5 part thesis statement

Antidepressants Don#8217;t Ease Back Pain. 5 Part Thesis. Nearly one in busy four primary care doctors prescribes antidepressants as a treatment for low back pain. Thesis. But a new report shows there#8217;s no evidence the drugs offer any relief. The finding comes from a review by the Cochrane Collaboration, a not-for-profit group that evaluates medical research. The use of subjective depression pills to treat back pain has been controversial.

Some studies have suggested a benefit while others have shown the drugs don#8217;t help. Complicating matters is the fact that depression is common among sufferers of chronic back pain, so it#8217;s not always clear if doctors are prescribing the thesis statement drugs for pain relief or as a preventative measure against depression. The Cochrane review, led by Donna Urquhart, a research fellow at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, analyzed 10 published studies that compared antidepressants to placebos in patients with low back pain. Some of the patients had ruptured discs, slipped vertebrae, pinched nerves or other problems; some were depressed, while others were free of subjective thesis depression. Most of the studies found that patients receiving antidepressants didn#8217;t experience any more pain relief than those taking a placebo, although some of the research suggested a benefit. Overall, the analysis concluded that there#8217;s no evidence that prescribing antidepressants to treat back pain relieves pain or improves function.

The researchers also found that in patients with low back pain, antidepressant treatment didn#8217;t curb depression, either. Most of the 5 part thesis studies looked at an older class of drugs called tricyclic antidepressants, although a few studies included some of the newer generation antidepressants, including the american thesis help drugs Wellbutrin and Paxil. The data are surprising because last fall The Annals of Internal Medicine published a review showing antidepressants did appear to relieve back pain. The discrepancy may be due to different ways of measuring pain relief in each review. Thesis. However, Cochrane reviews are among the most respected in medicine. Essay. A 2000 survey in The Archives of Family Medicine showed that doctors commonly prescribe antidepressants to patients with back pain.

Back pain sufferers who are using antidepressants shouldn#8217;t quit the drugs as a result of the report without talking to their doctors first. Quitting antidepressants cold turkey can be risky, triggering a series of side effects. And patients with a history of depression likely will be advised to continue treatment with the drugs. “Existing studies do not provide adequate evidence for 5 part thesis, or against the use of antidepressants in low back pain, and further research is needed,” Dr. Urquhart told the Health Behavior News Service. Literature Essay Format. “In the meantime, antidepressants should be regarded as an unproven treatment for nonspecific low back pain.” Comments are no longer being accepted. Thesis Statement. A board certified psychiatist I#8217;m not surprised by this report. Antidepressants mostly work with depressed patients with minimal character and behaviorial problems.

These drugs, and psychiatric medications generally, are vastly overprescribed. As a mental health professional I find it distressing and ethically questionable that family practice/primary care physicians are prescribing antidepressants inappropriately. Many patients do not receive adequate monitoring of help in assignment their use, and oft times when one antidepressant proves to be ineffective, the statement patient is switched to another without close monitoring. When used as intended for depression, patients benefit from talk therapy with antidepressants, or talk therapy alone. Use of antidepressants without talk therapy invariably fails the patient. To use antidepressants off label is equally as distressing and dangerous.

FPs and PCPs need to step away from their egos and refer their patients to the appropriate specialists for treament that is in the best interest of their patient, not their bottom line. Older tricyclics are routinely used to treat neurogenic or nerve generated pain, which is often one very specific part of low back pain. They are prescribed at doses much lower than they would be if used to treat a depression, and are not, in these cases, intended to treat mood. I would suggest that the confounders you mention are enough to ignore the Cochrane data for the moment until issues of busy lifestyle essay pain etiology, pain scoring and thesis statement, which symptom the medication is dream help, being prescribed for are clarifyed. 5 Part Thesis. Allow me to subjective add America#8217;s hypnotic fascination with Britney Spears psychiatric problems reflects a cultural identification with the bipolar manic phase nature of our cultural, economic and thesis, addiction to repeated unsuccessful warmaking.

I was prescribed at least five different antidepressants for herniated discs, which did not work, so now I#8217;m back on Tramadol (Ultram), which does offer some relief. Oddly, the new Ultram ER made me more depressed. It makes sense that a person in aqa gcse english writing chronic pain would indeed be depressed, depending on the degrees of the pain. It#8217;s exhausting, frustrating, and debilitating, especially for formerly active people. Pain management specialists do recommend seeing a therapist for 5 part statement, this, and I found a few sessions to be helpful. But nothing, so far, has been as helpful as a physical therapist. I#8217;m officially diagnosed with chronic pain due to lumbar failure; 4 surgeries, fusion, spinal cord stimulator over a 14-year period.

I#8217;ve been on a slew of dream thesis antidepressants and I can attest they did not do anything for the pain. 5 Part Thesis. Although stress and depression can exacerbate the overall misery they do little for the actual physical cause. (Based on my experience which is subjective and non-scientific) However, my primary care physicians never felt comfortable dealing with pain on my level. Paper. For the first 8 years I went through a series of fakers who did more harm than good, but have finally found people with thorough pain management programs that address physical, mental and use holistic as well as standard chemical treatments. Pain is extremely complicated and PCPs should understand this. I take 10 mg/day of tofranil, a trycyclic antidepressant, to 5 part thesis statement make me a little less sensitive to pain.

For treatment of busy depression this is a meaningless dose, but I believe it is effective in making me less sensitive to pain. Patients with chronic back pain need to have the primary cause of their pain treated. Surgery is usually not the right solution, and 5 part thesis statement, neither are pain-killers. Essay. What worked for me, was a combination of 5 part thesis manipulation, reconstructive ligament therapy, and exercise, described in The Lancet, July 18, 1987, pp. 143 146, authors Ongley, Klein, Dorman, Eek, and Hubert. Ib World Literature Essay. There is alot of public awareness these days on the dangers of antidepressants.

It may be the side effects (some irreversible)the addicitions, the fact that they may cause angry and crazy behaviors and suicide and many are not even FDA approved. Could the suggestion that they could have helped with pain relief is 5 part thesis statement, maybe another way of keeping them prescribed since I am hoping most people are taking a second look at these dangerous drugs and learning how to #8220;JUST SAY NO!#8221; as we were taught to do with the illegal ones , you know the drugs from the streets, not your Dr#8217;s office (the legal ones).Drugs are drugs. After years of lifestyle ineffective treatment with powerful pain killers, muscle relaxants and 5 part statement, visits to helps Pain Management Centers one doctor prescribed low dosage Amitriptyline for my burning nerve pain. The drug#8217;s effect was nearly immediate, and vastly improved my quality of life. Nothing previous to this had brought any form of relief. An appropriate emotional response to a back problem indicates a healthy mind, not a pathological one.

So why would they want to attempt to statement treat a healthy response? Are the physicians confusing an need help emotional response to feeling bad with feeling bad? The underlying studies that the Cochrane reports rely on all suffer from the same kind of 5 part thesis selection bias that plagues so-called #8220;evidence based medicine#8221; in writing the days of informed concent. 5 Part Statement. Imagine the aqa gcse scenerio: someone goes to 5 part a clinic complaining of low back pain. The physician tells them that there is a study of the effectiveness of antidepressants in the treatment of back pain and for $50 and free medicine, they can participate but there is a 50% that they will be given a placebo. The patients in in assignment considerable pain to thesis whom $50 is trivial, decline and get resl medicine.

The ones who aren#8217;t too bad participate and the study is headlined as not showing the value of treatment compared to placebo. Or even worse,the study physicians advertise in the local newspaper for back pain sufferers and so attract either intractable patients who have not improved with standard treatments or patients who are not so uncomfortable that they are willing to take a risk of not getting the actual treatment, even if the real treatment does not apparently give benefit. These kinds of studies are held up as a #8220;gold standard#8221; for medical research. Many of these studies yield counter-intuitive results that do not correspond to years of clinical experience. Research. On the one hand, the academicians in medicine say that clincal experience is 5 part thesis, what allows you to make the same mistakes with increasing conviction. Research. On the other hand, post-graduate medical education has dramatically lengthened to provide clincal experience. If it were the case that clincial experience is 5 part, so deleterious to rigorous science, why require a minimum of 5 years residency training for so many specialties? The answer to this paradox lies in the dominant driving force of modern medicine: money. Every treatment that is shown not to work saves money for insurance companies (if it doesn#8217;t work they won#8217;t pay for thesis, it) and keeping specialists in the pipeline longer slows the entry of specialists into the community and 5 part thesis statement, keeps up the salaries of specialsts. Aqa Gcse Original. I#8217;ll never forget my former internist saying to me #8220;You keep getting Strep throat, you must be depressed#8221;.

I decided to visit an ENT. It was a miracle. 5 Part Statement. A tonsilectomy cured my depression! I#8217;m not surprised by the result. Antidepressants don#8217;t actually work very well for help, depression, either. See, for example, this article: #8220;Antidepressants Versus Placebos: Meaningful Advantages Are Lacking#8221;, by Irving Kirsch, Ph.D., and 5 part, David Antonuccio, Ph.D.

Psychiatric Times, September 2002, Vol. XIX, Issue 9. A board certified psychiatist. — Posted by busy lifestyle essay MARK KLEIN, M.D. 5 Part Thesis. You#8217;re certified alright. I was prescribed Effexor for a non-psychiatric medical issue, to lifestyle do what I assume they#8217;re supposed to do for back pain kill the nerve endings to dull sensation in a certain area. At once point I was on 75 mg/day, which I later found out is 5 part statement, a LOT. English Original. I had no monitoring except at one point when i told my doctor i was taking 75/day and he said to start taking fewer over the course of statement several months. I had no noticeable change in mental state when I went on them, but when I went off them finally, last summer, I was extremely irritable for about a month (including a quite embarrassing temper tantrumesque incident while playing tennis with my boyfriend and his parents).

The irritability went away but I#8217;m shocked sometimes to think about how much medication I was on when I didn#8217;t even have the condition the FDA approved it for! On the other hand, the condition I originally had went away, so I guess it was worth it. From TPP #8212; such an interesting point. Dream Thesis Help. Who knows if the drugs helped your condition or if the 5 part statement condition just resolved on its own, over time? Also troubling that your physician didn#8217;t help you titrate off the essay drugs slowly to prevent the kind of emotional side-effects you experienced after stopping the drug.

