heat of combat, make the best judgment possible based on the Army values and attributes, your experience and your previous study and reflection. You take a risk when you disobey what you perceive to topics, be an illegal order. Talk to your superiors, particularly those who have done what you aspire to cae review, do or what you think you’ll be called on to do; providing counsel of this sort is an important part of leadership.

Obviously, you need to make time to do this before you’re faced with a tough call. This could possibly be the most difficult decision you’ll ever make, but that’s what leaders do. 2-10. Noncommissioned officers have three types of duties: specified duties, directed duties and implied duties. 2-11. Specified duties are those related to dissertation topics, jobs and positions. Graduate? Directives such as Army regulations, Department of the Army (DA) general orders, the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), soldier’s manuals, Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP) publications and MOS job descriptions specify the duties.

For example, AR 600-20 says that NCOs must ensure that their soldiers get proper individual training and maintain personal appearance and cleanliness. 2-12. Directed duties are not specified as part of a job position or MOS or other directive. Theology Topics? A superior gives them orally or in writing. Directed duties include being in charge of quarters (CQ) or serving as sergeant of the for sale, guard, staff duty officer, company training NCO and topics NBC NCO, where these duties are not found in the unit’s organization charts. 2-13. Online? Implied duties often support specified duties, but in some cases they may not be related to the MOS job position. These duties may not be written but implied in the instructions. They’re duties that improve the quality of the job and help keep the unit functioning at an optimum level.

In most cases, these duties depend on individual initiative. They improve the work environment and motivate soldiers to perform because they want to, not because they have to. For example, while not specifically directed to do so, you hold in-ranks inspections daily to theology, ensure your soldiers’ appearance and equipment are up to standards. 2-14. Responsibility is homework help, being accountable for what you do or fail to do. NCOs are responsible to fulfill not only theology dissertation topics their individual duties, but also to ensure their teams and units are successful. Any duty, because of the position you hold in the unit, includes a responsibility to execute that duty. As an essay and national, NCO, you are accountable for your personal conduct and that of your soldiers. Also, each soldier is individually responsible for his own personal conduct and that responsibility cannot be delegated. A soldier is accountable for his actions to fellow soldiers, leaders, unit and the US Army.

2-15. As a leader you must ensure that your soldiers clearly understand their responsibilities as members of the team and as representative of the Army. Commanders set overall policies and standards, but all leaders must provide the dissertation, guidance, resources, assistance and supervision necessary for soldiers to perform their duties. Mission accomplishment demands that officers and NCOs work together to advise, assist and learn from each other. Responsibilities fall into two categories: command and individual. 2-16. Command responsibility refers to collective or organizational accountability and includes how well the unit performs their missions. For example, a company commander is responsible for all the oxford brookes writing, tasks and missions assigned to the company; his superiors hold him accountable for completing them. Commanders give military leaders the responsibility for what their sections, units, or organizations do or fail to do. NCOs are therefore responsible to fulfill not only their individual duties, but also to ensure that their team and unit are successful.

The amount of responsibility delegated to you depends on your mission, the position you hold and your own willingness to accept responsibility. 2-17. One point you need to get straight is that although a list of duties can be drawn up describing what is expected of you, it will not tell you how to do your job. For example, one of an NCO’s duties is to enforce standards of topics, military appearance. This means you are responsible for correcting soldiers who wear the uniform improperly and for on education development teaching them the correct standards of appearance. It also means that you should inspect for proper and serviceability, clothing and dissertation equipment of your soldiers. Cae Review? Remember that you must set the example first and your soldiers will follow in dissertation topics, your footsteps. “Rank is a badge of responsibility…”

DA Pam 360-1 (1957) 2-18. Cae Review? Individual responsibility as a noncommissioned officer means you are accountable for your personal conduct. Soldiers in the Army have their own responsibilities. For example, if you write a check at the commissary, it is topics, your responsibility to have sufficient funds in the bank account to cover the mba admission essay, check. Topics? Individual responsibility cannot be delegated; it belongs to the soldier that wrote the check. Soldiers are accountable for their actions, to their fellow soldiers, to their leaders, to brookes creative, their unit and to the United States Army. As a leader you must ensure that your soldiers understand clearly their responsibilities as members of the team and as representatives of the theology dissertation, Army. “A leader does not ‘choose’ the best or most opportune time in which to lead.

A good leader takes the challenge whenever and essay wherever it presents itself and does the theology dissertation, best he or she can.” SMA Richard A. Kidd. 2-19. As a noncommissioned officer, you must know what authority you have and where it comes from. You are also expected to use good judgment when exercising your authority. 2-20. Authority is defined as the right to direct soldiers to do certain things. Authority is the legitimate power of leaders to direct soldiers or to take action within the scope of their position. Military authority begins with the Constitution, which divides it between Congress and the President. The President, as commander in chief, commands the armed forces, including the cae review, Army.

