Research paper helps

Best Sample Essays, Free Research Papers, Dissertation Samples. Perspectives of Assisted Living Facility Caregivers. Clarity Relevance of the Study. As the basis for describing the background of the research paper helps, problem this paper uses the holocaust essay, work “Knowing the Resident with Dementia: Perspectives of Assisted Living Facility Caregivers” by Joyce Rasin and Donald D. Kautz published in the Journal of Gerontological Nursing. Paper Helps? This research reveals the attitudes of two different groups of day for class 4, caregivers: those relying on behavior-centered knowledge and person-centered knowledge.

This work also sheds light on the diverse constituencies involved in direct provision, funding, and evaluation of health care delivery to older Americans. Research Paper? The combination of practical research and policy expertise illustrates a rich diversity of perspectives for the modern assisted living facility caregivers. Children Essay? The study addresses the ongoing debate over knowledge used by nurses’ issues, particularly as these things apply to older population health care needs. Several common themes emerge in the study and are highlighted here to present an overview of salient issues related to the role of the gerontological nurses, choice and paper helps, delivery of retiree health services. We can write a custom essay on Health Care for you! Researchability of the Study Problem. This is a study about children of the holocaust essay, using different approaches in providing health care for retirees. Research Helps? One objective of on wisdom-educate, this research is to paper helps evaluate several explanations for essay day for class 4 differing attitudes in health insurance services for people with dementia in assisted living facilities. These explanations are often complex, as illustrated by research the authors of the harry potter questions, study.

As the debate on health care for people with dementia continues, a second objective of this research is to underscore the need to focus on paper patients’ special health requirements. Policy discussions frequently have overlooked both the costs of offering appropriate health coverage fro people with dementia and on teachers day for, the benefits of providing this type of health care to the elderly. As many experts note, the elderly are caught between the pincers of reform proposals: prospective benefits legislation that certainly will affect employer willingness to continue support for expensive retiree health benefits, and Medicare changes that also may curtail benefits obtainable from the government. The fact that these reforms often are targeted at the types of medical care most often consumed by older people makes this group deserving of special attention. The last and, perhaps, most important goal of this study is to offer new perspectives and research paper helps, evaluative tools that then may be used to examine these as well as other health practices concerns. To this end, the research supplies an on wisdom-educate unusually rich combination of paper helps, facts and philosophical insights, derived from ethicists and academicians as well as from medical and benefits practitioners. These discussions should inform the public by supplying a much needed perspective on health care for hume people with dementia in assisted living facilities.

Adequacy and Relevance of the Literature Review. As with all disciplines, nursing’s theories are composed of concepts and the propositional statements connecting these concepts in a systematic way. As the products of science, they form a central part of our knowledge base. Research Paper Helps? However, for essay most of the twenty-first century nursing has been dominated by a wide array of theories from other disciplines. Rasin and research paper, Kautz suggest that the ultimate justification for the existence of on teachers 4, theory is to give humans a view of their world which may help them describe, explain or predict events, or prescribe actions which will enable events to occur or not. Theories are like different lenses or maps and each one will offer the user a particular focus or topography. For instance, a map of the underground sewer system of Paris would not be very useful if you were trying to find your way through the city streets.

Similarly, a pair of paper, opera glasses would not serve your purpose if you wanted to view the night sky. Theory is a distinct and well-articulated system of concepts and propositions rooted explicitly in a philosophy of on wisdom-educate, nursing and intended solely to guide nursing practice and paper, research. If we accept this definition then we must be careful in our selection. If we choose the wrong map we may find ourselves at a different destination from the one chosen. Therefore, perhaps a central selection criterion is fitness for purpose in other words, does the theory serve the purpose for which it is intended? If we accept that nursing theories have unique perspectives, then each theory will determine how nurses assess a patient, plan care, intervene and review outcomes. Analysis Essay? Furthermore, different nursing theories will have varying influences on how we perceive patients. For instance, one theory may encourage dependence by research helps stressing that the nurse should do everything for the patient, while another may encourage independence by stressing that the nurse should teach the patient about self-care. The authors also imply that practitioners should feel empowered by the theories they select, and they and their patients should have ownership of them. By using their power to impose a theory on practicizing nurses, managers and academics are being allowed to define expert nursing . Potter Azkaban Questions? Rasin and Kautz argue that, without a strong orientation towards the work of theorists and the work of practitioners, the basic requirements for a profession are missing.

They state that only if we are able to prove that this link exists will we be legitimate contenders for professional status. Agreement of Purpose, Design, and Methods. Interestingly, behavior-centered may challenge the necessity of a pragmatic link between theory and practice. In a way it can be explained that some theories are not intended to paper helps be 100% clinically relevant. There is something attractive about this view. Theories are, by their very nature, abstract, so they originate from, and can lead to, abstract thinking. They stretch your perceptions, providing new insights and interesting and creative ways of looking at the world of nursing.

That is harry potter, part of paper helps, their value. Harry Potter Prisoner Azkaban Questions? Since many are at the forefront of paper, new knowledge development, they are extending the discipline’s frontiers. Therefore, by definition, they cannot coincide with what is now being practiced to do so would limit their vision and restrict nursing within a time warp. To make all theories clinically relevant would hamper the development of highly abstract (non-practical) ideas that might eventually prove more valuable to nursing. Essay Day For Class 4? Alternatively, there is also attraction in research paper the opposing position of person-centered knowledge. Essay On Wisdom-educate? This approach illustrates that regardless of whether nurses work as researchers, educators, theorists, administrators or practitioners, it must be realized that they are in a practice profession with the client at the receiving end of paper helps, that practice. Accepting this, theories should have a direct bearing on client care. If they do not, their value is open to question. Essay? Perhaps the true answer comes somewhere in between these two approaches. It is possible to helps argue that there are two types of theory, the potter, realistic, which coincide with the views of helps, practitioners and current practice, and the idealistic, which may appear alien to on teachers contemporary practitioners. This study reflects on the relationship between theory and research.

Authors imply that research without theory is analogous to a team of paper, bricklayers, each making a brick in essay isolation from other bricklayers and with no blueprint to follow. Research Paper Helps? They throw the bricks together into a large pile confident that, somehow, a house will emerge. Root Analysis Essay? Without theory, therefore, nursing knowledge would be a mass of data, statistics and observations with no coherence or understanding. Knowledge is of little use without understanding. Paper Helps? Knowledge is provided through research studies while understanding is gained by theory. Root? It is a reciprocal relationship; while knowledge can increase in nursing for a time without understanding, understanding is not possible without new knowledge being developed. According to Lorraine Walker (1971), the result of theory being unable to keep pace with knowledge development is research paper helps, stagnation of the discipline.

Suitability of the Sampling Procedure and the Sample. Five groups of caregivers were selected with the total of 23 participants. Essay? Perhaps one of the most important aspects of the sample chosen was their clarity. Clarity may be rated as high or low. In this case it was rated high. The analyst should ask if the theory is written and presented clearly and if the language used is understandable. This represents semantic clarity.

You should ask the following questions: Are key terms defined? Are concepts and assumptions implicit? If explicit, are they stated clearly? You should also note any evidence of tautology: Is there unnecessary overuse of words? Note too if there is structural clarity. This occurs when the prepositional links between the concepts are clear to the reader and any diagram representing the theory can be understood without a great deal of paper, difficulty. If you cannot make sense of the essay analysis, theory (and you have really tried), it has low clarity. The hypothesis should be elegant in helps its simplicity; that is, the on teachers class, theorist should have chosen the research helps, simplest, most parsimonious format possible to essay on task get across the theoretical message. If we want hypothesis, practice and research to link appropriately, theory should be easily understood if it is to gain the research paper helps, attention and 4, commitment of the hard-pressed clinicians. How can anyone use a theory if they cannot comprehend it? This applies equally well to diagrammatic representations.

If a theory is research helps, composed of a confusing mixture of geometric lines, circles, triangles and squares, busy practitioners will not be impressed. Considering the complexity of nursing, all hypotheses cannot be presented in a simple manner. On Wisdom-educate? You may think a theory is complex and helps, accept this fact because its concepts and assumptions relate to argumentive very difficult issues within practice. Paper? Therefore, you should make a judgment as to whether you think a hypothesis is excessively simple or unnecessarily complicated in its content and david hume, form. Paper? Correctness of Analytical Procedures. All the argumentive essay on wisdom-educate, components within the research, hypothesis should support each other and essay on task analysis, be free from research paper contradictions. As with clarity, consistency can be rated high or low.

Look carefully to note if inconsistencies are explicit or implicit. The following types of inconsistency may be identified: • Inconsistency in terms: are definitions of root essay, concepts consistent with later assumptions? For instance, a theorist may define people as entire communities, yet the assumptions within the body of the theory may relate specifically to individual clients. Paper Helps? • Inconsistency in interpretation: if a theory adopts a holistic stance about health care but is reductionist when describing care (e.g., having a large biophysical emphasis). • Inconsistency in principle: a theory may highlight the importance of clients being able to have choices yet be prescriptive in the interventions it supports. Furthermore, inconsistency in analysis principle may be observed when a theory that has its basis in paper helps a behavioral paradigm includes concepts that are better related to a system’s paradigm. Hume? Examining the perspectives of different theories may be like looking through telescopes of varying focal lengths. Research Paper? Selecting a grand theory would be like looking through the wide-angled end of root cellar essay, a telescope. Here, the selectors require a broad theory which can be used in many different situations with many different types of patient. While the grand theory will not specify explicit interventions, it will give them a framework for viewing the paper, world and david essays, an assessment template for research paper practice. Harry Potter? Selecting a mid-range or practice theory would be like focusing a telescope on a particular nearby scene, where more detail is observed but the surrounding landscape cannot be seen in its entirety. Here, a theory is required for a particular patient-care situation and in the case of a practice theory a guideline is presented for nursing action.

Currently there are more grand theories available for selection than there are mid-range or practice theories, but this situation is changing rapidly. When selecting a nursing theory the relevance to practice is central. She suggests that the person who is choosing the theory should seek answers to the following questions: • Does the theory have direct relevance for the way in which nursing is practiced? • Does the theory describe real or ideal care? • Have its assumptions and propositions been tried and tested? • Does it deal with the resources which are necessary for paper good care? • Does it guide the essays, use of the nursing process? • Does it provide practicing nurses with good direction for clinical actions? • Are the concepts within the theory too abstract to be applied in practice? • Is the language of the theory easy to understand? The prospect of any sort of rationing in health services is particularly important to the elderly for many reasons. As a group, the elderly tend to suffer from more chronic illnesses, which are generally incurable, than other groups. Many chronic illnesses, like rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes, can be managed effectively over long periods, but doing so requires an ongoing level of expenditures. Paper Helps? Some chronic ailments are particularly problematic because their treatment often means that those suffering from them will come to suffer additional chronic ailments that require further treatment. Also, the elderly suffer disproportionately from critical illnesses associated with old age and, ultimately, death. As a result, they consume disproportionately greater amounts of health service resources. Advances in medical science and the underlying demographics of the cellar analysis essay, American society portend that, in the future, the elderly will need even more health services than now.

The general level of resources that will be available to provide medical services to the elderly and the allocation of those resources cannot be ignored. Research Paper? Before investigating why Americans feel that all medical services should be available to everyone and before investigating whether this philosophy should be curtailed, it is important to assess the nature of the children, resource limitations giving rise to the debate over health care rationing. Research Paper Helps? Remember , Remember, free essays, sample essays and essay examples on Health Care topics are traced by plagiarism detection systems. All samples online are plagiarized. Don#8217;t download them and children essay, submit them as your own paper for school, college or university. Why not to get a 100% original custom essay at PapersMart.net? Would you like to get a free quote? If you need a custom essay on Health Care feel free to contact our online essay writing company.

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rf resume flag Chapter – 2 The Microprocessor its Architecture. This chapter presents the research paper microprocessor as a programmable device by first looking at its in­ternal programming model and then at how it addresses its memory space. The addressing modes for Intel family of microprocessors are described for both the real and protected modes of operation. Real mode memory exists at locations 00000H-FFFFFH the first 1M byte of the memory system—and is cellar analysis present on all versions of the microprocessor. Pro­tected mode memory exists at helps, any location in the entire memory system, but is available only to david hume amazon the 80286—Pentium II, not to the earlier 8086 or 8088 microprocessors. Protected mode memory for the 80286 contains 16M bytes; for the 80386-Pentium, 4G bytes; and for the Pentium Pro and Pen­tium II, either 4G or 64G bytes. 2.1. Internal Microprocessor Architecture. Before a program is written or any instruction investigated, the internal configuration of the mi­croprocessor must be known.

This section of the chapter details the program-visible internal ar­chitecture of the 8086—80486 and the Pentium—Pentium II microprocessors. Also detailed are the helps function and purpose of cellar analysis, each of paper, these internal registers. 2.1.1. The Programming Model. The programming model of the children essay 8086 through the Pentium II’s considered to be program visible because its registers are used during application programming and paper helps, are specified by the instruc­tions. Other registers, detailed later in this chapter, are considered to be program invisible be­cause they are not addressable directly during applications programming, but may be used indirectly during system programming. Only the of the essay 80286 and above contain the program-invisible registers used to control and operate the research helps protected memory system. Figure 2-1 illustrates the programming model of the 8086 through the Pentium II micro­processor.

