Xenophobia essay

A (very long) essay on political communications, French style. Xenophobia? Posted on 19 October 2011 | 12:10pm. The post has just arrived and in it a very nice surprise, the discovery that Jacques Seguela, one-time adviser to President Mitterrand, now close confidant of President and Madame Sarkozy (indeed he intoduced them), and something of a legend in French political communications, has dedicated his latest book to little old moi . With apologies for the missing accents here and in the French bits of the scholarship long posting which follows the xenophobia dedication to #8216; Le Pouvoir dans la Peau #8216; (Power in the skin) reads #8216; A Alastair Campbell, mon spin doctor prefere#8217; (three missing accents in one word mes excuses sinceres). So what did I do for this honour, you are asking? Well, perhaps the fact that he asked me to read his book, and paper, write a #8216;postface#8217; assessment both of his writing and of the issues he covers, and the fact that I said yes, has something to xenophobia essay do with it. He says some blushmakingly kind things in his #8216;preface to the postface#8217;, which I will have to leave to paper helps French readers of the whole thing (published by Plon). But for the largely Anglophone visitors of this blog, I thought some of you might like to read the essay said #8216;postface#8217; in English (apart from the bits where I quote direct from his book). To Arms Essay? I hope all those students who write asking for help with dissertations will find something quotable in it.

Meanwhile I am off to Norway for a conference and a meeting with the Norwegian Labour Party. I#8217;m looking forward to being in the country with the xenophobia essay highest #8216;human development index#8217; in pollution words the world, and which showed such a mature response to xenophobia the recent massacre of Oslo and money happiness, Utoya. Here is the postface to Le Pouvoir dans la Peau. Essay? Jacques Seguela writes about political campaigns and can buy for and against essay, communications not merely as an expert analyst, but as an experienced practitioner. Hence his latest book contains both insights worth heeding, but also enlivening tales of his own experience. Xenophobia Essay? He is observer and participant; outsider looking in, and insider looking out. There is much to look at, not least in France with a Presidential election looming, and the outcome far from easy to money predict.

We live in a world defined by the pace of change, and whilst the velocity of that change has not always impacted upon our political institutions, many of which would remain recognisable to figures of history, it most certainly has impacted upon xenophobia essay, political communications. As Seguela writes: ‘En 5 ans le monde de la communication a plus evolue que dans les cents dernieres annees. #8216; Google, Youtube, Twitter, Facebook have quickly entered our language and essay, changed the way we communicate, live our private lives, do business, do politics. Essay? People do not believe politicians as much as they once did. Nor do they believe the media. So who do we believe? We believe each other. The power and the political potential of research paper social networks flows from that reality. Though fiercely modern in their application, social networks in some ways take us back to the politics of the village square. Xenophobia Essay? They are an electronic word of mouth on helps, a sometimes global scale. This has changed the way people interact with each other and with their politicians. My first campaign as spokesman and strategist for essay, Tony Blair was in 1997, three years in the planning after he had become leader of the Opposition Labour Party.

Some of the principles of strategy we applied back then would certainly apply to a modern day election. Money Happiness For And Against? But their tactical execution almost certainly would not. Politicians and xenophobia essay, their strategists have to adapt to change as well as lead it. Seguela gives some interesting insights into those who have adapted well, and those who have done less well. He clearly adores former President Lula of Brazil and you can feel his yearning for a French leader who can somehow combine hard-headed strategy with human empathy in the same way as a man who left office with satisfaction ratings of 87percent. Seguela probably remains best known in political circles for his role advising Francois Mitterrand. Yet wheras I am #8216;tribal Labour#8217;, and could not imagine supporting a Conservative Party candidate in harvard business essay word limit the UK, Seguela came out as a major supporter of Nicolas Sarkozy. Xenophobia Essay? I wonder if one of the farewell to arms analytical reasons was not a frustration that large parts of the left in France remain eternally suspicious of xenophobia modern communications techniques and essay in english words, styles which, frankly, no modern leader in a modern democracy can ignore. How he or she adapts to, or uses, them is up to them. But you cannot stand aside and imagine the world has not changed. If Lula is a star of this book, so too is Barack Obama.

American elections are of enormous interest to all political campaign junkies, a category in which both Seguela and I would almost certainly qualify. Much is made of Obama#8217;s use of the internet, a relatively new phenomenon in historical terms and one the young Senator used brilliantly in his quest to become President. Yet though it was an essay accurate expression of to arms analytical his modernity, underpinning its use were some very old-fashioned campaign principles. He used it to turn supporters into activists who both gave funds and also took his campaign materials and ideas and ran their own campaigns for him. Xenophobia? Somehow he managed to make one of the against most professional, most disciplined and xenophobia, best funded campaigns in history look like an enormous act of democratic participation. It was less command and control the model we certainly adopted in in english words 1997 and 2001, Labour#8217;s two landslide victories, easing off a little for xenophobia, our third win in 2005 than #8216;inspire and empower.#8217; #8216;Yes we can#8217; not #8216;yes I can#8217;. His supporters were more than supporters.

They were an pollution essay 1000 active part of the xenophobia campaign, and of the message. Business School Essay Limit? The key to xenophobia this was something that had nothing to do with politicians and everything to do with science, technology and the internet. Ask me who has had the scholarship rules most influence on xenophobia essay, campaigns in recent times and university prompts, I might be tempted to reply Tim Berners-Lee, the man credited with gifting the essay web to the world. Its implications have been far reaching in virtually all aspects of farewell our lives, politics and xenophobia essay, political campaigns foremost. The new household brand names of the scholarship cyber era have not replaced good policy work, messaging and organisation. But they have become essential components of the execution of them in the campaign. Xenophobia? Mainstream conventional media remains important and influential, not least because, bizarrely, in most democracies the broadcasters continue to let the press set their agenda for them. Essay Prompts? But a candidate who tries to stand against the tide of new media will be making a big mistake, and missing big opportunities. If it has changed so much in the last five years, how much more will it change in xenophobia the next five years?

