Of mice and men chapter 7 essay

book report search Why do book reports strike terror in the hearts of most students? Simply, writing a book report is not easy. A book report challenges students to think and write critically about what they’ve read. In the early elementary grades, extra support is of mice given, often with book report worksheets that prompt students to write about a favorite character and other book details. Essays About Characterization! But as children progress through upper elementary, middle, and high school, they are expected to write book reports independently. At Time4Writing, we work with students on an individual basis to develop their writing skills through online writing courses. We hope this roadmap helps your child navigate writing a school book report with a minimum amount of terror! How to Write a Book Report.

Before you write, read. There’s no substitute for reading the book. Choose a book you’ll enjoy—reading should be fun, not a chore! Read with a pen and paper at of mice chapter your side. Jotting down page numbers and notes about significant passages will be very useful when it comes time to write. Remember, unless your book is a personal copy, don’t write in the book itself.

Use a Book Report Outline. After reading the book, you are ready to start the writing process. When writing a book report, or when answering any writing prompt, you#8217;ll find writing easier if you follow the about, proven steps of the writing process: prewriting, writing, revising, editing, and publishing. In the first step, prewriting, you’ll plan what you want to say. An outline is a great prewriting tool for book reports.

Start your book report outline with the following five ideas. Each idea should correspond to a paragraph: 2. Summary of Book. 3. Book Details: Characters. 4. Book Details: Plot. 5. Evaluation and Conclusion. In organizing your thoughts, jot down a few ideas for of mice and men 7 essay each of these paragraphs. Reminder: Every grade level (and teacher) has different requirements for book report content. Review your teacher’s instructions before you create your book report outline.

Most book reports begin with the basic information about the book: the book’s title, author, genre, and publication information (publisher, number of pages, and year published). The opening paragraph is an essay also your opportunity to build interest by mentioning any unusual facts or circumstances about the writing of the book or noteworthy credentials of the author. Was the and men 7 essay, book a bestseller? Is the author a well-known authority on creative summer programs, the subject? Book reports are personal, too, so it’s perfectly acceptable to state why you chose to read it. In the body of the book report—paragraphs two, three, and four—you’ll describe what the book is about.

This is your chance to and men chapter 7 essay show you’ve read and understood the book. Assuming you’ve read a fiction book, below are helpful writing tips: Summary: Start this paragraph by writing an overview of the story, including its setting, time period, main characters, and of christian plot. Specify who tells the and men chapter 7 essay, story (point of view) and the tone or atmosphere of the book. Within! Is it a creepy tale of suspense or a lighthearted adventure? Character Details: In this paragraph, describe the of mice and men 7 essay, main characters and identify the rhetorical questions, major conflict or problem the main characters are trying to solve. You can also write another paragraph about the of mice and men chapter 7 essay, other characters in precalculus homework the book. Plot Details: In writing about the plot, you don’t need to tell every detail of the story. Instead, focus on the main sequence of events. You can discuss plot highlights, from the rising action to of mice and men the book’s climax and conflict resolution. Make sure you mention the author’s use of any literary devices you’ve been studying in class. Book Reports on a model of christian, Non-fiction.

If you are writing a book report on a biography or other factual text, you’ll want to devote the and men chapter, body of your book report to a description of the can you rhetorical questions, book’s subject and the author’s points of view. Use the chapter headings to help you present the author’s ideas and arguments in and men chapter an orderly manner. Can You Have! As with a fictional plot, you don’t have to cover every argument made by the author. Of Mice 7 Essay! Instead, choose the within, main ideas and chapter the ones most interesting to you. If you read a biography, write about about some of the and men chapter 7 essay, important events in the person’s life.

Personal Evaluation and Conclusion. You’ll like writing the final paragraph because it is quotes within here that you’ll be able to offer your own critique of the of mice and men 7 essay, book. What are the book’s strengths and weaknesses? Did the book hold your interest? What did you learn from the book? If you read a work of fiction, how did the book affect you? If you read non-fiction, were you swayed by the author’s arguments? Try to be balanced in your opinions, and support your statements with examples from the book. Give your honest opinion of the book and whether or not you would recommend it to about characterization others. Of Mice And Men! Revising, Editing, and Publishing.

After you’ve drafted your book report, you’re ready to a model follow the next three steps of the of mice and men chapter 7 essay, writing process: revising, editing, and publishing. Begin revising by reading your book report aloud or to a friend for quotes within feedback. As you edit, check your grammar and use of the correct guidelines for book quotes and writing the book title. Give enough time to revising and chapter 7 essay editing, and your published book report will be that much better. Book Reports: A Type of have rhetorical, Expository Essay. A book report is usually written as an expository essay, although it can be written in other forms. In some cases, a teacher will ask students to take a point of view when writing a book report. Here is an example: “Explain why Hoot by Carl Hiiassen is the best American kid’s novel of the last decade.

Please use examples.” This type of writing prompt requires a persuasive style of writing. Chapter 7 Essay! Teachers may also assign book reviews, which challenge students to persuade their classmates to quotes read or not read a particular book. If writing a book review, don’t reveal the ending! Rely on Your Writing Training to Write Book Reports. Time4Writing#8217;s online writing classes and one-to-one, teacher-led instruction help in building students’ writing skills. When students develop strong basic skills, they can succeed at any writing assignment, including a book report. Time4Writing offers online writing courses for kids in elementary, middle school, and high school, and of mice 7 essay pairs each student with a certified teacher for personalized writing instruction.

Time4Writing’s eight-week, online writing courses are highly effective in helping students develop their writing skills and building confidence. Find out how Time4Writing#8217;s online writing classes can make a real difference in your child’s writing.

Glossary of Library Research Terminology. These terms were selected to meet the needs of first year students in and men the RS101 library research methods class. Creative Writing Summer In Michigan! In nearly all cases our definitions reflect common useage, but in a very few cases we supply local definitions that match the way we use the terms in class. Abstract . 7 Essay! Summary of essays, a work. Typically two to and men chapter 7 essay five sentences. Normally descriptive and objective, but could be evaluative and subjective. Creative Programs! Many databases include searchable abstracts of periodical articles. After hours book drop/return . Of Mice And Men 7 Essay! Depository/Receptacle near the front door of Turpin Library, accessible from the outside of the building, used for return of borrowed materials when the library is closed. Not to be confused with the book return slot in the circulation desk.

Archives . Organized collection of documents preserved and maintained as a historical record. The focus of an ankit thesis archive is almost always on unique or rare unpublished materials in any format or medium (manuscripts, photos, etc.) The collection is unified because it documents a particular entity such as an organization or person or event. Archival collections held by Turpin Library are described here. Article . An essay which is part of and men, a larger work such as an article in a journal or encyclopedia. Barcode number . Number optically encoded in zebra strips, like UPC barcodes at the grocery store. Turpin library barcodes are 14-digit numbers appearing inside the back cover of a book. Although staff use these numbers to somani check-out and renew items, you do not need to know a barcode number to renew an item yourself online. Bibliographic citation . Of Mice 7 Essay! See citation. Bibliographic record . See record. Bibliography . A list of bibliographic citations describing relevant documents (books, articles, DVDs, websites, manuscripts, etc.) Examples: a list of of christian charity, everything written by C. S. Lewis, sorted by date a list of works about C. S. Of Mice And Men 7 Essay! Lewis, listed in order of importance a list of everything you cited in the paper your wrote about C. S. Homework! Lewis, sorted by author.

Browsing vs Searching . Many databases support two primary ways of finding material: 1) searching for words or 2) browsing an indexed field. Searching retrieves records by matching any word or combination of words anywhere in a record. And Men Chapter! Looking for all records with author word Bruce combined with Title words Christian origins is a search. Browsing is fundamentally different. Essays Characterization! It is a two step process. Ordinarily you supply a word or words you expect to match the start of of mice, a field (e.g., the first two or three words of a title). The database then displays a sorted list with the closest match at the start of the list. Then you pick one or more specific entries from the list, and matching records are displayed. Call number . A call number is a location code, like an address.

BS1756 .I15 1990 and ATLA 1985-0347 are two examples. A call number is often also an indication of subject matter and a way of writing, storing similar items together in the same area. For example, Turpin Library uses the Library of Congress Classification System (LCCS) to organize the book collection topically. Call numbers based on LCCS are printed on the spine (or front cover) of every book in the collection. Books are sorted and shelved based on the call numbers. So the call number is both a subject/topic code and an address indicating where a book can be found.

However, Turpin Library uses a different scheme for microfiche. Letter number codes designate the of mice 7 essay, location of microfiche. These are also call numbers, but they are not based on LCCS and they give no indication of subject matter. See also brief definition of have rhetorical questions, LCCS, or detail on LCCS. Catalog . A list or database of items, often an inventory of one or more collections or repositories. For example, OCLC WorldCat catalog lists the holdings of OCLC member libraries all over the world. WorldCat is a Union catalog because it lists the holdings of and men chapter 7 essay, many different institutions. Essays About Characterization! Aland, Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments , is a printed catalog of of mice, Greek NT manuscripts.

Charge to a borrower's account . To charge a loan is to record the loan of an item to a borrower. This does not mean billing a person. It has nothing to do with money. Because of possible misunderstanding, avoid use of this term. A Model Charity! Use instead Check-out. Check-out . To record the and men chapter 7 essay, loan of an item to a borrower. In order to borrow materials a registered user must present an identification card to staff at the circulation desk along with the materials to be borrowed.

See also Circulation. Circulation . Creative Writing Summer Programs! Circulation is the process of borrowing and returning library materials. Of Mice Chapter 7 Essay! Most items the creative, library owns are publicly accessible and anyone may use these items in the building without borrowing or checking-out the items. In addition, the library allows registered users in good standing to borrow most items, take those items from the building, and return them by the due date. Loans must be properly recorded against the borrower's account before materials can be removed from the building.

Some materials, such as reference books and of mice and men 7 essay, periodicals, are non-circulating; the library does not allow them to charity be taken from the chapter, building. A very small number of creative writing summer programs, restricted access items are available for and men chapter 7 essay, use in the building but they must be checked-out (charged against the user's account) to use in-house. Within! These restricted access items never leave the building. Of Mice And Men Chapter! See also Hold. Circulation Desk . The main service point in the library. The circulation desk is the precalculus homework, place to borrow or return regular books and course reserve materials, pay fines, pickup holds, and chapter, ask for help. See map here. Citation . Can You Rhetorical In Essays! A formal, properly formatted reference to a work. A footnote or a bibliographic entry. A bibliographic description of a specific work or portion of a work (book, article, dissertation, report, musical composition, etc.) which identifies the of mice, work well enough that another person can find it. An Essay! DTS formats citations according to of mice and men 7 essay Turabian style standards.

Citation index . Somani! Indexing and search mechanism that uses citations (footnotes and other references) to associate or link documents together. For example, for a given document D, you can list other documents that mention or cite D. You are probably more familiar with the concept in Internet search engines that let you search for pages that link to this page. Citation indexing is old. In the 1870s Frank Shepard devised a means of tracking legal precedent now named for him. To shepardize a case is to identify other cases and authorities that have discussed the case being shepardized.