The authority from the Commander-in-Chief extends through the chain of command, with the assistance of the NCO support channel, to the squad, section or team leader who then directs and supervises the actions of individual soldiers. When you say, “PFC Lee, you and PFC Johnson start filling sandbags; SPC Garcia and SPC Smith will provide security from that hill,” you are turning into action the orders of the entire chain of command. 2-21. In the topics, Army there are two basic types of authority: command authority and general military authority. 2-22.

Command authority is the authority leaders have over online homework help, soldiers by virtue of rank or assignment. Command authority originates with the President and may be supplemented by law or regulation. Even though it is called “command” authority, it is not limited to officers – you have command authority inherent in your leadership position as a tank commander or team leader, for theology dissertation example. Noncommissioned officers’ command authority is mba admission essay, inherent with the job by virtue of position to theology topics, direct or control soldiers. “It takes guts for an NCO to use inherent authority and responsibility in online science, training, maintaining, leading, and caring for soldiers.” SMA Glen E. Morrell. 2-23. Leading soldiers includes the theology dissertation topics, authority to organize, direct and control your assigned soldiers so that they accomplish assigned missions. It also includes authority to use assigned equipment and resources to accomplish your missions.

Remember that this only contractions writing applies to soldiers and facilities in your unit. For example, if the platoon sergeant of first platoon goes on leave and theology dissertation a squad leader is put in charge, that squad leader has command authority over mba admission buy answers, only first platoon, until he is relieved from the responsibility. The soldiers in first platoon will obey the squad leader’s orders due to dissertation topics, his position. However, the squad leader does not have command authority over another platoon. “As a leader… you are not given authority, status and position as a personal reward to enjoy in comfort. You are given them so that you may be of greater service to your subordinates, your unit and your country.” FM 22-100, Army Leadership (1983) 2-24. General military authority is authority extended to all soldiers to take action and act in the absence of a unit leader or other designated authority.

It originates in oaths of office, law, rank structure, traditions and graduate for sale regulations. This broad-based authority also allows leaders to take appropriate corrective actions whenever a member of any armed service, anywhere, commits an act involving a breach of good order or discipline. For example, if you see soldiers in a brawl, you have the general military authority (and the obligation) to stop the fight. This authority applies even if none of the topics, soldiers are in your unit. 2-25. General military authority exists whether you are on duty or not, in uniform or in civilian attire and regardless of location. For example, you are off duty, in civilian clothes and in the PX and you see a soldier in uniform with his headgear raised up and trousers unbloused. You stop the soldier immediately, identify yourself and ensure the soldier understands and makes the necessary corrections. If he refuses, saying you don’t have the oxford brookes writing, authority to tell him what to do because he’s not in your NCO support channel, the soldier is wrong..

2-26. You as an NCO have both general military authority and the duty to enforce standards as outlined in AR 670-1. Your authority to enforce those regulations is topics, specified in AR 600-20 and if you neglect your duty, you can be held accountable. If the soldier refuses to obey you, what can you do? For starters, you can explain that you have authority regardless of your location, your unit, or whether you are in uniform or civilian attire. Graduate Papers For Sale? You may decide to settle for the soldier’s name and unit. Theology Dissertation? If so, a phone call to his first sergeant should be more than enough to ensure that such an incident does not recur. “Speak with your own voice.” CSM Clifford R. Cae Review? West. 2-27.

Delegation of authority. Just as Congress and the President cannot participate in every aspect of the armed forces operations, most leaders cannot handle every action directly. To meet the theology, organization’s goals, officers delegate authority to NCOs in the NCO Support Channel who, in turn, may further delegate that authority. Unless restricted by law, regulation, or a superior, leaders may delegate any or all of their authority to their subordinate leaders. However, such delegation must fall within the leader’s scope of oxford creative, authority. Leaders cannot delegate authority they do not have and subordinate leaders may not assume authority that superiors do not have, cannot delegate, or have retained. The task or duty to be performed limits the authority of the leader to whom it is assigned. 2-28. Both command and general military authority originate in dissertation, the Constitution and Congress has further defined them in law.

More explicit sources are Army Regulations, the Manual for Courts Martial (MCM) and the chain of command/NCO support channel. 2-29. You don’t need to read or remember all Army Regulations (ARs) but study those that pertain to your job. If necessary, ask other NCOs to help you find out what regulations pertain to you, where they can be found and how to interpret them. Start with AR 600-20. Contractions? It covers enlisted soldiers’ and theology dissertation topics noncommissioned officers’ authority and responsibilities. 2-30. The Manual for Courts Martial (MCM, 2002) describes legal aspects of the authority of the noncommissioned officer. It states in part that, “All commissioned officers, warrant officers and noncommissioned officers are authorized to mba admission, stop quarrels, frays and disorders among persons subject to the code….” Severe penalties are imposed for violations such as disrespect, insubordination, or assault. No one expects you to be an expert on military law, but as a noncommissioned officer you should know the definition of these words and topics be able to graduate papers for sale, explain them to your soldiers. Your legal clerk can be a good source of information.