They will also be making a mistake if they think social media can be managed and essay prompts, massaged in the way that, often, mainstream media have been. Xenophobia Essay? The key on this I agree totally with Seguela is authenticity. And that should be good news for university of miami college prompts, authentic political leaders and an authenticity hungry public alike. The public tend to get to essay the point of an election. Seguela has an interesting account of the last UK election and in particular the rules first ever televised Leaders#8217; Debates. Though I had worked on three campaigns for xenophobia essay, Tony Blair, I am sufficiently tribally Labour to have answered a call from his successor, Gordon Brown, to go back to pollution essay in english words help him for essay, his first election campaign as leader in 2011. One of the roles I ended up playing was that of David Cameron in Brown#8217;s preparatory sessions for the TV debates. These debates mattered, that much was sure.

Election planning for scholarship essay, Blair, I had always been doubtful about the benefit of such debates in a Parliamentary democracy where our leaders meet each other week in essay week out in the crucible of the House of money can buy for and against Commons. I was worried the media would make them all about themselves, and that the policy issues would be drowned out. So it proved. Yet in a way the essay public did get to the point they wanted to. Essay In English 1000 Words? They did not particularly want Labour back after 13 years in power. They did not particularly yearn for David Cameron and a Conservative Party unsure about its direction. So the third party leader emerged through the middle. Xenophobia? Nick Clegg was judged the clear winner by the instant reactions of paper public and media alike. For a few days he seemed impregnable.

Yet come the vote, he did not make a huge breakthrough. Essay? It was only because neither Labour nor the Tories could get over farewell to arms analytical essay, the line that Clegg ended up as deputy Prime Minister in a coalition government. The country had not been able to make its mind up, delivered a muddled result and asked the xenophobia leaders to sort it out. Money? The leader who came first and the leader who came third did a deal to do so. I think Seguela is xenophobia too kind to Cameron. Essay? Any rational assessment of the political landscape before the last UK election would have suggested a Tory victory. Xenophobia? Labour in word power a long time; the economic crash; a Parliament dominated by a scandal involving MPs#8217; expenses; Iraq back in essay the news because of the official Inquiry; Afghanistan not going well; the analytical essay press even more strongly in favour of essay a Tory win than they had been for a Labour win in 1997, and research helps, vicious about Brown.

Also the Tories had big money to spend on the campaign and Labour did not. Yet Cameron could not secure a majority. Why not? There is essay no simple answer. The wonder of democracy lies in millions of people having their own experiences, impressions and judgements before deciding how to cast their vote. Harvard Limit? But the strategist in me says the simple answer is that Cameron lacked real strategic clarity. I think Sequela would agree that for all the changes that technological and mediatic change has forced upon political campaigns, strategy remains the xenophobia key.

The cyber era has forced campaigners to rethink tactics, but strategy remains more important. Harvard Business School Essay? He and I are clearly in agreement that John McCain#8217;s appointment of Sarah Palin as running mate, for example, was a tactical masterstroke, but a strategic catastrophe. Xenophobia? Tactically, he excited his base, gave the farewell analytical essay media a new toy, and momentarily unnnerved his opponent. Strategically he blew a hole through the xenophobia two central planks of his campaign experience, and being different from George Bush. In putting tactics before strategy, he broke one of the golden rules of campaigning.

Strategists like rules. We like points of principle to act as anchors. I like the rules in Seguela#8217;s Chapter 5. On vote pour une idee. Pas pour une ideologie. On vote pour soi. Pas pour son candidat. Business Word? On vote pour un homme. Essay? Pas pour un parti. On vote pour le professionalisme.

Pas pour l#8217;amateurisme. On vote pour un projet pas pour le rejet. On vote pour le coeur. Pas pour le rancoeur. On vote pour le futur. Pas pour le passe. On vote pour le bcbg. Pas pour le bling bling. It is charmingly French that he illuminates the rule about voting for le couer pas pour le rancour to a tale of money can buy against essay love and sex. #8216;Si votre femme vous trompe, ce n#8217;est pas en couvrant d#8217;insulte son amant que vous le reconquerez. Xenophobia Essay? Mais en lui redonnant envie de vous. La mecanique electorale est le meme, se faire elire c#8217;est se faire preferer.#8217; That may seem glib.

But politics is a human business. It is about feelings as well as policies, emotion as well as reason. People often talk about their political leaders as though in a relationship with them. #8216;He#8217;s not listening #8230; Why on earth did he do that? #8230; I#8217;ve gone off him #8230; Oh, I still like him deep down.#8217; Political leaders sometimes talk of the people in the same way. How many times did I sit in the back of pollution essay 1000 a car with Tony Blair, or fly over Britain in a ‘plane and he would look down and say #8216;God, I wish I knew what they were thinking #8230; Do they still like us?#8217; Back at essay, the time of our first landslide, talk of the country #8216;falling in love#8217; with Blair was widespread. Today, the biggest accusations of betrayal against Blair will often come from those who #8216;fell in love#8217; most deeply at the outset of his leadership. Perhaps this trend towards relationship politics is being exacerbated by the tendency towards younger leaders. Obama, Cameron, Sarkozy, Merkel these are people who came to power much younger than their counterparts down the centuries. Seguela, a man of a certain age, remains fascinated by youth and its impact. The brand manager in him can barely disguise his glee that Coca Cola, the drink of the young trendy, is 130 years old.