This will tell you, for example, if the case has been overturned or sustained. In 1961 Garfield applied this idea to scientific journal articles and created the Science Citation Index. Many citations indexes have been developed since then. Of Mice 7 Essay! Counseling majors at creative writing in michigan DTS will recognize this citation indexing function in the PsycINFO database, for example. Why would you want to use a citation index? Suppose the only source you have for your paper is an old article. You can't find anything else on the topic. Wouldn't it be nice to have a list of all the other articles that have interacted with the one article you have? Or suppose there are thousands of articles on you topic but one article has some very unusual arguments.

Wouldn't it be nice to of mice and men chapter 7 essay have a list of all the other articles that have interacted with the one article? At present there are no citation indexes for theology (although the Arts and Humanities Citation Index covers a few theology journals). Would someone out there please fill this pressing need? Classification of documents . Organization of documents into in michigan categories (classes) based on similarities. Usually this means grouping documents on the same subject together. The classification system may be a hierarchical outline (specific topics subsumed under more general topics) or enumerative (just listing the classes in alphabetical or random order, for of mice and men chapter 7 essay, example) or in rare cases a semantic network (lots of topics linked to other topics with no discernable hierarchy or start or end). Books are assigned call numbers based on the Library of Congress Classification System.

The Yahoo.com directory uses a classification system. Some search engines will try to dynamically classify the results of a search for you. For example, if you search for a broad topic like religion, the search engine might match on that word, examine the documents, notice many are about Christianity, many are about Islam, many are about spirituality (whatever the religion) and then give you the option of picking just one of those groups. This kind of classification is often helpful if you start with a very broad or ambiguous search; it is seldom helpful and within, sometimes harmful if you start with a precise search. There are many ways to display the organized structure. In the mid 1990s, several Internet search engines displayed folders with different names. Today (2006) many search engines display the chapter, classes as a graph or map: one topic is a big circle in this corner of the screen, another topic is a small square over there. Collection . In the narrow sense, a collection is any discrete group of documents cataloged and can you have in essays, stored or accessed together. And Men 7 Essay! In the broad sense, the entire library collection as a whole consists of all the information resources owned or licensed by can you, the library (and is synonymous with library holdings). So the library collection consists of many collections: reference, periodicals, AV, etc. Special collections refers to rare books and chapter 7 essay, archives.

Collection development refers to the process of selecting and acquiring materials. Controlled vocabulary database . A database in which standardized or authorized terminology is used to describe documents and precalculus homework, index the of mice and men, database. Standardization is meant to guarantee a name or concept is always expressed in can you questions in essays a single consistent way. This lessens problems caused by variant spelling (e.g., Koran or Quran or Qur#039;an) and variant forms (e.g., J Smith vs John Smith) and synonyms (e.g., anger vs wrath). See also Cross reference. See also Thesaurus. Copyright . Copyright law grants creators of original works of authorship (including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works) the exclusive right to reproduce and sell their works.

Details at copyright office. See also copyright expiration and fair use. Course Reserves . Items kept behind the circulation desk and made available to DTS students for brief loan periods (e.g. 2 hour or overnight). This promotes sharing of very high demand resources by controlling access to of mice and men those resources. Items are normally put on reserve at the request of an instructor so students can complete specific required assignments for a given course. Hence the reserve module of WorldCat lists what is on a model of christian charity essays, reserve by course and by instructor. Chapter! Advice: the loan period is typically measured in hours, so return borrowed reserve items directly to questions circulation staff for immediate discharge to avoid overdue fines. House Rules provide information about loan periods and borrowing privileges.

Cross reference . Pointer or link from an entry in an index to one or more other entries in of mice chapter 7 essay the index. Links between synonyms and antonyms. In a controlled vocabulary database, names and essays about characterization, topics use standardized terminology. A cross reference may point from a non-standard (variant) form to a standardized form. For example, a cross reference might point from CALVIN, JOHN (incorrect form) to chapter CALVIN, JEAN 1509-1564 (correct form). It might point from Pastors (incorrect term) to a model of christian charity essays both Clergy (correct term) and of mice 7 essay, Priests (also correct term). Cross references may also link standard terms to other standard terms in rhetorical questions in essays a hierarchy of broader, narrower and related terms.

For example, a cross reference might point from the standard term Doctrinal Theology to the narrower term Covenant Theology. Both terms are used in the database. This hierarchical network of terms may be governed by a thesaurus which lists all the and men chapter, standardized terms with definitions and cross references. Database . Information or data stored on a computer and organized and indexed for quick and flexible searching and retrieval. Technically a database consists of one or more records (about documents or objects). Examples of databases available at Turpin Library include WorldCat, the ATLA religion database, the TLG database of ancient Greek documents, and within an essay, Accordance bible study resources. And Men Chapter! Many are listed here. Discovery vs validation phase of quotes within an essay, research . Often (not always) there are two phases of the research process: 1) an chapter 7 essay initial discovery phase of research, during which the researcher defines a problem and hypothesizes a solution to about characterization that problem, and 2) the of mice chapter 7 essay, subsequent validation phase of research during which the hypothesis is rigorously, systematically, and formally tested.

See also research. Document . Have Rhetorical Questions In Essays! A recorded intellectual work. It can be any size and use any format or technology. Of Mice Chapter 7 Essay! A document might be a complete book, an article in a journal, a sound file (music performance) in MP3 format, a hand-written letter, a photograph, a clay tablet, an oil painting, etc. Edition . A distinct version of a document. Have Rhetorical In Essays! Most documents appear in of mice and men chapter only one version, one edition.

However, some documents are revised and a model charity, reissued. When the intellectual content of the and men chapter 7 essay, work changes, the edition designation should change also, to indicate the revision. Publishers usually designate editions by ankit somani, numbers (first edition, second edition). Publishers sometimes use edition to of mice and men chapter mean any production or format variation even if there is no change in the intellectual content. For example, paperback and precalculus homework, hardback editions of a book may have identical wording and pagination, but still be considered different editions by of mice and men, a publisher. Sometimes there are minor variations between different printings of what is writing programs in michigan called the same edition. This can be accidental or intentional. In the case of electronic resources, there may be no edition statement (or even a publication date), so state date of access if you cite an electronic resource to approximate both a publication date and of mice and men, an edition statement. Ejournal . A journal in electronic/digital format, usually available over the Internet.

Most have a paper counterpart or historical antecedent. For example, Bibliotheca Sacra, the seminary journal, is available in both paper and electronic versions. Occasionally the of christian charity, electronic version of a journal article lacks page numbers, tables, sidebars, etc. Many but not all ejournals available though the library are listed here. And Men Chapter 7 Essay! The ATLA database has links to many thousands of journal articles in electronic format. Most serious scientific, technical and medical journals are now published in electronic format, but most scholarly religious journals are not yet available in can you rhetorical questions in essays electronic format. This is true for two main reasons. First, there is little money (profit) in religious publishing. Second, STM publishing is dominated by a few big companies that publish hundreds of journals each. Of Mice And Men 7 Essay! So just a few publishers were able to change the STM industry quickly. Scholarly religious journals are published by hundreds of small nonprofit organizations.

Hundreds of religious publishers must independently decide to somani make journals available electronically. This is and men chapter 7 essay a very slow process. Endnote . A citation placed not at the bottom of the page (like a footnote), but at the end of the article, chapter or book. Also, the in essays, brand name of citation management software that can help you format footnotes and bibliographies correctly. EZProxy . Of Mice And Men! Software the library uses to give you (DTS faculty, students, and staff) access to databases and licensed electronic resources when you are off campus. Troubleshooting info available here. Fair use . Provision of the can you have rhetorical, copyright law which sometimes allows copying portions of of mice 7 essay, copyrighted materials. False coordination . An undesired semantic relation between matched words in a multi-word search. The classic example is the guy who wanted to buy Venetian blinds (a kind of window covering). Within An Essay! He searched for Venetian AND blind.

He retrieved documents about a blind Venetian (blind resident of Venice). False coordination is very common when logical AND is used to combine words. False coordination is chapter less common when multi-word phrases and quotes within an essay, proximity operators are used to combine words. Of Mice! Even when words are syntactically related the way we want, they may still fail to be semantically related the writing, way we want. And Men! According to Lancaster, Vocabulary Control for Information Retrieval , 2d ed, p. 142-46, false coordination means there is NO relation between the two concepts in the document, while incorrect term relationship means there is a relation but of the wrong kind.

But in practice everyone uses the phrase false coordination for both ideas. See also Search precision and recall. A long digression on the origin of this term follows. I believe the expression false drop was used in the 1940s (perhaps long before) by researchers who used index cards to encode, organize, and retrieve notes. Holes were cut in fixed positions around the periphery of every card. Somani Thesis! Each hole/position corresponded to a predefined topic. And Men Chapter 7 Essay! To index a journal article, for example, the researcher would write the about, citation on and men chapter, the card and then notch the edge of the card at one or more of the holes. If the card represented a document about topic A, then the precalculus homework, card was notched in position A. In order to retrieve cards about topic A, a rod/needle was inserted through hole A in a tray of indexed cards. The rod passed through all the cards.

Then the of mice, rod was raised. Notched cards (relevant cards) would drop by quotes an essay, gravity. A false drop was an irrelevant card that dropped when the rod was raised. Boolean and was performed by of mice chapter 7 essay, doing this twice. This was an writing summer in michigan entirely manual system. The edge-notched card technique is described in Jahoda, Information Storage and Retrieval Systems for Individual Researchers , p. Of Mice! 63-78.

Aren't you glad we have computers now? There is more to the story. Essays Characterization! On the Internet there is a wide spread and different (I think corrupted) account of the way the index card system worked. The corrupted account describes a system with holes in of mice and men position A for relevant cards, no holes in position A for irrelevant cards, and within an essay, no edge notches in any cards. The system allegedly required the researcher to insert a rod through position A in a stack of cards.

How is this possible when most of the cards do not have a hole in that position? This seems impossible to of mice chapter 7 essay me. Perhaps this story is based on precalculus homework, a different real system from the and men chapter 7 essay, 1950s: big mechanical card sorting devices that sorted Hollerith punch cards. In that system, the relevant cards were punched in position A and the irrelevant cards were not punched in A. A complex sorting machine separated the desired cards. There was no hand-inserted rod. The cards had 12 rows of homework, 80 columns, for a possible 960 holes on each card.

These cards were also used with computing systems in the 1960s as data input and output devices. I suspect someone remembered this punch card mechanical sort system and confused it with the of mice, older edge-notched manual system to create the bogus description. Why am I telling you all of this? I mean to make a point about research. Be cautious about relying on sources, especially Internet sources of unknown authority. Precalculus Homework! Do not assume that a story that is repeated by of mice chapter, many sources is true. The first rule of research is this: check primary sources yourself to the extent you reasonably can.

Festschrift . Book of a model of christian charity essays, essays by many different people who wish to chapter 7 essay honor the person to whom the book is dedicated. (The word is German for a writing offered to commemorate/celebrate something). In scholarly parlance, the name of the honored person is sometimes substituted for the title of the book. Thus you may see a reference to something like Fs Peter Smith, p. 193, meaning the creative writing programs in michigan, festschrift dedicated to Peter Smith. And Men Chapter! Often a search for the honoree (Peter Smith in this example) as subject will retrieve the record for the book and give you the correct book title, editor, etc. Field . Can You Questions In Essays! Portion of a database record which contains a specific category of information such as title of a book or date of book.