When I was in statement practice as one of the #8220;scums of the earth#8221; better known as primary care physicians, I would have loved to have been able to turn over english writing coursework my patients to the appropriate providers. I could not because the #8220;appropriate#8221; providers rarely had appointments available for my patients, when they did, they spent less than 15 minutes doing #8220;medication checks#8221;, and did not provide samples for the patients who could not afford medicines. Thesis. As for dropping my ego, did that a long time ago. As for my bottom line, that got crushed having to spend 30-60 minutes with depressed patients who could not be seen by thesis specialists, and getting little to no reimbursement in return. Let#8217;s stop the statement brickbats between medical disciplines and figure out what works for our patients.

Unbelievable. Prescribing anti-depressants for back pain is but one more glaring example of the subjective thesis rampant epidemic of inappropriate #8216;legalized#8217; drug abuse in this country. I was on amitrypteline intermittently for thesis statement, chronic back pain (between 10 and help, 50 mg), then switched to 5 part thesis statement nortrypteline in essay format an effort to minimize the side effects of thesis statement weight gain and constipation. Both of these drugs were originally intended to treat depression. Both gave me some initial weeks of relief and then faded to aqa gcse english coursework have no effect whatsoever. Being in pain constantly can lead to depression, as it did with me. The side effects of these drugs were a challenge and 5 part statement, my pain-related depression was not alleviated. Thesis. After weaning off the pharmaceuticals I discovered the magic of fish oil 3000 mg a day has drastically reduced my pain, evened out mood in a very subtle way, improved my good cholesterol and as an unintended, but welcome consequence, improved my skin. FISH OIL!!

This is all part of thesis statement my effort to adhere to an #8220;anti-inflammatory#8221; diet. Healing through nutrition is the best solution I#8217;ve found in nearly three years of roller-coaster pain management, and dozens of modalities of intervention. Brian (#14)You could be right. Anyone trying for the White House, as I did this year, suggests someone is not quite in their right mind! Definitely back on the right mental track having lost badly in need help the New Hampshire primary and left the thesis statement race to english original writing coursework resume my sweet life in my little spot of Oakland paradise.

I got out and about in 5 part thesis Iowa and New Hampshire to meet the voters face to face. Really think this country gone more than a little nuts with casino gambling just about everywhere, people drowning themselves in paper debt, and a bread and circuses cultural milieu. I billed myself as the 5 part thesis statement #8220;National Shrink#8221;. I should have known I was going to lose. People usually didn#8217;t come to see me until they hit bottom in one form or another. The dark side of aqa gcse coursework that observation is sometimes democracies in deep crisis wait too long and end up with elected tyranies like the 5 part thesis statement Nazis.

On the subject of antidepressants the paper helps reason people sometimes suicide on thesis them is not the drugs per se but inappropriate prescribing. When folks with characteriological or behaviorial disturbances take them, as they improve they sometimes can#8217;t accept what hash they#8217;be made of their lives. A few comments, based on thirty years practicing internal medicine-we need to busy distinguish acute low back pain, which is usually self limited and likely to 5 part improve regardless of treatment, from chronic low back pain which often responds poorly to any treatment. A trial of low dose antidepressants seems worthwhile given the research helps lack of other effective therapies. Low doses of certain antidepressants may have analgesic effects separate from the 5 part thesis antidepressant effects seen at higher doses.

Higher doses may benefit the patient with concommitant depression. Statistical analyses ignore the fact that people vary widely in their response to therapies, and help, may conclude a therapy is ineffective, even when a subset of patients derive substantial benefit. We are not identical units off the 5 part statement assembly line. The antidepressants Wellbutrin and dream thesis, Prozac together work terrifically well for me, one who#8217;s suffered depression for thesis statement, 40 years. Dream Thesis Help. In my extended family, over statement generations, are many whose bodies either do not utilize well, or do not produce enough neurotransmitters. We respond very well to antidepressants. An unanticipated bonus has been that symptoms of muscle and back pain, headaches, tiredness, protracted and severe menstrual cramps, and more, are largely relieved. Essay. Just one families#8217; experience, but it is a real one. Stories like this make me so sad. I have nothing but compassion for 5 part, sufferers of pain and depression, mostly because I know that the drug dealers we call doctors will only reach for the prescription pad when it comes to busy addressing their issues. Several years ago I went through all this nonsense during a very bad bout of depression.

I was diagnosed as bipolar (I#8217;m not.) and then the so-called experts threw up their hands because I didn#8217;t respond well to any of the drugs. In the end I decided to take control of my own health. I reduced the stress in statement my life, I cut out most caffeine, stopped eating junk food, lost weight, got a job I didn#8217;t hategradually the depression lifted. As for thesis, my chronic lower back painyoga made it disappear. It took several years, but I know that I would have found no answers from 5 part thesis statement what I call the disease-management industry. Of course everyone#8217;s situation is essay, different, but sometimes the answer is right there in your hands.

Most prescription drugs according to valid scientific studies seem to do little or nothing exceptional for patients when the so-called #8220;gold standard#8221; is used, Except for 5 part thesis, generating profits most prescription drugs are casual in dream thesis help more deaths and harm than many of the disease listed leading causes of death. So this finding is 5 part thesis, no surprise to anyone who follows the latest reports about prescription drugs including the statins, psychotropices, the #8220;off-label#8221; and the placebo prescribing patterns of american dream physicians. I have been told for years by varoius doctors that anti-depressents would help my back pain. I have severe scoliosis and 5 part thesis statement, a disk that is almost gone at L5-S1 and a host of other back problems ,probably all related to scoliosis and 30 years of constuction work. About three years ago I went to help in assignment a pain clinic and was sent for an MRI. Wow was all I could say when I looked at 5 part statement the train wreck that was supposed to be my spine. It was no wonder I was in so much pain.

I had a herniated disk two fused, two bulging disks and arthritis in coursework the spine not to mention the rest of the fun things that go along with scoliosis. Thesis. I saw the Doctor for appx six months when Cymbalta hit the market. Writing. Next thing you know My Doc wants me to try it as she says it will help with the pain. Well to make a long story short all the Cymbalta did was to send me into deep dive. If you read the fine print, the information sheet that comes attached to the Rx it says that some people do not respond to 5 part statement treatment at essay all. I think the 5 part thesis number was something like 1 in 1000. Well I am that one. Not only did the drug do nothing for my back pain but I became so depressed that for 4 of the research paper helps 6 weeks I took the 5 part thesis statement drug I hardly did the subjective thesis dishes, didn#8217;t play with my dog and 5 part thesis, was miserable.

But, I thought as my Dr. Subjective Thesis. had said the bad side effects would be worth the 5 part statement relief I would gain. Wrong. Literature Format. The drug did nothing for my pain and 5 part statement, almost killed me. I am the one in american dream a thousand that anti-depressents do not work for. Over the years I have tried about all of them as the Drs always said I was depressed, well no doubt. I am in constant pain, It does not take a Doctor to think that maybe depression and chronic pain go hand in 5 part hand. The problem lies when Dr.s refuse to listen to the patient. I told my Dr. that anti-depressents do not work for in assignment, me. but, she almost forced me to take it. I was afraid she would discharge me for arguing with her. So I tried this new drug for 6 weeks after week 2 I started feeling worse than I did before but I continued thinking maybe things would turn, around-they didn#8217;t. I could go on 5 part forever about how bad I felt.

What finally did help my depression was the the American Pain Foundation and their discussion boards and chats for busy essay, those who suffer from chronic pain. There I can talk to others about pain w/o feeling like I am talking to a rock. My freinds didn#8217;t want to hear me, my family didn#8217;t either. But finally I found a group of people who listened and cared about how I felt. Talking helps but you need someone to statement listen. Anti-depressents work for some I am sure, but for me they didn#8217;t. Busy. They made me feel worse and convincing my Doctor was another story. 5 Part. She had a handful of dream thesis reasons why I thought they didn#8217;t work. All I know is yes I am depressed. heck I am in pain 24/7 it makes sense.

But for 5 part thesis, her to in assignment not beleive me when I told her was just plain wrong. Their was a time when their were no ads on TV for pharmacuticles, but since that has changed and 5 part thesis, the way drug companies push their drugs on our population is wrong. They tell us take one of these and you will feel better. Well maybe for some but not all of us. I am so glad to see this article and study. I know I am still depressed but I know I can talk abou it without being judged now. I am in pain that is dream help, a given, I am depressed, that makes sense. I have no idea when or if the Social Security folks will allow me a hearing, I have been waiting almost two years. 5 Part Statement. In my state(Alaska)you need a determination from dream thesis Social Security before they will give you any medical help. 5 Part Thesis Statement. But I will tell you this anti-depressants did not help with any of my problems and I finally did find a Dr. who listened and believed me when I told her that.

That was unexpected but I felt much better finally hearing her say #8220;well if they don#8217;t work, we won#8217;t go down that road#8221;. I will continue to wait for medical help from my state and I will be in pain untill then and maybe after also, but I will never take another anti-depressent again. I will continue to english be a member of the American Pain Foundation, as there I can talk about thesis, my pain freely and that helps my depression and that helps my pain. It is a viscous circle, chronic pain and depression. For the drug companies to american thesis help make claims like this is 5 part thesis, part of the game But you have to stand up for youself and let your Dr. know when something isn#8217;t working. Do not let them talk you into something you do not want or are unsure of. Lokk it up, do some reasearch and need help in assignment, then share it with your provider.

Be careful not to 5 part thesis statement come off sounding like a #8220;internet know it all#8221; that will just cause more problems. Be an lifestyle essay informed patient and let your Doc know you are going to check up on what they prescribe. And read, read, read, do not just blindly take anything they prescribe. Ask your pharmacist they are a wealth of information and often are glad to have a customer ask questions. They often know more about the drugs effects than your Dr. anyway as they see more people who take the drugs the Dr.s are prescribing. Thank you for 5 part thesis, publishing this article, and thank you for reading this comment. Literature Essay Format. I apologize for getting off track, but it was so neat to see this study I just had to tell everybody how it affected me. Anti-depressents have their place but not in my medicine cabinet!

I#8217;ve had chronic lower back pain for almost 9 years. When it started and the pain was acute, my doctor put me on Nortriptyline because the pain was so bad, I could not stay asleep. It did help me sleep, but it gave me intense sugar cravings, and I gained a LOT of weight. I think what I really needed were better pain meds and 5 part statement, a decent physical therapist. I was told to walk, but my gait was off due to planar fasciitis, so it just made things worse.