You can sense the excitement he felt on meeting the young Americans not born when Seguela was advising Mitterrand who had developed Obama#8217;s digital strategy and research, so helped deliver a mailing list of xenophobia 13m people. Scholarship Essay? The focus on youth also dominates his analysis of the political consequences of the economic crash whose impact runs through these pages, and offers some fascinating factoids half of all Europeans are over 50, whilst three quarters of Algerians are under 25. There are as many people under 30 in essay China as in Russia, the US and Australia combined, and in India twice as many as in China. That too is a powerful force of research paper helps global change, and will have its impact on Western politics of the xenophobia essay future. As to what it all means for the next French elections, I don#8217;t know. But this book provides part of the backdrop, economic and political. It should make interesting reading for anyone involved in farewell essay that campaign.

Whilst clearly still of the view Sarkozy was and xenophobia essay, is the right choice for France, (though the polls at the time of writing indicate he is in a minority) he throws out pollution essay in english 1000 words ideas and challenges for right and left alike. As traditional lines are drawn, careful reading might provoke candidates and parties to see that they should always be looking to the next new ideas, not merely repackaging the last new, let alone the old. I was in Paris recently as a guest of the left think tank, Terra Nova, and met politicians, advisors, militants, experts, journalists and bloggers. I came away with some strong impressions. Essay? Firstly, virtually everyone told me that President Sarkozy was hugely unpopular, and his ratings as low as it was possible to go. Yet many of the same people told me he could still win. Happiness Against Essay? They know he relishes a campaign. They suspect he may have learned from xenophobia essay some mistakes. Incumbency is a powerful weapon.

A comeback is a powerful narrative. And they worried that with the President so unpopular, the economy sluggish, social issues raw, and the left in harvard business school essay power in many parts of France, the PS should have been doing far better in the polls (to which, incidentally, French politicians and media pay far too much attention.) Of course this was pre selection of a PS candidate. Many of the Socialists agreed with my analysis that once they had chosen the candidate, they needed to xenophobia essay unite behind that candidate, resist their historic predilection for factionalism, run a campaign that was fresh, energetic and based upon a programme totally focused on farewell to arms essay, the future and one which addressed people#8217;s concerns. They agreed too that the PS could no longer look down its nose at xenophobia, communication, but had to see it not just as an essential element of campaigning, but a democratic duty at a time when people have so many pressures on their lives and living standards, and concerns about the world around them. But though they agreed with the analysis, some worried about the Party’s capacity to deliver upon it. The fear of money can buy for and against another defeat ought to be enough, surely, to deliver on the first and essential part: unity. As someone on the progressive side of the political divide, I continue to think the xenophobia French left#8217;s over intellectualisation of pollution essay words politics, its focus on never-ending debate instead of agreement around big points and unity behind one accepted leader remains a problem. I added that I felt the way was wide open for someone to come along and set out, with total honesty and clarity, the challenges ahead, the limitations of what one leader or one country can do, but explain the world and essay, begin to school essay shape direction.

In other words, what I sensed behind the seeming confusion and rather disgruntled nature of French opinion was a real desire for leadership of a strategic rather than a tactical nature. There too, there were concerns, not least because of memories of the negative impact on Lionel Jospin’s campaign when he stated – truthfully – that the xenophobia State could not do everything. I heard a lot about Marine Le Pen and certainly the polls tell a good story for the leader of the Front National. She has certainly shown she can mount a campaign and get the media to accept a sense of change. When even her enemies refer to as Marine, rather than the more toxic Le Pen, that is something of pollution a success. But whenever I have heard her, I have not heard a powerful argument for the future of France.

So France enters a fascinating period, where not one single person I met predicted the outcome of either first or second round without at least some doubt in their eyes. Xenophobia? When things are so tight, communications can make the difference. It is not a dirty word. University Of Miami College? I don#8217;t agree with all of Seguela’s analysis. I don#8217;t accept that only four US presidents radically changed the country. I am not entirely convinced that la pub de la pub is more important than la pub.

I am not sure that David Cameron#8217;s loss of a child had the political impact Seguela thinks it did. Xenophobia? I think Brits will be also be surprised at the dominant role he gives in the Tory campaign to money happiness against his colleague David Jones. Xenophobia? I think he overstates how Sarkozy is seen in the world. In English Words? I agree with him that we need to essay be cautious about the potential abuse of the internet which has no global governance or regulation to match, but I#8217;m not sure I agree this risks being #8216;en bras arme de l#8217;anarchie#8217;. But it is pollution essay in english 1000 a book full of understanding of some of the big themes and the small details required for a successful campaigning mindset.

He is, as one would expect for someone who has been close to different leaders, clued up on the importance of good chemistry between leader and strategist. He understands the importance of body language as well as language. He knows the essay importance of emotion as well as reason. He understands how the web is changing politics. One of my favourite phrases is that #8216;life is on the record#8217;. He has a different way of putting it. #8216;Le #8220;off#8221; n#8217;existe plus desormais.

Tout ce que vous direz pourra se retourner contre vous.#8217; It is why the whole #8216;droit d#8217;etre oublie#8217; is emerging as a debate. University College Essay? How many of the young men and essay, women today filling the web with pictures and confessions from harvard business school essay word their private lives may end up running for office one day, and regretting their openness? On verra. Perhaps I can end where I began, with the changes the social media has brought. Essay? At the last election Labour did not do poster campaigns. This was a shame. In previous campaigns we had had some brilliant posters. But under Gordon Brown, we had very little money for the campaign. The Tories had plenty of it and, as Seguela records, they ran a lot of posters. One of their most expensive billboard campaigns was of harvard business school limit a giant photo of Cameron with an anti-Labour slogan #8216;we can#8217;t go on xenophobia essay, like this.#8217; Someone noticed that the Tory leader#8217;s face had been airbrushed. This fact became the source of of miami college essay prompts thousands of tweets.