Fields may be repeatable (e.g. two separate subject fields). Full-text vs full-image database . Chapter! Many bibliographic databases provide information about documents (e.g., author, title . . Precalculus Homework! . Of Mice! other metadata) but do not provide online access to the documents themselves ; you have to go to the bookshelf to get the books, for example. But some databases provide online access to can you rhetorical questions the complete documents (so you can read the books or articles online). These documents may be available as text or as images (or both). A full-text database provides online access to and men 7 essay the text (all the words) of documents. Typically the somani, database record includes bibliographic info and a link to of mice and men 7 essay the document itself.

If the e-document was originally paper only, then the precalculus, electronic full-text counterpart may lack tables, charts, photos, or sidebars. It may convert footnotes to and men endnotes, and may fail to retain original pagination. Normally you can search all the summer programs, words in all documents in a full-text database, so you can find references to very obscure things. A full-image database provides online access to graphic images (as if a digital camera had made pictures of the and men chapter 7 essay, pages of an writing programs ink-and-paper journal article, for example). Full-image documents normally include everything in the original work exactly as it looked in chapter 7 essay the original. They retain original pagination. They are big files and download slowly.

You cannot select a paragraph in a full-image document and paste it into a paper you are writing. Sometimes full-text is used to mean complete document so you might see a database of MP3 sound files (e.g., musical performances) called a full-text database even though it is sound not text. Sound odd? Meanings evolve. Essays About! For example, to break bread together [meaning to eat together] probably originated when bread was a major part of almost every meal, and bread was literally broken.

But now break bread together means eat together even if there is no bread at all in the meal. So now we have full-text databases with no text. Fuzzy matching . Approximate matching. This is a concept, not a particular method, and there are many methods of trying to fuzzy match. The oldest I know is Soundex (ca 1918). 7 Essay! The Soundex system uses phonetic spelling and encoding to match terms. It is still widely used to help people look up names they are not sure how to spell. Some modern fuzzy systems use statistical methods to fuzzy match concepts (not just words). Words and phrases that often appear near each other in charity essays many documents may share meaning.

So a fuzzy concept search for care of cats may retrieve documents that mention litter box because they are statistical companions (co-occuring terms). Of Mice Chapter! This is a fuzzy match because it is only approximate. Have Rhetorical! It is a concept match because different words are used. And Men Chapter! Fuzzy concept matching is not implemented on any of the software we currently use in the library. Much development work is being done on fuzzy matching, and of christian charity essays, you may see it in systems you use in the future. See also Query by of mice, example. Gatekeeper . Person who controls publication of information or who monitors and relays information to others. Editors, publishers and quotes within, peer review referees perform a gate keeping function when they decide to publish or not publish submitted manuscripts. This is usually a useful quality control mechanism. Grouping and nesting . Of Mice Chapter 7 Essay! Many retrieval systems allow the searcher to use parentheses to questions in essays group terms and specify the order in which search operators are to be executed.

For example eat AND (pie OR cake) groups pie with cake and specifies the OR operator is to be executed first, creating a set that holds the results of the pie OR cake search. Then that intermediate result is to of mice chapter be ANDed with eat to yield a final result. Nesting refers to embedding one group within another group such as: eat AND (chocolate OR (caramel AND nuts) ). In this example, (caramel AND nuts) is somani nested inside another set of parentheses. Hit list . Of Mice Chapter! Search results list. A list of records retrieved by a search. Hit can be broadly used to mean anything retrieved, or narrowly used to mean only the relevant items retrieved. Hold . To place a hold is to claim an item for future use. When an item is currently on loan, the library permits faculty and students to reserve the item by placing a hold on it. The borrower (the person who has the item checked-out) will not be able to renew it. When the item is returned, the person who placed the hold is notified via email and the item is set aside for the holder to about pick up. Holds may not be placed on chapter 7 essay, items in some special collections such as the academic course reserve collection.

WorldCat allows an eligible library user to place a hold without staff assistance. Do not confuse items on within an essay, hold with items on of mice chapter, academic course reserve. Quotes Within! See also Please return if not needed. Holdings . Library holdings for of mice and men 7 essay, a particular title/work = the volumes and copies of that title owned by the library (e.g., which specific volumes of Journal of Biblical Literature the library owns). Library holdings in general = the entire library collection. Index . A finding aid.

An access tool. Of Christian Charity Essays! A listing of the contents of a single document (e.g., index at the back of a book), of a collection (e.g., index to archival manuscripts in a museum), or of of mice, a vast body of documents (e.g., index of about, journal articles about the Bible), organized so as to and men chapter 7 essay provide access to the documents by subject, author, date, etc. Many print bibliographies are indexes. So are many databases. Information Cocoon . Creative Summer Programs! A protective barrier that limits a person's information sources to 7 essay only those sources, topics, and viewpoints that reinforce what the person believes and values. This is creative writing summer similar to a filter bubble, but an information cocoon is the result of a cacooned person's voluntary, conscious self-restriction of access information, while a filter bubble is not voluntary, not conscious, and not a self-restriction, but is created by search engines and information agents that exclude (filter out) certain sources, topics and viewpoints without being told to of mice and men chapter do so. Intellectual property . WIPO defines it as follows: Intellectual property refers to precalculus creations of the mind: inventions, literary and 7 essay, artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. Intellectual property is divided into two categories: Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks, industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and precalculus, Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in and men chapter 7 essay their recordings, and those of broadcasters in their radio and television programs.

World Intellectual Property Organization . Interlibrary loan . Sharing (lending/borrowing) materials between libraries. Turpin Library loans materials to have questions in essays libraries all over the US. More to the point, if a DTS student needs something we do not own, we can probably borrow it from another library for the student's use. Read about ILL for DTS students here. See also TexShare borrowing privileges.

ISBN . International Standard Book Number. A unique numerical code assigned to a specific production edition of a book. Any production variation could count as a separate edition. So if a given book has both a hardback and paper back format, and both an American and British publisher, it could have 4 ISBNs for identical intellectual content. There are hundreds of ISBNs for the NIV Bible (e.g., Large print, red letter, leather cover, etc).

ISBN is a good way to specify what you want to purchase, but it is an unreliable way to search for specific intellectual content because one book can have so many ISBNs. Older books lack ISBNs. Of Mice 7 Essay! ISBNs are sometimes assigned to nonbook materials. Detailed information here. ISSN . Of Christian Essays! International Standard Serial Number.

A unique numeric code assigned to the specific title of of mice and men 7 essay, a serial/journal. A single issue of a journal can have an ISBN for creative writing programs, the single issue as well as the ISSN for the journal as a whole. Journal vs magazine . Chapter 7 Essay! A journal is have rhetorical questions in essays a periodical containing articles written by scholars for other scholars. A magazine typically contains nontechnical articles written by journalists for the general public. However, many magazines contain moderately technical articles written by and men 7 essay, experts for a narrow or specialized audience. This may be the case with work related magazines read by practitioners in a field, for example. About! So it is sometimes hard to tell if a publication is a journal or a magazine, but you must make the distinction when you write footnotes in your papers because magazines and journals are cited differently according to chapter 7 essay Turabian. Peer review is the essays, key distinguishing feature of chapter, a journal. (It is debatable whether a periodical that does not use peer review can be called a journal, but there are some theological periodicals often considered journals that use editorial review but not peer review per se). Technical material written for a scholarly audience is another good indicator of a journal. Journal articles almost always cite other technical literature (e.g., in footnotes) and interact with that literature.

Magazines rarely do so. Journal pagination normally runs consecutively from the somani, beginning of the first issue of a volume to 7 essay the end of the last issue of the volume. Charity! So there is and men chapter 7 essay only one page one in characterization a complete annual volume. Of Mice And Men Chapter! Magazine pagination normally starts over with every issue. So a complete annual volume of a monthly magazine has twelve page ones. Thus you must include the issue number and date when you cite a magazine. Journals are often quarterly, especially in the humanities. Magazines are often monthly. Keyword . A searchable word. It could be any word in any indexed field in within an essay a record (author field, title field,etc.) It does not mean especially important word.

A digression on the history of the use of term follows. I suspect the and men chapter 7 essay, word keyword was first popularized when KWIC (Key Word in Context) concordances became wide–spread in the 1950's. Keyword meant any non-stopword. (Stopwords are allegedly useless words no one would every want to search for essays about, like of, the, and so.) So keyword meant any non-trivial word or any potentially content bearing word. Stopwords are now disappearing from search engines, and keyword simply means any searchable word in any indexed field. Lemma . Dictionary headword. Form of of mice and men chapter 7 essay, a word listed at the beginning of essays, a dictionary entry. Sometimes the lemma is the root/stem; sometimes not.

The lemma for the word is of mice and men is to be and it will match be, am, is, was, were, been, etc. The Greek New Testament and Hebrew Old Testament are available as lemmatized databases, allowing you to search by of christian charity, lemma so you do not have to of mice and men 7 essay compensate for word inflection. Library of questions, Congress Classification Schedule . A topical classification system used to organize collections so items on of mice and men chapter, the same topic are stored in the same general location. Call numbers of books and questions in essays, other items are derived from the classification system. LCCS is both hierarchical and enumerative.

That means little topics are subsumed under big topics in a hierarchy, but many topics and categories are just listed (enumerated) without attempting to create a fine-grained structure. A large portion of the seminary collection falls in the BL-BX range. See also Details on and men chapter 7 essay, LCCS. Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) . Thesaurus of standardized subject headings used by most academic libraries, including Turpin. LCSH has strongly influenced the terminology used in many databases, including ATLA. See also Controlled vocabulary database. License restrictions . Terms of can you questions in essays, a contract which limit use of a resource. Vendors sell the library access to databases and other resources.

Those vendors impose restrictions on who may use the resources and under what conditions. For example, contracts typically allow the library to provide access to current DTS faculty, students, and staff, but prohibit us from offering access to 7 essay alumni or the general public. See also login. Logical search operators . Homework! Most search engines support the logical operators AND, OR, NOT. You are already very familiar with these, but a see our summary of common search operators. Also called Boolean operators after George Boole, the of mice and men chapter, mathematician who popularized their use in set operations. See also Proximity search operators.

Login . Authentication + authorization. The process of identifying an individual, usually based on an account ID and password, and a model of christian charity essays, then determining if that person is authorized to use a specific resource like a database. Read about your ID and and men chapter, password . See also License restrictions. See also EZProxy. Media . Plural of medium. 1) Various physical substances or carrier agents on which documents are recorded, e.g., paper, video tape, CD-ROM, magnetic disk, microforms, clay tablets, etc.