The earlier 8086, 8088, and 80286 contain 16-bit internal architectures, a subset of the registers. The 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II mi­croprocessors contain full 32-bit internal architectures. The architectures of the earlier 8086 through the 80286 are fully upward-compatible to the 80386 through the Pentium II. Essay Analysis! The shaded areas in this illustration represent registers that are not found in paper, the 8086, 8088, or 80286 micro­processors. The programming model contains 8-, 16-, and 32-bit registers. The 8-bit registers are AH , AL , BH , BL , CH , CL , DH , and DL and are referred to when an instruction is essay on wisdom-educate formed using these two-letter designations. The 16-bit registers are AX , BX , CX , DX , SP , BP , DI , SI , IP , FLAGS , CS , DS , ES , SS , FS , and GS . The extended 32-bit registers are EAX , EBX , ECX , EDX , ESP , EBP , EDI , ESI , EIP , and helps, EFLAGS . These 32-bit extended registers, and 16-bit registers ES and GS are available only in the 80386 and above. Some registers are general-purpose or multipurpose registers, while some have special purposes. The multipurpose registers include EAX, EBX, ECX, EDX, EBP, EDI, and ESI. On Task Analysis! These registers hold various data sizes (bytes, words, or doublewords) and research helps, are used for almost any purpose, as dictated by a program.

2.1.1.1. Multipurpose Registers. EAX is referenced as a 32-bit register (EAX), as a 16-bit register (AX), or as either of two 8-bit registers (AH and AL). Note that if an 8- or 16-bit register is addressed, only that portion of the 32-bit register changes without affecting the remaining bits. The accumu­lator is used for instructions such as multiplication, division, and some of the class 4 adjustment instructions. For these instructions, the accumulator has a special purpose, but is research generally considered to be a multipurpose register. In the 80386 and above, the EAX register may also hold the offset address of a location in potter prisoner azkaban essay, the memory system. EBX is addressable as EBX, BX, BH, or BL.

The BX register sometimes holds the offset address of a location in the memory system in all versions of the paper microprocessor. David Hume Essays Amazon! In the research paper 80386 and essays, above, EBX also can address memory data. ECX is a general-purpose register that also holds the count for various instructions. In the helps 80386 and above, the ECX register also can hold the offset address of potter, memory data. Instructions that use a count are the repeated string instructions (REP/REPE/REPNE); and paper, shift, rotate, and LOOP/LOOPD instructions. The shift and rotate instructions use CL as the count, the repeated string instructions use CX, and children holocaust, the LOOP/LOOPD instructions use either CX or ECX.

EDX is a general-purpose register that holds a part of the result from a multiplication or part of the research dividend before a division. In the 80386 and above, this register can also address memory data. EBP points to david amazon a memory location in all versions of the micropro­cessor for research helps, memory data transfers. This register is addressed as either BP or EBP. EDI (destination index) EDI often addresses string destination data for the string instruc­tions. It also functions as either a 32-bit (EDI) or 16-bit (DI) general-purpose register. ESI is used as either ESI or SI. The source index register often addresses source string data for the string instructions. Like EDI, ESI also functions as a general-purpose register.

As a 16-bit register, it is addressed as SI; as a 32-bit register, it is addressed as ESI. 2.1.1.2. Special-purpose Registers. The special-purpose registers include EIP, ESP, EFLAGS; and the segment registers CS, DS, ES, SS, FS, and GS. EIP (instruction pointer)

EIP addresses the david hume essays amazon next instruction in a section of memory defined as a code segment. Research Paper! This register is IP (16 bits) when the micropro­cessor operates in the real mode and EIP (32 bits) when the 80386 and above operate in the protected mode. Note that the 8086, 8088, and 80286 do contain EIP, and only the 80286 and above operate in essay on teachers 4, the protected mode. The instruction pointer, which points to the next instruction in a program, is used by the microprocessor to find the paper helps next sequential instruction in a program located within the code segment. The instruction pointer can be modified with a jump or a call instruction. ESP addresses an area of memory called the stack. The stack memory stores data through this pointer.

This register is referred to as SP if used as a 16-hit register and ESP if referred to as a 32-bit register. EFLAGS indicate the david hume condition of the microprocessor and control its operation. Figure 2-2 shows the flag registers of all versions of the microprocessor. Paper Helps! Note that the flags are upward-compatible from the 8086/8088 to the Pentium II microprocessor. The 8086-80286 contain a FLAG register (16 bits) and the 80386 and above contain an EFLAG register (32-bit extended flag register). The rightmost five flag bits and the overflow flag change after many arithmetic and logic in­structions execute. The flags never change for any data transfer or program control operation. Some of the flags are also used to harry azkaban control features found in research paper helps, the microprocessor. Following is a list of each flag bit, with a brief description of their function. Carry holds the carry after addition or the borrow after subtraction. The carry flag also indicates error conditions, as dictated by some programs and procedures.

This is especially true of the DOS func­tion calls. Parity is a logic 0 for odd parity and a logic 1 for even parity. Parity is a count of ones in a number expressed as even or odd. If a number contains zero one bits, it has even parity. The parity flag finds little application in modern programming and was implemented in harry prisoner azkaban essay, early Intel microprocessors for checking data in data communications environments. Today parity checking is often accomplished by the data communications equipment instead of the microprocessor. The auxiliary carry holds the carry (half-carry) after addition or the borrow after subtraction between bits positions 3 and 4 of the result. This highly specialized flag bit is paper tested by the DAA and DAS instructions to adjust the value of AL after a BCD addition or subtraction. Otherwise, the A flag bit is not used by the microprocessor or any other instructions. The zero flag shows that the result of an arithmetic or logic opera­tion is zero.

If Z=1, the result is zero; if Z= 0, the result is not zero. The sign flag holds the arithmetic sign of the result after an arithmetic or logic instruction executes. If S= 1, the sign bit (leftmost hit of a number) is set or negative; if S=0, the essay sign bit is cleared or positive. The trap flag enables trapping through an helps on-chip debugging feature. (A program is debugged to find an error or bug.) If the T flag is enabled (1), the microprocessor interrupts the flow of the program on conditions as indicated by the debug registers and harry prisoner essay, control registers. lf the T flag is a logic 0, the trapping (debugging) feature is disabled. The interrupt flag controls the operation of the INTR (interrupt request) input pin. Paper! If I = 1. the INTR pin is enabled: if I = 0, the INTR pin is disabled. The state of the I flag bit is controlled by the STI (set I flag) and CLI (clear I flag) instructions. The direction flag selects either the increment or decrement mode for essay, the Dl and/or SI registers during string instructions.

If D=1, the registers are automatically decremented: if D=1, the paper helps registers are automatically incremented. The D flag is set with the STD (set direction) and cleared with the CLD (clear direction) instructions. Overflows occurs when signed numbers are added or subtracted. An overflow indicates that the result has exceeded the capacity of the machine. For unsigned operations, the essay day for overflow flag is ignored. IOPL (I/0 privilege level)

IOPL is used in helps, protected mode operation to select the david privilege level for I/O devices. If the current privilege level is higher or more trusted than the IOPL, I/O executes without hindrance. If the IOPL is lower than the current privilege level, an research paper helps interrupt occurs, causing execution to suspend. Essay On Task Analysis! Note that an IOPL of 00 is the highest or most trusted: if IOPL is 11, it is the lowest or least trusted. The nested task flag indicates that the current task is nested within another task in helps, protected mode operation. This line is potter essay questions set when the task is nested by software. The resume flag is used with debugging to helps control the resumption of execution after the next instruction. The VM flag bit selects virtual mode operation in a protected mode system. A virtual mode system allows multiple DOS memory par­titions that are 1M byte in length to coexist in the memory system. Root Cellar Analysis! Essentially, this allows the system program to execute multiple DOS programs. AC (alignment check)

The alignment check flag bit activates if a word or douhleword is addressed on a non-word or non-douhleword boundary. Only the research paper 80486SX microprocessor contains the on task analysis alignment check hit that is research primarily used by its companion numeric coprocessor, the essay on wisdom-educate 80487SX, for synchronization. VIF (virtual interrupt flag) The VIF is a copy of the interrupt flag bit available to the Pentium-Pentium II microprocessors. VIP (virtual interrupt pending) VIP provides information about a virtual mode interrupt for the Pentium—Pentium II microprocessors. This is used in multitasking environments to provide the operating system with virtual interrupt flags and research helps, interrupt pending information. The ID flag indicates that the Pentium—Pentium II microprocessors support the CPUID instruction. The CPUID instruction provides the system with information about the Pentium microprocessor, such as its version number and manufacturer.

2.1.1.3. Segment Registers. Additional registers, called segment registers, generate memory addresses when combined with other registers in cellar analysis essay, the microprocessor. There are either four or six segment registers in various versions of the microprocessor. A segment register functions differently in the real mode when compared to research paper the protected mode operation of the microprocessor. Following is a list of potter azkaban, each segment register, along with its function in the system: The code segment is a section of memory that holds the code (programs and procedures) used by the microprocessor.

The code segment register defines the starting address of the section of memory holding code. In real mode operation, it defines the start of a 64K-byte section of memory; in research helps, protected mode, it selects a descriptor that describes the starting address and length of a section of memory holding code. The code segment is limited to 64K bytes in the 8088-80286, and 4G bytes in the 80386 and above when these microprocessors operate in the protected mode. The data segment is a section of memory that contains most data used by a program. Data are accessed in the data segment by an offset address or the contents of other registers that hold the offset address. As with the code segment and other segments, the length is limited to 64K bytes in the 8086-80286, and argumentive, 4G bytes in the 80386 and research paper, above.

The extra segment is an additional data segment that is used by some of the string instructions to hold destination data. The stack segment defines the area of memory used for the stack. The stack entry point is determined by the stack segment and stack pointer registers. The BP register also addresses data within the stack segment. The FS and essay on teachers day for class 4, GS segments are supplemental segment registers available in the 80386, 80486, Pentium. and research paper helps, Pentium Pro microprocessors to allow two additional memory segments for access by programs. 2.2. Real Mode Memory Addressing.

The 80286 and above operate in either the real or protected mode. Only the 8086 and 8088 op­erate exclusively in the real mode. Real mode operation allows the microprocessor to harry prisoner address only the first 1M byte of memory space-even if it is the Pentium II microprocessor. Note that the first 1 M byte of memory is called either the real memory or conventional memory system. The DOS operating system requires the microprocessor to operate in the real mode. Research! Real mode oper­ation allows application software written for the 8086/8088, which contain only 1 M byte of cellar, memory, to function in paper helps, the 80286 and above without changing the david hume essays amazon software.

The upward com­patibility of software is partially responsible for the continuing success of the Intel family of mi­croprocessors. In all cases, each of these microprocessors begins operation in the real mode by default whenever power is applied or the microprocessor is reset. 2.2.1. Segments And Offsets. A combination of a segment address and an offset address, access a memory location in the real mode. All real mode memory addresses must consist of research, a segment address plus an offset address. The segment address, located within one of the segment registers, defines the beginning address of harry potter azkaban essay, any 64K-byte memory segment. Helps! The offset address selects any location within the 64K byte memory segment. Segments in the real mode always have a length of 64K bytes. Figure 2-3 shows how the segment plus offset addressing scheme selects a memory location.

This illustra­ tion shows a memory segment that begins at location 1 0000H and ends at location 1 FFFEH 64K bytes in length. It also shows how an root analysis essay offset address, sometimes called a displacement, of F000H selects location 1F000H in the memory system. Note that the offset or displacement is the distance above the start of the segment, as shown in Figure 2-3. The segment register in Figure 2-3 contains a 1000H, yet it addresses a starting segment at location 10000H. In the real mode, each segment register is internally appended with a 0H on research paper helps, its rightmost end. This forms a 20-bit memory address, allowing it to access the start of a segment. The microprocessor must generate a 20-hit memory address to access a location within the first 1 M of memory. For example, when a segment register contains a 1200H, it addresses a 64K-byte memory segment beginning at location 12000H. Likewise, if a segment register contains a 1201H, it addresses a memory segment beginning at location 12010H. Because of the internally ap­pended 0H, real mode segments can begin only at a 16-byte boundary in the memory system.

This 16-byte boundary is often called a paragraph. Because a real mode segment of memory is 64K in length, once the beginning address is known, the ending address is found by adding FFFFH. The offset address, which is a part of the address, is added to the start of the segment to ad­dress a memory location within the memory segment. For example, if the holocaust segment address is 1000H and the offset address is research paper helps 2000H, the microprocessor addresses memory location 12000H. Harry Prisoner! The offset address is always added to the starting address of the segment to locate the data. The segment and offset address is research paper sometimes written as 1000:2000 for a segment address of 1000H with an offset of children of the holocaust, 2000H. In the 80286 (with special external circuitry), and the 80386 through the Pentium II, an extra 64K minus 16 bytes of memory is addressable when the research segment address is harry potter prisoner azkaban essay questions FFFFH and the HIMEM.SYS driver is installed in the system. This area of memory (0FFFF0H-10FFEFH) is re­ferred to as high memory. Some addressing modes combine more than one register and an offset value to form an offset address. When this occurs, the research paper sum of these values may exceed FFFFH.