Then someone set up a website mydavidcameron.com where people could send their own, largely anti-Tory, versions of this poster. These were sent in in their thousands, and many were much better, wittier and more politically devastating than the original. I#8217;ll tell you when I knew they had wasted their money when the newspapers carried photos of one giant poster site which had been defaced #8230; Cameron#8217;s hair had been replaced with a painted version of xenophobia Elvis Presley#8217;s hair, and to the slogan #8216;we can#8217;t go on like this#8217; had been added the helps words of one of Elvis#8217; most famous songs #8230; #8216;with suspicious minds#8217;. The combination of the internet and xenophobia, wit had reduced the political impact of a hugely expensive campaign to money against essay zero. That is my final thought as you begin to xenophobia essay read Jacques Seguela’s account. It is a quote from a former colleague, Labour MP Hazel Blears #8230; #8216;Campaigning is like sex. If you#8217;re not enjoying it, you#8217;re not doing it properly.#8217; The ego has landed. fascinating view on business essay, the affective, the emotional response of the individual. Tories always bang on essay, about how they view what Labour left them as nefast and noxious, Labour defends limply- the truly great things we did in fact achieve.

The above text would clearly show both miss the point. On vote pour le futur. Pas pour le passe. The presidential focus of this text On vote pour un homme. Pas pour un parti- may jar greatly with many in this country. T.B was viewed as too much this way by many. Another masochist ? It#8217;s truly weird. Scholarship Essay Rules? The emergence of xenophobia social media is an research paper helps interesting development and may, in time, alter the xenophobia essay political dynamic.

It is satisfying to be able to debate issues online, particularly important for those on the left who so rarely see or hear progressive opinions in the media. Since joining Twitter I feel better informed and in touch with political issues of the day. Useful campaigning information can be spread quickly and it has the potential to strengthen social bonding between groupings of like minded people. I am surprised how many journalists, media organisations and pollution in english, politicians are active on Twitter. It seems they at least, are aware of its potential and are wary of ignoring its influence. I suspect much of the antagonism directed towards Nick Clegg was spread through social media. Xenophobia? Tenagers don#8217;t generally read newspapers or watch TV news, but they do talk to each other via Facebook. Let#8217;s hope it will make a difference. Since the collapse of widescale union membership, too many natural Labour supporters don#8217;t hear our political message. Most probably read right wing papers and paper helps, watch Sky TV. We need to maximise our reach through new social media to counteract the all pervasive right-wing bias everywhere else.

Norway is an amazing modern country, and how it has used it#8217;s oil and natural resouces for the best of all its people should be a set lesson to any country in the World. Essay? Efficiency in it#8217;s extraction, and efficiency in using its resulting wealth. And this group from Norway here I have always liked since they started up, here with a guest star from Sweden. Royksopp and Robyn, And well done for having respect from La France, but that personally does not surprise me. But the book on sharp end political communication, to tell you honestly, is research helps not up my street.

I am into other things in life, you might have noticed. Anyway, Alastair, isn#8217;t it about time you thought of xenophobia essay becoming an MP? Glenda Jackson was older than you when she became one, if I remember right. Ah yes, just checked, she was about 56, while you are only, ahem!, 54, but without a couple of oscars#8230; you total wanks.

I know who you are and everything. You are pathetic in trying to be higher. Higher than what, you tell we banging keyboard in farewell essay your own worlds. Need a keyboard to grow vegetibles? Don#8217;t think so somehow. Time, ey? Who#8217;ll have it? Raised with praise to die?

Parentals withering before eyes, heartbreaking before yourself die. Life, who#8217;ll have it? asked? Not by many with sense. To see life#8217;s gymnastics performed, buck over a horse yes or no the xenophobia normed. More scandanavian, with a 23 windowed VW german Samba minibus, and red riding hood, yes, her and her subliminal hidden story, Grimm from Copenhagen-like, Saw Clarissa Dickson show today brilliant! Especially when she said you would most probably have a glass of farewell to arms wine, while I will partake in xenophobia a ginger beer. Money Can Buy Happiness Essay? Have wild garlic growing everywhere around here, with those baggy flowers and xenophobia, that smell in farewell analytical essay the air when you pass them. Will have to note them so to dig the bulbs when ready. Gawd knows what garlic strain they be though.

After helping Tony Blair to xenophobia secure a historic third term in office, Alastair Campbell might have hoped to of miami essay make good his long-planned escape from Downing Street. Blair, and Gordon Brown, had other ideas. Essay? Having negotiated Brown’s pivotal role in can buy happiness against the 2005 election victory, Campbell then became fundamental in essay the transition from one Prime Minister to another.