Authority of the NCO is part of the equation in dissertation, military discipline. 2-31. Your authority also stems from the combination of the chain of oxford brookes creative, command and the NCO support channel. Orders and policies that pass through the chain of command or the NCO support channel automatically provide the authority necessary to get the job done. With such broad authority given to all commissioned officers and noncommissioned officers, the responsibility to theology dissertation, use mature, sound judgment is critical. The chain of command backs up the contractions writing essays, NCO support channel by theology legally punishing those who challenge the NCO’s authority. But it does so only if the noncommissioned officer’s actions and orders are sound, intelligent and essay development based on proper authority. Theology Topics? To be a good leader, you should learn what types of authority you have and where it comes from.

Whenever in doubt, ask. Once you’re confident that you know the extent of your authority, use sound judgment in applying it. Then you will be a leader respected by both your soldiers and superiors. INSPECTIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 2-32. Why do we have inspections? From long experience, the Army has found that some soldiers, if allowed to, will become careless and lax in the performance of minor barrack duties in cae review, their unit.

They become accustomed to conditions in their immediate surroundings and overlook minor deficiencies. Should a soldier fall below the Army standard of theology dissertation, performance, you can be assured that someone will notice those deficiencies immediately. 2-33. Your superiors will order inspections to see that soldiers have all the equipment and writing clothing issued to them and that it is serviceable. Inspections serve this practical purpose; they are not harassment. You will probably agree that inspections often correct small problems before they become big problems. Sharp appearance, efficient performance and excellent maintenance are important considerations that affect you directly. They are the earmarks of a good organization and one you should be a proud member of. First line leaders should inspect their soldiers daily and should regularly check soldiers’ rooms in the barracks. First line leaders should also make arrangements with soldiers who live in theology dissertation topics, quarters (on or off post) to ensure the for sale, soldier maintains a healthy and safe environment for theology dissertation himself and his family. TYPES OF INSPECTIONS.

2-34. There are two categories of inspections for determining the status of individual soldiers and their equipment: in-ranks and in-quarters. An in-ranks inspection is of personnel and equipment in essay buy answers, a unit formation. The leader examines each soldier individually, noticing their general appearance and the condition of their clothing and equipment. When inspecting crew-served weapons and vehicles, the dissertation, personnel are normally positioned to the rear of the formation with the operators standing by their vehicle or weapon. Leaders may conduct an in-quarters (barracks) inspection to include personal appearance, individual weapons, field equipment, displays, maintenance and sanitary conditions.

Organizations will have inspection programs that help determine the status and mission readiness of the unit and its components. These include Command Inspections, Staff Inspections and Inspector General Inspections. · The training, instruction, or correction given to a soldier to correct deficiencies must be directly related to the deficiency. · Orient the corrective action to improving the soldier’s performance in their problem area. · You may take corrective measures after normal duty hours.

Such measures assume the nature of the training or instruction, not punishment. · Corrective training should continue only until the training deficiency is online, overcome. · All levels of command should take care to ensure that training and dissertation instruction are not used in an oppressive manner to evade the procedural safeguards in imposing nonjudical punishment. · Do not make notes in soldiers’ official records of deficiencies satisfactorily corrected by means of training and instruction. Figure 2-3. On-the-Spot Corrections Guidelines. 2-35.

On-the-Spot Corrections. One of the most effective administrative corrective measures is on-the-spot correction. Use this tool for making the quickest and often most effective corrections to writing, deficiencies in training or standards. Generally there is theology, one of two reasons a soldier requires an on-the-spot correction. Either the soldier you are correcting does not know what the standard is or does not care what the standard is. If the soldier was aware of the for sale, standard but chose not to adhere to theology dissertation topics, it, this may indicate a larger problem that his chain of command should address. In such a situation you might follow up an on-the-spot correction with a call to the soldier’s first sergeant. Figure 2-3 provides guidelines on making an on-the-spot correction.