2) The related technologies including file format standards like MP3 or pdf. Metadata . Information that describes a document or other entity. The information included depends on the purpose of the essays characterization, cataloger and of mice and men chapter 7 essay, the nature of the entities. If the cataloger is a librarian and the entity is a book, then metadata might include author, title and subject. If the cataloger is a botanist and the entity is a flower, then the of christian essays, metadata might include color, size, genus and of mice and men 7 essay, species. See also Full-text vs full-image database. Microform . Microform technology uses optical/photographic means to ankit somani record images of reduced size, usually on film (microfilm, microfiche). This is a good way to reproduce and preserve old or rare materials.

Turpin library has microform copies of of mice, Greek and Hebrew manuscripts, old books, theses, and certain archival materials. You must use special viewing equipment to essays about characterization read microforms, but you can make photocopies from microform. Online digital image technology will probably replace microforms in the near future. Monograph . A nonfiction scholarly book. Technically, one long nonfiction composition on and men, one topic/issue. So most scholarly books are monographs, but books of essays and volumes of journal articles are NOT monographs. Natural language interface . Using plain English (or whatever language you speak) to tell the system what you want. Most search engines require the searcher to use special syntax and operators to within express a search statement the machine understands (for example: pray$ near4 group$). Natural language systems attempt to let you use normal language (for example: who was the first president of the United States?) Often the searcher has no control over a natural language system and therefore has no way to help the system when it performs poorly. OPAC . Of Mice 7 Essay! Online Public Access Catalog.

Often used in reference to a library catalog. Pattern matching . Search mechanism that allows matching not just exact words and characters, but classes of characters like vowels or upper case letters or digits. For example, one pattern for a toll-free phone number is 800, dash, 3 digits, dash, 4 digits as in 800-332-5527. One example of a pattern matching function is about characterization grep which is implemented on the TLG Workplace software you can use to search the TLG Greek corpus. This is an advanced search technique. See also Truncation search operator. And Men! See also Stemming. Peer reviewed journal . Within! A periodical which only publishes articles that have been approved/recommended by referees. When authors submit articles to the journal, the chapter 7 essay, editor asks one or more referees (experts in the field) to evaluate the article, make suggestions to the author, and recommend whether to precalculus homework publish the article. This is a blind review; the referee does not know who the author is.

A referee need not agree with an article to recommend publication. And Men Chapter 7 Essay! The peer review process usually works as it should to maintain quality, but on rare occasion it suppresses views that have merit. Ankit! Apart from of mice and men chapter, peer review, editors may reject articles that do not fit the mission of the publication (e.g., wrong topic, wrong language) or are patently below standard. See also journal vs magazine. Periodical . A regular serial. A publication issued in successive consecutive parts at homework regular intervals (e.g., weekly, quarterly) with no planned end. Journals, magazines, and newspapers are periodicals. A periodical volume normally covers one 12 month period, consists of several issues, and contains many articles written by many different authors. Some consider annuals (and proceedings and chapter, transactions) to be periodicals but others refuse to call themperiodicals because they are published so infrequently. Periodical index . Index of articles published in periodicals. See also Index.

Plagiarism . In a narrow legal sense, plagiarism is falsely taking credit for creative writing summer in michigan, the words of of mice and men 7 essay, another: putting forth words (e.g., sentences) as one's own composition without giving credit to the true source/author. In a broader ethical sense, it is taking credit for ideas: putting forth ideas as one's own without giving credit to essays characterization the true source/person. So it behooves us to acknowledge we consulted the ODLIS and other sources while writing this glossary. See the DTS student handbook for rules that apply to student papers. Please return if not needed . Notice the library sends to a borrower, indicating some other person has requested use of the borrowed item (i.e, placed a hold on it). This is not a mandatory recall. The borrower is free to 7 essay keep the item until the normal due date, but the borrower is precalculus homework urged to return the item if no longer needed. Contrast Recall of a loan. Primary research . Original research. Advanced research.

Primary research is an attempt to create new/original/novel knowledge, to of mice chapter 7 essay contribute to the cumulative knowledge of humanity. The knowledge is not just new to the researcher; it is new to the world. The researcher teaches others. Primary theological research typically offers original views, uses original methods, uses previously neglected data, or simply addresses a previously neglected topic. Primary research involves publication and subsequent peer review to ankit thesis assess the value of the research. This is the way a contribution is made and of mice chapter, human knowledge advances.

See also Research and Secondary research. Primary source . Fundamental basic evidence. Raw data. In historical research, a primary source is typically an eyewitness account recorded at or about the time of the event, an original document composed near the time of the event that tells us about the time (but maybe not about the specific event), or physical evidence from the time (like an archaeological artifact or a photo of the event). In scientific research, the first recorded measurements and observations for a given experiment are primary source material. The Greek and Hebrew texts of the rhetorical questions in essays, Bible are the primary sources for biblical studies. (Purists would deny primary status to an English translation of the Bible.) Primary does not mean true or authoritative. A primary source like an eyewitness account can be wrong. One source can be primary for one purpose but secondary for and men chapter, another purpose. For example, Isaac Newton's commentary on Revelation is a primary source for can you have rhetorical questions, a biographical and historical study of chapter 7 essay, Newton, but it is a secondary source for quotes within, biblical studies or Christian theology. The Dead Sea Scrolls are primary sources for what some Jews believed in the first century, and are thus important background for understanding the of mice, New Testament in historical context. But the Dead Sea Scrolls are not primary sources for Christian theology per precalculus, se.

See also Secondary source. Proximity search operators . Many search engines support proximity operators. Proximity operators specify how far apart matching words can be. They may also specify word order. Chapter! Details vary considerably system to system. Proximity operators tend to be more precise than logical operators, and more appropriate for full-text searching.

See our summary of common search operators. Pure vs applied research . It is ankit somani thesis best to of mice 7 essay think of both of these as kinds of primary or original research (although the pure vs applied distinction can also be made for secondary research). Applied research begins with a specific practical need and attempts to produce knowledge that can be used to meet that need (such as linguistic research that would form the basis for software that could automatically adapt a Bible translation to a new dialect, or social science research that would form the basis for a new means of attracting unchurched people to church meetings). Pure research begins with scholarly interest and attempts to contribute new knowledge to a scholarly discipline. The goal is to advance understanding. The research topic is essays about characterization selected not because some specific practical problem needs to of mice and men 7 essay be solved, but because the researcher thinks he sees a way to contribute to the discipline. The topic may or may not have great theoretical significance. There may or may not be an obvious practical application. Pure research is also called fundamental or basic research.

See also research. Query by example/QBE . A search mechanism which attempts to find more documents that are similar to can you rhetorical a chosen document. More documents like this one. There are several different ways to define similarity. At its simplest, similar could mean documents with the same subject heading, for and men chapter 7 essay, example. Statistical document similarity is a much more sophisticated way of defining similarity, but it is implemented on very few commercial search engines. Ankit Somani Thesis! See Fuzzy matching. Ranking . Of Mice And Men Chapter 7 Essay! Sorting retrieved records or documents by weight. Of Christian! See weight. Recall . For information about recalling an of mice and men item on ankit thesis, loan, see Recall of a loan. Chapter 7 Essay! For information about search recall (completeness) see Search precision and a model charity, recall.

Recall of a loan . A notice the library sends to a borrower requiring the return of the borrowed item before its due date. Immediate return is mandatory. This is extremely rare; I estimate we recall less than five items each year. The library sometimes recalls books in order to and men chapter put them on course reserves. In other words, we take the book away from one person so it will be available for many people. Not to be confused with Search Recall. See also Please return if not needed. Record . A unit of information in a database. Here we are only interested in bibliographic records in a computer database. A database record consists of one or more fields. Each record is about one thing (entity), and each field is about one specific aspect of the creative writing programs in michigan, thing.

For example, a record might be about one book and might include fields for author, title, publisher, subject, etc. A record might also be about a multivolume set of books, or about of mice and men chapter 7 essay, a single essay in a single book. A record can include the document itself as well as metadata about the writing, document. See also Metadata. See also Full-text vs full-image database. Reference works . Quick look up resources designed to and men chapter 7 essay provide brief amounts of information about a wide range of issues in characterization a given subject domain such as a encyclopedias, dictionaries, handbooks, statistical compendia, etc. They typically focus on one subject area (e.g., biblical archaeology or famous theologians or worship), consist of many brief articles on facets of that subject, provide a bibliography for each article, and have alphabetical or classified arrangement with indexes and cross references.

A reference work is often a very good place to begin research on of mice 7 essay, a topic. Almost any work can sometimes be used for reference purposes (i.e., for quick look up of limited info), and the main reference collection (1st floor Turpin) includes some books not originally designed for reference use. Relevance of of christian charity essays, search results . A document is relevant (pertinent, germane, apposite) if it provides the information the searcher wants. However, there are degrees of relevance. Further, students often do not know exactly what they need at the time they search (because they are in a learning process). The perception of what is relevant changes as the researcher reads more and more. Documents may be considered relevant because they are about the desired subject in a straightforward and objective way. A document can be relevant in that sense but still fail to provide the specific information a user is looking for. Documents may be considered relevant because they are applicable to and men 7 essay the problem at hand even though they are NOT about the originally specified topic. Homework! For example, someone looking for of mice and men chapter 7 essay, information on the ten commandments in Exod 20 may find an quotes an essay article about US constitutional interpretation helpful if the real problem in Exod 20 concerns a point of legal hermeneutics addressed in the article.

This concept of relevance is very slippery. Renew a loan . Extend due date for 7 essay, materials already on loan from library. Learn how to homework renew items yourself. See also Circulation. Research . Research in the most general sense is simply a search for chapter, knowledge or truth. The search process itself may be as simple as informally consulting a friend or as complex as designing and implementing a formal billion dollar scientific study. Formal research is always characterized by careful attention to method, and original research (primary research) is a complex expert investigation. See also Primary research, Secondary research, Pure vs applied research and Discovery vs validation phase of research. Search engine . Software used to find and retrieve documents/information. Search precision and recall . Precision and recall are the terms usually used to ankit somani describe two aspects of search success.

Precision refers to accuracy, and recall refers to of mice chapter 7 essay completeness. Summer In Michigan! Both are percentages. Precision and recall are usually defined as follows. If d = number of documents retrieved in a search, and R = number of relevant documents in the database, and r = number of relevant documents retrieved by the search, then precision of that search = r/d and recall = r/R. For example, suppose you want a lot of information about the illegal drug cocaine, also called crack and and men chapter, coke. So you search for cocaine OR crack OR coke.

You retrieve 10,000 documents. Some are about cocaine. Most are irrelevant, like those about Coca Cola (the soft drink) and cracks (fissures). All together, 1000 of the 10000 are relevant. So search precision is 1000/10000 = 10%. The database actually contains 20000 documents truly on cocaine. Your search retrieved 1000, so the recall is 1000/20000 = 5%. Precision and recall are inversely related; a high precision search is homework usually a low recall search; likewise, a high recall search is usually a low precision search.

Often you can design a search to of mice and men 7 essay be high precision or high recall, but it is essays usually difficult to execute a perfect search (high precision, high recall). Search statement . The combination of terms, operators and and men chapter, options that constitute a search. For example grace OR mercy is a search statement. This definition assumes the searcher is using a procedural command language with operators to explicitly tell the somani thesis, search engine what to do (in contrast to using a natural language interface). Secondary research . Heuristic research. Learning.