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nih r36 dissertation National Institutes of 5 part thesis statement, Health (NIH) National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Drug Abuse Dissertation Research (R36) September 22, 2016 - This PAR has been reissued as PA-16-443. March 15, 2016 - Notice to Extend PAR-13-182. See Notice NOT-DA-16-019. NOT-OD-16-004 - NIH AHRQ Announce Upcoming Changes to Policies, Instructions and Forms for 2016 Grant Applications (November 18, 2015) NOT-OD-16-006 - Simplification of the Vertebrate Animals Section of help, NIH Grant Applications and Contract Proposals (November 18, 2015) NOT-OD-16-011 - Implementing Rigor and Transparency in NIH AHRQ Research Grant Applications (November 18, 2015) June 3, 2014 - Notice NOT-14-074 supersedes instructions in Section III.3 regarding applications that are essentially the same. August 21, 2013: Removed reference to ASSIST in section IV.3, since ASSIST is currently only available for multi-project applications.

May 30, 2013 (NOT-OD-13-074) - NIH to Require Use of Updated Electronic Application Forms for Due Dates on or after September 25, 2013. Forms-C applications are required for due dates on or after September 25, 2013. April 12, 2013 - See Notice NOT-DA-13-023. Notice to Amend Section IV. Application and thesis statement, Submission Information. The purpose of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) is to american thesis help invite applications for support of drug abuse doctoral dissertation research. Standard dates apply, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization. Applicants are encouraged to apply early to allow adequate time to make any corrections to errors found in the application during the submission process by the due date. Standard AIDS dates apply, by 5:00 PM local time of applicant organization.

New Date September 8, 2016 per issuance of NOT-DA-16-019. (Original Expiration Date: May 8, 2016 ) Required Application Instructions. It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide, except where instructed to do otherwise (in this FOA or in a Notice from the NIH Guide for thesis statement Grants and Contracts ). Conformance to all requirements (both in the Application Guide and the FOA) is required and strictly enforced. Applicants must read and follow all application instructions in need in assignment, the Application Guide as well as any program-specific instructions noted in Section IV. When the program-specific instructions deviate from those in the Application Guide, follow the program-specific instructions. Applications that do not comply with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) announces the availability of NIH Dissertation Award grants (R36) to support drug abuse doctoral dissertation research in thesis statement, NIDA areas of priority (http://www.drugabuse.gov/funding/funding-priorities ). Areas of focus include research on basic and clinical neuroscience and behavior, developmental trajectories, epidemiology, prevention, treatment, services, and/or women and ib world literature, sex/gender differences. Grant support is designed to encourage doctoral candidates from a variety of thesis statement, academic disciplines and programs to conduct research in these areas of interest to NIDA. It is hoped that this program will ultimately facilitate the entry of busy lifestyle essay, promising new investigators into the field of drug abuse research and promote transdisciplinary collaborations. Accordingly the NIH continues to encourage institutions to diversify their student and thesis statement, faculty populations and thus to increase the participation of individuals currently underrepresented in dream thesis help, the biomedical, behavioral, clinical and social sciences such as: individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups, individuals with disabilities, and individuals from socially, culturally, economically, or educationally disadvantaged backgrounds that have inhibited their ability to pursue a career in statement, health-related research. Institutions are encouraged to essay identify candidates who will increase diversity on a national or institutional basis.

The NIH is particularly interested in encouraging the recruitment and retention of the following classes of 5 part thesis statement, candidates: A. Individuals from racial and ethnic groups that have been shown by the National Science Foundation to be underrepresented in health-related sciences on a national basis (see data at busy essay http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/showpub.cfm?TopID=2SubID=27 and the most recent report on 5 part Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering). The following racial and ethnic groups have been shown to be underrepresented in busy lifestyle essay, biomedical research: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders. In addition, it is 5 part statement recognized that underrepresentation can vary from setting to setting; individuals from busy lifestyle essay, racial or ethnic groups that can be convincingly demonstrated to statement be underrepresented by the grantee institution should be encouraged to participate in this program. B. Individuals with disabilities, who are defined as those with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. C. Individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds who are defined as: 1. Individuals who come from a family with an annual income below established low-income thresholds. These thresholds are based on family size; published by the U.S. Bureau of the Census; adjusted annually for changes in the Consumer Price Index; and adjusted by lifestyle essay the Secretary for use in all health professions programs. The Secretary periodically publishes these income levels at HHS - Poverty Guidelines, Research, and Measurement.

For individuals from low income backgrounds, the institution must be able to demonstrate that such participants have qualified for 5 part Federal disadvantaged assistance or they have received any of the following student loans: Health Professions Student Loans (HPSL), Loans for Disadvantaged Student Program, or they have received scholarships from the U.S. Department of aqa gcse original coursework, Health and Human Services under the Scholarship for Individuals with Exceptional Financial Need. 2. Individuals who come from a social, cultural, or educational environment such as that found in certain rural or inner-city environments that have demonstrably and recently directly inhibited the individual from 5 part thesis, obtaining the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to thesis develop and participate in a research career. Recruitment and thesis, retention of individuals from disadvantaged background (C1 and C2) are most applicable to high school and perhaps undergraduate candidates, but would be more difficult to justify for writing coursework individuals beyond that level of achievement. Recent national data on doctorates earned by underrepresented minority U.S. 5 Part? citizens and permanent residents demonstrates a coninuing need to enhance diversity (http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/sed/2011/start.cfm ). NIDA supports more than 85 percent of the world's research on research the health aspects of drug abuse and addiction. Research supported by 5 part thesis NIDA encompasses basic, behavioral, and applied sciences related to the underlying mechanisms and ib world format, health effects of drugs of abuse.

This FOA is to provide students with grant-in-aid support to perform drug abuse dissertation research on a topic related to the study of development, epidemiology, prevention, treatment, services, or women and sex/gender differences, and thesis statement, thereby increase the pool of highly talented drug abuse scientists who conduct research in these areas. The descriptions below are examples of the research foci of busy essay, this grant program and are provided to thesis guide potential applicants to english writing coursework determine whether a given scientific topic may be appropriate for this initiative. These descriptions are not intended to be comprehensive. In addition, given the complexity of drug abuse research, it is permitted to statement conduct the proposed dissertation research in original coursework, conjunction with an 5 part thesis statement ongoing research study or to use extant data. Research studies focused on american dream help HIV/AIDS and Health Disparities are encouraged.

Studies of multiple factors that influence drug use outcomes. 5 Part Thesis Statement? That is, studies that examine genetic, neurological, biomedical, familial, behavioral, environmental, social, cultural, developmental, psychopathological, and psychological factors, their interactions, and mediating characteristics. Studies of the underlying physiological and psychosocial mechanisms associated with the subjective thesis transition from lower to higher levels of drug involvement and from higher levels of drug involvement to dependence and addiction. Development and improvement of 5 part statement, techniques for research paper helps studying drug abuse, including enhancements in measurement, development of improved sampling procedures, and refinement of analytic methods for diverse populations across human development. Development of innovative approaches to identify both physical (ecological) and 5 part, social environmental/contextual characteristics of local communities that influence drug use, emerging drug use patterns, and adverse drug-related outcomes. Delineation of the underlying dynamic causal mechanisms associated with drug use patterns and adverse drug-related outcomes by integrating individual, family, peer and subjective thesis, community level factors. Mechanistic studies and research that address critical time points in development which may influece risk or resilience are of interest. Studies of emerging trends (e.g., club drugs, illicit prescription drug abuse, tobacco and other smoke products, etc.), including studies that relate these trends to influences such as changes in social attitudes, new drugs of 5 part thesis statement, abuse, new patterns of social interaction and social media, new technologies, new drug trafficking patterns, and similar macro-level changes. Research on drug use and drug-related consequences among racial/ethnic minority groups and other underserved populations. This includes studies that uncover the basis for racial/ethnic disparities in drug use and social, behavioral, and health outcomes related to drug use across development. Research to busy essay assess the impact of 5 part, mental health interventions in childhood on subsequent drug abuse.

Studies to assess the nature, scope, and consequences of drug-related trauma, violence and crime including violent and nonviolent crime, interpersonal violence, and substance abuse and subjective thesis, other comorbid physical and mental health problems. Research to assess the impact of drug use on adverse behavioral, social, and health consequences (e.g., trauma, violence, educational attainment, HIV) as well as the role of adverse consequences on 5 part thesis further drug involvement. Studies that apply insights from aqa gcse english original, genetics, neurobiology, neurocognition, and physiology to inform prevention interventions and test the effects of prevention interventions. Studies on the efficacy and/or effectiveness of drug abuse prevention programs and strategies that are widely used but largely untested. Studies to develop and test the efficacy/effectiveness of interventions adapted for different contexts, for statement example health care settings and paper helps, schools.

Methodological research to improve the analysis of complex prevention trial data—for example, statistical modeling for multi-level data, analysis of longitudinal data, and research examining complex interactions between qualitative and quantitative outcome data. Studies on the adoption, implementation, and sustainability of evidence-based drug abuse prevention interventions, including analysis of process data to determine factors that account for quality of implementation and outcomes, or program sustainability. Pilot drug abuse or drug-related HIV prevention studies designed to identify novel approaches to risk reduction, such as through new technologies or new modalities. Research aimed at developing improved alcohol and statement, drug abuse prevention strategies for high risk populations such as subgroups with elevated rates of substance use, children of substance users, and underage drinkers. Behavioral and integrative treatment research at busy essay NIDA is guided by a stage model of therapy development.

For a detailed description of this model, as well as NIDA's therapy development and testing priorities, please see the Behavioral Therapies Development Program Announcements at: (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-13-078.html; https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-13-077.html; https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/PA-files/PA-13-079.html). Examples of behavioral treatment research appropriate for this announcement include, but are not limited to the following: Utilizing genetic, neurobiological, neuropsychological, behavioral, or other diagnostic data to 5 part thesis tailor treatment to specific subgroups. Utilizing relevant research from the animal model literature (e.g., avoidance and impulsivity paradigms) to develop or improve treatments/interventions. Utilizing relevant research from the original writing coursework developmental (e.g., basic research on familial and peer influences during adolescence) or social psychology (e.g., basic research on stereotyping) literatures to improve treatments. Stage I studies developing or adapting behavioral interventions that promote adherence to drug and alcohol abuse pharmacotherapy. Adapting/modifying evidence-based treatments for use in 5 part, non-traditional and community settings, into community-friendly formats (e.g., individual to group, briefer formats, less intensive delivery, computer-assisted delivery, etc.), and evaluating their resulting potency. Developing sleep hygiene modules for incorporation into help in assignment drug abuse treatment protocols for drug abusers with insomnia. Developing and assessing treatment provider training procedures for evidence-based treatments (e.g., computerizing training procedures; this can include initial training as well as supervision requirements). Developing interventions to promote adherence to medical treatment regimens in 5 part, HIV+ drug users.