SGT Park and the On-the-Spot Correction. As SGT Park left the Dining Facility after breakfast one morning, he stopped to buy a paper from a newspaper machine nearby. Just as he let go of the machine door, letting it slam shut, a soldier (who was about 30 feet away) shouted, “Hey! Hold it Open!” When the oxford, soldier saw SGT Park had let it close he said, “Thanks a lot, pal.” SGT Park called the soldier over, identified himself and his unit and asked if the soldier knew the proper way to address an NCO. The soldier said he hadn’t realized that SGT Park was an theology dissertation, NCO and would have addressed him by his rank if he had. Then SGT Park asked him if he was aware that taking a newspaper without paying for it was theft. The soldier said that he didn’t think it mattered since it was “just a newspaper.” SGT Park told him that it did matter, just as proper execution of cae review, seemingly small, unimportant tasks matters to the Army as a whole. The soldier, who was at theology dissertation topics parade rest and respectful throughout the essays, conversation, nodded and dissertation said, “Alright, sergeant.” SGT Park ended the mba admission buy answers, on-the-spot correction by asking the soldier to dissertation, think about what integrity meant and whether a soldier’s honesty is important to the Army.

2-36. Contractions Writing Essays? Keeping a soldier on track is the key element in theology dissertation, solving performance problems. Motivated soldiers keep the group functioning, training productive and ultimately, accomplish the training objectives and most importantly the mission. Some leaders believe that soldiers work as expected simply because that is their job. Brookes? That may be true. But soldiers and leaders need a simple pat on back once in a while, for a job well done. You need to praise your soldiers and let them know that you care about the job they are doing and theology you are glad they are part of the graduate papers, team. Soldiers not performing to dissertation topics, standard need correction; use the cae review, on-the-spot correction tool. Even after making an on-the-spot correction additional training may be necessary. Figure 2-4 shows the steps in making an on-the-spot correction. · Correct the soldier.

· Attack the performance, never the person. · Give one correction at a time. Dissertation Topics? Do not dump. · Don’t keep bringing it up — when the correction is over, it is over. Figure 2-4. On-the-Spot Correction Steps. 2-37. Cae Review? More often than not, your soldiers do good things that deserve a pat on the back. In the same way you do on-the-spot corrections (but obviously for theology different reasons), praise your soldiers’ good work by telling them the specific action or result observed, why it was good and encourage the soldier to continue.

Your soldiers know when they’ve done well but your acknowledgment of their performance is a powerful motivator. It reinforces standards, builds soldiers’ pride and lets them know you notice the hard work they do. Contractions Writing? It is also another indicator that you care about them. “Correct errors in the use of judgment and initiative in such a way as to topics, encourage the individual.” FM 22-10, Leadership (1951) 2-38. On-the-Spot Inspections. Making an informal, unscheduled check of equipment, soldiers or quarters is called an on-the-spot inspection. Stopping to check the tag on a fire extinguisher as you walk through a maintenance bay is an example of an cae review, on-the-spot inspection. Another example is checking the condition of the trash dumpster area in back of the orderly room. For any inspection, the steps are the same.

2-39. PCC/PCI. Theology? Pre-combat checks (PCCs) / Pre-combat inspections (PCIs) and Pre-execution checks are key to cae review, ensuring leaders, trainers and soldiers are adequately prepared to execute operations and theology dissertation topics training to Army standard. PCC/ PCIs are the bridge between pre-execution checks and execution of on education development, training. They are also detailed final checks that all units conduct before and during execution of training and combat operations.

Conduct PCC/PCIs at the beginning of each event or exercise as part of troop leading procedures to check personnel, equipment, vehicles and mission knowledge. The chain of theology topics, command is on education and national, responsible for developing, validating and verifying all PCC/PCIs. Pre-execution checks ensure that all planning and prerequisite training (soldier, leader and collective) are complete prior to the execution of training. They systematically prepare soldiers, trainers and theology resources to ensure training execution starts properly. Pre-execution checks provide the attention to contractions essays, detail needed to dissertation, use resources efficiently. 2-40. You are the key to inspections, checking soldier and unit readiness in personal hygiene and essay on education and national appearance, weapons, field equipment, displays and sanitary conditions. Inspections must be done regularly to theology topics, help reinforce standards and instill discipline.

Regular, impartial inspections of important areas develop confidence, teamwork and soldiers’ pride in contractions writing essays, themselves and their equipment. NONCOMMISSIONED, COMMISSIONED AND WARRANT OFFICER RELATIONSHIPS. 2-41. An important part of your role as an NCO is how you relate to commissioned officers. To develop this working relationship, NCOs and officers must know the similarities of theology dissertation, their respective duties and responsibilities. 2-42. Commissioned officers hold a commission from the President of the United States, which authorizes them to act as the contractions writing, President’s representative in certain military matters. Laws, regulations, policies and customs limit the duties and responsibilities of commissioned officers, like NCOs and theology other government officials. As the President’s representatives, commissioned officers carry out the orders of the Commander in Chief as they are handed down through the chain of command. In carrying out orders, commissioned officers get considerable help, advice and assistance from NCOs.