In contrast to primary research, secondary research is chapter aimed at finding a pre-existing answer. The researcher learns from precalculus homework, others. Secondary research usually focuses on of mice and men, searching recorded knowledge (e.g., published stuff) but also embraces searching un-recorded knowledge (e.g., knowledge possessed by living experts). Most student research papers are secondary research. Primary and homework, secondary research have many features in common.

In particular, both critically assess prior work in the field (and so document prior work). Both require the researcher to think for himself. Secondary research can be creative and it may even be original in the narrow sense that something about the composition or argument is distinctive and unique. But secondary research does not make a cumulative contribution to human knowledge; it is not integrated into the canon and others do not build on it. See also Research and Primary research.

Secondary source . A resource which is not a primary source, that is, not raw data or factual evidence. Typically a secondary source interprets and evaluates primary sources. In theology, almost all books and journals are secondary sources. But any work can be both a primary source for chapter 7 essay, one purpose and a secondary source for another. About! See Primary source for 7 essay, details.

You may hear references to tertiary sources. A tertiary source is a special kind of secondary source that is supposed to sum up scholarly consensus. Encyclopedias are supposed to be tertiary. Serial . A Model Of Christian Essays! A publication issued in and men 7 essay parts over many years and generally intended to be continued indefinitely. A periodical is a serial that is essays issued in successive consecutive parts on of mice and men 7 essay, a regular schedule (e.g., monthly or quarterly). See also periodical. Series . Like a serial, this is a publication issued in parts over many years and generally intended to be continued indefinitely. A monographic series is somani a series of books on some common general subject area (such as Old Testament studies or Reformation history).

Each book has its own title, but the group as a whole has a shared common title, the series title. Often each volume has a unique series number. A series is sometimes indistinguishable from a multi-volume set which has a collective title for of mice 7 essay, the whole set with separate titles for summer in michigan, each volume. But you must attempt to make the distinction when you write research papers because sets and series are cited (footnoted) differently. And Men! A multi-volume set is usually issued over just a few years and then completed according to plan.

A set usually tries to essays about characterization systematically cover every major aspect of some domain. The very organization of the of mice chapter, set shows it is complete (e.g. alphabetical A-Z, chronological organization, broad topical organization, etc.) and the first volume often shows an outline of the entire set. A true series never has a pre-planned completion and rarely tries to systematically cover every aspect of a domain. Publishers often call multi-volume biblical commentaries sets series although they are actually sets. It is traditional to writing summer cite these as series.

Sharing . The basis of the library. Shared resources, shared funding, shared access. Stacks . And Men! Area of the writing summer in michigan, library where books are stored on of mice chapter, shelves, one shelf stacked above another. Stemming . Search mechanism which analyzes a search word, determines the stem or root, and then matches all words with the same stem. For example, enter the term baptize, the system determines the stem is precalculus bapt- and it matches baptism, baptized, baptist etc. It may also match Anabaptist and rebaptize, depending on how stemming is performed in the particular system.

Since English words are mostly inflected with suffixes, stemming is often equivalent to truncating the end of and men 7 essay, a word. But this is can you questions not so in Hebrew, for example, which regularly inflects with prefixes and suffixes and infixes. So stemming can be quite superior to truncation. See also lemma. Stopword or noise word . Specific words that a system will not search for. To save time and disk space, some retrieval systems ignore some very common words that carry little meaning such as conjunctions, prepositions and and men chapter 7 essay, articles. The theory is quotes that you do not need to search for the or a or similar words.

But you do. (For example, a is necessary in a search for Vitamin A). Some systems will search for a stopword if you put the stopword in quotes. OCLC FirstSearch and EBSCOHost have stopwords. Subject headings . Terms (words and phrases) assigned to documents to indicate the subject/topic. Descriptors. And Men Chapter 7 Essay! Normally these terms are drawn from a Thesaurus which lists all the authorized standardized headings.

See also Library of thesis, Congress Subject Headings. See also Controlled vocabulary Database. TexShare borrowing privileges . TexShare is and men 7 essay a Texas library resource sharing program. If a library is a member of the TexShare card program, it will allow TexShare card holders from other libraries to borrow books. DTS students who reside in Texas and wish to creative writing programs borrow books directly from other Texas libraries may contact Turpin Library at DTS to of mice and men obtain a TexShare card. Thesis of a research paper . Main point to be demonstrated. Everything in a well written research paper supports the thesis.

Superfluous material is essays about excluded. Scholars working on of mice 7 essay, complex research projects often develop a hypothesis or working thesis during the early discovery phase of research, then refine this idea during the validation phase. It is possbible to write a helpful scholarly paper that does not have a specific thesis. For example, a critical review of recent research on one specific topic could be helpful to others without advancing a thesis. Rhetorical! See also Research. Thesaurus . In the context of database searching, a thesaurus is a list of standardized or officially endorsed terms (subject headings, descriptors) that can be used in a particular controlled vocabulary database, along with definitions and cross references that create a hierarchical network of terms.

Truncation search operator . Of Mice And Men 7 Essay! An operator which allows partial word matches by of christian charity essays, truncating (cutting off) part of the word, usually the final part. A wild card operator. A character mask operator. Truncation is usually indicated by punctuation such as $, #, +, *, !, and ?. For example, in some systems bapt* matches any word that starts with the four letters bapt(such as baptism and baptist), and lab*or matches any word that starts lab and ends or such as labor and and men 7 essay, labrador. See summary of common search operators. Some string search operators allow initial truncation as well (like the find command in your word processor). See also Stemming and Pattern match. URL . Uniform Resource Locator. Web address.

Example: http://www.dts.edu. Weight . A Model Essays! Document or record weight is an estimate of the goodness of a given document for a given search. Goodness is usually defined as a combination of factors like relevance, reliability/authority, popularity, date, etc. Some systems sort or rank documents by weight in an attempt to and men chapter show the best documents first. Work . Intellectual content which has been recorded as a document in some format (book, movie, letter, painting, etc.) One work may have many different manifestations, as for example a play may manifest as a written script or a recorded performance.

If distinguished from the document, then work = content, and document = physical manifestation of the work.

DCSS - DB/Web Server/Altiris Administrator - APA Resume Example. Home: XXX-XXXX-XXX - Cell: XXX-XXXX-XXX - XXXX@XXXX.XXX. Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert (MCSE) Certificate Customer service expert Analytical and critical thinker Skilled at mediation Fast learner Skilled multi-tasker Skilled in HTML, HTTP and IP. 7 Essay? In depth Knowledge of MS OS and Applications Experience with Enterprise level Antivirus and Antimalware COTS software Client/Server Architecture. Installed software, modified and repaired hardware and resolved technical issues. Provided base level IT support to non-technical personnel within the business. Managed call flow and responded to technical support needs of customers. Resolved customer issues in a clear, courteous and straightforward manner. Demonstrated professionalism and courtesy with customers at all times. Identified and solved technical issues with a variety of diagnostic tools. Resolved problems with malfunctioning products.

Followed up with clients to ensure optimal customer satisfaction. Conducted research to address customer concerns. Remained up-to-date on the latest technologies and solutions applicable to precalculus company products. Maintained [ Number ]% uptime on company networks through careful and and men chapter 7 essay preventative maintenance. Resolved virus and malware issues with a [ Number ]% success rate. Resolved [ Number ] technical support inquiries per [ Time period ]. Set up equipment for [ Number ] employees, including installing cables and homework hardware. Of Mice And Men Chapter? Installed software and operating systems on [ Number ] company computers. Set up and configured hardware and software on company equipment. Maintained accurate hardware and software inventories.

Restored data, operating systems, files, documents and drivers. Built and repaired [ Computer Brand Name ], [ Computer Brand Name ] and [ Computer Brand Name ] computers. Quotes Within? Trained both internal and off-site users in repairing and resolving recurring issues. Set up and of mice and men 7 essay maintained company web server using [ Computer Program ] and [ Computer Program ]. Resolved computer hardware and software, printing, installation, word processing, email and operating systems issues. Repaired and replaced hardware, including [ Hardware type ]. Installed system software, including [ Software ]. Installed, tested and modified circuit breakers, controls, fuses, lights and motors. Fabricated specific electrical component parts and assemblies. Interpreted drawings, wiring diagrams, flow charts and written descriptions of the essays characterization project requirements. Worked with various types of cableways, conduits and other electrical raceways.

Updated service record files on equipment drawings and history. Recorded the respective measurements for each project. Consulted with the supervisor electrician regarding the likely risks associated with the assigned job. Consistently updated knowledge of safety requirements and policies. Demonstrated expertise in the use of cable reels, stripping tools, voltage detectors, crimping tools and wire and cable cutters. Measured devices, including analyzers, amp meters and volt-ohm meters. Maintained a working area that was clean, safe and stocked with appropriate equipment and supplies. Of Mice And Men? Tested equipment tools such as oscilloscopes, ammeters and test lamps. Somani? Investigated major malfunctions and breakdowns of of mice chapter heating, refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

Inspected and essays tested refrigeration systems, safety devices and controls. Repaired and and men chapter replaced motors, bearings and belts. Closed out within an essay, all work orders after verifying completion and reporting any discrepancies. Of Mice Chapter 7 Essay? Filled out detailed work orders for each job completed. Supplied technical support to can you have rhetorical customers. Worked overtime, holidays and weekends to and men 7 essay accommodate company needs. Kept accurate records of time and can you have rhetorical materials used for each job. Properly filled and dispensed an average of [ number ] prescriptions per day. And Men? Effectively resolved insurance rejections and other billing issues. Have Rhetorical Questions? Managed drug and supply inventories. Exhibited proficiency in IV and chemo compounding.

Monitored the medication dispensing machines within the hospital to ensure supplies were readily available to clinical staff. Assisted other pharmacy staff with drug inventory, purchasing, and chapter receiving. Properly cleaned and maintained department equipment such as IV hoods. A Model Of Christian Charity Essays? Compounded and repackaged medications, including unit-doses, topical medications and sterile products. Conducted routine inspections of medication storage locations. Of Mice And Men Chapter? Regularly stocked shelves, rotated stock and checked for a model charity essays, expired medications.

Performed technical processes required to of mice chapter dispense medications to patients. Managed supply procurement and management processes. Can You Have Rhetorical Questions? Inspected drug storage sites, monitored drug supply expiration dates and ensured proper supply levels. Completed new and updated patient profiles, including lists of patient medications. Prepacked bulk medicines, filled bottles with prescribed medications and affixed correct labels. Cleaned equipment and work areas and sterilized glassware to maintain safe and of mice sanitary conditions. Receptively answered customer questions and helped locate desired items in the pharmacy.

Reconstituted oral liquids. Homework? Correctly completed pharmacy paperwork, including daily and weekly reports. Prepared medications such as emulsions, liquids, powders and ointments. Worked closely with Pharmacy Care Representatives (PCRs) in chapter providing excellent patient care. Hand counted control medications, measured liquids and reconstituted antibiotics. Assessed the correct identity, strength and purity of medications. Properly compounded and quotes an essay dispensed medications as prescribed by doctors and dentists. Implemented standard procedures for mixing, packaging and labeling pharmaceuticals to ensure quality, security and of mice 7 essay proper disposal.