For example, the address accessed in a segment whose segment address is 4000H, and whose offset address is specified as the argumentive on wisdom-educate sum of F000H plus 3000H, will access memory location 42000H instead of lo­cation 52000H. Paper Helps! When the essay F000H and research paper, 3000H are added, they form a 16-bit (modulo 16) sum of of the essay, 2000H used as the offset address; not 12000H, the true sum. Note that the carry of 1 (F000H + 3000H=12000H) is dropped for paper, this addition to on teachers day for form the offset address of paper, 2000H. This means that the address is generated as 4000:2000 or 42000H. 2.2.2. Default Segment and Offset Registers. The microprocessor has a set of rules that apply to segments whenever memory is addressed, These rules, which apply in the real and potter prisoner azkaban essay questions, protected mode, define the research helps segment register and offset register combination. For example, the code segment register is always used with the children instruction pointer to address the next instruction in a program. This combination is CS:IP or CS:EIP , de­pending upon the microprocessor’s mode of operation. The code segment register defines the start of the code segment and the instruction pointer locates the next instruction within the code segment. This combination (CS:IP or CS:EIP) locates the next instruction executed by the mi­croprocessor.

Another of the default combinations is the stack. Stack data are referenced through the stack segment at research, the memory location addressed by either the stack pointer (SP/ESP) or the base pointer (BP/EBP). Cellar! These combinations are referred to as SS:SP (SS:ESP) or SS:BP (SS:EBP). Note that in paper helps, real mode, only the rightmost 16 bits of the argumentive on wisdom-educate extended register address a location within the memory segment. In the paper 80386—Pentium II, never place a number larger than FFFFH into an offset register if the microprocessor is operated in the real mode. This causes the system to halt and indicate an addressing error.

Other defaults are shown in Table 2-1 for addressing memory using any Intel micropro­cessor with 16-bit registers. Table 2-2 shows the defaults assumed in the 80386 and above when using 32-bit registers. Essay On Task! Note that the 80386 and above have a far greater selection of segment offset address combinations than do the 8086 through the 80286 microprocessors. The 8086-80286 microprocessors allow four memory segments and the 80386 and above allow six memory segments. Figure 2-4 shows a system that contains four memory segments. Note that a memory segment can touch or even overlap if 64K bytes of memory are not required for a segment. Think of segments as windows that can be moved over any area of memory to ac­cess data or code. Also note that a program can have more than four or six segments, but can only access four or six segments at a time. Suppose that an application program requires 1000H bytes of memory for its code, 190H bytes of memory for its data, and research helps, 200H bytes of memory for harry potter prisoner azkaban essay questions, its stack. This application does not require an extra segment. Helps! When this program is placed in the memory system by children holocaust DOS, it is loaded in the TPA at the first available area of memory above the drivers and other TPA pro­grams.

This area is indicated by a free-pointer that is maintained by DOS. Program loading is handled automatically by the program loader located within DOS. Figure 2-5 shows how this application is stored in the memory system. The segments show an overlap because the amount of data in them does not require 64K bytes of memory. The side view of the paper helps segments clearly shows the analysis essay overlap. It also shows how segments can be moved over any area of memory by changing the segment starting address. Fortunately, the DOS program loader calculates and as­signs segment starting addresses. 2.2.3.

Segment and Offset Addressing Scheme Allows Relocation. The segment and offset addressing scheme seems unduly complicated. It is complicated, but it also affords an paper helps advantage to harry potter prisoner questions the system. This complicated scheme of segment plus offset ad­dressing allows programs to paper helps be relocated in the memory system. It also allows programs written to function in the real mode to operate in a protected mode system. Cellar Analysis! A relocatable pro­gram is one that can be placed into any area of memory and executed without change. Relocat­able data are data that can be placed in any area of memory and used without any change to the program. The segment and offset addressing scheme allows both programs and data to be relo­cated without changing a thing in a program or data. This is research helps ideal for use in a general-purpose computer system in which not all machines contain the same memory areas.

The personal computer memory structure is different from machine to machine, requiring relocatable soft­ware and data. Because memory is addressed within a segment by an offset address, the memory segment can be moved to any place in the memory system without changing any of the essay on teachers class offset addresses. This is accomplished by moving the entire program, as a block, to a new area and then changing only the contents of the segment registers. If an instruction is 4 bytes above the start of the seg­ment, its offset address is 4. Paper Helps! If the entire program is moved to a new area of memory, this offset address of 4 still points to 4 bytes above the start of the hume amazon segment. Research! Only the contents of the seg­ment register must be changed to david essays address the program in the new area of memory. Without this feature, a program would have to be extensively rewritten or altered before it is moved. This would require additional time or many versions of helps, a program for the many different configura­tions of computer systems. 2.3.

Introduction to Protected Mode Memory Addressing. Protected mode memory addressing (80286 and above) allows access to data and programs lo­cated above the first 1M byte of memory, as well as within the first 1M byte of memory. Harry Potter Azkaban Essay Questions! Ad­dressing this extended section of the research paper memory system requires a change to the segment plus an offset addressing scheme used with real mode memory addressing. Essay On Teachers Day For Class 4! When data and programs are addressed in extended memory, the offset address is research helps still used to access information located within the memory segment. One difference is that the segment address, is no longer present in the protected mode. In place of the harry prisoner azkaban essay segment ad­dress, the research segment register contains a selector that selects a descriptor from a descriptor table. The descriptor describes the memory segment’s location, length, and access rights. Because the segment register and david essays amazon, offset address still access memory, protected mode instructions are iden­tical to real mode instructions. Research! In fact, most programs written to function in the real mode will function without change in the protected mode. The difference between modes is in the way that the segment register is interpreted by the microprocessor to access the memory segment.

An­other difference, in the 80386 and above, is that the offset address can be a 32-bit number instead of a 16-bit number in the protected mode. A 32-bit offset address allows the microprocessor to access data within a segment that can be up to 4G bytes in length. 2.3.1. Essay! Selectors And Descriptors. The selector, located in the segment register, selects one of 8192 descriptors from one of paper helps, two ta­bles of descriptors.

The descriptor describes the location, length, and access rights of the seg­ment of memory. Indirectly, the segment register still selects a memory segment, but not directly as in the real mode. On Teachers Class 4! For example, in the real mode, if CS = 0008H, the code segment begins at lo­cation 00080H. In the protected mode, this segment number can address any memory location in the entire system for research, the code segment. There are two descriptor tables used with the segment registers: one contains global de­scriptors and the other contains local descriptors.

The global descriptors contain segment defini­tions that apply to all programs, while the local descriptors are usually unique to children holocaust essay an application. You might call a global descriptor a system descriptor and call a local descriptor an application descriptor. Research! Each descriptor table contains 8192 descriptors, so a total of 16,384 total descriptors are available to potter azkaban essay questions an application at any time. Because the descriptor describes a memory segment, this allows up to 16,384 memory segments to be described for each application. Figure 2-6 shows the format of a descriptor for the 80286 through the research helps Pentium II. Analysis! Note that each descriptor is 8 bytes in length, so the global and local descriptor tables are each a max­imum of 64K bytes in length.

Descriptors for the 80286 and the 80386 through the Pentium II differ slightly, but the 80286 descriptor is upward-compatible. The base address portion of the descriptor indicates the research paper starting location of the cellar analysis essay memory segment. For the 80286 microprocessor, the base address is a 24-bit address, so segments begin at any location in its 16M bytes of memory. Note that the research paper helps paragraph boundary limitation is re­moved in these microprocessors when operated in the protected mode. The 80386 and above use a 32-bit base address that allows segments to children essay begin at any location in helps, its 4G bytes of memory. Notice how the harry prisoner azkaban essay questions 80286 descriptor’s base address is upward-compatible to the 80386 through the paper helps Pentium II descriptor because its most-significant 16 bits are 0000H. The segment limit contains the last offset address found in a segment.

For example, if a segment begins at memory location F00000H and ends at root analysis essay, location F000FFH, the base address is F00000H and the limit is research paper FFH. For the 80286 microprocessor, the base address is F00000H and the limit is OOFFH. For the children holocaust essay 80386 and paper, above, the base address is 00F00000H and the limit is 000FFH. Notice the limit the 80286 has a 16-bit limit and the 80386 through the Pentium II have a 20-bit limit. The 80286 accesses memory segments that are between 1 and 64K bytes in length. The 80386 and above access memory segments that are between 1 and 1 M byte, or 4K and 4G bytes in length. There is another feature found in the 80386 through the Pentium II descriptor that is not found in the 80286 descriptor: the G bit, or granularity bit. Prisoner Azkaban Questions! If G = 0, the research paper helps limit specifies a seg­ment limit of 00000H to FFFFFH.

If G = 1, the value of the limit is multiplied by 4K bytes (ap­pended with XXXH). The limit is then 00000XXXH to FFFFFXXXH, if G = 1. This allows a segment length of 4K to david essays 4G bytes in steps of 4K bytes. The reason that the segment length is 64K bytes in the 80286 is that the offset address is always 16 bits because of its 16-bit internal archi­tecture. The 80386 and research, above use a 32-bit architecture that allows an day for class offset address, in the pro­tected mode operation, of the 32 bits. This 32-bit offset address allows segment lengths of paper helps, 4G bytes and prisoner azkaban questions, the 16-bit offset address allows segment lengths of research helps, 64K bytes. Operating systems op­erate in root cellar analysis, a 16 or 32-bit environment. For example, DOS uses a 16-bit environment, while most Windows applications use a 32-bit environment. The AV bit, in research paper helps, the 80386 and above descriptor, is used by some operating systems to indi­cate that the segment is potter azkaban available (AV = 1) or not available (AV = 0).

The D bit indicates how the 80386 through the Pentium II instructions access register and memory data in the protected or real mode. If D=0, the instructions are 16-bit instructions, compatible with the 8086—80286 mi­croprocessors. This means that the instructions use 16-bit offset addresses and 16-bit registers by default. This mode is often called the 16-bit instruction mode. If D=1, the instructions are 32-bit instructions. By default, the 32-bit instruction mode assumes that all offset addresses and all registers are 32 bits. Note that the default for register size and offset address size can be overridden in both the 16- and 32-bit instruction modes.

Both the MSDOS and PCDOS oper­ating systems require that the helps instructions are always used in the 16-bit instruction mode. Win­dows 3.1 also requires that the 16-bit instruction mode is selected. Note that the 32-bit instruction mode is argumentive on wisdom-educate accessible only in a protected-mode system such as Windows NT, Windows 95, Windows 98, or OS/2. The access rights byte in Figure 2-7 controls access to research paper helps the protected mode memory segment. Children Holocaust Essay! This byte describes how the segment functions in the system. The access rights byte al­lows complete control over research helps the segment. If the segment is a data segment, the prisoner azkaban direction of growth is specified. If the segment grows beyond its limit, the microprocessor’s program is interrupted, indicating a general protection fault. You can even specify whether a data segment can be written or is write-protected. The code segment is also controlled in paper helps, a similar fashion and can have reading inhibited to protect software. Descriptors are chosen from the descriptor table by the segment register.

Figure 2-8 shows how the segment register functions in the protected mode system. Essay! The segment register contains a 13-bit selector field, a table selector bit, and a requested privilege level field. The 13-bit selector chooses one of the 8192 descriptors from the descriptor table. The TI bit selects ei­ther the global descriptor table (TI = 0) or the local descriptor table (TI = 1). The requested privilege level (RPL) requests the access privilege level of a memory segment. Research! The highest privilege level is 00 and the lowest is 11. If the requested privilege level matches or is higher in priority than the privilege level set by the access rights byte, access is granted. For example, if the harry potter prisoner requested privilege level is 10 and research helps, the access rights byte sets the cellar analysis essay segment privilege level at research paper helps, 11, access is cvranted because 10 is higher in children essay, priority than privilege level 11. Privilege levels are used in multiuser environments. If the privilege level is violated, the system normally indicates a privilege violation. Figure 2-9 shows how the segment register, containing a selector, chooses a descriptor from the global descriptor table.

The entry in research paper helps, the global descriptor table selects a segment in the memory system. In this illustration, DS contains 0008H, which accesses the descriptor number 1 from the class 4 global descriptor table by using a requested privilege level of 00. Descriptor number 1 contains a descriptor that defines the base address as 00100000H with a segment limit of helps, 000FFH. This means that a value of 0008H loaded into DS causes the microprocessor to use memory locations 00100000H—001000FFH for the data segment with this example descriptor table. Note that de­scriptor zero is called the null descriptor and may not be used for accessing memory.

2.3.2. Program-Invisible Registers. The global and local descriptor tables are found in the memory system. In order to access and specify the address of argumentive essay, these tables, the 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II contain program-invisible registers. The program-invisible registers are not directly addressed by research paper software so they are given this name (although some of on wisdom-educate, these registers are accessed by the system software). Figure 2-10 illustrates the program-invisible registers as they appear in the 80286 through the Pentium II. These registers control the microprocessor when operated in the protected mode.

Each of the segment registers contains a program-invisible portion used in the protected mode. The program-invisible portion of these registers is paper helps often called cache memory because a cache is any memory that stores information. This cache is children not to be confused with the normal level 1 or level 2 caches found with the microprocessor. The program-invisible portion of the seg­ment register is loaded with the paper base address, limit, and access rights each time the number in the segment register is changed. When a new segment number is placed in a segment register, the mi­croprocessor accesses a descriptor table and loads the descriptor into david hume, the program-invisible cache portion of the segment register.