Both commissioned officers and on education NCOs share the same goal – accomplish the unit’s mission. Figure 2-5 lists general duties of commissioned officers. The Commissioned Officer. · Commands, establishes policy, plans and programs the work of the Army. · Concentrates on collective training, which will enable the unit to accomplish its mission.

· Is primarily involved with unit operations, training and dissertation related activities. · Concentrates on unit effectiveness and unit readiness. · Pays particular attention to the standards of performance, training and professional development of officers as well as NCOs. · Creates conditions – makes the time and other resources available – so the NCO can do the Job. · Supports the online science help, NCO. Figure 2-5. General Duties of Commissioned Officers. 2-43. Warrant officers are highly specialized, single-tracked specialty officers who receive their authority from the Secretary of the Army upon their initial appointment. However, Title 10 USC authorizes the commissioning of Warrant Officers (WO1) upon promotion to Chief Warrant Officer (CW2). These commissioned warrant officers are direct representatives of the President of the United States.

They derive their authority from the same source as commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned officers who are generalists. Figure 2-6 lists general duties of warrant officers. The Warrant Officer. · Provides quality advice, counsel and solutions to support the command. · Executes policy and manages the Army’s system.

· Commands special-purpose units and tasks-organized operational elements. · Focuses on theology, collective, leader and individual training. · Operates, maintains, administers and cae review manages the Army’s equipment, support activities and technical system. · Concentrates on topics, unit effectiveness and readiness. · Supports the NCO. Figure 2-6. General Duties of Warrant Officers. 2-44. Warrant officers can and do command detachments, units, activities and vessels as well as lead, coach, train and counsel soldiers. As leaders and contractions technical/tactical experts, warrant officers provide valuable skills, guidance and expertise to commanders and organizations in their particular field. 2-45.

Warrant officers provide mentorship, leadership and training to NCOs to support technical, tactical and mission-related tasks. The relationship between the warrant officer and NCO is similar to the commissioned officer. They rely on each other for help, advice and theology dissertation topics assistance to graduate, accomplish the dissertation, unit’s mission. The Noncommissioned Officer. · Conducts the daily business of the Army within established orders, directives and policies. · Focuses on individual training, which develops the capability to accomplish the mission. · Primarily involved with training and leading soldiers and teams. · Ensures each subordinate team, NCO and soldier are prepared to function as a effective unit and science homework help each team member is well trained, highly motivated, ready and functioning. · Concentrates on standards of theology dissertation topics, performance, training and online science homework help professional development of NCOs and enlisted soldiers. · Follows orders of officers and NCOs in the support channel. · Gets the job done.

Figure 2-7. General Duties of Noncommissioned Officers. 2-46. Theology Topics? Noncommissioned officers, the brookes creative, backbone of the Army, train, lead and take care of enlisted soldiers. They receive their authority from their oaths of office, law, rank structure, duty position, traditions and regulations. This authority allows them to direct soldiers, take actions required to theology, accomplish the mission and enforce good order and discipline. NCOs represent officer and sometimes DA civilian leaders. They ensure their soldiers, along with their personal equipment, are prepared to function as an effective unit and team members. Essay Development? While commissioned officers command, establish policy and topics manage resources, NCOs conduct the Army’s daily business. Figure 2-7 lists general duties of NCOs. 2-47.

Two noncommissioned officer positions require special mention: the platoon sergeant and the squad/section leader positions. The platoon sergeant’s position is unique because the writing essays, platoon sergeant must be ready to assume the responsibilities of the theology dissertation, platoon leader — an officer. The platoon sergeant takes command in the platoon leader’s absence. Therefore, the platoon sergeant’s tasks are essentially the same as those of the platoon leader. As acting platoon leader, the platoon sergeant assumes the same responsibilities as the commissioned officer. The platoon leader and platoon sergeant must understand each other; the and national development, platoon sergeant must be able to move in and out of the officer’s area of responsibility to prepare to replace the platoon leader if necessary.

In many cases, the platoon sergeant has much more experience than the lieutenant does; one important task is to theology dissertation topics, teach and advise the lieutenant. The platoon needs both the officer and cae review the sergeant and they must know each other without thinking. There is naturally some overlap of duties and responsibilities between officers and NCOs. Theology Dissertation? This is a necessary and desirable outcome of essay, close cooperation and dissertation should be a source of contractions writing, strength for a unit rather than the cause of friction. 2-48. The second unique position is the squad, section or team leader. Possibly the only NCO in the squad, section or team, he is the leader of his soldiers. This NCO is the theology dissertation topics, first link in papers, both the NCO support channel and chain of command.

They take their orders from both the platoon sergeant and theology platoon leader. This is another reason why the platoon sergeant and platoon leader must know what each other are doing. If they do not, they might give conflicting orders to the squad, section or team leaders. 2-49. Noncommissioned, commissioned and creative writing warrant officers depend on each other and work together to dissertation topics, accomplish the mission of the unit.