Checked prescriptions for appropriate dosage, drug interactions, allergies and contra-indications before dispensing medications. Communicated regularly with physicians, nurses, insurance companies and managed care organizations. Properly instructed pharmacy students and residents on introductory and advanced pharmacy practice rotations. Conducted blood pressure screenings and counseled patients on hypertension. Saved patients money and within increased pharmacy profit margins with therapeutically equivalent and 7 essay more cost-effective generic drugs. Recruited an average of [ Number ] new participants each month. Explained exercise modifications and contraindicated movements to participants with a history of injury.

Cultivated positive relationships with participants by interacting with them during group fitness classes. Somani? Explained the use of exercise equipment to all participants, prioritizing safety at all times. Greeted all members in a professional and friendly manner. Immediately reported any damaged or broken equipment. Assessed individual progress and suggested appropriate changes. ITT Technical Institute - Rancho Cordova , CA. University of the Pacific - Stockton , CA.

Promoted to Senior Help Desk after [ number ] months of employment. Completed intensive training in database fundamentals and of mice software engineering. Trained and within led technical support teams of more than [ number ] support specialists. Product Support Specialist@ELEKTA Inc. Desktop Support Engineer@Satellite HealthCare. Systems Administrator/Systems Engineer@Solid Rock IT Solutions. Tutor@Blue Ridge Community College. Amazon Fulfillment Associate@Amazon.com. IT Technician@Long Island Computer Networks. Of Mice? Client Technical Analyst@CDK Global. Ankit Somani? Featured Jobs in Folsom:View More Folsom Jobs.

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Is the Criminal-Justice System Racist? T he race industry and its elite enablers take it as self-evident that high black incarceration rates result from discrimination. At a presidential primary debate this Martin Luther King Day, for instance, Senator Barack Obama charged that blacks and whites “are arrested at very different rates, are convicted at and men very different rates, [and] receive very different sentences . . . for the same crime.” Not to be outdone, Senator Hillary Clinton promptly denounced the “disgrace of quotes within a criminal-justice system that incarcerates so many more African-Americans proportionately than whites.” If a listener didn’t know anything about chapter, crime, such charges of disparate treatment might seem plausible. After all, in 2006, blacks were 37.5 percent of all state and federal prisoners, though they’re under 13 percent of the ankit somani thesis, national population. About one in 33 black men was in prison in 2006, compared with one in 205 white men and one in 79 Hispanic men. Of Mice? Eleven percent of all black males between the ages of 20 and 34 are in quotes an essay, prison or jail. The dramatic rise in the prison and chapter 7 essay jail population over the last three decades—to 2.3 million people at the end of 2007 (see box)—has only amplified the racial accusations against the criminal-justice system. The favorite culprits for high black prison rates include a biased legal system, draconian drug enforcement, and creative even prison itself. None of these explanations stands up to scrutiny. The black incarceration rate is overwhelmingly a function of black crime.

Insisting otherwise only worsens black alienation and further defers a real solution to the black crime problem. R acial activists usually remain assiduously silent about that problem. But in 2005, the black homicide rate was over seven times higher than that of whites and Hispanics combined, according to the federal Bureau of Justice Statistics. From 1976 to 2005, blacks committed over of mice and men chapter 7 essay, 52 percent of all murders in America. In 2006, the black arrest rate for most crimes was two to nearly three times blacks’ representation in essays, the population. Of Mice And Men Chapter? Blacks constituted 39.3 percent of all violent-crime arrests, including 56.3 percent of a model essays all robbery and and men 7 essay 34.5 percent of all aggravated-assault arrests, and can you rhetorical 29.4 percent of all property-crime arrests. The advocates acknowledge such crime data only indirectly: by charging bias on the part of the system’s decision makers. As Obama suggested in the Martin Luther King debate, police, prosecutors, and chapter 7 essay judges treat blacks and have in essays whites differently “for the of mice and men chapter, same crime.”

Let’s start with the idea that cops over-arrest blacks and ignore white criminals. In fact, the race of criminals reported by have crime victims matches arrest data. As long ago as 1978, a study of robbery and aggravated assault in eight cities found parity between the race of assailants in victim identifications and in and men chapter, arrests—a finding replicated many times since, across a range of crimes. Programs In Michigan? No one has ever come up with a plausible argument as to why crime victims would be biased in their reports. Moving up the enforcement chain, the campaign against chapter 7 essay the criminal-justice system next claims that prosecutors overcharge and judges oversentence blacks. Obama describes this alleged postarrest treatment as “Scooter Libby justice for some and Jena justice for others.” Jena, Louisiana, of course, was where a D.A. initially lodged attempted second-degree murder charges against black students who, in December 2006, slammed a white student’s head against a concrete beam, knocking him unconscious, and then stomped and kicked him in the head while he was down. As Charlotte Allen has brilliantly chronicled in precalculus, The Weekly Standard , a local civil rights activist crafted a narrative linking the attack to of mice chapter an unrelated incident months earlier, in which three white students hung two nooses from a schoolyard tree—a display that may or may not have been intended as a racial provocation. This entrepreneur then embellished the tale with other alleged instances of programs redneck racism—above all, the initial attempted-murder charges. And Men Chapter? An enthusiastic national press responded to the bait exactly as intended, transforming the can you rhetorical questions, “Jena Six” into and men 7 essay victims rather than perpetrators. In the seven months of ensuing headlines and protests, Jena became a symbol of homework systemic racial unfairness in America’s court system. If blacks were disproportionately in prison, the refrain went, it was because they faced biased prosecutors—like the one in Jena—as well as biased juries and judges.

Backing up this bias claim has been the holy grail of criminology for decades—and the prize remains as elusive as ever. Of Mice And Men 7 Essay? In 1997, criminologists Robert Sampson and Janet Lauritsen reviewed the massive literature on charging and sentencing. They concluded that “large racial differences in quotes an essay, criminal offending,” not racism, explained why more blacks were in prison proportionately than whites and for longer terms. A 1987 analysis of Georgia felony convictions, for of mice chapter 7 essay, example, found that blacks frequently received disproportionately lenient punishment. A 1990 study of 11,000 California cases found that slight racial disparities in sentence length resulted from blacks’ prior records and other legally relevant variables. A 1994 Justice Department survey of felony cases from the country’s 75 largest urban areas discovered that blacks actually had a lower chance of precalculus prosecution following a felony than whites did and that they were less likely to be found guilty at trial. Following conviction, blacks were more likely to receive prison sentences, however—an outcome that reflected the gravity of of mice and men 7 essay their offenses as well as their criminal records. Another criminologist—easily as liberal as Sampson—reached the creative writing in michigan, same conclusion in 1995: “Racial differences in chapter 7 essay, patterns of ankit offending, not racial bias by police and other officials, are the principal reason that such greater proportions of blacks than whites are arrested, prosecuted, convicted and of mice chapter imprisoned,” Michael Tonry wrote in Malign Neglect . (Tonry did go on to impute malign racial motives to essays drug enforcement, however.) The media’s favorite criminologist, Alfred Blumstein, found in 1993 that blacks were significantly underrepresented in prison for and men chapter, homicide compared with their presence in arrest. This consensus hasn’t made the slightest dent in the ongoing search for systemic racism. An entire industry in the law schools now dedicates itself to flushing out prosecutorial and judicial bias, using ever more complicated statistical artillery.

The net result? A few new studies show tiny, unexplained racial disparities in sentencing, while other analyses continue to find none. Any differences that do show up are trivially small compared with the exponentially greater rates of criminal offending among blacks. No criminologist would claim, moreover, to quotes within an essay have controlled for every legal factor that affects criminal-justice outcomes, says Patrick Langan, former senior statistician for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prosecutors and judges observe the heinousness of chapter 7 essay a defendant’s conduct, for precalculus, example, but a number-crunching researcher has no easy way to discover and and men quantify that variable. Some criminologists replace statistics with High Theory in their search for racism. The criminal-justice system does treat individual suspects and criminals equally, they concede. About? But the problem is how society defines crime and criminals. Crime is a social construction designed to marginalize minorities, these theorists argue.

A liberal use of scare quotes is virtually mandatory in such discussions, to signal one’s distance from primitive notions like “law-abiding” and “dangerous.” Arguably, vice crimes are partly definitional (though even there, the law enforcement system focuses on them to the extent that they harm communities). But the social constructivists are talking about of mice 7 essay, all crime, and it’s hard to ankit somani see how one could “socially reconstruct” assault or robbery so as to of mice and men convince victims that they haven’t been injured. U nfair drug policies are an creative in michigan equally popular explanation for black incarceration rates. Legions of pundits, activists, and academics charge that the war on drugs is a war on minorities—a de facto war at best, an intentional one at worst. Playing a starring role in this conceit are federal crack penalties, the source of the greatest amount of misinformation in the race and incarceration debate. Crack is a smokeable and highly addictive cocaine concentrate, created by cooking powder cocaine until it hardens into pellets called “rocks.” Crack produces a faster—and more potent—high than powder cocaine, and of mice and men it’s easier to use, since smoking avoids the unpleasantness of needles and is more efficient than snorting. Under the 1986 federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act, getting caught with five grams of crack carries a mandatory minimum five-year sentence in federal court; to trigger the same five-year minimum, powder-cocaine traffickers would have to get caught with 500 grams. An Essay? On average, federal crack sentences are three to chapter six times longer than powder sentences for equivalent amounts.

The media love to target the federal crack penalties because crack defendants are likely to be black. In 2006, 81 percent of federal crack defendants were black, while only 27 percent of summer programs in michigan federal powder-cocaine defendants were. Since federal crack rules are more severe than those for powder, and crack offenders are disproportionately black, those rules must explain why so many blacks are in and men, prison, the conventional wisdom holds. But consider the actual number of crack sellers sentenced in federal court each year. In 2006, 5,619 were tried federally, 4,495 of homework them black. From 1996 to 2000, the federal courts sentenced more powder traffickers (23,743) than crack traffickers (23,121). It’s going to take a lot more than 5,000 or so crack defendants a year to account for the 562,000 black prisoners in state and federal facilities at the end of 2006—or the 858,000 black prisoners in custody overall, if one includes the and men chapter 7 essay, population of county and city jails.

Nor do crack/powder disparities at the state level explain black incarceration rates: only 13 states distinguish between crack and powder sentences, and they employ much smaller sentence differentials. The press almost never mentions the federal methamphetamine-trafficking penalties, which are identical to those for crack: five grams of meth net you a mandatory minimum five-year sentence. In 2006, the 5,391 sentenced federal meth defendants (nearly as many as the crack defendants) were 54 percent white, 39 percent Hispanic, and 2 percent black. But no one calls the federal meth laws anti-Hispanic or anti-white. N evertheless, the writing summer, federal crack penalties dominate discussions on race and incarceration because they seem to provide a concrete example of egregious racial disparity. This leads to a commonly expressed syllogism: crack penalties have a disparate impact on blacks; disparate impact is racist; therefore, crack penalties are racist. This syllogism has been particularly prominent recently, thanks to the U.S. Of Mice Chapter 7 Essay? Sentencing Commission’s 2007 decision to lighten federal crack penalties retroactively in the name of racial equity.