It is research helps held there and root essay, used to access the memory segment until the segment number is again changed. This allows the microprocessor to repeatedly access a memory segment without referring to the descriptor table for each access (hence the term cache). The GDTR (global descriptor table register) and paper helps, IDTR (interrupt descriptor table reg­ister) contain the base address of the descriptor table and its limit. The limit of each descriptor table is essay 16 bits because the maximum table length is 64K bytes. Helps! When the protected mode oper­ation is david desired, the address of the global descriptor table and its limit are loaded into research helps, the GDTR. Before using the protected mode, the interrupt descriptor table and the IDTR must also be ini­tialized. More detail is provided on protected mode operation later in the text. At this point, the programming and additional description of these registers are impossible. The location of the local descriptor table is selected from the global descriptor table. One of the global descriptors is set up to address the local descriptor table.

To access the local descriptor table, the LDTR (local descriptor table register) is loaded with a selector, just as a segment reg­ister is loaded with a selector. This selector accesses the global descriptor table and loads the base address, limit, and argumentive essay, access rights of the local descriptor table into the cache portion of the research paper helps LDTR. The TR (task register) holds a selector, which accesses a descriptor that defines a task. David Hume! A task is most often a procedure or application program. The descriptor for the procedure or applica­tion program is stored in the global descriptor table, so access can be controlled through the privi­lege levels. The task register allows a context or task switch in about 17 µ s. Paper! Task switching allows the of the holocaust microprocessor to switch between tasks in a fairly short amount of time.

The task switch allows multitasking systems to switch from one task to helps another in a simple and essay day for, orderly fashion. 2.4. Memory Paging. The memory paging mechanism located within the 80386 and above allows any physical memory location to be assigned to any linear address. The linear address is defined as the address generated by research helps a program. With the memory paging unit, the linear address is invisibly translated into any physical address, which allows an application written to function at a specific address to essay on task be re­located through the research paging mechanism. It also allows memory to be placed into areas where no memory exists. An example is the argumentive upper memory blocks provided by EMM386.EXE. The EMM386.EXE program reassigns extended memory, in 4K blocks, to the system memory between the video BIOS and paper helps, the system BIOS ROMS for upper memory blocks. With­out the hume essays paging mechanism, the use of this area of memory is impossible. 2.4.1.

Paging Registers. The paging unit is controlled by the contents of the microprocessor’s control registers. See Fig­ure 2-11 for the contents of control registers CR0 through CR3. Note that these registers are only available to research paper the 80386 through the Pentium microprocessors. Beginning with the Pentium, an addi­tional control register labeled CR4 controls extensions to root essay the basic architecture provided in research, the Pen­tium and above microprocessors. One of these features is a 4M-byte page that is enabled by setting bit position 4, or CR4. The registers important to the paging unit are CR0 and CR3.

The leftmost bit (PG) position of essay analysis, CR0 selects paging when placed at a logic 1 level. If the PG bit is cleared (0), the linear ad­dress generated by the program becomes the physical address used to access memory. If the research helps PG bit is set (1), the root cellar linear address is converted to a physical address through the paging mechanism. The paging mechanism functions in both the real and protected modes. CR3 contains the page directory base address, and the PCD and PWT bits. Research Paper Helps! The PCD and PWT bits control the essays operation of the PCD and PWT pins on the microprocessor. If PCD is set (1), the PCD pin becomes a logic one during bus cycles that are not pages.

This allows the external hardware to control the level 2 cache memory. (Note that the level 2 cache memory is an external high-speed memory that functions as a buffer between the microprocessor and the main DRAM memory system.) The PWT bit also appears on the PWT pin, during bus cycles that are not pages, to control the write-through cache in the system. Research Paper! The page directory base address locates the page directory for the page translation unit. Essay Questions! Note that this address locates the page directory at any 4K boundary in research, the memory system because it is appended internally with a 000H. The page directory contains 1024 directory entries of 4 bytes each. Each page directory entry addresses a page table that contains 1024 entries. The linear address, as it is generated by the software, is broken into three sections that are used to essays access the page directory entry, page table entry, and page offset address. Research Paper! Figure 2-12 shows the linear address and its makeup for paging.

Notice how the leftmost 10 bits address an entry in the page directory. Argumentive Essay! For linear address 00000000H—003FFFFFH, the first entry of the page directory is accessed. Each page directory entry represents or repages a 4M-byte section of the memory system. The contents of the page directory select a page table that is indexed by the next 10 bits of the linear address (bit positions 12-21). This means that address 00000000H— 00000FFFH selects page directory entry 0 and page table entry 0. Paper Helps! Notice this is a 4K-byte ad­dress range.

The offset part of the linear address (bit positions 0-11) next selects a byte in the 4K-byte memory page. In Figure 2-12, if the page table 0 entry contains address 00100000H, then the physical address is 00100000H-00100FFFH for linear address 00000000H-00000FFFH. On Task! This means that when the research program accesses a location between 00000000H and 00000FFFH, the microprocessor physically addresses location 00100000H—00100FFFH. Because the act of repaging a 4K-byte section of memory requires access to the page di­rectory and a page table, which are both located in memory, Intel has incorporated a cache called the TLB (translation look-aside buffer). In the 80486 microprocessor, the cache holds the 32 most recent page translation addresses. This means that the root cellar analysis last 32 page table translations are stored in the TLB, so if the same area of memory is accessed, the address is already present in the TLB, and access to the page directory and research, page tables is not required. This speeds program exe­cution. If a translation is not in the TLB, the page directory and page table must be accessed, which requires additional execution time. The Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II contain separate TLBs for each of their instruction and data caches. 2.4.2.

The Page Directory and Page Table. Figure 2-13 shows the page directory, a few page tables, and some memory pages. There is only one page directory in the system. The page directory contains 1024 doubleword addresses that locate up to 1024 page tables. The page directory and each page table are 4K bytes in length. If the entire 4G byte of memory is paged, the system must allocate 4K bytes of on teachers class 4, memory for the page directory, and 4K times 1024 or 4M bytes for the 1024 page tables. This represents a con­siderable investment in memory resources. The DOS system and paper helps, EMM386.EXE use page tables to david hume amazon redefine the area of memory be­tween locations C8000H—EFFFFH as upper memory blocks. It does this by research paper repaging extended memory to back-fill this part of the conventional memory system to allow DOS access to addi­tional memory. Suppose that the EMM386.EXE program allows access to 16M bytes of ex­tended and conventional memory through paging and locations C8000H—EFFFFH must be repaged to locations 110000—138000H, with all other areas of memory paged to their normal lo­cations. Such a scheme is depicted in Figure 2-14.

Here, the page directory contains four entries. Recall that each entry in the page directory corresponds to david hume 4M bytes of physical memory. The system also contains four page tables with 1024 entries each. Recall that each entry in the page table repages 4K bytes of physical memory. This scheme requires a total of research paper helps, 16K of memory for the four page tables and hume essays amazon, 16 bytes of memory for the page directory.

As with DOS, the Windows program also repages the memory system. At present, Windows version 3.11 supports paging for only l6M bytes of memory because of the amount of memory re­quired to store the page tables. On the Pentium and Pentium Pro microprocessors, pages can be ei­ther 4K bytes in length or 4M bytes in length. Although no software currently supports the 4M-byte pages, as the Pentium II and more advanced versions pervade the personal computer, operating sys­tems of the future will undoubtedly begin to support 4M-byte memory pages.

21 Basic Resumes Examples for Students and New Graduates. Written by Neil O’Donnell. Helps? Published July 5th, 2017. Neil O’Donnell, CPCC is a nationally certified career coach whose experience includes over 15 years of career counseling experience in david hume essays, addition to his having written thousands of résumés and cover letters. Paper Helps? Working with professionals around the globe, Neil helps recent graduates and harry potter essay, seasoned professionals alike in achieving their career dreams. Let’s face it, writing résumés is a daunting task, especially for undergraduates or recent college or high school graduates.

Admittedly, one of the biggest complaints I often hear from such entry job seekers is that no one showed them how to write a résumé or curriculum vitae. Research Helps? Would it make you feel better to know that most teachers and professors don’t honestly know how to argumentive essay on wisdom-educate write a good résumé? Truthfully, most colleges have a career center, which students are repeatedly informed about, but students rarely utilize the services at such centers before or after graduation. Hello! All graduates should make contact with their alma mater’s career center, because such centers usually offer free or low-cost résumé writing, basic resume examples, and interview preparation services! That said, let’s get to the heart of the issue.

How do you write a good résumé for typical undergraduate/new graduate needs? Here are 4 basic resume examples, guidelines, and templates to help you out. 1. Sample Resume for research paper helps, an Internship. Most internships require a student provide a résumé and cover letter, but students often are frightened by essay on teachers day for this as they usually don’t have any experience related to the internship. Most employers are not expecting you to have extensive experience because an internship is paper helps usually the first experience students have in their field. As for the structure of a résumé for internships, much of the design is consistent with my previous guidance. However, a few things of are more routine when it comes to an internship résumé. First, as a person seeking an internship often has little or no professional experience, volunteer experience can be vital. Because, such experience can show a hiring manager or internship coordinator that you are a go-getter.

You’d be amazed at the amount of prisoner azkaban questions employers across most fields place a great deal of value on volunteer experience, especially since a lot of volunteer responsibilities connect with the responsibilities of helps professionals. For instance, if you volunteered at a foodbank, you would likely perform a mix of duties from of the holocaust essay handling inventory, keeping records of paper where food was shipped, and essay on teachers day for class, interacting with those in paper, needs by providing directions on argumentive essay on wisdom-educate, where to go to obtain food. Such experience translates into customer service and office operations experience. Research Paper Helps? Considering that MOST interns end up doing a lot of holocaust filing work and paper helps, call monitoring, the volunteer experience is huge. In addition to professional and or volunteer experience, I recommend internship seeking individuals include a summary of amazon qualifications section (placed before the experience section) to identify skills they have that best match with the job and/or highlight skillsets that suggest the would-be intern would excel in the workplace (aka not be lazy). Many of paper us have had nightmare experiences with interns. So, any qualifications that could point towards you being a dedicated worker will likely help your case. In the qualifications section, also include coursework you completed that is harry potter prisoner azkaban essay relevant to the major/internship setting. For a business major seeking sales/accounting experience, it would be prudent to list courses you completed that connect with business, accounting, statistics, and economics. See the paper included Internship résumé for a full example. Essay On Task? 2. Sample Resume for a Part-time Position.

College students need to pay bills while professionals making little more than minimum wage need to find ways to make ends meet. Paper? This is often where a part-time job comes into play. Part-time jobs most often are connected to the service industry, though sales, medical tech, and administrative jobs often fill this void as well. In most of these instances, training on the job is key so a relevant degree is not usually necessary (although pursuing a relevant degree could provide an children, advantage. For part-time work, it is important to keep a few things in research helps, mind. Hume Essays? First, if you have an paper, advanced degree (a Masters or higher), you should consider dropping that from the résumé. Essay Questions? Because, employers might see your advanced degree and figure you will only stay long enough until you find something better (better pay or better benefits). Research Helps? Also, if you have extensive experience, you should limit what is on your résumé to the last ten years.

Too much experience may also suggest to an employer that you won’t be there long. Undergraduates and essay, recent high school graduates don’t usually have these issues, but older workers seeking employment (especially after a layoff), could very well find themselves battling such hurdles. Again, including a ‘Summary of helps Qualifications’ section is a good idea when seeking part-time work as it can highlight skillsets you have relevant to the work being completed. For part-time jobs, especially those in the service industry, your education can be placed at cellar analysis, the end (and in paper helps, many cases, it should be last as pursuit of essay a college degree may make a hiring manager hesitate in hiring you for fear that you are only going to be there a short time. Lastly, as with the internship résumé, those with little experience should consider including volunteer experience to help fill up one full page for the résumé. See the helps example for an individual seeking part-time work as a sales associate, positions many undergraduates seek out harry potter prisoner, while in helps, college. 3. Sample Resume for an Entry Level Job. Again, applying for entry-level positions, a hiring manager is not going to harry prisoner essay questions expect applicants to have extensive experience.

For recent college graduates, including a list of relevant coursework is a good thing to consider as employers like to hiring individuals with up to date knowledge relevant to the field, particularly in research paper, tech fields. I also believe listing relevant technological proficiencies is crucial as many older employers often have limited experience in computer programming and repair. As someone who has always efforted to stay on top of technological advancements, I can attest to the fact that tech-proficient individuals are a hot commodity. For those with a great deal of experience and advanced degrees who are seeking an entry-level position, drop the on teachers day for class 4 advanced degree and only include last ten years of experience. 4. Research Paper? Basic Sample Resume for No Experience. For those without any experience, building a résumé is not so easy. Things that can help in such situations are volunteer experience, relevant coursework from school, and a job objective. Frankly, most of us who are professional résumé writers do not use job objectives, but when in need of argumentive essay filling a page, an objective can come in handy. Just make certain your resume objective is focused on research paper, the job you are applying to (i.e. “To obtain a line cook position at the Cityview Restaurant). Adding a summary of qualifications section where you highlight your computer proficiencies and “soft” skills can help as well (soft skills including thriving in root cellar, a team environment, conflict resolution, good communications skills, and organization). If you participated in activities at high school or college, including those experiences could also be a great addition, especially if you served in research, a position such as president, treasurer or secretary.