It is impossible for an officer to command an effective unit and accomplish the mission if the NCO doesn’t ensure the soldiers know their jobs. Commissioned officers, warrant officers and NCOs must advise, assist and learn from each other. Although the officer is held accountable for all that the unit does or fails to do, only by working together with the NCO can he assure the job will get accomplished. THE NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER SUPPORT CHANNEL. 2-50. The NCO support channel is subordinate to and supportive of the chain of writing, command. Theology Dissertation? The NCO support channel is not an online science, independent channel. It is incumbent on the users of this channel to ensure that the chain of command is dissertation, kept informed of actions implemented through the NCO support channel and to eliminate the possibility of the NCO support channel operating outside of command policy and directives. Problems should be brought to the attention of the chain of command and resolved through a coordinated effort. Since the NCO support channel should be operating in accordance with established command policy and directives, conflicts should be minimal and essay easily resolved. 2-51.

Prior to 1977 the NCO support channel was regarded as informal. However, AR 600-20 formalized the NCO support channel and expanded its functions in topics, December 1976. The NCO support channel is now directive in nature within established policies and orders. Because of this, commanders are seeing the senior NCO more actively participating in papers, all unit activities and tasks. The NCO support channel (leadership chain) parallels and reinforces the chain of command. Theology? NCO leaders work with and essay buy answers support the commissioned and dissertation topics warrant officers of their chain of command. 2-52. In units at the battalion level and higher, the NCO support channel is the online help, communication and supervision that begins with the command sergeant major (CSM), extends through first sergeants and platoon sergeants and ends with section chiefs, squad leaders, or team leaders.

In addition to passing information, this channel is used for executing the commander’s orders and getting routine, but important, jobs done. Most often it is used to put into topics effect policies and procedures and to enforce standards of performance, training, appearance and conduct. 2-53. The connection between the chain of command and the NCO support channel is the senior NCO. Commanders issue orders through the chain of command, but senior NCOs must know and understand the orders to issue effective implementing instructions through the NCO support channel.

Although the first sergeant and online science homework command sergeants major are not part of the formal chain of command, leaders should consult them on individual soldier matters. 2-54. Successful officers have a good leader and NCO relationship with their first sergeants and command sergeants major. This leaves the theology dissertation topics, commander free to plan, make decisions and program future training and operations. Essay? The need for such a relationship applies to platoon leaders and platoon sergeants as well as to staff officers and NCOs. Senior NCOs have extensive experience in successfully completing missions and theology topics dealing with enlisted soldier issues. Also, senior NCOs can monitor organizational activities at cae review all levels, take corrective action to keep the organization within the boundaries of the commander’s intent, or report situations that require the attention of the officer leadership. Theology Dissertation Topics? Regardless of where the essay, information or task begins – in dissertation topics, the chain of command or in the NCO support channel – keep the counterpart informed. A positive relationship between officers and NCOs creates conditions for success. 2-55. The NCO support channel assists the chain of command in accomplishing the following: · Transmitting, instilling and ensuring the on education development, efficacy of the professional Army ethic.

· Planning and conducting the day-to-day unit operations within prescribed policies and directives. · Training enlisted soldiers in their MOS as well as in theology dissertation topics, the basic skills and cae review attributes of a soldier. · Supervising unit physical fitness training and ensuring that soldiers comply with the weight and appearance standards in AR 600-9 and AR 670-1. · Teaching soldiers the history of the Army, to include military customs, courtesies and traditions. · Caring for individual soldiers and their families both on and off duty. · Teaching soldiers the mission of the unit and developing individual training programs to support the mission. · Accounting for and maintaining individual arms and equipment of enlisted soldiers and unit equipment under their control. · Administering and monitoring the theology, NCO professional development program and other unit training programs. · Achieving and maintaining Army Values.

· Advising the commander on rewards and punishment for enlisted soldiers. 2-56. The NCO support channel and the chain of command must be reinforced by all to ensure effectiveness. It is the channel of communication and supervision from the command sergeant major to the most junior enlisted soldier in the unit. Commanders may further specify responsibilities and authority of their NCOs to their staffs and subordinates. On Education Development? Your contribution to the NCO support channel ensures its overall success. “…the routine daily business of the Army is noncommissioned officer business, that is to say, execution of established policies and standards pertaining to the performance, training and conduct of enlisted personnel is the responsibility of the Noncommissioned Officer Corps. The establishment of topics, those policies and contractions standards is the theology dissertation, responsibility of the officer corps.”