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Web Browsing Activity. When accessing our Website, We automatically collect certain information about Your computer and Your visit, such as your IP address, browser type, date and time, the web page You visited before visiting our Website, Your activities and words, purchases on our Website, and other analytical information associated with the Website. Information From Other Sources. We may also obtain information about You from other sources. For example, We may receive credit information from essay third-party sources before initiating Your service. We may also purchase or obtain Personal Information (for example, e-mail lists, postal mail lists, demographic and marketing data) from others. HOW WE USE INFORMATION WE COLLECT ABOUT YOU. We use the information We collect for a variety of business purposes, such as: To provide and bill for Services You purchase; To deliver and confirm Services You obtain from pollution essay words us; To verify Your identity and maintain a record of essay Your transactions and of miami college, interactions with us;

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We may, however, disclose Your information to unaffiliated third-parties as follows: With Your Consent. We may disclose Personal Information about xenophobia You to scholarship third-parties with Your consent. We may obtain Your consent in writing; online, through “click-through” agreements; when You accept the terms of disclosures for certain Services; orally, when You interact with our customer service representatives. We encourage You not to share Your password. If You provide Your user account password and/or security question responses to third parties they will have access to Your Personal Information when they access Your user account with Your account password. To Our Service Providers. We may disclose information to xenophobia essay third-party vendors and essay, partners who complete transactions or perform services on our behalf (for example, credit/debit card processing, billing, customer service, auditing, and xenophobia, marketing). In a Business Transfer. We may sell, disclose, or transfer information about You as part of a corporate business transaction, such as a merger or acquisition, joint venture, corporate reorganization, financing, or sale of company assets, or in the unlikely event of insolvency, bankruptcy, or receivership, in which such information could be transferred to research paper helps third-parties as a business asset in the transaction.

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Introduction to Musical Theatre Essay. The concept of xenophobia essay musical theatre combines the drama and plot of a stage play with a musical component; the happiness, extent of essay this musical collaboration has changed over the years, from operas to orchestras to full-fledged plays. From its humble beginnings to its current status as Broadway spectacle, the art form has carried a great influence in the world of performance. In this essay, a detailed history of musical theatre, from scholarship rules, its infancy to now, will be explored. Musical theatre has had a long, storied history; the xenophobia essay, style dates all the way back to ancient Greek theatre, back in the 5th century BCE. In that time, Greek comedies and tragedies almost always had a musical component; songs and dance were common to the plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles, who acted as composers and essay rules, choreographers to their own works. In Rome in the 3rd century BCE, Plautus wrote comedies that also had orchestrations and xenophobia essay, choreographed dances to their songs.

Roman theatre also innovated the university college, process of dancing, creating crude tap shoes called sabilla , which were chips of metal attached to xenophobia essay, the shoes of performers to make their steps easier to hear and notice in the large theatres they played in. The Middle Ages saw theatre take a much more mobile, nomadic route to performance; with traveling minstrels moving from town to town and village to village, performing songs and farewell to arms analytical, small routines. Small troupes of performers would do the same, offering slapstick-filled, delightful plays they would offer to those who would watch them. Xenophobia! The 12th and 13th centuries saw the farewell essay, musical theatre advent of religious dramas, like The Play of Daniel and essay, The Play of Herod ; these dramatic works would have church chants interspersed within them, offering that musical component. This would evolve into the mystery play, which told a story of the Bible in a musical manner. The mobility of performing troupes would also be made more efficient through the advent of pageant wagons. These were mobile stages the university college prompts, troupe would bring with them to provide added production value to their plays; they would settle down, perform their show, and pack up. These shows often consisted of poetic forms, prose dialogue, and essay, musical numbers.

In the Renaissance, musical theatre took a giant leap forward with the development of commedia dell’arte, a type of musical theatre where well-known stories were improvised by actors using the art of clown to create broad humor throughout. Music became a large part of scholarship essay Jacobean and Elizabethan plays; lutes, organs, pipes and more would play during these performances in order to enhance a scene. Often, if a play was a tragedy or a heavier historical, it would be interrupted with short plays filled with music to add levity. This is where the jig was created; jiggs were broad, farcical afterpieces that followed these heavier works. In the Tudor period, court masques were created, where the first inklings of modern musical theatre were created. In these masques, elaborate set designs were combined with elegant and detailed costuming, as well as performances that combined singing, dancing and acting to music. The purpose of these masques were often to flatter a royal patron or nobility that was in the audience at the time.

The masques were popular types of theatre created by playwrights such as Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare. Soon, just the musical components of masques would be made into operas altogether; acting as sung plays that would be the first templates of musical theatre. The famous French playwright Moliere created farces that would have musical components to them (song and dance numbers interspersed within the work). These developments led to the creation of English opera; some of the more famous playwrights were Thomas Shadwell, John Blow, Henry Purcell, and more. Xenophobia! By 1685, however, English opera started to lose its luster. In the essay rules, 1700s, musical theatre in England developed into two distinct varieties: ballad operas and comic operas. The Beggar’s Opera by John Gay is the quintessential example of the ballad opera; it offered new lyrics spoofing the popular songs of the time, the olde English equivalent of a jukebox musical. Xenophobia! Comic opera, on essay the other hand, carried a romantic plot set to original music; The Bohemian Girl by Michael Balfe is a fine example of a comic opera. In the meantime, lighter, more fleeting forms of opera were being created, like Comedie en vaudeville and xenophobia essay, opera comique, which led to the notions of in english 1000 words burlesque, melodramas, vaudevilla, and essay, the notion of the pollution in english words, music hall. Since many London theatres only essay, got a license as a music hall, plays had to have music in them; therefore, musical theatre became a more popular part of school essay theatrical life in England, and this led to the popularization of xenophobia melodramas and burlettas.

In Colonial America, the first real presence of theatre to paper, be found did not happen until 1752, when a theatre was formed in Williamsburg, Virginia by William Hallam, which performed classic English plays. Essay! Soon after, however, they moved to The Beggar’s Opera and other ballad operas and can buy for and against essay, farces in New York. This theatrical presence slowly morphed into what would become Broadway in the 1920s and 1930s. These early plays were the first to be widely recorded and toured, with hundreds of performances in a single run for many musical plays. The further evolution of xenophobia musical theatre came with the development of the operette, which was created in 1850 by the French composer Herve.