For those with no experience, staying at argumentive essay, your first job for a few years is important to build a foundation for future success. Getting a new job every year looks bad on a résumé and will hurt your chances of being hired in the future. Armed with this advice, know that every field/major requires a different focus on what to highlight in a résumé, particularly with regards to research paper helps skillsets. Asking a professor for amazon, an example of her/his résumé would provide a good foundation to research start with. Additionally, the analysis following samples offer a glimpse at what a solid résumé would look like.

Essay – Medea in Apollonius Rhodius and Euripides. How and research paper, why does the characterisation of Medea in Apollonius Rhodius draw on the characterisation of the Euripidean Medea. The Argonautica is the only surviving Hellenistic epic and extant work of harry Apollonius Rhodius. Unfortunately little is known about Apollonius’ life, or how he viewed his work, as few extant materials refer to him[1]. Argonautica was written in the third century B.C. and broke from the Hellenistic tradition for short literary works[2]. The epic draws upon a long literary and mythological tradition that included Euripides’ Medea . Within scholarship the plays of Euripides are widely considered to be a forerunner of Hellenistic works[3]. In Argonautica this is particularly clear through the allusions Apollonius draws with his characterisation of Medea. Medea was a popular mythological subject and appeared in many other works such as those of Pindar and Apollodorus[4]. These works are important in respect of the mythological traditions of Medea as they add to the understanding of the development of the myth.

However, the focus of research this essay will be upon the representations of Medea within Argonautica and harry essay questions, Medea and how and why Apollonius draws upon Euripides’ characterisation. The mythology of Medea is very complex due to varying literary traditions. Euripides’ Medea is a particularly well known version of the paper helps, myth; therefore, the name Medea in the minds of children of the holocaust many brings forth his image of a passionate, angry and strong-willed woman. In mythology Medea was not always the woman who murdered her children, as depicted by Euripides. One variation of the myth tells how Medea may have killed her children by accident[5]. Another how the people of Corinth murdered them as an act of revenge for the murder of their princess[6]. Apollonius, instead of research helps using either of these versions of the myth, chose to foreshadow his Argonautica with the events of Euripides’ Medea . However, there are indications Apollonius drew upon other literary influences such as Nausicaa from Homer’s Odyssey . It will be necessary to briefly consider such influences in order to assess the extent to which they embed themselves within Apollonius’ characterisation of Medea. Scholarship has taken a keen interest in the representation of Apollonius’ Medea. In particular Hunter considers Medea’s ‘ suffering for love ’ in one section of azkaban essay questions his work and the intertext between Apollonius and Euripides[7]. On the other hand, Pavlock considers Medea’s passion to be dangerous and research paper helps, uncontrollable.

These viewpoints, amongst others, will be given due consideration[8]. Medea is essay a defining mythological figure and as such it is important to understand how and why Apollonius draws upon Euripides. Research Paper Helps. Therefore, this essay will demonstrate that Apollonius, in order to foreshadow his epic, draws upon the characterisation of Euripides’ Medea. Children Of The Holocaust Essay. This is undertaken through Medea’s rhetorical skills, assistance to Jason and passion whilst also making specific reference to certain images. Furthermore, notwithstanding other influences from epic, it will also be shown that Apollonius uses this characterisation to explore the reactions of the Alexandrian audience to the increased personal freedom of women and the psychology of passion. The Medea’s of Euripides and Apollonius. One of the primary considerations of paper helps how Apollonius foreshadows and root cellar analysis essay, draws upon the characterisation of Euripides’ Medea is through her rhetorical ability.

Apollonius’ Medea is at first quiet in Jason’s presence having been ‘seized by speechless stupor’ due to the arrow of Eros[9]. However, from this point the character develops a rhetorical skill attuned to that of Euripides’ Medea. The dispute between Jason and Medea, following her discovery of the secret negotiations with the Colchian fleet, recalls the couple’s first argument within Euripides’ Medea [10]. In each instance Medea delivers a carefully constructed speech which denounces Jason’s behaviour. Euripides’ Medea commences her speech focusing on the wrongs Jason has committed. Medea then recounts her sacrifices, recalls the paper helps, oath Jason broke and ends her speech considering what she is to do, calling upon the gods.

Apollonius’ Medea starts by questioning what Jason has planned for her. David. She then reminds him of his oath, her sacrifices and proceeding to research helps consider what will become of her she calls upon the gods. Essays. The chastisement of Jason by Medea evokes and rewrites her agon in Medea [11]. Paper. It is particularly noteworthy that Medea’s speech written by amazon Apollonius follows a similar pattern to Euripides’, one an audience familiar with Medea would recognise. This argument can be considered further through the supplications of Medea in research paper helps both works. Argumentive Essay. Each of these is intended to ensure Medea’s self-preservation; Circe cleanses her blood guilt, Creon stays her exile and Arete and Aegeus provide protection from her enemies[12].

Apollonius appears to have drawn on Euripides’ characterisation of research paper helps Medea as a survivor, able to use her rhetorical skill in order to secure what she requires. Analysis. This is drawn out through the language and actions of Medea’s supplications. Each instance is undertaken on her knees putting herself in paper helps the appropriate position of respect to the person hearing her request[13]. Argumentive Essay On Wisdom-educate. Furthermore, the language used on each occasion is comparable, ‘Show kindness to me!…Take pity on me…May the paper helps, immortals grant you both a life of fulfilment…children, and the glory of an unravaged city’ Medea declares to Arete[14]. Likewise to Aegeus she states ‘have pity on an unfortunate woman…do not allow me to be cast into exile…may your longing for children be brought to cellar analysis essay fulfilment…and may you yourself die happy!’[15]. Though Medea does not ask Creon for pity the approach used in supplicating him is similar: Have no fear…I am not the kind of paper helps person to commit crimes against my rulers…And now I do not begrudge you prosperity.

Make your marriage…and may good fortune attend you[16]. The Medea of Apollonius like Euripides understands well the process and requirements of supplication and uses it to her advantage[17]. Medea’s rhetorical skill in Argonautica and david essays, desire for self-preservation are the ‘hallmarks of Euripides’ heroine’[18]. Research. Furthermore the specifics of the argumentive essay on wisdom-educate, language used and description of the paper, supplications within Argonautica parallel that of Euripides’ Medea . This desire for self-preservation becomes very apparent during Medea’s supplication of Jason at the beginning of Argonautica book four[19]. Medea transforms from a woman in analysis distress to a plotter of her brother’s murder, scenes reminiscent of the ruthless and determined woman who commits infanticide in Euripides’ Medea [20]. Medea’s act of infanticide is paper motivated by anger induced by Jason’s betrayal[21]. It is essay on teachers day for 4 this allusion Apollonius draws upon to prepare the audience for the murder of Apsyrtos[22].

The murder is attributed to Medea in Euripides’ Medea [23]. Research. However, in Argonautica Jason is the murderer with Medea’s role greatly reduced to co-conspirator; Medea requires purification as she is not free from essay day for class guilt[24]. Apollonius’ use of ????????? (by or at the hearth) for the location of Circe’s purification of Jason and Medea is paper similar to the phraseology of children holocaust essay Euripides[25]. During Jason’s recollection of the murder in research helps Medea he describes the location as ‘at the hearth’[26].Though Medea takes place sometime after Argonautica , through Apollonius’ use of language he foreshadows situations which will occur in the future[27]. The ability to devise brilliant and destructive schemes is an intricate part of david hume essays Medea’s character in both representations. Research Paper. Medea’s name means ‘The Planner’ and this skill is essay on task analysis a consistent theme throughout Argonautica and Medea [28]. Research Paper Helps. Medea’s planning secures Jason’s victory in david essays amazon the trials set by Aietes (her father), enables the murder of paper helps her brother and removal of Pelias from the throne of argumentive essay on wisdom-educate Iolcus[29].

Without Medea’s aid Jason’s story would have ended as it was thought by the Argonauts that Aietes first trial was unachievable[30]. The potion provided by Apollonius’ Medea to Jason protects him during the research paper, trial and it is she who lulls the dragon to sleep so that he may seize the fleece[31]. These actions foreshadow Euripides’ Medea who declares to Jason that it was she who saved him from on teachers 4 death on two occasions, the trial of the fire-breathing bulls and the dragon[32]. Paper. Apollonius’ decision to have Jason commit the potter prisoner azkaban questions, murder places the focus on Medea’s ingenuity and helps, cunning instead of the act itself. There are subtle differences between the analysis, works such as Euripides’ declaration that Medea killed the dragon whereas Apollonius spares its life. Though this difference exists it is clear that Apollonius was heavily influenced by the elements of Euripides’ story that focus on the aid provided by Medea. It has been suggested that, at paper such an early stage, Apollonius wanted to argumentive essay on wisdom-educate ensure that Medea remained free of violence[33]. However, this difference was likely intended to develop Medea’s character as, within a short time, she begins to reveal her darker side. Medea declares that Jason should not break his oath or, ‘May my Furies drive you straight from research helps your homeland, because of what I have suffered through your heartlessness. What I say the essay, gods will not leave unaccomplished’[34].

The language is reminiscent of the curses Medea calls upon Jason in Medea [35]. Comparison can also be drawn with the references to Jason as the ‘vilest of research helps knaves’, an enemy of the gods and of the holocaust, an oath breaker in Medea , descriptions similarly reflected in Argonautica [36]. Apollonius describes Medea as ‘seething with grim anger’ believing that she is at risk of abandonment and requires placating by Jason[37]. Arguably, the paper, anger of Medea prepares the audience for on teachers day for, the murder of paper her brother that follows shortly. Medea’s anger can be compared to Aietes’ when he discovers Jason’s intention to claim the Golden Fleece[38]. Medea becomes her father’s daughter and although the murder of Apsyrtos is essay shocking it is the climax of the paper, sacrifices that led to it[39]. Medea’s anger in both works in part results from her sacrifices in class order to research paper helps aid Jason.

Medea betrayed her family and homeland to runaway with a foreigner who she assists in murdering her brother[40]. The sacrifices are a key feature in Apollonius’ characterisation of Medea and there are clear indications that they are drawn from Euripides’ representation. Medea sacrificed much out of love for Jason. However, the love was not romantic but instead fiery passion influenced by the gods. The passion induced by Eros is a destructive force that foreshadows the events that take place in Medea . Apollonius describes how Eros’ arrow ‘burned deep in the girl’s heart like a flame’ arousing in Medea a passion for Jason[41]. Comparison can be drawn with the description provided by Euripides of Medea being ‘smitten with love for Jason’[42]. The shooting is described by Apollonius in violent terms, Eros ‘fitted the arrow-notch to the bowstring…and shot straight at Medea…the destructive love which crouched unobserved and burnt in Medea’s heart’[43]. This echoes the comments of Euripides’ chorus who declare that they never want the arrow of desire to essay ‘fly against my heart’ or for Aphrodite to ‘madden my heart with love for a stranger’s bed’[44]. Medea initially under Eros’ influence is very different to Euripides’ characterisation. She is a ‘young, vulnerable girl overwhelmed by love for Jason’[45].

This indicates that Euripides is not the only influence upon Apollonius. There are allusions to Homer and during book three of Argonautica it is suggested Apollonius continuously recalls the Phaeacian episode of Odyssey whilst still reminding his audience of Medea [46]. Research Paper. The potential relationship of Odysseus and Nausicaa has been contrasted with the past and future of Jason and Medea[47]. There is a virgin princess who is of the holocaust ready for marriage but Jason like Odysseus will not stay to marry, though he will take Medea with him unlike Odysseus[48]. Furthermore the scene where Medea leaves to research helps meet Jason at Hecate’s temple is considered to imitate Odyssey book six[49].

However, Nausicaa unlike Medea would not ‘betray her own sense of shame, or her family [and] never hesitates to speak freely with Odysseus’[50]. Essay. The Nausicaa story is inverted by Apollonius and although there is some influence upon the characterisation of research helps Medea the primary influence is Medea . Apollonius continuously returns to allusions of Jason and Medea’s future. Jason declares ‘may Olympian Zeus himself…witness my oath that I shall make you my lawful wedded wife’[51]. Apollonius uses this line to root cellar analysis anticipate Medea’s appeal to paper helps the gods in hume amazon Medea . The nurse recounts how Medea, ‘invokes the mighty assurance of his sworn right hand, and calls the gods to witness the unjust return she is getting’[52]. In turn the research, oath in Medea becomes an appeal to the oath in david hume amazon Argonautica [53]. Furthermore, though Athena influences Nausicaa by paper enhancing Odysseus’ appearance she does not experience the same destructive power of love brought upon Medea by Eros[54]. Argumentive. This is best attested through Medea’s violent state of mind in paper helps Argonautica where, ‘she longed to set fire to the ship, to potter essay destroy everything…and throw herself into the…flames’[55]. This foreshadows Medea’s consideration as to paper helps whether she should set fire to Jason and Glauce’s bridal chamber but also the immolation of Glauce and Creon through the essay, wedding gift[56].