CSM J. F. La Voie. SERGEANT MAJOR OF THE ARMY. 2-57. Established in 1966, the oxford brookes, Sergeant Major of the Army (SMA) is the senior enlisted position of the Army. The sergeant major in dissertation, this position serves as the senior enlisted advisor and consultant to the Chief of Staff of the Army. The SMA provides information on problems affecting enlisted personnel and proposes solutions to these problems concerning standards, professional development, growth and cae review advancement of NCOs, morale, training, pay, promotions and quality of life for soldiers and family members. 2-58. Using command information channels, the SMA keeps soldiers current on important NCO issues and through the theology topics, public media informs the American people of the Army mission, soldiers’ accomplishments and future enlisted trends. The SMA directs NCO support channel activities through the major commands’ CSMs by using written and verbal communications.

The SMA also presents the enlisted viewpoint to Congress, DA boards and for sale committees, meets with military and civilian organizations to discuss enlisted affairs, and receives and represents Army enlisted personnel at appropriate ceremonies. COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR AND SERGEANT MAJOR. 2-59. The Command Sergeant Major is the senior NCO of the command at battalion or higher levels. The CSM carries out policies and standards on performance, training, appearance and conduct of enlisted personnel. The CSM gives advice and initiates recommendations to the commander and dissertation topics staff in matters pertaining to enlisted personnel. Writing? A unit, installation, or higher headquarters CSM directs the activities of that NCO support channel.

The support channel functions orally through the CSMs or first sergeant’s call and normally does not involve written instruction. Dissertation Topics? The CSM administers the unit Noncommissioned Officer Development Program (NCODP), normally through written directives and the NCO support channel. As the senior NCO of the command, the CSM is the training professional within the unit, overseeing and science help driving the entire training program. The CSM assists the commander in determining leader tasks and training for theology dissertation NCOs. 2-60.

The CSM and commander jointly coordinate and develop the unit’s Mission Essential Task List (METL) and individual training tasks to create a team approach to battle-focused training. The CSM and NCO leaders then select the specific individual tasks, which support each collective task to be trained during this same period. CSMs use command information channels to inform, express concerns on writing essays, enlisted issues and build esprit. They also represent the theology dissertation, commander at military and civilian functions to maintain good community relations. 2-61. The Sergeant Major is science help, often the key enlisted member of the staff elements at battalion and theology dissertation higher levels. The sergeant major’s experience and ability are equal to oxford brookes creative writing, that of the unit command sergeant major, but leadership influence is theology dissertation topics, generally limited to those directly under their charge. On Education And National? The sergeant major is a subject matter expert in his technical field, primary advisor on topics, policy development, analytical reviewer of regulatory guidance and often fulfills the duties of the command sergeant major in his absence. Sergeants major also serve in non-staff and leadership positions such as Special Forces Team Sergeant Major, instructor at the Sergeants Major Academy or as the State Senior Enlisted Advisor.

Colors and Color Guards. Flags are almost as old as civilization itself. Oxford Creative? Imperial Egypt and the armies of Babylon and Assyria followed the colors of theology, their kings. Ancient texts mention banners and standards. The flag that identified nations usually were based on the personal or family heraldry of the mba admission essay, reigning monarch.

As autocracies faded or disappeared, dynastic colors were no longer suitable and national flags came into being. These national flags such as the Union Jack of Great Britain, the Tricolor of France and the Stars and Stripes are relatively new to history. Dissertation Topics? When the struggle for writing independence united the colonies, there grew a desire for a single flag to represent the new Nation. The first flag borne by dissertation our Army representing the 13 colonies was the grand union flag. It was raised over the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 2 January 1776. The Stars and Stripes as we now know it was born on science homework, 14 June 1777. The flags carried by Color-bearing units are called the national and organizational colors. The Colors may be carried in any formation in which two or more company honor guards or representative elements of a command participate. The Command Sergeant Major is responsible for the safeguarding, care and display of the organizational color. He is also responsible for the selection, training and theology dissertation topics performance of the cae review, Color bearers and Color guards.

The honorary position for the CSM is two steps to the rear and topics centered on the Color guard. Because of the importance and visibility of the essay and national development, task, it is an theology topics, honor to be a member of the on education development, Color guard. Theology Dissertation? The detail may consist of three to eight soldiers, usually NCOs. The senior (Color) sergeant carries the National Color and commands the writing, Color guard unless a person is designated as the Color sergeant. Dissertation? The Color sergeant gives the brookes, necessary commands for the movements and for rendering honors. The most important aspect of the selection, training and performance of the Color guard is the training. Training requires precision in drills, manual of arms, customs and dissertation topics courtesies and wear and papers appearance of theology topics, uniforms and insignia.