These were light musical comedies that would often provide broad satire and scholarship essay, wit to the stage, combined with bright melodies and high energy. These would be the xenophobia essay, model for all musical theatre that would come after it. After Jacques Offenbach and scholarship rules, Johann Strauss II would develop the style further, it would become popularized in the works of Gilbert and Sullivan, Irving Berlin and Rodgers and Hammerstein. Xenophobia Essay! The music hall and musical burlesques would comprise the majority of business limit musical theatre in 19th century England. The Black Crook proved to be the very first play that would fit the modern conception of the xenophobia essay, musical – this combined dance and original music which would supplement the pollution essay 1000, straightforward story being told.

In 1866, this play premiered in New York and became a staggering success. Essay! Other musical comedies came out around this year, and the late 19th century saw comedic musical theatre that spoke to the common man, adding legitimacy to the theatrical proceedings. The stories were no longer broad, royal farce; they were meant to be more legitimate, with complex plotting and significant characters. By landing more reputable singers like Vivienne Segal, Fay Templeton and more, they offered significant credentials to those who put on these plays. Once the modern musical was developed, there were other changes to theatrical procedure that allowed for of miami college essay longer runs. With street lights and electricity, it was safer to come out at night; therefore, night shows became the norm, adding a larger number of performances for each show. With the money that came from the added revenue these extra shows afforded them, production value of Broadway and West End shows increased substantially. Gilbert and Sullivan began producing large comic opera shows that would become extremely popular around this time; shows like HMS Pinafore and xenophobia, The Mikado , as well as The Pirates of Penzance , were family friendly and happiness for and, very accessible, leading to worldwide success.

Due to their unparalleled success, the standards for theatrical popularity changed dramatically. Gilbert and essay, Sullivan also pioneered several conventions of the modern musical as well; in their shows, the dialogue and the lyrics were combined to research, make the xenophobia, story more understandable and sensible, even with the integration of music into the performance. P.G. Wodehouse, Ira Gershwin, Irving Berlin, Andrew Lloyd Weber and more would take this particular style of comic opera and helps, develop it further. The Savoy operas in the 1880s began to enjoy considerable success in America as well. Xenophobia Essay! Unlike the tawdry sensibilities of previous musicals, these shows were thought to be family friendly and respectable, something that was harder to look down upon.

Before these developments, musical theatre was often thought to be for perverts, a much seedier audience; now, theatre was for paper everyone, especially musical theatre. Broadway saw its fair share of musicals in the 1890s as well; attempting to ape Gilbert and xenophobia, Sullivan, many copycat productions took place, like El Capitan by John Philip Sousa. Harvard Business School Essay Word Limit! Ragtime became more popular as a freeform style of theatre, a different, more fast-paced and xenophobia essay, modern variety of vaudeville. Musical comedies continued throughout the early 20th century, through Tin Pan Alley-composed songs. In Broadway, the runs were shorter than in the West End (never reaching thousands of performances like some Gilbert and Sullivan shows), but often would have longer tours with the original cast. In the “Gay Nineties” (the subjectively wonderful 1890s in farewell to arms essay England, as they were known), musicals were becoming more popular on the London Stage. George Edwardes took over the Gaiety Theatre, seeking to essay, change it from the bawdy burlesque show that it was and providing a straightforward, light musical alternative to the heavy, absurdist and politically charged Savoy operas that were the flavor at the time. He decided to try doing family friendly, breezy, lighthearted comic romances, combined with style and spectacle. While there were burlesque elements to money can buy happiness essay, them, there were also comic opera traditions sprinkled throughout, and the replacement of low-class burlesque dancers with respectable dancers and singers. Xenophobia! These types of plays were such a success, they would determine the next thirty years of musical theatre in London. Many of these plays, like The Shop Girl and A Runaway Girl , followed the tropes of research helps romances where the essay, poor maiden falls in love with royalty, and faces many obstacles before finally winning him.

These set the tone for musical comedies that would sweep across the business school word, face of musical theatre in both England and America, as many other theatres would copy these shows with increasing complexity, including Sidney Jones’ The Geisha and San Toy . During this time, the operetta had been essentially removed from the English stage due to the prevalence of xenophobia Edwardian musical comedies, but it made a comeback in the early 20th century with the operetta The Merry Widow, which premiered in 1907 in London and Broadway. This success led to the direct competition of musicals and operettas for the next few years, with new and old operettas being brought out on the stages of both American and England. New operettas that premiered at this time included the works of Victor Herbert ( Babes in Toyland, The Red Mill, The Fortune Teller ), and modern musical plays that were a bit more intimate. In an attempt to cash in on the still-popular Gilbert and Sullivan-style musical, P.G. Widehouse, Jerome Kern and Guy Bolton all came out with “Princess Theatre shows,” which offered light entertainment while remaining continuous with its songs and plot, offering a complete, detailed and complex story throughout. Unlike the helps, broader comedies of the time, and essay, which had come before, situational comedies had a much greater influence, and the characters were more realistic. Scholarship Essay Rules! The songs were actually used to develop the essay, characters or move the plot along; this was a breakthrough in the plotting and development of musical theatre. With the advent of the pollution in english, Princess Theatre musicals, these lighter shows proved they could integrate song and story just as well as Gilbert and Sullivan could. The theatre experienced a boom in business with the start of World War I; given the essay, devastation of the battlefield and the front, audiences flocked to to arms, the stages in order to get some escapism. Irene , a play by Harry Tiernet and Joseph McCarthy, premiered in 1919 to widespread popularity, holding the Broadway record for xenophobia longest run (670 performances) for a long time. While those were impressive by 1000, American standards, they held nothing to essay, the British capacity for holding a musical run; Chu Chow Chow ran for over two thousands performances.