In both Argonautica and Medea love is described in terms of paper helps a powerful force which has overcome Medea. Love is described by Euripides as a ‘bane’ and Medea herself as possessing a ‘love-maddened heart’ and having shown ‘more love than sense’[57]. This language brings to mind Apollonius’ description of holocaust Medea as having ‘bitter-pain in her heart’ and suffering ‘distress’[58]. Apollonius’ use of language and imagery is paper helps very Euripidean. It does not only foreshadow the events of Medea but also creates links between the characterisations. The use of clothing as part of Medea and Jason’s plot to murder Apsyrtos in Argonautica has drawn keen scholarly interest[59]. Apollonius’ description of the essay, deception used to lure Apsyrtos to his death is the same as that used by Euripides’ Medea to destroy Glauce[60]. This similarity is believed to be a long held recognition by Hunter but can also be considered more broadly within the wider context of Argonautica [61]. Clothing has been identified as an important theme throughout as it draws the audience to consider past or future events either within or outside the epic[62].

The description of Medea’s dress bathed in moonlight following the capture of the fleece appears as though it were a wedding dress[63]. Paper. This can be considered further as the imagery takes on a frightening aspect foreshadowing the events of Medea’s nuptial clothing gift to Glauce[64]. Essay On Task. Comparison can also be drawn between Jason’s celebration at having captured the fleece and the future death of helps Glauce. When Jason raises the fleece he is described in terms of a young girl who ‘catches in her fine dress the gleam of the full moon…her heart is delighted at the sight of the lovely radiance’[65]. This simile whilst emasculating Jason for having won the fleece without risk to himself also brings to mind the image of of the holocaust Glauce putting on Medea’s deadly wedding gift[66]. Glauce is described as ‘arranging her hair in a bright mirror, smiling… [parading] about the room…entranced with the paper, gifts’[67].

The parallels between the images cannot be ignored. It is clear that Apollonius has seized upon a key incident in Euripides’ tragedy and provided ample connections that foreshadow the future death and essay on task analysis, destruction that Medea will bring to Corinth. Why Euripides’ Medea ? In the years that followed the death of Alexander the research paper, Great in 323 B.C. the harry potter prisoner essay, Macedonian Empire broke into separate kingdoms ruled by his successors[68]. During this period life for Apollonius’ Hellenistic audience changed for various reasons such as increased migration[69]. Research Paper. It became more socially acceptable for analysis, a woman to be educated and to enjoy a public role[70]. Though personal freedom increased there were still limitations on what a woman could do. However, within the kingdoms life for research, women would have varied considerably depending on where they lived and their political class[71]. Apollonius within Argonautica uses aspects of Medea’s characterisation as a mirror for the societal changes in Alexandria. Medea was first performed in Athens in the fifth century B.C.

During this period work and the influence of public opinion would have predominantly kept Athenian women at home[72]. Though some women’s work would have been within the on task analysis, public sphere those who remained at home would have had little freedom[73]. Research. At the beginning of the analysis essay, play, Medea has been fulfilling the role of an Athenian wife, remaining at research home looking after it and the children[74]. The majority of evidence of the lives of on task analysis Greek women comes from Athens. Research Paper. However, it is of the important to be cautious when drawing conclusions on the lives of women in research helps wider Greek society due to the differing natures of each city state[75]. In Medea the hume essays amazon, idealistic societal structure of Athens is broken down by research paper helps Medea’s emergence from the home and her challenges towards her former husband in public[76]. This can be compared with societal changes in Alexandria as women began to enjoy an increased freedom of movement, particularly in comparison to Athens[77]. Medea is an ideal figure to argumentive represent such changes in society, achieved through the portrayal of her enjoying the freedom to move around her country unrestricted[78]. Apollonius’ portrait is realistic as although Medea has freedom she is research paper helps required to have her handmaids accompany her; though under her instruction they leave her to harry potter prisoner azkaban questions speak with Jason alone[79].

However, it must be noted that there is still a dependency on Aietes and subsequently Jason[80]. It might be argued that the paper helps, level of dependency is of the variable throughout Argonautica ; for example in respect of her marriage. Medea takes control of some of research paper helps her own affairs within Argonautica such as her agreement to marry Jason and contracting her own marriage[81]. Marriage for Greeks within Alexandria would have required the permission of the brides’ father or guardian[82]. Both Jason and Alkinoos are thought to act as Medea’s guardians. The former as Medea declares herself his daughter, sister and wife.

The latter as he presides over the decision whether or not to return Medea to her father[83]. Neither can actually be considered to have fulfilled the role of guardian as Jason is Medea’s future husband and Alkinoos is not present at the wedding. Therefore, the agreement to marry is without her father’s consent and the marriage occurs without a guardian present. Furthermore, the Golden Fleece is considered to represent Medea’s dowry[84]. Medea secured the fleece for Jason and as such can be viewed as having paid her own dowry. The union of Medea and Jason is not representative of an Alexandrian marriage. Greek women, except royalty, were required to potter essay questions use an intermediary or guardian for legal and monetary transactions.

However, women using the Egyptian or Jewish legal systems could undertake such transactions themselves[85]. There is some papyrus evidence in existence that suggests women were able to research paper undertake private contractual matters in respect of property and their marriage[86]. The first example is Olympias who contracts her own marriage with her father as legal representative[87]. Another document states that Heraclides took Demetria ‘from her father’ but the contract is indicative that the couple entered into the agreement together. The contract informs Demetria how she would resolve a breach of contract should she need to. Even though documents such as this exist it cannot be taken that women undertook contractual matters regularly. Apollonius’ portrayal of Medea indicates a changing attitude towards women and an ‘audience coming to terms with women’s power and privilege’[88]. The influence of root wealthy and royal women could be attributed to the development of this class of Alexandrian women. It was particularly important for the privileged of Alexandrian society to be highly educated[89]. Arguably the construction of the great library of Alexandria in the third century demonstrates this desire[90].

Apollonius was well-educated as demonstrated through his extensive use of paper helps mythological and geographical understanding within Argonautica [91]. Apollonius assumes his Alexandrian audience would have been aware of the cellar analysis essay, mythological traditions of helps Medea and Jason and essay on wisdom-educate, the story told by Euripides[92]. Given the importance placed upon knowledge by Alexandrian society this assumption is plausible. Medea is described as speechless in research paper helps Jason’s presence in the first scene within Aietes palace[93]. However, Medea’s character develops during book three of Argonautica and she begins to speak freely, challenging Jason and in subsequent scenes the Argonauts.

Though there is no reference to her education by either Euripides or Apollonius the language used by Medea shows her intellect in both works. There is essay evidence to suggest greater access to education for women during the Hellenistic period. The existence of prominent educated women such as Hipparchia a philosopher and Erinna a poetess provide some evidence to support this[94]. Furthermore, epigraphic evidence exists such as the gravestone of a woman from Sardis that states ‘The book shows you were wise’ suggesting she would have been educated[95]. This does not necessarily indicate that all women had access to education but instead implies that educated women were present within Hellenistic society. In some respects society became less restrictive including travel, certain contractual matters and education, but others remained such as the holding of public office[96]. Research. Though there is evidence of one wealthy woman having held a magisterial position true equality was not possible and analysis, as such this cannot be considered to have been common[97]. Apollonius’ draws upon the characterisation of Euripides’ Medea the strong-willed woman and devises her story for the developing Alexandrian audience. Medea was refashioned for his Argonautica whilst retaining the abilities of skilled rhetorician, thinker and planner that would have been recognised by his audience. Arguably Apollonius challenged the perspective of women in Alexandrian society through Medea.

Medea’s first appearance in Argonautica as a love-struck young girl unable to speak to Jason is unrecognisable to the representation of Euripides[98]. Apollonius’ Medea appears more a woman overwhelmed by her first feelings of research love[99]. The portrayal of david hume essays amazon Eros shooting Medea has led to the suggestion of her as a victim of violence[100]. On the other hand, the scene can be viewed ironically as the sorceress becomes subject to a spell[101]. Instead of the powerful sorceress Medea is the victim of magic with her prayer to Hecate an attempt to process her feelings[102]. It has been suggested that Apollonius constructed Argonautica as a prequel to Medea [103]. The evidence of Medea’s rhetorical skill, assistance to Jason and involvement in Apsyrtos’ murder would certainly support such an argument. The divergence from Euripides arguably exists to enable Medea’s character to develop.

Apollonius, in Argonautica , draws upon the complex array of emotions in Medea providing background to the feelings, setting their roots in research helps Medea’s past. The character development of Medea throughout Argonautica books three and four indicates a progression towards her Corinthian counterpart. The psychology of love and passion explored by Apollonius is an important part of Medea’s characterisation that requires particular consideration. The development of Medea’s passion for Jason is undertaken through a dream during which she convinces herself that Jason has come to Colchis in order to marry her[104]. The dream ‘represents an important stage in the awakening of essay on wisdom-educate her passion’[105]. Arguably it bridges the gap between the naivety experienced during her first sighting of Jason and strength at their subsequent meeting at Hecate’s temple. Research Paper. Through the course of the meeting the love-struck Medea soon gives way to the more familiar characterisation of Euripides[106]. Essay. Scholarship has widely recognised that Apollonius’ Medea’s passion becomes extremely dangerous[107]. Pavlock suggests that Apollonius’ association of women with the disruption of research paper helps social norms and the community is his attempt to harry azkaban essay reinforce ‘traditional views about excessive passion of the female’[108]. This is certainly an interesting consideration as the paper helps, destructive nature of infatuation is widely explored in on task Athenian drama.

Apollonius, through associating excessive passion with Medea, also draws upon imagery from other plays. In Euripides’ Trojan Women and research paper, Hippolytus Helen and Phaedra’s passions have brought about death and destruction[109]. The argument is argumentive noteworthy as Medea, like Helen, leaves with a man she barely knew and, like Phaedra, her actions result in death. Therefore, Argonautica could be interpreted as Apollonius commenting upon research the negative effects of hume essays excess passion. Medea’s threat to Jason that she will haunt him as a Fury has been considered to paper border on madness and foreshadow the violence of the future[110]. However, although it does foreshadow Medea’s violent future, arguably it is argumentive essay not madness as she is a frightened woman, grasping at reasons for Jason to not return her to her father who will punish her. There are indications that Apollonius explored the psychology of women driven by passion with a Euripidean-like sympathy[111]. Euripides’ Phaedra analyses her passion for Hippolytus going through the possible options to master it; concealment, self-control and death[112]. Furthermore, Artemis’ declaration that Aphrodite is to research paper helps blame redeems Phaedra[113]. Cellar Analysis. Likewise, in Euripides’ Helen , it is revealed that Helen would not have left with Paris and was brought to Egypt to protect her chastity[114].

Apollonius adopts a similar analytical approach to Medea, focusing in particular on her psychology whilst also ensuring that she is portrayed in a realistic way. Even though Medea is under Eros’ spell Apollonius explores the realism of her passion and developing awareness of what is affecting her[115]. The realism can be seen through Medea’s natural response to the sunrise but also her shame at paper falling in love with a foreign stranger and betraying her family and country[116]. The sense of shame bound Greek women to follow their fathers’ instructions[117]. Shame culture was passed down through the ages and essays, Argonautica appears as a piece of social commentary upon research paper helps the culture within Alexandrian society. Within Medea’s monologue she explores her desire but also her cognitive dissonance[118]. The sense of shame that love has brought Medea leads her to consider suicide. Essay On Teachers Day For. Though Medea realises suicide will not release her as she believes she would be mocked anyway; a belief reminiscent of Euripides’ Medea[119]. Instead of portraying Medea’s passion as being disruptive Apollonius’ analysis focuses upon her emotions and decisions. When Jason and Medea first meet the audience know what is to come but at the same time it does not know[120]. The audience are aware that Medea will provide assistance to Jason and leave with him but they are also presented with her decision making process.

Arguably, Apollonius used Medea to examine the psychology of passion. The division in Medea’s personality between naivety and powerful sorceress might be seen as Apollonius’ attempt to explain the future murder of her children[121]. Alternatively Apollonius’ Medea could be looked upon as a sympathetic development of her characterisation akin to Euripides. Apollonius explores the emotions of love, passion and shame presenting a more realistic portrayal of Medea’s past as a prequel to Euripides’ Medea . It has become apparent that Apollonius draws upon the characterisation of the Euripidean Medea in order to foreshadow the events of helps Medea . Furthermore, Argonautica is devised as a prequel to Euripides’ Medea through language, imagery and action. There are indications of other influences upon essays amazon Medea’s characterisation from tragedy and epic but the primary focus is Medea . Apollonius’ characterisation of Medea is not limited to how it draws upon her but also why. Argonautica explores the finite increase in freedom for Alexandrian women and also the research paper, psychology of passion. There are constraints on harry potter azkaban the interpretation of Apollonius’ intentions due to the lack of information about him. Research Helps. However, despite such limitations it is possible to harry potter azkaban essay questions draw out the following conclusions. There is a progressive development in Apollonius’ characterisation of Medea that slowly forms into research paper, her Euripidean counterpart. Root Analysis Essay. This is achieved by drawing upon key aspects of the character created by Euripides, namely Medea’s rhetorical ability and her love of Jason. There are echoes of Euripides’ Medea’s ‘fierce nature’ in Apollonius’ description of his Medea who seethes ‘with grim anger’[122].

These aspects are interwoven with the imagery used by research paper Apollonius that allude and essay on teachers 4, foreshadow instances within Medea such as the gift of clothing presented to research paper Apsyrtos echoing the future gift to Glauce. Apollonius explores the psychology of Medea through the representation of essay analysis her being passionately and uncontrollably in love. It has been argued that Apollonius is research paper commenting on the dangers of such passion. Essay 4. However, it is apparent that his treatment of paper helps this subject is sensitive. Medea is shamed by her feelings and harry prisoner azkaban essay, behaviour towards Jason to the point of wanting to commit suicide. Medea’s passion though uncontrollable (due to research the influence of the gods) is explored in potter prisoner azkaban detail by Apollonius through her thought processes.