The press has covered this development voraciously, serving up a massive dose of crack revisionism aimed at proving the essays, racist origins of the war on crack. 7 Essay? Crack was never a big deal, the revisionist story line goes. But when Boston Celtics draft pick Len Bias died of a crack overdose in 1986, the quotes within, media went into of mice chapter 7 essay overdrive covering the crack phenomenon. About Characterization? “Images—or perhaps anecdotes—about the evils of crack, and of mice chapter the street crime it was presumed to stoke” circulated, as the New York Times archly put it in a December 2007 article. A “moral panic” (Michael Tonry’s term) ensued about an imaginary threat from a powerless minority group. Creative Writing? Whites feared that addicted blacks would invade their neighborhoods. Sensational stories about “crack babies” surfaced. Chapter? All this hysteria resulted in of christian essays, the unnecessary federal crack penalties. Since the 1980s, the revisionist narrative continues, experts have determined that powder and crack show more pharmacological “similarities than differences,” in chapter, the Times ’s words, and that crack is no more damaging to fetuses than alcohol. The belief that crack was an inner-city scourge was thus a racist illusion, and the sentencing structure to quell it a racist assault. Or, as U.S. District Judge Clyde Cahill put it, in homework, what one hopes is not a representative sample of the federal judicial temperament: “Legislators’ unconscious racial aversion towards blacks, sparked by unsubstantiated reports of the effects of crack, reactionary media prodding, and an agitated constituency, motivated the legislators . . . to produce a dual system of punishment.”

Leave aside the irony of the press’s now declaring smugly that the press exaggerated the ravages of crack. (The same New York Times that now sneers at “images—or perhaps anecdotes—about the evils of of mice chapter 7 essay crack” ran searing photos of crack addicts in 1993 that included a woman kneeling before a crack dealer, unzipping his fly, a baby clinging to her back; such degraded prostitutes, known as “strawberries,” were pervasive casualties of the have in essays, epidemic.) The biggest problem with the revisionist narrative is its unreality. The assertion that concern about crack resulted from “unconscious racial aversion towards blacks” ignores a key fact: black leaders were the first to sound the alarm about the of mice chapter 7 essay, drug, as Harvard law professor Randall Kennedy documents in characterization, Race, Crime, and the Law . Harlem congressman Charles Rangel initiated the federal response to the epidemic, warning the House of of mice chapter 7 essay Representatives in March 1986 that crack had made cocaine “frightening[ly]” accessible to youth. A few months later, Brooklyn congressman Major Owens explicitly rejected what is now received wisdom about thesis, media hype. 7 Essay? “None of the press accounts really have exaggerated what is actually going on,” Owens said; the crack epidemic was “as bad as any articles have stated.” Queens congressman Alton Waldon then called on his colleagues to act: “For those of us who are black this self-inflicted pain is the worst oppression we have known since slavery. . Quotes? . . Let us . Chapter 7 Essay? . Somani? . Of Mice And Men 7 Essay? pledge to characterization crack down on crack.” The bill that eventually passed, containing the crack/powder distinction, won majority support among black congressmen, none of whom, as Kennedy points out, objected to it as racist. These politicians were reacting to a devastating outbreak of inner-city violence and addiction unleashed by the new form of cocaine. Because crack came in small, easily digestible amounts, it democratized what had been a rarefied drug, making an intense high available to people with very little money. The crack market differed radically from the discreet phone transactions and private deliveries that characterized powder-cocaine distribution: volatile young dealers sold crack on chapter street corners, using guns to establish their turf.

Crack, homicides, and assaults went hand in hand; certain areas of New York became “like a war zone,” retired DEA special agent Robert Stutman told PBS’s Frontline in 2000. The large national spike in violence in the mid-1980s was largely due to the crack trade, and its victims were overwhelmingly black inner-city residents. Though the elites are furiously rewriting crack history, many people who lived through it are not. In April 2007, Los Angeles prosecutor Robert Grace won the conviction of a crack dealer who had raped and strangled to death ten strawberries between 1987 and 1998. The “crack epidemic was one of the precalculus, worst things that happened to the black and brown community,” Grace asserts. Matthew Kennedy managed an infamous public housing project in and men chapter 7 essay, Watts during the crack epidemic. “Some of us remember how bad it was,” he says. When children avoid school for quotes, fear of and men chapter getting shot by drug gangs, “you’ve just lost that generation.” Lawrence Tolliver has witnessed his share of shootings outside his South Central barbershop. “Sometimes it was so bad you had to scout the horizon like a gazelle at a watering hole in Africa,” he recalls. It takes shameless sleight of hand to turn an effort to protect blacks into a conspiracy against them. If Congress had ignored black legislators’ calls to homework increase cocaine-trafficking penalties, the outcry among the groups now crying racism would have been deafening. Yes, a legislative bidding war drove federal crack penalties ultimately to of mice and men an arbitrary and excessive point; the reduction of summer those penalties is 7 essay appropriate.

But what led to the crack-sentencing scheme wasn’t racism but legal logic. Prosecutors rely on ankit somani heavy statutory penalties to induce defendants to spill the and men, beans on their criminal colleagues. “An amazing public spirit is engendered when you tell someone he is facing 150 years to life but has the possibility of getting out after eight if he tells you who committed a string of homicides,” says Walter Arsenault, who headed the summer programs, Manhattan district attorney’s homicide-investigation unit in and men chapter 7 essay, the 1980s and 1990s. R ace activists endlessly promote the claim that the draconian federal crack laws are sweeping up mere sad sacks with a little extra crack to spare. Summer In Michigan? But anyone who fits that description is exempt from the federal sentencing scheme. Traffickers with only a modest criminal history who didn’t injure others or have a gun when arrested can escape the of mice chapter 7 essay, mandatory federal sentences if they don’t lie to the government about their offense (there is no requirement to rat out creative summer programs, others). In 2006, only 15.4 percent of crack-cocaine defendants qualified for of mice and men chapter 7 essay, this safety-valve provision, compared with 48.4 percent of powder-cocaine offenders; in 2000, even fewer crack defendants qualified—12.6 percent. Crack sellers seldom merit the escape clause because their criminal histories tend to be much more severe than powder sellers’ and because they’re more likely to have or use weapons. The congressional distinction between crack and powder sellers, it turns out, had a firm grounding.

Equally misleading is the characterization, criticism that few crack “kingpins” can be found in of mice and men, federal prison. This is not surprising, because “kingpins” in ankit thesis, the traditional sense—heads of major drug-importing rings—don’t exist in of mice 7 essay, the crack world. Crack is not imported but cooked up locally. Its supply and distribution scheme is an essay more horizontal than vertical, unlike that of powder cocaine and heroin. Of Mice And Men Chapter 7 Essay? Federal crack enforcement wasn’t about stopping the flow of a model of christian illegal drugs into the country; it was about stopping urban violence.

And that violence was coming from of mice 7 essay street dealers. C ritics follow up their charges about crack with several empirical claims about can you questions in essays, drugs and imprisonment. None is true. The first is that drug enforcement has been the most important cause of the overall rising incarceration rate since the of mice chapter, 1980s. Yet even during the most rapid period of population growth in prisons—from 1980 to 1990—36 percent of the thesis, growth in state prisons (where 88 percent of the nation’s prisoners are housed) came from violent crimes, compared with 33 percent from drug crimes.

Since then, drug offenders have played an even smaller role in chapter 7 essay, state prison expansion. From 1990 to 2000, violent offenders accounted for 53 percent of the census increase—and all of the can you have rhetorical in essays, increase from 1999 to chapter 2004. Next, critics blame drug enforcement for rising racial disparities in prison. Again, the facts say otherwise. In 2006, blacks were 37.5 percent of the have rhetorical questions, 1,274,600 state prisoners. If you remove drug prisoners from that population, the percentage of black prisoners drops to 37 percent—half of a percentage point, hardly a significant difference. (No criminologist, to the best of my knowledge, has ever performed this exercise.) The rise of drug cases in the criminal-justice system has been dramatic, it’s important to acknowledge. In 1979, drug offenders were 6.4 percent of the state prison population; in 2004, they were 20 percent. Even so, violent and and men chapter property offenders continue to dominate the ranks: in 2004, 52 percent of state prisoners were serving time for violence and 21 percent for property crimes, for a combined total over three and a half times that of state drug offenders.

In federal prisons, drug offenders went from 25 percent of all federal inmates in ankit somani, 1980 to and men 47.6 percent of thesis all federal inmates in 2006. Of Mice Chapter 7 Essay? Drug-war opponents focus almost exclusively on precalculus federal, as opposed to state, prisons because the proportion of drug offenders is of mice and men highest there. But the quotes within, federal system held just 12.3 percent of the and men 7 essay, nation’s prisoners in 2006. S o much for the claim that blacks are disproportionately imprisoned because of the war on drugs. But a final, even more audacious, argument maintains that incarceration itself, not criminals, causes crime in black neighborhoods. Because blacks have the highest prison rate, this argument holds, incarceration constitutes an homework unjust and disproportionate burden on them. And Men 7 Essay? This idea has gained wide currency in the academic world and in anti-incarceration think tanks.

Columbia University law professor Jeffrey Fagan offered a representative version of the quotes within an essay, theory in of mice, a 2003 law review article coauthored with two public health researchers. Sending black males to prison “weakens the essays characterization, general social control of of mice chapter 7 essay children and can you have rhetorical questions especially adolescents,” Fagan writes. Of Mice And Men? Incarceration increases the number of single-parent households. With adult males missing from their neighborhoods, boys will be more likely to get involved in crime, since they lack proper supervision. The net result: “Incarceration begets more incarceration [in] a vicious cycle.” A few questions present themselves. Programs? How many convicts were living in a stable relationship with the of mice and men, mother (or one of the mothers) of their children before being sent upstate? (Forget even asking about their marriage rate.) What kind of positive guidance do men who are committing enough crimes to end up in quotes, prison, rather than on probation (an exceedingly high threshold), provide to young people? Further, if Fagan is right that keeping criminals out of prison and on the streets preserves a community’s social capital, inner cities should have thrived during the 1960s and early 1970s, when prison resources contracted sharply. In fact, New York’s poorest neighborhoods—the subject of Fagan’s analysis—turned around only in the 1990s, when the prison population reached its zenith. Fagan, like many other criminologists, conflates the effects of prison and crime. Neighborhoods with high incarceration rates suffer disproportionate burdens, he claims.

Firms are reluctant to locate in such areas, decreasing job opportunities. Police pay closer attention to these high-incarceration zones, increasing the chance that any given criminal within them will wind up arrested. Thus, incarceration “provides a steady supply of offenders for chapter 7 essay, more incarceration.” But if business owners think twice about rhetorical in essays, certain communities, it’s because they fear crime, not a high concentration of of mice chapter ex-convicts per se. It’s unlikely that prospective employers even know the population of ex-cons in of christian, a neighborhood; what they are aware of is of mice and men chapter 7 essay its crime rates. And an employer who hesitates to hire an ankit somani thesis ex-con is almost certainly reacting to his criminal record, even if he has been given community probation instead of prison. Likewise, if the police give extra scrutiny to neighborhoods with many ex-convicts, it’s because those convicts commit a lot of crime.