Revues started to paper, become popular, as they incorporated light, multi-act performances that offered variety. As the 20th century chugged along, American musical theatre began to take dominance in both popularity and quality. The Theatrical Syndicate, led by Charles Frohman, spearheaded the xenophobia essay, development of shows like the essay rules, Princess Theatre shows and many other Tin Pan Alley-inspired musicals. Xenophobia! Jazz and ragtime became a much more popular component of modern musicals at the time, and the Gershwin brothers, as well as Irving Berlin and others, started to get shows produced. Word Limit! This shift in essay American musical theatre’s popularity was due to rules, the changes in society that were happening at the time; the increase in vernacular and naturalism that was desired by audiences of the modern era led to a slow death of the broad, the theatrical and the operatic. Shows and xenophobia essay, musicals were more direct with their plot, their characters and their intentions, and tradition gave way to innovation. The Roaring Twenties saw the advent of the pollution in english, motion picture, and essay, its rise in essay 1000 popularity; this proved to be a challenge for theatres. Even though they were silent at first, and so could not offer the audio component of theatre, the creation of xenophobia talking films like The Jazz Singer meant that it offered a real threat to live theatre.

Musicals in pollution essay words that era started to bring in bigger stars and greater spectacle, offering loudness and music hall sensibilities in lieu of complex plotting and xenophobia essay, character development. Despite the fact that there was not a whole lot tying these glorified revues together, they proved extremely popular and light entertainment. Theatre writers began to transition into popular music, as most of the music people were listening to at the time was what they heard in college essay these reviews and xenophobia essay, vaudeville shows. Production values increased substantially during this time, making the musical more expensive to produce than ever. The concept of standards became popular in the 1920s; the lighthearted shows were never that memorable ( Sally, Oh, Kay! ), but their songs would stick in the public’s mind. As a result, they would be covered by a variety of popular music artists, like Cole Porter, Marilyn Miller, Fred Astaire. Operettas also came back into the limelight for a time, and Noel Coward and other composers started to enjoy newfound popularity. Show Boat in 1927 proved to be one of the most complex mixes of harvard business school score and book that there had been to date; even the Princess Theatre musicals lacked this level of xenophobia essay sophistication.

There existed dramatic themes that were told with every component of the show, from the movement to the setting. This integration of production value with narrative complexity that rivaled anything that had come before. While this was popular, events like the Great Depression led to university essay, people going back to lighter entertainment. When the essay, Great Depression hit, it left people with little money to entertain themselves with; this mean substantially reduced ticket sales. It was also cheaper to go to the ‘talkies’ than see a show, making it even more challenging for theatres to find an audience. Money Can Buy For And Essay! Vaudeville was eliminated by musical films, as they agreed to be filmed for one-off shows that effectively killed future live performances of their work. Essay! There were still Show Boat -like shows that were great hits for those who could afford the ticket price; Of Thee I Sing was the first musical that was given the Pulitzer Prize. Anything Goes cemented singers like Ethel Merman, who would become the queen of musical theatre due to her loud, booming voice. The first Broadway show to star a black person (Ethel Waters), was 1933’s As Thousands Cheer . Porgy and Bess proved to scholarship essay rules, be a very popular musical, created by George Gershwin and released in 1935. Modern musicals like Knickerbocker Holiday by Kurt Weill provided satire of FDR and detailed the history of xenophobia essay New York City. With these more complex works, there were still lighter hits on research helps Broadway, like I’d Rather Be Right and xenophobia essay, The Dancing Years . Cole Porter came into popularity with Anything Goes and DuBarry Was a Lady . All of these contributions led to the overall success and survival of musical theatre, which was a miracle in scholarship essay rules a time when economic destitution was the worst this country has ever experienced.

The evolution of musical theatre at this time allowed for fast-paced music, staging, choreography and xenophobia, more naturalistic dialogue, a far cry from the overt theatricality and melodrama of rules previous eras. Musical theatre in the 1940s would hit a new zenith with Rodgers and Hammerstein’s musical Oklahoma! Continuing the Show Boat tradition of having complex plotting and essay, serious storytelling amongst musical numbers, the show offered dream ballets and integrated the music more cohesively into the story, rather than providing dance as an excuse for men to see barely-dressed women. Agnes de Mille was the choreographer for this show, and it revolutionized the format of money for and essay musical theatre by providing a decided lack of essay tawdriness and essay rules, an earnest desire for storytelling that was not present at essay this level before. In the opening number, there were no showgirls, but instead the actual play began with “Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'”. This earnestness and quality of production gave the show rave reviews and money can buy happiness against, unexpected popularity. It got the Pulitzer Prize, and the musical achieved new narrative heights. It turned into the first Broadway show to be considered a “blockbuster,” and was even adapted into film. In the essay, canon of musical theatre, it was the first extremely successful Broadway musical, and it holds a beloved place as a milestone of theatrical history. The success of the play sent Rodgers and Hammerstein into incredible popularity, coming out with a string of further hits, like South Pacific, The King I and The Sound of Music. In all of their shows, dark themes were presented in a way heretofore unseen in musical theatre; Oklahoma’s villain was a murderer, and Carousel tackled the school essay limit, theme of domestic abuse.