Though also considered by Euripides the treatment is paper helps brief due to the limitations of a 1418 line play. Children Of The Holocaust. Apollonius used the length and breadth of an epic to research provide a more detailed analysis of Medea and her actions, presenting a relatively realistic image and prequel to the Alexandrian audience. Society developed during the Hellenistic period and women enjoyed a limited increase in freedom. Euripides’ Medea, as a strong woman, provided a basis for the exploration of such freedom. Though no reference is made to Medea having had any formal education both characterisations appear educated and confident in on teachers day for 4 their interactions with men. Evidence would suggest that, in this period, there was an increase in the education of research helps women and as such Apollonius took the opportunity to represent this. Apollonius, like many modern day readers, saw something important within Medea and that is Medea herself. The fire, passion and strength immortalised by analysis essay Euripides; Medea is the perfect figure for epic. Argonautica and Medea are exceptional and important works. The former as it is the paper helps, only surviving Hellenistic epic and the latter as the only extant Athenian drama that deals with the Argonautic cycle. Within the myth of Medea, modern audiences find both a gripping narrative and complexity of the character development.

It is considered by Griffiths that ‘in facing the complexities of harry azkaban essay questions Medea’s identity we face the research, complexities of david hume essays amazon our own’[123]. Apollonius brought this challenge to the Alexandrian audience through his complex portrayal of Euripides’ Medea. Apollodorus Library – Apollodorus – The Library Loeb Classical Library, Translated by Frazer, J. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1921. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022 [Accessed: 10th January 2015]. Apollonius Rhodius Argonautica – Jason and the Golden Fleece Translated by Hunter, R. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. Aristophanes Lysistrata – Lysistrata and Other Plays (Revised ed), Translated by Sommerstein, A. London: Penguin Books, 2002. Diogenes Laertius Lives of Eminent Philosophers Loeb Classical Library Vol. 2, Translated by Hicks, R. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1925.

Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3Dprologue [Accessed: 10 January 2015]. Euripides Helen – The Complete Greek Drama Vol.2 , Translated by Coleridge, E. Oates, W. and O’Neil, E. (Eds), New York: Random House, 1938. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0100 [Accessed: 3 January 2015]. Euripides Hippolytus – Euripides Loeb Classical Library Vol. 2, Translated by Kovacs, D. Paper. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0106 [Accessed: 3 January 2015]. Euripides Medea – Euripides Loeb Classical Library Vol. On Task. 1, Translated by Kovacs, D. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0114 [Accessed: 28 December 2014].

Euripides Trojan Women – The Plays of Euripides Vol. 1 , Translated by Coleridge, E. Research Helps. London: George Bell and essay, Sons, 1891. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0124%3Acard%3D1 [Accessed: 3 January 2015]. Homer Odyssey Translated by Murray, A. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1919. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136 [Accessed: 3 January 2015]. Pausanias Description of Greece – Loeb Classical Library Vol. Research. 1, Translated by david Jones, W. and Ormerod, H. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1918. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160 [Accessed: 4 January 2015]. Pindar Pythian 4 Translated by Willett, S. Research Helps. 2001. Perseus Digital Library http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0223 [Accessed: 1 January 2015]. Scholia Medea – Hypotheses and Selected Scholia to Euripides’ Medea Translated by Luschnig, C. Argumentive On Wisdom-educate. 1999.

Diotima http://www.stoa.org/diotima/anthology/medeahyposcholia.shtml [Accessed: 3 January 2015]. Blundell, S. Women in research helps Ancient Greece Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. Boedeker, D. ‘Euripides’ Medea and the Vanity of ?????’ Classical Philology , Vol. 86, No. 2, April, 1991, pp.

95-112. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/270231 [Accessed: 1 January 2015]. Bremer, J. ‘Full Moon and Marriage in Apollonius’ Argonautica’ Classical Quarterly , Vol. 37, No. 2, 1987, pp. 423-426. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/638839 [Accessed: 30 December 2014]. Byre, C. ‘The Killing of Apsyrtus in Apollonius Rhodius’ “Argonautica”’ Phoenix , Vol. 50, No. 1, Spring, 1996, pp. 3-16.

Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1192677 [Accessed: 30 December 2014]. Campbell, M. Studies in on task analysis the Third Book of paper Apollonius Rhodius’ Argonautica Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1983. Campbell, M. A Commentary on Apollonius Rhodius Argonautica III 1-471 Leiden: Brill, 1994. Clare, R. Harry Azkaban Essay Questions. The Path of the Argo Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Clauss, J. The Best Of The Argonauts : The Redefinition Of The Epic Hero In Book 1 Of Apollonius’s Argonautica Berkeley: University of research paper California Press, 1993. Essay 4. [e-book] Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 30th December 2014].

Clauss, J. ‘Conquest of the Mephistophelian Nausicaa: Medea’s Role in Apollonius’ Redefinition of the Epic Hero’, in J. Clauss and S. Johnston (ed), Medea Essays on paper Medea in cellar essay Myth, Literature, Philosphy and Art Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997. DeForest, M. Apollonius’ Argonautica: A Callimachean Epic Leiden: Brill, 1994. Dillon, S. ‘Case Study III: Hellenistic Tanagra Figurines’, in S. James and S. Dillon (eds), A Companion to Women in the Ancient World Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2012, pp. 231-234. [e-book]. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/ [Accessed: 11th January 2015]. Dyck, A. ‘On the Way from Colchis to Corinth: Medea in research paper helps Book 4 of the ‘Argonautica’’ Hermes , Vol. 117, No. 4, 1989, pp. 455-470.

Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4476720 [Accessed: 7th December 2014]. Fantham, E., Foley, H., Kampen, N., Pomeroy, S and Alan Shapiro, H. Essay On Teachers. Women in the Classical World Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Fantuzzi, M. and Hunter, R. Research Paper. Tradition And Innovation In Hellenistic Poetry Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. [e-book] Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 31st December 2014]. Feeney, D. The Gods in Epic: Poets and Critics of the Classical Tradition Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. Foley, J. A Companion To Ancient Epic Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. [e-book] Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 3rd January 2015]. Fusillo, M. ‘Apollonius Rhodius as “Inventor” of the Interior Monologue’, in essays T. Helps. Papanghelis and A. On Wisdom-educate. Rengakos (eds), A Companion to Apollonius Rhodius Leiden: Brill, 2001, pp. 127-146. Paper Helps. [e-book]. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 10th January 2015]. Green, P. Hellenistic History And Culture Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. [e-book] Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 29th December 2014]. Griffiths, E. Medea London: Routledge, 2006. Gutzwiller, K. A Guide to cellar analysis Hellenistic Literature Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Paper Helps. [e-book] Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 31st December 2014].

Hunter, R. Essay. ‘Medea’s Flight: The Fourth Book of the Argonautica’ Classical Quarterly , Vol. 37, No. 1, 1987, pp. 129-139. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/639351 [Accessed: 29th December 2014]. Hunter, R. The Argonautica of Apollonius Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Hunter, R. ‘The Poetics of Narrative in the Argonautica’, in T. Papanghelis and A. Research Paper Helps. Rengakos (eds), Brill’s Companion to Apollonius Rhodius (2 nd ed), Leiden: Brill, 2008, pp. 115-146. [e-book] Available at: http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/ [Accessed: 4th January 2015]. Hutchinson, G. Hellenistic Poetry Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Root Essay. [e-book] Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 29th December 2014]. Kenny, E. ‘“Est deus in nobis … “: Medea meets her Maker’, in T. Helps. Papanghelis and A. Rengakos (eds), Brill’s Companion to Apollonius Rhodius (2 nd ed), Leiden: Brill, 2008, pp. 363-386. Prisoner Azkaban Questions. [e-book] Available at: http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/ [Accessed: 4th January 2015]. Klooster, J. Poetry as Window and Mirror Positing the research paper, Poet in Hellenistic Poetry Leiden: Brill, 2011. Knight, V. ‘Apollonius, Argonautica 4.167-70 and Euripides’ Medea’ Classical Quarterly , Vol. 41, No. 1, 1991, pp.

248-250. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/639043 [Accessed: 29th December 2014]. Lefkowitz, M. Azkaban Questions. ‘Myth and History in the Biography of Apollonius’ in T. Papanghelis and A. Rengakos (eds), A Companion to Apollonius Rhodius Leiden: Brill, 2001, pp. Research Helps. 51-72. [e-book]. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 10th January 2015]. Lefkowitz, M. Women in Greek Myth (2 nd ed) London: Duckworth, 2007. Levin, D. Apollonius’ Argonautica Re-examined Leiden: Brill, 1971. Luschnig, C. Granddaughter of the essay, Sun Leiden: Brill, 2007. Meyer, D. ‘Apollonius as a Hellenistic Geographer’, in T. Papanghelis and A. Rengakos (eds), A Companion to Apollonius Rhodius Leiden: Brill, 2001, pp. 217-236. [e-book].

Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed: 10th January 2015]. Parca, M. ‘The Women of research helps Ptolemaic Egypt: The View from Papyrology’ in S. James and S. Dillon (eds), A Companion to Women in the Ancient World Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2012, pp.316-328. [e-book]. Essay Analysis. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/ [Accessed: 11th January 2015]. Pavlock, B. Paper. Eros, Imitation, and the Epic Tradition Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990. Pomeroy, S. Women in Hellenistic Egypt: From Alexander to Cleopatra New York: Schocken Books, 1984. [e-book] Available at: http://www.humanitiesebook.org/ [Accessed: 11th January 2015]. Pomeroy, S. Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves Women in Classical Antiquity (2 nd ed) London: Pimlico, 1994. Rose, A. ‘Clothing Imagery in Apollonius’s “Argonautika”’ Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica , Vol. Children. 21, No. 3, 1985, pp. 29-44. Research Helps. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20538886 [Accessed: 30th December 2014].

Shipley, G. Holocaust. The Greek World After Alexander 323 – 30 BC London: Routledge, 2000. Thalmann, W. Apollonius of Rhodes and paper helps, the Spaces of Hellenism Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. [e-book] Available at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/ [Accessed: 10th January 2015]. Walbank, F. The Hellenistic World Glasgow: Fontana Paperbacks, 1981. [1] Lefkowitz (2001:52) states what is known of holocaust essay Apollonius comes from two scholia about Argonautica , an entry in Suda and an entry on a damaged papyrus ( P.Oxy.1241) . [3] Gow and Page (1965:II.251) cited in Klooster (2011:151); Fraser (1972:I.599) cited in Klooster (2011:151); Klooster 2011:151. [4] Pindar Pythian 4 ; Apollodorus Library 3.13.

[5] Pausanias Description of research paper Greece 2.3.10-1. [10] Apollonius 4.350-95; Euripides Medea 465-519. [11] Euripides Medea 465-519; Apollonius 4.350-95; Hunter, 1993:61; Hunter, 2008:142. [12] Euripides Medea 292-356, 709-19; Apollonius 4.690-748, 4.1000-28. [13] Euripides Medea 324, 710; Apollonius 4.695, 4.1029. [21] Euripides Medea 1040-64.

[23] Euripides Medea 166-7, 1334. [24] Apollonius 4.415-60, 4.557-62. [25] Apollonius 4.713; Knight, 1991:248. [29] Euripides Medea 475-90; Apollonius 4.358-68. [31] Apollonius 3.1025-62, 4.123-64. [36] Euripides Medea 465-8, 493-6. [39] Hunter, 1993:61; DeForest, 1994:129. [40] Apollonius 4.356-7; Euripides Medea 167, 483-4.

[49] Apollonius 3.870-86; Homer Odyssey 6.80-4. [56] Euripides Medea 379, 1185-95. [57] Euripides Medea 330, 434, 485. [59] Hunter, 1987:131; Knight, 1991:249-50; Hunter, 1993:61. [60] Euripides Medea 945-58; Apollonius 4.421-44. [62] Rose, 1985:29-44; Knight, 1991:249. [67] Euripides Medea 1159-66. [70] Fantham et al, 1994:140, 163-8; Pomeroy, 1994:120; Shipley, 2000:104-5. [72] Aristophanes Lysistrata 17-19, 880-1; Luschnig, 2007:7.

[73] Pomeroy, 1994:73, 79-80. [74] Fantham et al, 1994:69; Blundell, 1995:140. [76] Euripides Medea 214, 465-519. [77] Dillon (2012:231-2) references Hellenistic grave reliefs from Delos that document women who travelled widely. [81] Apollonius 4.92-8, 4.1128-69. [83] Apollonius 4.368-9, 1073-109; Byre, 1996:8-9. [84] Dyck, 1989:458; Luschnig, 2007:14. [85] Fantham et al, 1994:140. [86] P.Elephantine 1 translated by Pomeroy, 1984:86-7; Blundell, 1995:199.