Computerizing, or partially computerizing evidence-based treatments for substance abuse disorders, as well as for aqa gcse english original writing HIV prevention interventions for individuals in drug abuse treatment. Developing interventions to reduce pain in individuals addicted to statement prescription drugs, non-drug abusing populations, or individuals with chronic pain. Research involving secondary analyses of existing behavioral treatment research data sets to identify predictors, moderators, or mediators of treatment outcome, mechanisms of action of treatment, or secondary effects of treatment on participants in essay, various contexts (e.g., peer group, school, work, family) or on participants' family members (e.g., children). Conducting secondary analysis of combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment clinical trials. Research on instrument development and/or psychometric analysis of 5 part statement, tools for the clinical assessment of drug abuse, treatment efficacy, treatment fidelity, and HIV risk, or for constructs believed to be related to mechanisms of action of behavioral treatment efficacy. Research to develop and test a therapy module to be added to an existing therapy to address targeted issues (e.g., adding an HIV risk reduction module to a family therapy for subjective drug-abusing adolescents).

Research to 5 part thesis integrate innovative health technologies into new or existing behavioral and integrative treatments. Research testing a principle of behavior change among drug-abusers in treatment (e.g., by aqa gcse coursework adding more frequent or multi-method assessments to an existing study in order to track behavior change over time). Development of improved medication compliance markers. Development of medications to treat Substance Related Disorders, including medications for smoking cessation. Studies of the neurodevelopmental differences among adolescents in the neurobiological processing of drug-related information, as well as differences in general reward valuation, and reinforcement (both positive and negative) in laboratory decision-making or imaging paradigms relevant to treatment development. Studies of 5 part, developmental cognitive processes of rewards, losses, social cues in decision-making, and aqa gcse english original coursework, value incentives that are relevant to treatment and integration of relevant developmental cognitive processes into the development of treatments.

Studies to inform our understanding of how peer influence contributes to decision making processes in group treatment settings. Studies that use neuroimaging and other techniques to characterize specific neurobiological circuitry during adolescence to inform treatment development (e.g., to determine incentive-motivational circuitry that can be are involved in emotional regulation, drug seeking, addiction, reward, relapse, and thesis, maintenance of behavioral change). Studies to assess the impact of ib world format, financing and 5 part thesis statement, organizational and managerial factors on access to and use, quality, efficiency, costs, and outcomes of prevention and treatment services. Research to measure the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and american, cost-benefits of drug abuse prevention and treatment services. Drug abuse service delivery systems and models, such as continuity of care, development of thesis, therapeutic rapport, service linkages and integration models.

Studies that advance the need help in assignment adoption and implementation of thesis, evidence-based drug abuse prevention and treatment interventions into service delivery systems (e.g., specialty care, primary care, criminal justice, child welfare). Drug abuse treatment and thesis, prevention services for HIV seropositive patients and for those at risk of HIV infection and other diseases that are a consequence of drug abuse. Studies focusing on management strategies (e.g., work team models, quality management) and business practices aimed at improving the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of drug abuse treatment and prevention services. Research focusing on the development or improvement of research methods---including but not limited to study design, measurement, data collection, and analytic procedures---for studying the societal impact of drug abuse and/or the delivery, quality, outcomes, and economics of drug abuse prevention or treatment services. Through this dissertation award program, NIDA seeks to 5 part thesis foster research on females (both humans and in helps, animal models) and sex/gender differences in all areas of 5 part statement, drug abuse research. From basic cellular and american dream, genetics research to epidemiology, prevention, treatment, and services research, investigators are encouraged to explore the possible importance of sex/gender differences in thesis statement, their chosen area of study and to research paper helps explore drug abuse issues specific to females. Examples of research areas include, but are not limited to the following: Sex/Gender differences in the basic behavioral, physiological, neurobiological and genetic mechanisms underlying drug abuse and addiction; and laboratory (both human and animal), clinical, and 5 part, epidemiological studies of thesis, sex/gender differences in the determinants of initiation, progression, maintenance of drug use and addiction, and responsiveness to thesis statement treatment. Laboratory (both human and help, animal), field, and 5 part, clinical research aimed at: (1) identifying sex/gender differences in subjective thesis, the consequences of drug use, abuse, and addiction following acute use, chronic use, as well as residual effects following prolonged abstinence, and (2) examining drug-related consequences that are unique to females.

Clinical studies aimed at characterizing sex differences in the effects of drug exposure on the developing brain, or studies aimed at detecting sex differences in acute and chronic drug use effects (and abstinence effects) on the brains of children, adolescents and adults. The application of sex/gender-specific theories and empirical research on 5 part the origins, pathways, and risk and protective factors related to drug use, progression/transition, and maintenance, to the design, development, and testing of gender-sensitive prevention and treatment strategies and ib world literature essay format, interventions to determine effectiveness and efficacy. The development and testing of theoretically-based drug treatment approaches (including behavioral treatment and pharmacotherapies) that address sex/gender-specific topics related to the effective and efficient delivery of drug abuse treatment services. The development and evaluation of sex/gender-specific interventions directed at preventing HIV infection and treating HIV/AIDS among drug using populations. For additional background and 5 part statement, research areas of interest dealing with women and essay, sex/gender differences, see https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/pa-files/PA-11-047.html. Questions on the relevance of a particular research topic to NIDA's scientific mission and other questions about this FOA should be addressed to the program contact listed under INQUIRIES. 5 Part? Potential applicants are strongly encouraged to discuss their application with the lifestyle appropriate program contact. HIV/AIDS Counseling and Testing Policy for the National Institute on Drug Abuse: In light of recent significant advances in rapid testing for HIV and in thesis statement, effective treatments for HIV, NIDA has revised its 2001 policy on HIV counseling and testing. Busy Lifestyle? NIDA-funded researchers are strongly encouraged to provide and/or refer research subjects to HIV risk reduction education and 5 part thesis, education about the benefits of HIV treatment, counseling and testing, referral to treatment, and other appropriate interventions to prevent acquisition and transmission of HIV.

This policy applies to all NIDA funded research conducted domestically or internationally. For more information see https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-DA-07-013.html. National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse Recommended Guidelines for subjective thesis the Administration of Drugs to Human Subjects: The National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse (NACDA) recognizes the importance of research involving the administration of drugs with abuse potential, and statement, dependence or addiction liability, to human subjects. Potential applicants are encouraged to obtain and review these recommendations of Council before submitting an application that will administer compounds to english human subjects. The guidelines are available on NIDA's Web site at. Points to Consider Regarding Tobacco Industry Funding of NIDA Applicants: The National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse (NACDA) encourages NIDA and its grantees to statement consider the lifestyle points it has set forth with regard to existing or prospective sponsored research agreements with tobacco companies or their related entities and the impact of acceptance of 5 part thesis statement, tobacco industry funding on NIDA's credibility and reputation within the scientific community. Please see (http://ww2.drugabuse.gov/about/organization/nacda/points-to-consider.html) for details.

Data Harmonization for Substance Abuse and Addiction via the PhenX Toolkit: NIDA strongly encourages investigators involved in human-subjects studies to employ a common set of tools and resources that will promote the collection of in assignment, comparable data across studies and to 5 part statement do so by incorporating the measures from the Core and Specialty collections, which are available in the Substance Abuse and Addiction Collection of the PhenX Toolkit (www.phenxtoolkit.org). Please see NOT-DA-12-008 (https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-DA-12-008.html) for further details. Grant: A support mechanism providing money, property, or both to an eligible entity to carry out an approved project or activity. The OER Glossary and the SF424 (RR) Application Guide provide details on thesis these application types. The number of awards is contingent upon NIH appropriations and statement, the submission of a sufficient number of meritorious applications.

Grants to support dissertation research will provide no more than $50,000 in direct costs per essay, year. The maximum period is two years, with the possibility of 5 part thesis statement, extension without additional funds for subjective up to 12 months. NIH grants policies as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement will apply to the applications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA. Higher Education Institutions. Public/State Controlled Institutions of Higher Education Private Institutions of Higher Education.

The following types of Higher Education Institutions are always encouraged to apply for NIH support as Public or Private Institutions of Higher Education: Hispanic-serving Institutions Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs) Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions Asian American Native American Pacific Islander Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs) Non-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions) are not eligible to apply. Non-domestic (non-U.S.) components of U.S. Organizations are not eligible to 5 part thesis statement apply. Applicant organizations must complete and maintain the following registrations as described in the SF 424 (RR) Application Guide to be eligible to apply for or receive an award. All registrations must be completed prior to in assignment the application being submitted. Registration can take 6 weeks or more, so applicants should begin the registration process as soon as possible. The NIH Policy on 5 part thesis Late Submission of Grant Applications states that failure to complete registrations in advance of a due date is not a valid reason for a late submission. Dun and Bradstreet Universal Numbering System (DUNS) - All registrations require that applicants be issued a DUNS number.

After obtaining a DUNS number, applicants can begin both SAM and eRA Commons registrations. The same DUNS number must be used for dream all registrations, as well as on the grant application. System for Award Management (SAM) (formerly CCR) – Applicants must complete and maintain an active registration, which requires renewal at least annually . The renewal process may require as much time as the initial registration. Thesis Statement? SAM registration includes the subjective assignment of a Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) Code for domestic organizations which have not already been assigned a CAGE Code. NATO Commercial and 5 part thesis statement, Government Entity (NCAGE) Code – Foreign organizations must obtain an NCAGE code (in lieu of a CAGE code) in order to register in SAM. eRA Commons - Applicants must have an active DUNS number and SAM registration in order to complete the need help in assignment eRA Commons registration. Organizations can register with the eRA Commons as they are working through their SAM or Grants.gov registration. eRA Commons requires organizations to identify at least one Signing Official (SO) and at least one Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) account in order to submit an 5 part application. Grants.gov – Applicants must have an active DUNS number and SAM registration in order to complete the Grants.gov registration.

Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) The PD/PI must have an lifestyle essay eRA Commons account and should work with their organizational officials to either create a new account or to affiliate an existing account with the applicant organization’s eRA Commons account. If the PD/PI is thesis statement also the organizational Signing Official, they must have two distinct eRA Commons accounts, one for each role. Ib World? Obtaining an eRA Commons account can take up to 2 weeks. Any individual with the skills, knowledge, and resources necessary to carry out the proposed research as the thesis Program Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) is invited to work with his/her organization to develop an aqa gcse english original coursework application for support. Accordingly the statement NIH encourages institutions to diversify their student and faculty populations and thus to increase the participation of individuals currently underrepresented in the biomedical, clinical, behavioral, and social sciences such as: individuals from underrepresented racial and ethnic groups, individuals with disabilities, and individuals from american dream, socially, culturally, economically, or educationally disadvantaged backgrounds that have inhibited their ability to pursue a career in health-related research. Institutions are encouraged to identify candidates who will increase diversity on a national or institutional basis. For the purpose of this announcement, institutions are encouraged to identify applicants who will increase diversity on a national basis.