Due to xenophobia essay, their vast creativity, everyone else wanted to emulate them, which meant a string of successive musicals in that vein; this led to the Golden Age of American musical theatre. The war itself was brought to university of miami college prompts, the theatre, with many war-themed shows becoming popular; On the xenophobia, Town showcased a shore leave between soldiers and their women, bringing wartime uncertainty and pathos to the big stage. Can Buy! Annie Get Your Gun, Finian’s Rainbow, Kiss Me, Kate and other such plays were modeled after the xenophobia essay, Oklahoma! trend of having complex plots with integrated music within, enhancing the overall quality of the musical theatre canon. In the helps, 1950s, shows like Guys and Dolls, Paint your Wagon, My Fair Lady and more continued the tradition of complex characters within musicals; records continued to be shattered, with My Fair Lady running a record 2,717 performances. Each of these popular musicals would have film adaptations made of them as well, bringing in a newfound collaboration between Broadway and Hollywood. Stars like Julie Andrews and Judy Garland dominated musicals at this time. Off-Broadway musicals also came to prominence, with shows like The Threepenny Opera and The Fantasticks proving that a show does not have to be part of the xenophobia essay, Broadway system to be critically and to arms analytical, financially successful. The orchestras were smaller, and the scale was toned down, but they could still work. West Side Story adapted Romeo and xenophobia, Juliet into paper helps a modern New York City setting, and brought home significant box office returns and myriad Tonys. This cemented Stephen Sondheim’s reputation as a master composer for essay musicals. The 1960s saw even greater popularity and experimentation on the part of musicals.

More blockbusters, such as Fiddler on the Roof, Hello Dolly!, Funny Girl and Man of La Mancha would be created, and some of the overt sexuality of the burlesque would come back with the popularity of Cabaret . The rock musical would then usurp these musical styles by the end of the 1960s. Stephen Sondheim and analytical, Jerry Herman would significantly shape the pattern of musicals in this decade and xenophobia essay, the next, through the darker themes that he would explore in works like Sweeney Todd and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum . These plays were bloody, cynical, and gritty, eschewing the rules, sunny dispositions of earlier musicals to make plays about singing surprisingly dark and xenophobia, brooding. Into the Woods and Assassins explored these themes further, showcasing a sophistication in lyrics and scholarship essay, music that belied the overall exclusiveness of some of the plays’ themes. Soldheim tried a number of new things during this time, including reverse-engineering shows and breaking the fourth wall to the audience, all things that made musical theatre challenging and xenophobia, intriguing again. With the pollution essay in english, start of the musical Hair , rock music would be incorporated into musicals.

Also, the Vietnam War was brought up as a theme, something which would prove controversial and also indicative of musical theatre’s propensity to challenge societal attitudes at the time. Xenophobia! Racial tolerance was found in many Golden Age musicals, which were then resurfaced ( The King I, South Pacific , and more). Racial integration finally occurred in the end of the 1960s; homosexuality was first openly explored as a theme in Hair , and then moved onto essay word limit, other shows. In the 1970s, with the advent of the rock musical, The Rocky Horror Show, Jesus Christ Superstar, Godspell and more started to bring in this rapidly popular style of music to the theatrical realm, bringing with it an added edge that was never before seen onstage. Some of these plays, like the Who musical Tommy , tended to work more towards concepts of opera than they did musicals, with little spoken dialogue and xenophobia essay, most of the story and character conveyed through song. African-Americans got their own musical representation onstage, portraying the black experience through The Wiz, Dreamgirls and more. As the Broadway canon expanded, more and more variation occurred, with musicals of every genre coming into business word prominence. A Chorus Line proved to be a giant among contemporary musicals; released in 1975, the play, which was about an audition for a musical, broke narrative conventions in a fascinating way, also providing with it amazing music and spectacle, busting box office records and reaching incredible critical acclaim. This led to more plays along that same style, such as Chicago, Pippin, Nine, Evita and xenophobia, more. These were risque, tawdry yet liberating pieces, bringing sensuality to scholarship rules, the stage without it being classless or inaccessible. In the 1980s and 1990s, pop music began to invade musicals to a larger degree, and xenophobia essay, larger production values brought incredible spectacle to these productions, like falling chandeliers in The Phantom of the money happiness for and against essay, Opera . Novel and literary adaptations were beginning to xenophobia essay, be the norm, and European influences were more and scholarship, more prevalent.

Andrew Lloyd Webber became an xenophobia essay, incredible mega-hit musical creator with Cats and Evita , The Phantom of the Opera and more. A greater emphasis on adaptations has been put forth as the 1990s rolled along; corporations began to get into the Broadway game, with the for and essay, Disney Company allying with Broadway to adapt their musical films to the stage; Julie Taymor’s production of The Lion King stands out among that canon. With the greater opportunities available for smaller playwrights to create small-scale musicals, musical theatre split into larger, spectacle-based musicals of Broadway, and the quirkier, smaller musicals of off-Broadway. Little Shop of xenophobia Horrors , Bat Boy: The Musical , and others provided smaller scale but interesting stories that eschewed overly elaborate set pieces for small sets of characters and business school limit, developed storylines. Xenophobia! Incredible innovations would come from shows such as these, and a new niche audience was created for can buy happiness them. In order to attract younger audiences, Rent was released on Broadway and essay, the West End, a dramatic tale of New York bohemia, rock music, and AIDS. The incredible success of the musicals invigorated the theatre scene with a much younger demographic, leading to the advent of interesting, new and pollution essay in english 1000 words, unusual shows.

Urinetown and Avenue Q brought modern, crude but wacky humor to smaller stages, Spring Awakening and other shows doing the same. While Broadway continued to play it safe with their familiar shows, the rise of adaptations began to surface. Wicked , The Producers, Spamalot, Hairspray and others indicate a modern, ongoing trend of taking an established property and making it into a musical. Xenophobia! The point of farewell to arms this is to offer something familiar, which audiences already know from established material and have a fondness for, and essay, offer a musical component to it. Paper! The jukebox musical, exemplified by Mamma Mia! and others, continues this trend of offering familiar songs framed around a new story.