[87] P.Giessen I . 2 translated by Rowlandson (1998) cited in Parca, 2012:324. [89] Walbank, 1981:176-7; Meyer, 2001:227-8; Thalmann, 2011:219. [91] Shipley, 2000:240; Apollonius 1.496-511 (Orpheus’ song of the root analysis essay, cosmos); Apollonius 3.980-1007 (Ariadne and Theseus); Apollonius 4.253-93 (Argus and the Pillars of Aea); Clare (2002:125) observes Apollonius attempted to construct a ‘geographically plausible’ return for the Argonauts. [92] Hunter (1989) cited in Clauss, 1993:9; Gutzwiller, 2007:79. [94] Diogenes Lives of Eminent Philosophers 6.7.96-7; St Jerome Chronicle 203. [95] Lefkowitz and Fant (1995) cited in Shipley, 2000:104. [97] Decree of Priene translated by Burstein (1985:59) states Phile was the first female stephanephoros cited in Fantham et al, 1994:156. [99] Fantham et al, 1994:169.

[101] Nyberg (1992) cited in Griffiths, 2006:89. [102] Apollonius 3.467; Clare, 2002:242. [103] Feeney, 1991:65; Gutzwiller, 2007:79. [107] Levin, 1971:15; Feeney, 1991:64-5; Lefkowitz, 2007:179. [109] Euripides Trojan Women 914-1032; Euripides Hippolytus 887-91, 1161-72. [110] Apollonius 4.385-90; Pavlock, 1990:67. [112] Euripides Hippolytus 393-430.

[113] Euripides Hippolytus 1389-1439. [115] Apollonius 4.413, 1016-7, 1040; Feeney, 1991:80-4.

Guidelines for writing a literature review. by Helen Mongan-Rallis. Research Paper. Last updated: November 21, 2014. [Note: For these guidelines, in root some sections I have quoted directly some of the paper the steps from: Galvan, J. (2006). Writing literature reviews: a guide for students of the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.) . On Task. Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing. ] A literature review is not an research helps annotated bibliography in which you summarize briefly each article that you have reviewed. While a summary of the essay analysis what you have read is contained within the research paper literature review, it goes well beyond merely summarizing professional literature. Potter Azkaban. It focuses on a specific topic of research paper, interest to you and argumentive essay includes a critical analysis of the relationship among different works, and relating this research to your work. It may be written as a stand-alone paper or to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for research paper a research study (such as a thesis or dissertation). These guidelines are adapted primarily from Galvan (2006).

Galvan outlines a very clear, step-by-step approach that is very useful to use as you write your review. I have integrated some other tips within this guide, particularly in on task suggesting different technology tools that you might want to helps consider in root analysis essay helping you organize your review. Helps. In the sections from Step 6-9 what I have included is the analysis outline of those steps exactly as described by Galvan. I also provide links at the end of this guide to resources that you should use in order to search the literature and as you write your review. In addition to using the step-by-step guide that I have provided below, I also recommend that you (a) locate examples of literature reviews in your field of study and skim over these to get a feel for what a literature review is and how these are written (I have also provided links to research paper a couple of essay day for, examples at the end of these guidelines (b) read over other guides to research writing literature reviews so that you see different perspectives and approaches: Some examples are: Read through the links provided below on APA guidelines so that you become familiar with the common core elements of how to write in cellar analysis APA style: in particular, pay attention to general document guidelines (e.g. font, margins, spacing), title page, abstract, body, text citations, quotations. It will help you considerably if your topic for paper helps your literature review is the one on which you intend to do your final M.Ed. project, or is in some way related to potter the topic of paper helps, your final project.

However, you may pick any scholarly topic. Step 3: Identify the literature that you will review : Familiarize yourself with online databases (see UMD library resource links below for essay analysis help with this), identifying relevant databases in your field of study. Research Paper. Using relevant databases, search for literature sources using Google Scholar and also searching using Furl (search all sources, including the Furl accounts of other Furl members). Some tips for identifying suitable literature and children of the holocaust narrowing your search : Start with a general descriptor from the database thesaurus or one that you know is already a well defined descriptor based on research paper, past work that you have done in this field. You will need to experiment with different searches, such as limiting your search to descriptors that appear only in on teachers day for the document titles, or in both the document title and in paper helps the abstract. Essay On Task Analysis. Redefine your topic if needed: as you search you will quickly find out if the topic that you are reviewing is too broad. Try to narrow it to a specific area of interest within the helps broad area that you have chosen (remember: this is merely an essay introductory literature review for Educ 7001). Research. It is argumentive on wisdom-educate, a good idea, as part of research paper helps, your literature search, to essay class 4 look for existing literature reviews that have already been written on this topic.

As part of your search, be sure to identify landmark or classic studies and theorists as these provide you with a framework/context for your study. Import your references into your RefWorks account (see: Refworks Import Directions for guide on how to do this from different databases). Helps. You can also enter references manually into RefWorks if you need to. Once you have identified and children holocaust essay located the articles for your review, you need to analyze them and organize them before you begin writing: Overview the articles : Skim the articles to get an idea of the general purpose and content of the article (focus your reading here on the abstract, introduction and first few paragraphs, the conclusion of each article. Tip: as you skim the articles, you may want to record the notes that you take on each directly into RefWorks in the box for User 1. You can take notes onto note cards or into paper a word processing document instead or as well as using RefWorks, but having your notes in RefWorks makes it easy to organize your notes later. On Task. Group the helps articles into categories (e.g. into topics and subtopics and chronologically within each subtopic). Once again, it's useful to enter this information into your RefWorks record. You can record the topics in the same box as before (User 1) or use User 2 box for the topic(s) under which you have chosen to place this article. Take notes : Decide on the format in which you will take notes as you read the articles (as mentioned above, you can do this in RefWorks.

You can also do this using a Word Processor, or a concept mapping program like Inspiration (free 30 trial download), a data base program (e.g. Access or File Maker Pro), in an Excel spreadsheet, or the old-fashioned way of using note cards. Be consistent in how you record notes. Define key terms: look for differences in the way keys terms are defined (note these differences). Note key statistics that you may want to essay on wisdom-educate use in the introduction to your review.

Select useful quotes that you may want to include in helps your review. Important : If you copy the exact words from an article, be sure to cite the page number as you will need this should you decide to use the quote when you write your review (as direct quotes must always be accompanied by page references). To ensure that you have quoted accurately (and to save time in cellar essay note taking), if you are accessing the research article in a format that allows this, you can copy and paste using your computer edit -- copy -- paste functions. Note: although you may collect a large number of quotes during the note taking phase of your review, when you write the review, use quotes very sparingly. The rule I follow is to quote only when when some key meaning would be lost in day for translation if I were to paper helps paraphrase the original author's words, or if using the original words adds special emphasis to a point that I am making. Note emphases, strengths weaknesses: Since different research studies focus on different aspects of the issue being studied, each article that you read will have different emphases, strengths. and weaknesses. Your role as a reviewer is to evaluate what you read, so that your review is not a mere description of hume essays amazon, different articles, but rather a critical analysis that makes sense of the paper helps collection of articles that you are reviewing. Critique the research methodologies used in children holocaust essay the studies, and distinguish between assertions (the author's opinion) and actual research findings (derived from empirical evidence).

Identify major trends or patterns: As you read a range of articles on your topic, you should make note of trends and patterns over time as reported in the literature. This step requires you to synthesize and research paper helps make sense of what you read, since these patterns and trends may not be spelled out in the literature, but rather become apparent to you as you review the argumentive essay on wisdom-educate big picture that has emerged over time. Your analysis can make generalizations across a majority of helps, studies, but should also note inconsistencies across studies and over essay day for class 4, time. Identify gaps in the literature, and helps reflect on why these might exist (based on the understandings that you have gained by reading literature in this field of study). These gaps will be important for you to address as you plan and on teachers 4 write your review. Research Paper Helps. Identify relationships among studies: note relationships among studies, such as which studies were landmark ones that led to subsequent studies in the same area. You may also note that studies fall into david hume essays amazon different categories (categories that you see emerging or ones that are already discussed in the literature). When you write your review, you should address these relationships and research paper different categories and on task analysis discuss relevant studies using this as a framework. Paper Helps. Keep your review focused on your topic: make sure that the articles you find are relevant and directly related to your topic. As you take notes, record which specific aspects of the article you are reading are relevant to day for class 4 your topic (as you read you will come up with key descriptors that you can record in research your notes that will help you organize your findings when you come to write up your review).

If you are using an electronic form of note taking, you might note these descriptors in a separate field (e.g. in RefWorks, put these under User 2 or User 3; in Excel have a separate column for essay each descriptor; if you use Inspiration, you might attach a separate note for key descriptors. Evaluate your references for currency and coverage: Although you can always find more articles on your topic, you have to research paper helps decide at harry prisoner questions what point you are finished with collecting new resources so that you can focus on writing up your findings. Research Paper Helps. However, before you begin writing, you must evaluate your reference list to ensure that it is up to date and has reported the most current work. Typically a review will cover the last five years, but should also refer to any landmark studies prior to this time if they have significance in shaping the children of the essay direction of the field. If you include studies prior to the past five years that are not landmark studies, you should defend why you have chosen these rather than more current ones. Step 5: Summarize the literature in table or concept map format. Galvan (2006) recommends building tables as a key way to help you overview, organize, and paper summarize your findings, and suggests that including one or more of the tables that you create may be helpful in your literature review. If you do include tables as part of your review each must be accompanied by essay an analysis that summarizes, interprets and helps synthesizes the literature that you have charted in the table.

You can plan your table or do the entire summary chart of your literature using a concept map (such as using Inspiration) You can create the table using the table feature within Microsoft Word, or can create it initially in Excel and then copy and paste/import the the Excel sheet into Word once you have completed the table in Excel. Argumentive Essay. The advantage of research, using Excel is that it enables you to sort your findings according to a variety of factors (e.g. Root Analysis. sort by date, and paper then by author; sort by methodology and then date) Examples of argumentive, tables that may be relevant to your review: Definitions of key terms and concepts. Research. Research methods Summary of research results. Step 6: Synthesize the literature prior to writing your review. Using the root notes that you have taken and summary tables, develop an outline of your final review. The following are the paper key steps as outlined by Galvan (2006: 71-79) Consider your purpose and voice before beginning to write. In the case of this Educ 7001 introductory literature review, your initial purpose is to provide an overview of the topic that is of interest to you, demonstrating your understanding of key works and concepts within your chosen area of focus. You are also developing skills in reviewing and writing, to provide a foundation on which you will build in subsequent courses within your M.Ed. and ultimately in your final project. In your final project your literature review should demonstrate your command of your field of study and/or establishing context for a study that you have done. Prisoner Azkaban. Consider how you reassemble your notes: plan how you will organize your findings into a unique analysis of the picture that you have captured in your notes.

Important: A literature review is not series of annotations (like an annotated bibliography). Galvan (2006:72) captures the paper difference between an annotated bibliography and root cellar analysis a literature review very well: . in essence, like describing trees when you really should be describing a forest. In the case of a literature review, you are really creating a new forest, which you will build by using the trees you found in the literature you read. Create a topic outline that traces your argument: first explain to the reader your line or argument (or thesis); then your narrative that follows should explain and justify your line of argument. You may find the program Inspiration useful in mapping out helps your argument (and once you have created this in a concept map form, Inspiration enables you to convert this to a text outline merely by clicking on amazon, the outline button). This can then be exported into research paper a Microsoft Word document. Reorganize your notes according to cellar analysis essay the path of your argument Within each topic heading, note differences among studies. Within each topic heading, look for obvious gaps or areas needing more research.

Plan to paper describe relevant theories. Plan to discuss how individual studies relate to and advance theory Plan to summarize periodically and, again near the end of the review Plan to present conclusions and implications Plan to suggest specific directions for future research near the end of the review Flesh out harry prisoner questions your outline with details from your analysis. Step 7: Writing the review (Galvan, 2006: 81-90) Identify the broad problem area, but avoid global statements Early in the review, indicate why the topic being reviewed is important Distinguish between research finding and paper helps other sources of information Indicate why certain studies are important If you are commenting on the timeliness of a topic, be specific in describing the time frame If citing a classic or landmark study, identify it as such If a landmark study was replicated, mention that and indicate the results of the replication Discuss other literature reviews on your topic Refer the reader to argumentive on wisdom-educate other reviews on issues that you will not be discussing in paper helps details Justify comments such as, no studies were found. Avoid long lists of hume, nonspecific references If the results of research paper helps, previous studies are inconsistent or widely varying, cite them separately Cite all relevant references in the review section of thesis, dissertation, or journal article. Step 8: Developing a coherent essay (Galvan, 2006: 91-96) If your review is long, provide an overview near the beginning of the review Near the hume essays beginning of paper, a review, state explicitly what will and will not be covered Specify your point of view early in the review: this serves as the thesis statement of the review. Aim for a clear and cohesive essay that integrates the key details of the literature and communicates your point of view (a literature is not a series of annotated articles).

Use subheadings, especially in long reviews Use transitions to help trace your argument If your topic teaches across disciplines, consider reviewing studies from each discipline separately Write a conclusion for the end of the analysis essay review: Provide closure so that the path of the argument ends with a conclusion of paper, some kind. How you end the review, however, will depend on your reason for class writing it. If the review was written to stand alone, as is the case of a term paper or a review article for publication, the research helps conclusion needs to root essay make clear how the material in the body of the review has supported the assertion or proposition presented in the introduction. On the research paper other hand, a review in a thesis, dissertation, or journal article presenting original research usually leads to the research questions that will be addressed. Analysis. Check the flow of your argument for coherence. Galvan, J. (2006).

Writing literature reviews: a guide for students of the behavioral sciences ( 3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.