As indicated in Section I, the NIH is thesis particularly interested in encouraging the recruitment and retention of the literature following classes of candidates: A. Individuals from racial and ethnic groups that have been shown by the National Science Foundation to be underrepresented in health-related sciences on thesis statement a national basis (see most recent data and report at http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/wmpd/). English Original? The following racial and ethnic groups have been shown to be underrepresented in biomedical research: Blacks or African Americans, Hispanics or Latinos, American Indians or Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and 5 part thesis, other Pacific Islanders. B. Individuals with disabilities, who are defined as those with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities. C. Individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds who are defined as:

Individuals who come from a social, cultural, or educational environment such as that found in certain rural or inner-city environments that have demonstrably and recently directly inhibited the literature format individual from obtaining the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to develop and participate in a research career. The applicant must have a baccalaureate degree and be enrolled in a Ph.D. or equivalent doctoral-degree program (e.g., Dr. PH., D.NSC. and 5 part thesis statement, Sc.D.), a formally combined M.D. /Ph.D. program or other combined professional/clinical and research doctoral program in paper, the biomedical, behavioral and social, and clinical sciences at an accredited domestic institution. This FOA does not require cost sharing as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement . Applicant organizations may submit more than one application, provided that each application is scientifically distinct. NIH will not accept any application that is essentially the 5 part same as one already reviewed within the dream help past thirty-seven months (as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement ), except for submission: To an RFA of an application that was submitted previously as an investigator-initiated application but not paid; Of an investigator-initiated application that was originally submitted to an RFA but not paid; or Of an 5 part thesis application with a changed grant activity code. Applicants must download the SF424 (RR) application package associated with this funding opportunity using the research paper “Apply for Grant Electronically” button in this FOA or following the directions provided at Grants.gov. It is critical that applicants follow the instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide, except where instructed in this funding opportunity announcement to do otherwise. 5 Part Thesis Statement? Conformance to the requirements in the Application Guide is required and strictly enforced.

Applications that are out of compliance with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review. All page limitations described in the SF424 Application Guide and the Table of Page Limits must be followed. The forms package associated with this FOA includes all applicable components, required and optional. Please note that some components marked optional in subjective, the application package are required for submission of 5 part thesis, applications for this FOA. Follow all instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide to ensure you complete all appropriate “optional” components.

All instructions in paper, the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed. All instructions in statement, the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed. All instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed. All instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed. Biographical Sketches: Biographical Sketches must be provided as attachments for each Senior/Key Person. The mentor is considered a key person on the proposed project and his/her profile must be included under the Senior/Key Person Profile(s) Component. For the doctoral candidate, the attached Biographical Sketch must also contain a scientific autobiography in aqa gcse original, the Personal Statement that states his/her career goals, including reference to their interest in the specific areas of research designated in this FOA and a description of their intended career trajectory. This information will be used by NIDA program staff to determine how the proposed study addresses program priorities.

All instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed. All instructions in thesis, the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed. All instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed. All instructions in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide must be followed, with the following additional instructions. Specific Aims: State concisely the goals of the proposed research and summarize the expected outcome(s), including the busy essay impact that the results of the proposed research will exert on the research field(s) involved. Research Strategy: The subheadings within the Research Strategy Section of the applications should remain Significance, Innovation, and Approach as described in the SF424 Application guide, but the expectation is thesis statement that the information outlined here will be conveyed within this portion of the application.

The applicant must provide a narrative project description that contains a detailed scientific and technical discussion of the in assignment following specific points: a. A description of the research project and what it is 5 part thesis statement intended to accomplish. b. A summary of related published research that addresses the identified problem(s). c. The questions to thesis be answered or the hypotheses to be tested by the project. d. The methodological procedures to be followed and, whenever applicable, information on such matters as sampling procedures, including the 5 part thesis statement size and composition of the population to be studied and the size and composition of the sample and control groups, as well as a description of the american dream types and sources of data to be gathered, methodological problems to 5 part statement be encountered, specific statistical analyses to be used, and steps that will be taken to protect human subjects. e. The management of the project including a schedule of the thesis main steps of the proposed investigation. Letters of Support: The application must include a letter or recommendation from the student's program advisor or program chair in support of the thesis statement candidate and the proposed research dissertation. Letters of support should include information on english writing the student's academic standing as well as a commitment from the school to implement the study as proposed. A Certification Letter from the faculty committee or university official directly responsible for supervising the 5 part thesis development and progress of the dissertation research must be submitted with the application. This typically comes from the student’s dissertation committee chair or program chair. The letter must: (a) fully identify the members of the dissertation committee and ib world essay, certify their approval of the dissertation proposal; (b) certify that all requirements for the doctoral degree, except the dissertation and, if necessary, the 5 part statement clinical internship, are completed or will be completed by thesis the time the grant award starts; (c) note that the university official or faculty committee expects the doctoral candidate to proceed with the thesis statement approved project proposal with or without NIDA support; and aqa gcse original, (d) briefly describe the facilities and statement, resources for the project and need in assignment, certify that they are adequate to conduct the proposed research.

Since only one attachment is 5 part thesis statement allowed for the Letters of Support item of the ib world literature Research Plan form, applicants must combine all letters into one file. Thesis? For cases in which the certification and support letters would be provided by the same person, one letter addressing both issues will be acceptable. Resource Sharing Plan : Individuals are required to comply with the instructions for the Resource Sharing Plans (Data Sharing Plan, Sharing Model Organisms, and Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) as provided in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide. Appendix: Do not use the essay Appendix to circumvent page limits. Follow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide with the following additional instruction: A copy of an 5 part statement official transcript of the applicant's graduate school record should be included in the Appendix. Part I. Overview Information contains information about need in assignment Key Dates. Applicants are encouraged to thesis submit applications before the due date to ensure they have time to make any application corrections that might be necessary for successful submission. Organizations must submit applications to Grants.gov, the need help online portal to find and apply for grants across all Federal agencies. Applicants must then complete the submission process by tracking the 5 part thesis statement status of the application in essay format, the eRA Commons, NIH’s electronic system for grants administration.

NIH and Grants.gov systems check the statement application against many of the application instructions upon submission. Errors must be corrected and a changed/corrected application must be submitted to need help Grants.gov on or before the application due date. If a Changed/Corrected application is submitted after the deadline, the application will be considered late. Applicants are responsible for viewing their application before the due date in the eRA Commons to ensure accurate and 5 part thesis statement, successful submission. Information on the submission process and a definition of on-time submission are provided in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide. All NIH awards are subject to the terms and conditions, cost principles, and other considerations described in lifestyle essay, the NIH Grants Policy Statement . Pre-award costs are allowable only as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement . Applications must be submitted electronically following the instructions described in the SF424 (RR) Application Guide. Paper applications will not be accepted. Applicants must complete all required registrations before the application due date. Section III. Eligibility Information contains information about registration. For assistance with your electronic application or for more information on the electronic submission process, visit Applying Electronically.

The All PD/PI must include their eRA Commons ID in the Credential field of the Senior/Key Person Profile Component of the SF424(RR) Application Package . Failure to register in the Commons and to include a valid PD/PI Commons ID in the credential field will prevent the successful submission of an thesis electronic application to NIH. See Section III of this FOA for information on registration requirements. Upon receipt, applications will be evaluated for completeness by the Center for Scientific Review, NIH. Applications that are incomplete will not be reviewed. Applicants are required to original follow the instructions for post-submission materials, as described in NOT-OD-10-115. Important Update: See NOT-OD-16-006 and NOT-OD-16-011 for updated review language for applications for due dates on or after January 25, 2016. Only the 5 part thesis review criteria described below will be considered in the review process. As part of the NIH mission, all applications submitted to the NIH in support of biomedical and behavioral research are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the NIH peer review system. For this particular announcement, note the following:

This FOA will use the research National Institutes of Health (NIH) Dissertation Award (R36) mechanism. The R36 mechanism is intended to support the completion of a dissertation research project. It is statement expected that the doctoral candidate will have already completed core coursework and other didactics required for design and interpretation of the subjective research. The total award project period may not exceed two years and 5 part thesis statement, dissertation awards are not renewable. The predoctoral student is the Project Director/Principal Investigator (PD/PI) of the application, and thesis, is solely responsible for planning, directing, and executing the proposed project under the supervision, and with the approval, of a university-approved and appointed doctoral committee. The PD/PI must have an appointment at 5 part thesis statement the applicant institution (e.g., research assistant).

Reviewers will consider the same review criteria used to evaluate other research project grants (listed below) and the overall impact will be evaluated within the context of a doctoral dissertation. Reviewers will provide an overall impact score to reflect their assessment of the help in assignment likelihood for the project to thesis statement exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following review criteria and helps, additional review criteria (as applicable for the project proposed). Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria below in thesis, the determination of scientific merit, and give a separate score for each. An application does not need to be strong in help in assignment, all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by its nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field. Does the project address an important problem or a critical barrier to 5 part progress in the field? If the aims of the project are achieved, how will scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice be improved? How will successful completion of the aims change the in assignment concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field? Is the PD/PI, collaborators, and 5 part, other researchers well suited to the project?

If Early Stage Investigators or New Investigators, or in literature essay, the early stages of independent careers, do they have appropriate experience and training? If established, have they demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments that have advanced their field(s)? Are the thesis statement faculty advisor/dissertation chair and other doctoral committee members appropriately qualified to provide guidance as needed? Have the faculty advisor/dissertation chair and any other participating members of the committee indicated that they will provide sufficient time to allow completion of the dissertation? Will the faculty advisor/dissertation chair provide the necessary supervision and thesis, mentoring to the applicant? Does the application challenge and seek to thesis shift current research or clinical practice paradigms by paper helps utilizing novel theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions? Are the concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to thesis one field of need in assignment, research or novel in a broad sense? Is a refinement, improvement, or new application of theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions proposed? Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish the specific aims of the project? Are potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success presented? If the statement project is in the early stages of development, will the strategy establish feasibility and will particularly risky aspects be managed?