Finally, putting more criminals on probation, rather than sending them to prison—as Fagan and others advocate—would only increase law enforcement surveillance of high-crime neighborhoods. This popular “social ecological” analysis of and men 7 essay incarceration, as Fagan and can you questions in essays other criminologists call it, treats prison like an outbreak of infectious disease that takes over and men, certain communities, felling people on of christian a seemingly random basis. “As the risks of going to jail or prison grow over time for of mice and men chapter 7 essay, persons living in characterization, those areas, their prospects for marriage or earning a living and family-sustaining wage diminish as the of mice and men chapter, incarceration rates around them rise,” Fagan says. This analysis elides the role of precalculus individual will. Of Mice? Fagan and others assume that once one lives in a high-incarceration—that is, high-crime—area, one can do little to avoid prison. But even in creative writing summer in michigan, the most frayed urban communities, plenty of of mice and men chapter 7 essay people choose to precalculus homework avoid the “Life.” Far from facing diminished marriage prospects, an upstanding, reliable young man in the inner city would be regarded as a valuable catch. No one doubts that having a criminal record—whether it results in community probation or prison—is a serious handicap. And Men 7 Essay? People convicted of creative summer crimes compete for jobs at a clear disadvantage with those who have stayed crime-free. But for all the popularity of the view that the system is to blame, it’s not hard to find dissenters who believe that individuals are responsible for the decision to break the law. “My position is of mice and men chapter not hard,” says public housing manager Matthew Kennedy. “You don’t have to do that crime.” Kennedy supported President Bill Clinton’s controversial 1996 “one-strike” rule for essays about characterization, public housing, which allowed housing authorities to evict drug dealers and other lawbreaking tenants on their first offense. “I’m trying to protect the good people in and men chapter, my community,” Kennedy explains. “A criminal record is preventable. Creative Summer In Michigan? It’s all on you.” Kennedy has no truck with the argument that it is unfair to send ex-offenders back to and men chapter 7 essay prison for violations of their parole conditions, such as staying away from of christian their gang associates and hangouts. “Where do they take responsibility for their own actions?” he wonders. And Men 7 Essay? “You’ve been told, ‘Don’t come back to this community.’ Why would you come back here? You’ve got to change your ways, change the habits that got you in there in the first place.” Though you’d never know it from reading the can you have questions in essays, academic literature, some people in minority communities even see prison as potentially positive for individuals as well as for communities. “I don’t buy the idea that there’s no sense to prison,” says Clyde Fulford, a 54-year-old lifelong resident of the William Mead Homes, a downtown Los Angeles housing project.

Having raised his children to be hardworking, law-abiding citizens, Fulford is a real role model for of mice, his neighborhood, not the quotes, specious drug-dealing kind posited by the “social ecological” theory of and men chapter 7 essay incarceration. “I know a lot of people who went to prison,” Fulford says. “A lot changed they life for creative writing programs in michigan, the better. Prison was they wake-up call.” Is prison unavoidable and thus unfair? “They knew they was going to of mice chapter pay. Creative Programs? It’s up to 7 essay that person.” What if the prisoners hadn’t been locked up? “Many would be six feet under.” R obert Grace, the Los Angeles prosecutor, is an essay acutely aware of the fragility and chapter 7 essay preciousness of the rule of a model charity essays law. “As a civilized society, we can’t allow what’s happening in Latin America to take over here,” he says. Of Mice? “Venezuela and Mexico are awash in appalling violence because they don’t respect the law.” Thus, when prominent figures like Barack Obama make sweeping claims about racial unfairness in the criminal-justice system, they play with fire. “For any political candidate to make such claims out of expediency is wrong,” Grace says. “If they have statistics that back up the charity, claim, I’d like to see them. But to create phony perceptions of injustice is as wrong as not doing anything about the real thing.” The evidence is clear: black prison rates result from crime, not racism. America’s comparatively high rates of incarceration are nothing to celebrate, of course, but the of mice and men 7 essay, alternative is far worse. The dramatic drop in crime in the 1990s, to which stricter sentencing policies unquestionably contributed, has freed thousands of law-abiding inner-city residents from the bondage of ankit somani thesis fear.

Commerce and of mice and men street life have revived in those urban neighborhoods where crime has fallen most. The pressure to divert even more offenders from prison, however, will undoubtedly grow. If a probation system can finally be crafted that provides as much public safety as prison, we should welcome it. But the continuing search for the chimera of criminal-justice bigotry is charity a useless distraction that diverts energy and attention from the crucial imperative of of mice and men helping more inner-city boys stay in school—and out of trouble. Punishment and Crime. Those who tar the criminal-justice system as racist often make a broader claim: incarceration doesn’t even lower crime, making the nation’s skyrocketing prison rolls a particularly senseless injustice.

Incarceration foes are right about one thing: the U.S. prison population has swollen dramatically over the last three decades. The per-capita rate of imprisonment increased three times from 1973 to 2000; the number of state and federal prisoners grew fivefold between 1977 and 2007, from 300,000 to 1.59 million. When inmates in jails are included, the total number in correctional facilities at the end of 2007 was 2.3 million, according to writing summer programs the Pew Center on the States. One in of mice 7 essay, 100 adults is in custody. This expansion represents a resounding rejection of the reigning crime philosophy of the 1960s. The 1967 report of the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, a classic Great Society document, argued that society could reduce crime only by an essay eliminating poverty and racism, ideally through government-funded social programs.

Consistent with this theory, prison capacity began dropping during the sixties and of mice and men only stopped falling during the homework, late 1970s, when crime reached intolerable levels. Thereafter, the states started adding prison beds and passing laws to keep offenders locked up longer and to reduce judicial discretion to issue very lenient sentences. Few subjects have proved more contested in criminology than whether this prison buildup lowered crime—and, if so, by how much. Anyone entering the thickets of incarceration studies should abandon all commonsense assumptions, such as that locking away, say, a burglar, would reduce burglary rates. Not so, say the criminologists, and at first glance, the crime data from the late-twentieth-century prison expansion seem to support them. Only after 1991 was the rise in incarceration consistently accompanied by decreasing crime rates; in the 1980s, crime went up and down, even as the prison population steadily grew. And now that crime is 7 essay falling, the criminology world finds itself even more puzzled by why the quotes an essay, prison population keeps increasing.

Two of the most common theories as to why prison doesn’t lower crime are logically weak and empirically ungrounded. The first is that locking a criminal up won’t decrease crime, since another criminal will replace him. Yet while crimes meeting an illicit consumer demand may operate within a supply-and-demand framework, opportunities for violence and property crimes hit no natural ceiling. There are plenty of potential victims of violence and theft to go around; a potential robber need not wait for a competitor to go to jail before he can begin his own crime spree. The second theory to 7 essay explain why prison doesn’t work applies the law of diminishing returns to incarceration. As we lock up ever more people, we start scraping the bottom of the criminal barrel, the critics say. The prisoners we incarcerate become more innocuous than those picked up initially, so we get a diminishing bang for the buck for every new prisoner sent away. However impeccable the economic reasoning behind this claim, there is no empirical evidence for it. The diminishing-returns argument assumes that the creative programs in michigan, universe of unapprehended and unincarcerated criminals is shrinking. It is not. The chances of getting caught and sent to prison remain extraordinarily low.

The JFA Institute, an anti-incarceration advocacy group, estimated in 2007 that in only 3 percent of of mice and men chapter violent victimizations and property crimes does the offender end up in prison. In 2004, only 1.6 percent of can you have questions in essays burglars were in prison, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. The people in prison today, says statistician Patrick Langan, are “not very different from prisoners in the past, in terms of their prior records.” In the overwhelming majority of of mice cases, whatever the race of the convicted, prison remains what it has always been: a lifetime achievement award for persistence in criminal offending. Absent recidivism or a violent crime, the of christian, criminal-justice system will do everything it can to keep you out of the state or federal slammer. It can be disconcerting for the average law-abiding citizen to and men chapter hear a prosecutor’s typology of the ankit, crime universe: most thefts, for of mice chapter 7 essay, example, are considered “nonserious crimes” that do not merit prison sentences, unless they concern a huge amount of money or took place in the victim’s presence. Steal an unoccupied car or burgle an unoccupied home and you’ll probably get probation; hijack a car from a driver or stick up a pedestrian, however, and you’ll probably go to prison. Columbia University law professor Dan Richman had a chance to test the “harmless offenders in prison” claim as chair of New York City’s Local Conditional Release Commission. Richman studied the essays characterization, criminal profile of Rikers jail inmates in late 2004.

Jails are supposed to be where the most “innocuous” lawbreakers end up—those with misdemeanor convictions or sentences of less than a year. 7 Essay? “It struck me how serious the offenders were,” he says. “I’d come from the academy, where there’s persuasive writing about over-incarceration. I had assumed there would be mostly first-time offenders in jail, but it wasn’t true.” About 40 percent of the inmates had prior felony convictions, Richman discovered, and the inmates’ most recent offenses, which had put them in jail this time around, were usually serious. People in for assault would have pleaded down from attempted manslaughter; possession pleaded down from distribution. “These weren’t people who were there by quotes within accident,” says Richman. One can also test the theory that locking away offenders doesn’t lower crime by seeing what prisoners do when they get out. Of Mice? The Bureau of Justice Statistics studied the postprison careers of over within an essay, 272,000 state prisoners released in 1994.

Within three years, 67.5 percent of the group had been rearrested for 744,000 new felonies and serious misdemeanors. How many additional crimes they committed during those three years before getting arrested is and men 7 essay unknown; estimates of the number of crimes that a typical unapprehended criminal commits per within an essay year range from zero to several hundred. And the of mice and men, ex-cons’ post-release crime spree seems not to have resulted from the negative effects of prison itself, since convicts who spent the longest time behind bars had significantly lower rearrest rates than others. Not all criminologists and precalculus homework law professors dispute that prison lowers crime. University of Chicago economist Steve Levitt hypothesized in 1996 that had incarceration rates not risen sharply from of mice and men chapter 1971 to 1993, violent crime would have been 70 percent higher and property crime almost 50 percent higher. About Characterization? More typical estimates attribute 10 to 25 percent of the 1990s crime drop to incarceration. And Berkeley law professor Franklin Zimring rejected the diminishing-returns argument against and men incarceration in his 2007 book The Great American Crime Decline . The fact that crime started dropping consistently only at the end of the decades-long prison buildup makes perfect sense, he argued, since that’s when the greatest number of criminals were off the streets. Heather Mac Donald is a contributing editor of City Journal and the John M. Olin Fellow at the Manhattan Institute. Her latest book, coauthored with Victor Davis Hanson and Steven Malanga, is The Immigration Solution.

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Heather Mac Donald discusses Is the Criminal-Justice System Racist? A quarterly magazine of urban affairs, published by the Manhattan Institute, edited by essays Brian C. Anderson. New York, NY 10017 (212) 599-7000. Send a question or comment using the form below. This message may be routed through support staff.