A well trained color guard at the front of unit’s formation signifies a sense of homework help, teamwork, confidence, pride, alertness, attention to topics, detail, esprit de corps and discipline. The Color Guard detail should perform its functions as much as possible in accordance with ARs 600-25, 670-1 and 840-10 and FM 22-5. FIRST SERGEANT AND MASTER SERGEANT. 2-62. Cae Review? The First Sergeant is the senior NCO in companies, batteries and troops. The position of first sergeant is similar to that of the theology, CSM in importance, responsibility and prestige.

As far back as the Revolutionary War period, first sergeants have enforced discipline, fostered loyalty and commitment in their soldiers, maintained duty rosters and made morning reports to their company commanders. Since today’s first sergeants maintain daily contact with and are responsible for training and ensuring the health and welfare of all of the unit’s soldiers and families, this position requires extraordinary leadership and professional competence. 2-63. First sergeants hold formations, instruct platoon sergeants and assist the commander in contractions writing essays, daily unit operations. Though first sergeants supervise routine administrative duties their principle duty is training soldiers.

The CSM, first sergeant and other key NCOs, must understand the organization’s collective mission essential tasks during METL-based training. Through NCO development programs, performance counseling and other guidance, first sergeants are the Army’s most important mentors in developing subordinate NCOs. 2-64. The Master Sergeant serves as the principle NCO in staff elements at battalion or higher levels. Although not charged with the enormous leadership responsibilities of the first sergeant, the master sergeant dispatches leadership and executes other duties with the same professionalism as the first sergeant. PLATOON SERGEANT AND SERGEANT FIRST CLASS. 2-65. While “Platoon Sergeant” is a duty position, not a rank, the platoon sergeant is the primary assistant and dissertation advisor to online, the platoon leader, with the responsibility of training and caring for soldiers. The platoon sergeant helps the commander to train the platoon leader and in that regard has an enormous effect on how that young officer perceives NCOs for the rest of his career. The platoon sergeant takes charge of the platoon in the absence of the platoon leader. As the theology dissertation topics, lowest level senior NCO involved in the company METL, platoon sergeants teach collective and individual tasks to soldiers in their squads, crews or equivalent small units.

2-66. The Sergeant First Class (SFC), may serve in a position subordinate to the platoon sergeant or may serve as the NCO in charge (NCOIC) of the section with all the attendant responsibilities and duties of the platoon sergeant. A platoon sergeant or sergeant first class generally has extensive military experience and can make accurate decisions in the best interest of the mission and the soldier. 2-67. Utilizing tough, realistic and intellectually and physically challenging performance-oriented training to excite and motivate soldiers, the platoon sergeant ensures Army standards are met and maintained. Additionally, the platoon sergeant must conduct cross training to promote critical wartime skills within the unit, evaluate the effectiveness of the platoon and provide training feedback to the commander and first sergeant during After-Action Reviews (AAR) on all unit collective training.

SQUAD, SECTION AND TEAM LEADERS. 2-68. Brookes Creative? Staff Sergeants, Sergeants and Corporals are normally squad, section and topics team leaders and are a critical link in the NCO channel. Cae Review? These NCOs live and work with their soldiers every day and are responsible for their health, welfare and safety. These squad, section and team leaders ensure that their soldiers meet standards in personal appearance and teach them to dissertation topics, maintain and cae review account for their individual and unit equipment and topics property.

The NCO enforces standards and develops and trains soldiers daily in MOS skills and unit missions. “NCOs should make it a point to drop by the barracks on and off duty to visit soldiers and check on oxford creative writing, their welfare.” SMA Jack L. Tilley. 2-69. The NCO teaches individual and collective training, develops unit cohesion, fosters the values of loyalty and commitment and builds spirit and confidence. The NCO evaluates performance oriented training and theology through coaching and contractions essays counseling grooms young soldiers for future positions of increased responsibility. Squad, section and dissertation topics team leaders teach everything from the making of sound and brookes creative writing timely decisions to physical training to ethics and values. You, corporals and sergeants, are the basic trainer of today’s soldiers. YOU ARE A NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER.

2-70. You as an NCO have a tough, demanding, but very rewarding job. The soldiers you lead are the heart of the Army. You lead soldiers at the action level where the dissertation topics, important day-to-day fundamental work of the Army is mission oriented. Because you live and work directly with and among soldiers, you have the best opportunity to graduate papers for sale, know them as they really are. You are the first to topics, identify and teach soldiers how to best use their strengths and help them detect and overcome their shortcomings. You are in the best position to secure the trust and confidence of soldiers by brookes leading by example. You have the advantage of a deeper understanding of soldier behavior because you were promoted directly from the dissertation, ranks that you now lead and serve.

Your soldiers will challenge you each and every day and you will be rewarded by the respect they hold for your ability as a leader. You will be successful as they follow your leadership in the difficult business of getting ready to fight and win our Nation’s wars.