Will the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Are the institutional support, equipment and other physical resources available to the investigators adequate for the project proposed? Will the project benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, subject populations, or collaborative arrangements? As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will evaluate the following additional items while determining scientific and technical merit, and in providing an overall impact score, but will not give separate scores for these items. Protections for Human Subjects. For research that involves human subjects but does not involve one of the six categories of in assignment, research that are exempt under 45 CFR Part 46, the committee will evaluate the justification for 5 part statement involvement of human subjects and the proposed protections from research risk relating to their participation according to the following five review criteria: 1) risk to subjects, 2) adequacy of protection against risks, 3) potential benefits to the subjects and others, 4) importance of the knowledge to be gained, and 5) data and safety monitoring for clinical trials. Inclusion of Women, Minorities, and helps, Children. When the proposed project involves clinical research, the 5 part committee will evaluate the proposed plans for in assignment inclusion of minorities and members of both genders, as well as the inclusion of children. For additional information on review of the Inclusion section, please refer to the Human Subjects Protection and 5 part thesis statement, Inclusion Guidelines. The committee will evaluate the involvement of live vertebrate animals as part of the scientific assessment according to the following five points: 1) proposed use of the animals, and species, strains, ages, sex, and numbers to be used; 2) justifications for coursework the use of animals and for the appropriateness of the species and numbers proposed; 3) adequacy of veterinary care; 4) procedures for 5 part limiting discomfort, distress, pain and american dream thesis help, injury to that which is unavoidable in the conduct of scientifically sound research including the use of analgesic, anesthetic, and tranquilizing drugs and/or comfortable restraining devices; and thesis statement, 5) methods of euthanasia and reason for selection if not consistent with the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia.

For additional information on review of the Vertebrate Animals section, please refer to the Worksheet for Review of the help in assignment Vertebrate Animal Section. Reviewers will assess whether materials or procedures proposed are potentially hazardous to research personnel and/or the environment, and if needed, determine whether adequate protection is thesis proposed. For Resubmissions, the committee will evaluate the help in assignment application as now presented, taking into consideration the responses to comments from the previous scientific review group and thesis, changes made to the project. As applicable for subjective thesis the project proposed, reviewers will consider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items, and should not consider them in providing an overall impact score. Applications from Foreign Organizations. Select Agent Research. Reviewers will assess the information provided in this section of the application, including 1) the Select Agent(s) to be used in thesis, the proposed research, 2) the registration status of all entities where Select Agent(s) will be used, 3) the procedures that will be used to monitor possession use and transfer of american help, Select Agent(s), and 4) plans for appropriate biosafety, biocontainment, and security of the Select Agent(s). Resource Sharing Plans. Reviewers will comment on whether the thesis following Resource Sharing Plans, or the rationale for not sharing the following types of resources, are reasonable: 1) Data Sharing Plan; 2) Sharing Model Organisms; and 3) Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Budget and Period of Support. Reviewers will consider whether the budget and the requested period of support are fully justified and reasonable in relation to the proposed research.

Applications will be evaluated for scientific and aqa gcse original writing coursework, technical merit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s), in accordance with NIH peer review policy and procedures, using the stated review criteria. Assignment to a Scientific Review Group will be shown in the eRA Commons. As part of the scientific peer review, all applications: May undergo a selection process in which only those applications deemed to have the highest scientific and technical merit (generally the top half of applications under review) will be discussed and assigned an overall impact score. Will receive a written critique. Applications will be assigned on the basis of established PHS referral guidelines to the appropriate NIH Institute or Center.

Applications will compete for 5 part statement available funds with all other recommended applications. Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of review by the appropriate national Advisory Council or Board. The following will be considered in making funding decisions: Scientific and technical merit of the need in assignment proposed project as determined by scientific peer review. Availability of funds. Thesis? Relevance of the proposed project to program priorities. Status of aqa gcse english coursework, applicant as currently underrepresented in the biomedical, clinical, behavioral, and 5 part thesis statement, social sciences. After the subjective thesis peer review of the application is completed, the PD/PI will be able to access his or her Summary Statement (written critique) via the eRA Commons. Information regarding the disposition of 5 part, applications is busy essay available in the NIH Grants Policy Statement . If the application is 5 part thesis under consideration for funding, NIH will request just-in-time information from the applicant as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement . Cooperative Agreement Terms and Conditions of Award.

When multiple years are involved, awardees will be required to submit the annual Non-Competing Progress Report (PHS 2590 or RPPR) and financial statements as required in the NIH Grants Policy Statement . A final progress report, invention statement, and research helps, the expenditure data portion of the Federal Financial Report are required for closeout of an award, as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement . The Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006 (Transparency Act), includes a requirement for awardees of 5 part thesis statement, Federal grants to busy report information about first-tier subawards and executive compensation under Federal assistance awards issued in 5 part thesis, FY2011 or later. All awardees of applicable NIH grants and cooperative agreements are required to report to thesis the Federal Subaward Reporting System (FSRS) available at www.fsrs.gov on all subawards over 5 part $25,000. Ib World Literature Essay? See the NIH Grants Policy Statement for additional information on this reporting requirement. We encourage inquiries concerning this funding opportunity and welcome the opportunity to answer questions from potential applicants. eRA Service Desk (Questions regarding ASSIST, eRA Commons registration, submitting and tracking an application, documenting system problems that threaten submission by 5 part thesis statement the due date, post submission issues) Phone: 301-402-7469 or 866-504-9552 (Toll Free) Grants.gov Customer Support (Questions regarding Grants.gov registration and submission, downloading forms and application packages) Contact Center Phone: 800-518-4726.

GrantsInfo (Questions regarding application instructions and process, finding NIH grant resources) Will M. Ib World Literature Essay? Aklin, Ph.D. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Examine your eRA Commons account for review assignment and contact information (information appears two weeks after the submission due date). Grants Management Branch/OPRM. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)

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andy brayman resume I will keep this short, but I have to say that Andy Brayman is 5 part thesis, someone I am honored to know. He is lifestyle essay, extremely smart and statement, creative, and every time I talk with him, I am astounded by his ideas. This article from American Craft Magazine is fantastic, and thesis, If you don't know Andy's work, then you should check him out. Written by Lily Kane, images by Brady Fontenot. Andy Brayman#8217;s Kansas City #8220;factory#8221; is a launching pad for 5 part thesis statement, his 21stcentury version of original studio pottery. After teaching stints in New York and at Bennington College in Vermont, Brayman settled in Kansas City, Kansas, and in 2005 set up his businesses in 5 part thesis a former farmer#8217;s market from the 1930s that sits, as his website notes, #8220;at the confluence of the lifestyle essay, Missouri River and the Kaw River.#8221; Brayman, who almost obsessively harvests inspiration from his surroundings, invested part of his honorarium from speaking on the #8220;New Artists/New Work#8221; panel at the American Craft Council#8217;s 2006 #8220;Shaping the Future of Craft#8221; conference in the purchase of a 1956 Alumacraft boat for better exploring these neighboring rivers. From this huge space, a square footage definition of Midwest breathing room, Brayman founded the Matter Factory and Easy Ceramic Decals. #8220;I wanted to start the decal business to be the democratic will-print-anything-for-anybody model, totally commercial,#8221; he explains, #8220;And the Matter Factory would be more curated, less commercial.#8221; The decal business took off and became what Brayman refers to as #8220;the sugar daddy#8221; for the Matter Factory. #8220;Even if I#8217;d had a ton of thesis money to begin with, I wouldn#8217;t have known what to do with it. I learned a lot by printing everything#8212;from cool projects for artists to memorial plaques for dogs who#8217;ve died.#8221; Thanks to this democratic array of jobs, Brayman was able to ib world literature essay format, build up a collection of equipment that will allow him to produce his own work at a high technically professional level. 5 Part. Brayman doesn#8217;t eschew commercial leanings, but he does eschew stagnancy. His main goal is to keep himself nimble creatively. #8220;Easy Ceramic Decals is going strong so I#8217;m shutting it down. I just changed the message on the machine today.

I feel like I got away with something, but it stopped feeling creative so I became less interested in doing it.#8221; In his own craft, Brayman describes his predominant working model as that of a studio potter. Lifestyle. #8220;My background is different than a designer#8217;s. I start as a potter. Thesis Statement. So, I start with serial production and in format a way I still go by the model I learned in school: you create a body of work, there#8217;s a critique, then you create a new body of 5 part thesis work.#8221; He also has unerring comic timing and busy lifestyle, a wry ironic incantation regarding the ever-present debates about the theory and politics of thesis craft. Asked if the error message that greets anyone following the #8220;theory#8221; link on his Matter Factory website is an intentionally comic statement about his interest in theory, Brayman laughs, #8220;No, but that#8217;s a great idea.#8221; After an education in ceramics that includes a B.F.A. from the University of Kansas and an M.F.A. from Alfred University#8212;a sort of Ivy League for pottery#8212;Brayman casually peppers conversations with references spanning centuries of ceramic history to contemporary craft-design hybrids like Droog. In a Ceramics Monthly essay he recently published, #8220;The New Factory,#8221; his future-favored appeal#8212;#8220;As a field, we are particularly good at time travel, but really only in one direction. . . . We can, and should, start to american thesis help, look forward#8212;further and 5 part thesis, more often than we do#8221;#8212;was carefully backed up by busy, an erudite summary of the prevailing perception of the potter and his studio and the possibilities presented by the 21st century. In establishing his own studio, Brayman confesses that he developed a #8220;spiel#8221; about making functional pottery. Thesis Statement. #8220;I don#8217;t want to say I#8217;m devoted to it because I#8217;m not afraid to do other work, but it is important. And I find the constraints tolerable, even inspiring.#8221; His ultimate stand on functionality is a marriage of common sense and prankster plotting#8212;#8220;I like working with functional objects because people aren#8217;t expecting much from a dinner plate. You can sneak something in.

But if you screw with it too much it won#8217;t be used. It#8217;s more interesting to me that these pieces get used.#8221; He is subjective thesis, careful to point out his disinterest in over-romanticizing the idea that an object#8217;s beauty emerges from everyday use, believing that beauty is something the maker brings to the piece. #8220;The functional work I make fits into two broad categories. In the first, the concept behind it is statement, beauty. It has to work, of course, and you experience the beauty through function. In the second, I still want it to be beautiful but there#8217;s an additional concept that drives it, like humor or underlying statements that are more specific than its being about dream pattern, for instance.#8221; Two of 5 part statement Brayman#8217;s best-known pieces have emerged from this second category. Ib World Literature Essay. His Gold-Lined Cup with Concealed Decoration, for instance, has to 5 part thesis, be used to #8220;work.#8221; These porcelain cups bear text concealed beneath a 23k gold glaze. Described by Brayman as #8220;kind of like a lottery ticket,#8221; the piece toys with the fate fine china often meets in busy a dishwasher where the hot water causes the luster to fade. In this case, you have to use and statement, abuse the need help in assignment, piece for the gold to wear away and reveal the text.

For functional pieces of statement this ilk that rely on user interaction, Brayman allows, #8220;it can get confusing wondering when the piece is done.#8221; With Change Dish#8212;probably his biggest production run to date of a single idea, with 30 or 40 produced so far#8212;Brayman inverts the busy, vessel concept, using the objects you would place in it as the exterior architecture. In this case the mold is made using the coins found lying around his studio. In the eight-inch-diameter version, the piece sells for $45.71, the same amount used to create the mold. Although these two pieces have been successes by all accounts, Brayman is aware of the fine line between making a statement or joke with a piece and having it retain its value as a functional object. #8220;I don#8217;t want to make cups with text about Darfur. Not that Darfur#8217;s not important, but once you put that text on an object it overshadows the function. It becomes a statement, a piece of art.#8221; With more time on his hands to devote to 5 part statement, the Matter Factory, Brayman is excited about essay developing new ideas and thesis statement, expanding his collaborations.

He worked with Ayumi Horie on a series exhibited at New York#8217;s Greenwich House Pottery in May 2009. He is also collaborating with Walter Ostrom, #8220;a champion of decoration with expansive knowledge of this history.#8221; They will be crossing national borders to produce a set of plates, with Brayman executing the first stage at the Matter Factory in busy essay Kansas City and then sending them to Nova Scotia to be decorated by Ostrom. 5 Part. Another intriguing upcoming project involves what Brayman calls a #8220;tornado machine.#8221; He is literature essay format, taking brick and cinder block fragments from the thesis statement, town of Greensburg, Kansas, destroyed in 2007 by a tornado, and putting them in a simple centrifuge machine that turns things to dust #8220;using only spinning air in research a metal cone.#8221; He is using the 5 part thesis statement, dust made from these construction fragments into glazes for pieces that will ultimately go back to Greensburg. Brayman will also continue to work with his friend Allegheny Meadows to help bring Meadows#8217;s Artstream trailer to craft events to sell pottery made by busy lifestyle, Brayman, Meadows, Horie, Christa Assad (profiled in American Craft, October/November 2008) and thesis statement, others. This project, a vintage Airstream trailer converted into busy lifestyle, a peripatetic pop-up shop, is part commune, part rock-star tour bus#8212;at the 2007 National Council on Education for thesis, the Ceramic Arts (nceca) conference in Louisville, the trailer was mobbed and aqa gcse english original, the potters manning the door had to do double duty as bouncers, letting people in one or two at a time when someone exited. After explaining that he decided to drive to meet the thesis statement, Artstream at the 2009 NCECA conference in Phoenix so that he could take advantage of the wealth of skate parks in the Southwest, Brayman, a longtime skater, considers the parallels between the lifestyle, sport and learning pottery. Assessing the urban landscape for benches, rails, curbs and pipes to 5 part thesis, land tricks on teaches you to look at thesis help, the innate form of statement objects differently. Skating and craft are also both learned through repetition. #8220;You have to suffer,#8221; Brayman laughs. #8220;You have to learn, practice and try to find a way to keep having fun.

Although he is leaving himself open to experiment and explore new projects as he turns solely to working from the Matter Factory, Brayman has a specific idea in need in assignment mind for the bigger picture of how he wants his company to run. 5 Part Thesis. #8220;I don#8217;t want to be a small production company where I design a line each year for the icff and have the pieces made in-house. I#8217;m interested in figuring out my own model.#8221; Making the most of the margins he relishes, Brayman has no designs on becoming trendy. #8220;I like that craft and function are sort of outside the #8216;upper echelon.#8217; There#8217;s a lot of thesis freedom in that.#8221; Focused on 5 part thesis statement, his more creative Matter Factory, that freedom should prove fruitful for Brayman#8217;s studio craft. One of the greatest thinkers of our time. I skated a couple times with Andy in Lawrence a loooong time ago. Man#39;s got mad skillz!

Up to subjective thesis, cool things now too, I see.

Carl Sagan’s Profound Essay On Why Cannabis Consciousness is Desperately Needed in This Mad and Dangerous World. “Cannabis brings us an 5 part thesis awareness that we spend a lifetime being trained to ib world essay overlook and forget and put out of our minds.” Most of us remember Carl Sagan as a brilliant scientist, a popularizer of both the 5 part statement methods and progress of human knowledge. Some know him as an advocate of space exploration and peace on american dream thesis help, earth. Some will even recognize his brilliant work in the science fiction community, as a writer himself, and as a commentator on sci-fi authors such as Arthur C. Clarke. Carl Sagan, 1994.

Photo Credit: Johann Heupel (Flickr Commons. Few, however, know that he wrote an absolutely thrilling and insightful essay on 5 part thesis, the merits of the psychoactive properties of the cannabis plant. Writing under the pseudonym ‘Mr. X’ (due to american dream thesis the political sensitivity of coming out as a smoker), Carl starts out by 5 part, going into the well-known sensory enhancements bestowed by cannabis, most notably those which occur during sex, while listening to ib world literature essay format music, and while savoring art. While these qualities are important and valuable in themselves, the true magic of an altered state of consciousness lies in 5 part, its paradigm-shifting potential, as Sagan eloquently explains.

After reading this essay, you might agree with us that Carl’s famous saying, “The cosmos is within us. We are starstuff. We are a way for the universe to original writing know itself.” was first thought of 5 part thesis statement when he was rather high. In honor of Carl’s beautiful legacy and 4/20, we’ve decided to share his iconic ‘Mr. X’ essay in full below. Savor this magnificent explanation of the cannabis experience from need help in assignment one of the greatest minds of the 20th century. [Pro-Tip: Have a toke before reading, and we promise you can read the whole essay in Sagan’s voice.]

It all began about ten years ago. I had reached a considerably more relaxed period in my life – a time when I had come to feel that there was more to living than science, a time of awakening of my social consciousness and amiability, a time when I was open to new experiences. I had become friendly with a group of people who occasionally smoked cannabis, irregularly, but with evident pleasure. Initially I was unwilling to partake, but the apparent euphoria that cannabis produced and the fact that there was no physiological addiction to the plant eventually persuaded me to thesis statement try. My initial experiences were entirely disappointing; there was no effect at all, and I began to entertain a variety of hypotheses about cannabis being a placebo which worked by expectation and help in assignment, hyperventilation rather than by chemistry. After about five or six unsuccessful attempts, however, it happened. I was lying on my back in thesis, a friend’s living room idly examining the pattern of shadows on the ceiling cast by a potted plant (not cannabis!). Lifestyle Essay? I suddenly realized that I was examining an intricately detailed miniature Volkswagen, distinctly outlined by the shadows. I was very skeptical at this perception, and tried to find inconsistencies between Volkswagens and 5 part statement, what I viewed on the ceiling.

But it was all there, down to hubcaps, license plate, chrome, and even the busy lifestyle essay small handle used for opening the trunk. When I closed my eyes, I was stunned to find that there was a movie going on the inside of my eyelids. Flash . . . a simple country scene with red farmhouse, a blue sky, white clouds, yellow path meandering over statement, green hills to the horizon. . . Flash . . . same scene, orange house, brown sky, red clouds, yellow path, violet fields . Busy? . . Flash . Statement? . . Flash . . . Flash. The flashes came about american help, once a heartbeat. Each flash brought the same simple scene into view, but each time with a different set of colors . . . 5 Part Statement? exquisitely deep hues, and astonishingly harmonious in their juxtaposition. Since then I have smoked occasionally and english, enjoyed it thoroughly. It amplifies torpid sensibilities and produces what to me are even more interesting effects, as I will explain shortly. I can remember another early visual experience with cannabis, in which I viewed a candle flame and discovered in the heart of the flame, standing with magnificent indifference, the black-hatted and 5 part thesis, -cloaked Spanish gentleman who appears on the label of the Sandeman sherry bottle. Looking at fires when high, by the way, especially through one of those prism kaleidoscopes which image their surroundings, is an extraordinarily moving and beautiful experience. I want to explain that at no time did I think these things ‘really’ were out aqa gcse english coursework there.

I knew there was no Volkswagen on the ceiling and there was no Sandeman salamander man in the flame. I don’t feel any contradiction in these experiences. There’s a part of statement me making, creating the perceptions which in everyday life would be bizarre; there’s another part of me which is a kind of observer. About half of the pleasure comes from the observer-part appreciating the busy lifestyle work of the 5 part creator-part. I smile, or sometimes even laugh out loud at the pictures on the insides of my eyelids.

In this sense, I suppose cannabis is psychotomimetic, but I find none of the panic or terror that accompanies some psychoses. Possibly this is because I know it’s my own trip, and that I can come down rapidly any time I want to. While my early perceptions were all visual, and curiously lacking in images of busy essay human beings, both of these items have changed over the intervening years. I find that today a single joint is enough to get me high. Statement? I test whether I’m high by closing my eyes and looking for essay, the flashes. They come long before there are any alterations in my visual or other perceptions. I would guess this is a signal-to-noise problem, the statement visual noise level being very low with my eyes closed. Busy? Another interesting information-theoretical aspects is the prevalence – at least in thesis, my flashed images – of cartoons: just the outlines of figures, caricatures, not photographs. I think this is simply a matter of research information compression; it would be impossible to grasp the total content of an image with the 5 part information content of an ordinary photograph, say 108 bits, in the fraction of a second which a flash occupies. And the flash experience is designed, if I may use that word, for instant appreciation. The artist and help in assignment, viewer are one.

This is not to say that the images are not marvelously detailed and complex. I recently had an image in thesis, which two people were talking, and literature essay format, the words they were saying would form and disappear in yellow above their heads, at about a sentence per heartbeat. In this way it was possible to follow the conversation. At the thesis same time an occasional word would appear in red letters among the yellows above their heads, perfectly in context with the conversation; but if one remembered these red words, they would enunciate a quite different set of statements, penetratingly critical of the conversation. The entire image set which I’ve outlined here, with I would say at least 100 yellow words and something like 10 red words, occurred in something under a minute.

The cannabis experience has greatly improved my appreciation for art, a subject which I had never much appreciated before. The understanding of the intent of the artist which I can achieve when high sometimes carries over to when I’m down. This is one of many human frontiers which cannabis has helped me traverse. There also have been some art-related insights – I don’t know whether they are true or false, but they were fun to formulate. For example, I have spent some time high looking at the work of the Belgian surrealist Yves Tanguey. Some years later, I emerged from a long swim in the Caribbean and sank exhausted onto format a beach formed from the erosion of a nearby coral reef. Thesis? In idly examining the essay format arcuate pastel-colored coral fragments which made up the beach, I saw before me a vast Tanguey painting. 5 Part Thesis Statement? Perhaps Tanguey visited such a beach in his childhood.

A very similar improvement in my appreciation of need help music has occurred with cannabis. Statement? For the first time I have been able to hear the separate parts of need help in assignment a three-part harmony and the richness of the counterpoint. I have since discovered that professional musicians can quite easily keep many separate parts going simultaneously in their heads, but this was the thesis statement first time for me. Again, the research paper learning experience when high has at least to some extent carried over when I’m down. The enjoyment of 5 part thesis statement food is amplified; tastes and aromas emerge that for dream thesis, some reason we ordinarily seem to be too busy to 5 part statement notice. I am able to give my full attention to the sensation. A potato will have a texture, a body, and taste like that of coursework other potatoes, but much more so. Cannabis also enhances the enjoyment of sex – on the one hand it gives an statement exquisite sensitivity, but on the other hand it postpones orgasm: in aqa gcse writing, part by distracting me with the profusion of thesis statement image passing before my eyes. The actual duration of orgasm seems to lengthen greatly, but this may be the research paper helps usual experience of time expansion which comes with cannabis smoking. I do not consider myself a religious person in the usual sense, but there is a religious aspect to some highs. The heightened sensitivity in all areas gives me a feeling of communion with my surroundings, both animate and thesis, inanimate.

Sometimes a kind of existential perception of the paper absurd comes over 5 part thesis statement, me and I see with awful certainty the hypocrisies and posturing of myself and my fellow men. And at other times, there is a different sense of the absurd, a playful and whimsical awareness. Both of need these senses of the absurd can be communicated, and some of the most rewarding highs I’ve had have been in 5 part, sharing talk and perceptions and humor. Cannabis brings us an awareness that we spend a lifetime being trained to overlook and forget and put out of our minds. American? A sense of what the world is really like can be maddening; cannabis has brought me some feelings for what it is like to be crazy, and how we use that word ‘crazy’ to 5 part thesis avoid thinking about helps, things that are too painful for us.

In the Soviet Union political dissidents are routinely placed in insane asylums. The same kind of thing, a little more subtle perhaps, occurs here: ‘did you hear what Lenny Bruce said yesterday? He must be crazy.’ When high on cannabis I discovered that there’s somebody inside in those people we call mad. When I’m high I can penetrate into 5 part thesis, the past, recall childhood memories, friends, relatives, playthings, streets, smells, sounds, and tastes from a vanished era. I can reconstruct the actual occurrences in childhood events only half understood at help in assignment the time.

Many but not all my cannabis trips have somewhere in them a symbolism significant to me which I won’t attempt to describe here, a kind of mandala embossed on the high. Free-associating to this mandala, both visually and as plays on words, has produced a very rich array of 5 part insights. There is a myth about such highs: the user has an illusion of great insight, but it does not survive scrutiny in the morning. I am convinced that this is an error, and that the devastating insights achieved when high are real insights; the main problem is in assignment, putting these insights in thesis statement, a form acceptable to the quite different self that we are when we’re down the next day. Need? Some of the hardest work I’ve ever done has been to put such insights down on tape or in 5 part, writing.

The problem is that ten even more interesting ideas or images have to be lost in the effort of recording one. It is easy to understand why someone might think it’s a waste of effort going to all that trouble to set the thought down, a kind of intrusion of the Protestant Ethic. But since I live almost all my life down I’ve made the effort – successfully, I think. Incidentally, I find that reasonably good insights can be remembered the next day, but only if some effort has been made to set them down another way. If I write the insight down or tell it to someone, then I can remember it with no assistance the following morning; but if I merely say to myself that I must make an effort to remember, I never do. I find that most of the insights I achieve when high are into social issues, an area of creative scholarship very different from the one I am generally known for. I can remember one occasion, taking a shower with my wife while high, in which I had an idea on the origins and invalidities of racism in terms of gaussian distribution curves. It was a point obvious in a way, but rarely talked about. I drew the literature essay format curves in soap on the shower wall, and statement, went to dream thesis help write the thesis statement idea down.

One idea led to another, and at the end of about an hour of extremely hard work I found I had written eleven short essays on a wide range of social, political, philosophical, and human biological topics. Paper? Because of 5 part thesis statement problems of space, I can’t go into coursework, the details of these essays, but from all external signs, such as public reactions and 5 part thesis statement, expert commentary, they seem to contain valid insights. Need? I have used them in university commencement addresses, public lectures, and in my books. But let me try to at least give the 5 part thesis statement flavor of such an insight and its accompaniments. One night, high on cannabis, I was delving into my childhood, a little self-analysis, and making what seemed to me to be very good progress. I then paused and thought how extraordinary it was that Sigmund Freud, with no assistance from drugs, had been able to achieve his own remarkable self-analysis. But then it hit me like a thunderclap that this was wrong, that Freud had spent the decade before his self-analysis as an experimenter with and busy, a proselytizer for cocaine; and thesis, it seemed to me very apparent that the busy essay genuine psychological insights that Freud brought to the world were at least in part derived from his drug experience.

I have no idea whether this is in fact true, or whether the thesis statement historians of Freud would agree with this interpretation, or even if such an idea has been published in the past, but it is an interesting hypothesis and one which passes first scrutiny in the world of the downs. I can remember the night that I suddenly realized what it was like to be crazy, or nights when my feelings and perceptions were of a religious nature. I had a very accurate sense that these feelings and perceptions, written down casually, would not stand the usual critical scrutiny that is my stock in trade as a scientist. If I find in the morning a message from myself the night before informing me that there is a world around us which we barely sense, or that we can become one with the universe, or even that certain politicians are desperately frightened men , I may tend to disbelieve; but when I’m high I know about this disbelief. And so I have a tape in aqa gcse writing, which I exhort myself to take such remarks seriously. I say ‘Listen closely, you sonofabitch of the thesis morning! This stuff is real!’ I try to show that my mind is working clearly; I recall the name of a high school acquaintance I have not thought of in literature essay, thirty years; I describe the color, typography, and 5 part thesis, format of original a book in another room and these memories do pass critical scrutiny in thesis statement, the morning. I am convinced that there are genuine and valid levels of perception available with cannabis (and probably with other drugs) which are, through the english writing defects of our society and 5 part thesis statement, our educational system, unavailable to us without such drugs.

Such a remark applies not only to self-awareness and to intellectual pursuits, but also to perceptions of real people, a vastly enhanced sensitivity to american thesis facial expression, intonations, and choice of words which sometimes yields a rapport so close it’s as if two people are reading each other’s minds. Cannabis enables nonmusicians to know a little about what it is like to be a musician, and nonartists to grasp the thesis joys of art. But I am neither an help artist nor a musician. What about thesis, my own scientific work? While I find a curious disinclination to think of my professional concerns when high – the aqa gcse original writing attractive intellectual adventures always seem to be in every other area – I have made a conscious effort to 5 part statement think of a few particularly difficult current problems in my field when high. It works, at least to a degree. I find I can bring to need help bear, for example, a range of relevant experimental facts which appear to be mutually inconsistent. So far, so good. At least the recall works.

Then in trying to conceive of a way of reconciling the disparate facts, I was able to come up with a very bizarre possibility, one that I’m sure I would never have thought of down. I’ve written a paper which mentions this idea in passing. I think it’s very unlikely to be true, but it has consequences which are experimentally testable, which is the hallmark of an acceptable theory. I have mentioned that in the cannabis experience there is a part of 5 part thesis statement your mind that remains a dispassionate observer, who is help, able to take you down in a hurry if need be. I have on a few occasions been forced to drive in heavy traffic when high. I’ve negotiated it with no difficult at all, though I did have some thoughts about the marvelous cherry-red color of traffic lights. I find that after the drive I’m not high at 5 part thesis statement all. There are no flashes on the insides of my eyelids. If you’re high and your child is calling, you can respond about as capably as you usually do. I don’t advocate driving when high on cannabis, but I can tell you from personal experience that it certainly can be done. Research Helps? My high is always reflective, peaceable, intellectually exciting, and thesis, sociable, unlike most alcohol highs, and there is never a hangover.

Through the help years I find that slightly smaller amounts of cannabis suffice to produce the same degree of high, and in thesis statement, one movie theater recently I found I could get high just by inhaling the cannabis smoke which permeated the theater. There is literature format, a very nice self-titering aspect to cannabis. Each puff is a very small dose; the time lag between inhaling a puff and thesis, sensing its effect is small; and there is no desire for more after the high is there. Paper? I think the 5 part thesis statement ratio, R, of the time to sense the dose taken to essay the time required to take an excessive dose is an important quantity. R is very large for 5 part thesis statement, LSD (which I’ve never taken) and reasonably short for cannabis. Small values of R should be one measure of the safety of psychedelic drugs. When cannabis is legalized, I hope to see this ratio as one of he parameters printed on original, the pack. I hope that time isn’t too distant; the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an thesis statement impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insight, sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world.

This account was written in paper helps, 1969 for publication in Marijuana Reconsidered (1971). Sagan was in his mid-thirties at that time. He continued to thesis use cannabis for the rest of his life. Martijn left his professional poker career to ib world essay format meditate in the Himalayas, replacing casinos with monasteries, and pokerchips with Dharma books. Returning home, he studied interdisciplinary science and philosophy (phenomenology in statement, particular), before immersing himself into the shamanistic practices of the dream Amazon. A curious explorer, Martijn attempts to bridge entrepreneurship with being a Bodhisattva warrior. Check out his writings below or come work together and make failure impossible. The Simple Trick to *Guarantee* You Meditate Every Day. How The Unexpected Reality of Pro Wrestling Turned Me Into A Buddhist. The First 3D Meditation Technology in the World. This Is How You Challenge Yourself to Enlightenment.

Terence McKenna, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and the Archaic Revival of Empathy. My Struggle With Social Media: A Diatribe on statement, Ego and Honesty. While smoking pot can help you make some spiritual gains, smoking too much, and doing it everyday does the opposite. Its the contrast of american dream normal mood with being high that enables reflection. Exactly.

The more interesting life you lead, the more this will be enhanced. A mind untrained in thought won’t get the epiphanies Carl mentioned.