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Intermediate in computer Sciences (HSSC) FBISE Islamabad Pakistan. Metric in Sciences (SSC) FBISE Islamabad Pakistan. Head of Customer Services/Customer Services Representative.

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Passport No : 00000. Visa Status : Husband Visa. Visa Expiry : 21.02.2016. License : UAE Driving License. Hobbies : Reading, Traveling, Hearing Music. Languages Known : Malayalam, English, and Hindi. International Radiology Center, This resume is rabbit-proof essay journey a sample for the post of bringing to thesis, a Hospital Nurse. Nursing is a very famous, respectable and responsible post. A receptionist requires great speaking skills and etiquette to attend to all customers.

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Make sure to have the print out on for research journal the best quality of paper. Are you looking for…? Nurse Resume , Male Nurse Resume , Emergency Room Nurse Resume, E-mail Address: xxxxxxx. To be part of an organization that will develop and enhance knowledge and secretarial skills and contribute to the success of the hospital in rendering healthcare services to the people with the best of my abilities. More than 4 year in bringing defense hospital department and performed receptionist and nurse duty. During my career i received bonus and special increment early.

Out Patient Department: Receptionist duty in hospital. Filing and owl essays retrieving medical records and other paperwork Undertaking General office duties like data entry, scanning, and updating patient records Registering new patients, checking their identification. Assessing their vital signs as well as present complaint and coordinating them with the physician. Facilitating diagnostic examination and relaying test results with the physician. Maintaining a safe work area, free from hazards and food defense using appropriate infection control procedures Completing necessary documents with regards to for research patient’ records.

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McArthur Highway. Capas Tarlac. January 15, 2011 to August 30, 2011. (CLINIC NURSE/ RECEPTIONIST) Assisted the essay physicians by managing all secretarial work. Ability to maintain work area in neat and orderly manner. Extensive knowledge of medical terminologies.

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The Complete Guide to MLA Citations. This page provides an in-depth overview of MLA format. It includes information related to MLA citations, plagiarism, proper formatting for in-text and regular citations, and examples of citations for many different types of sources. Looking for APA? Check out Citation Machine’s guide on APA format.

How to Be a Responsible Researcher or Scholar: Putting together a research project involves searching for information, disseminating and analyzing information, collecting information, and repurposing information. Being a responsible researcher requires keeping track of the to thesis, sources that were used to help develop your research project, sharing the information you borrowed in an ethical way, and giving credit to the authors of the sources you used. Doing all of these things prevents plagiarism. Plagiarism is the act of using others’ information without giving credit or acknowledging them. There are many examples of rabbit-proof fence journey, plagiarism. Completely copying another individual’s work without providing credit to the original author is a very blatant example of plagiarism.

Plagiarism also occurs when another individual’s idea or concept is passed off as your own. Changing or modifying quotes, text, or any work of another individual is also plagiarism. Believe it or not, you can even plagiarize yourself! Re-using a project or paper from another class or time and saying that it is new is plagiarism. One way to prevent plagiarism is to add citations in your project where appropriate. A citation shows the bringing, reader or viewer of your project where you found your information.

Citations are included in phd thesis engineering, the body of food defense, a project when you add a quote into your project. Citations are also included in essay incident classroom, the body when you’re paraphrasing another individual’s information. Bringing Food To Thesis Defense. These citations that are found in the body of a research paper are called in-text, or parenthetical citations. These citations are found directly after the information that was borrowed and are very brief in to formatting a research style, order to avoid becoming distracted while reading a project. Included in bringing food to thesis defense, these brief citations is usually just the last name of the essay, author and a page number or the bringing defense, year published. Scroll down below for an in-depth explanation and examples of in-text and parenthetical citations. In-text and parenthetical citations provide us with a brief idea as to where you found your information, it doesn't include the title and other components. Look on the last page or part of a research project, where complete citations can be found in their entirety. Complete citations are found on what is called an MLA Works Cited page, which is sometimes called a bibliography.

All sources that were used to develop your research project are found on the Works Cited page. Complete citations are created for any quotes or paraphrased information used in Watch, the text, but also any sources that helped you develop your research project. Included in complete citations is the author’s name, the title, publisher, year published, page numbers, URLs, and a few other pieces of information. Looking to create your citations in just a few clicks? Try Citation Machine’s MLA formatter! The Citation Machine MLA generator, which is an bringing food defense MLA citation website, will create all of your citations in just a few clicks. Watch Interrupted. Click here to see more across the bringing to thesis defense, site. Also, check out this article to see MLA citation in the news. Citing your sources is an extremely important component of your research project.

It shows that you’re a responsible researcher. It also shows that you were able to locate appropriate and reputable sources that helped back up your thesis or claim. In addition, if your work ends up being posted online or in papers journal, print, there is a chance that others will use your research project in their own work! Scroll down to find directions on how to create citations. How the food defense, Modern Language Association Helps You Become a Responsible Researcher. The Modern Language Association is an organization that was created to develop guidelines on purdue everything language and literature related. They have guidelines on proper grammar usage and research paper layouts. In addition, they have English and to thesis, foreign language committees, numerous books and journal publications, and an annual conference.

The Modern Language Association is responsible for creating standards and rabbit-proof fence essay, guidelines on bringing food how to incident classroom, properly cite sources to prevent plagiarism. Their style is most often used when writing papers and citing sources in to thesis, the liberal arts and humanities fields. Liberal arts is a broad term used to owl essays, describe a range of subjects including the humanities, formal sciences such as mathematics and statistics, natural sciences such as biology and astronomy, and social science such as geography, economics, history, and others. The humanities specifically focuses on bringing food to thesis defense subjects related to languages, art, philosophy, religion, music, theater, literature, and ethics. Believe it or not, there are thousands of other types of phd thesis in mechanical, citation styles. Food. While this citation style is most often used for the liberal arts and humanities fields, many other subjects, professors, and schools prefer citations and papers to funny classroom, be styled in MLA format.

These specific guidelines and standards for creating citations was developed for numerous reasons. When scholars and researchers in the literature, language, and food to thesis, numerous other fields all cite their sources in the same manner, it makes it easier for purdue readers to bringing defense, look at a citation and rabbit-proof fence journey, recognize and understand the different components of a source. From looking at a citation, we can see who the author is, the title of the source, when it was published, and bringing food to thesis, other identifiable pieces of information. Imagine how difficult it would be to understand the various components of a source if we didn’t all follow the same guidelines! Not only would it make it difficult to understand the fence essay, source that was used, but it would also make it difficult for readers to locate it themselves.

This streamlined process that was created aides us in understanding a researcher’s sources. How is the new version different than previous versions? This citation style has changed dramatically over the past couple of years. Currently in its 8th edition, the 8th version is to thesis, a citation style that is much different than the previous formatting style. In the 7th version, which is the steps to formatting a research style, format, or structure, that was previously used, researchers and scholars found it grueling to put their citations together. Why? Each source used a different citation structure. Researchers and scholars were required to look up the citation format that matched the type of source they used.

So, if a person used a book, a website, a journal article, a newspaper article, and an e-book, all in bringing food to thesis, one research project, they were required to look up how to cite each one of those sources because each was structured differently. Now, with the new version of phd thesis engineering, MLA formatting, which is version 8, all source types use the bringing food, same citation structure. The Modern Language Association enacted this new format due to essay classroom, the many new and innovative ways of obtaining information. Bringing Food. We are no longer receiving information through traditional means, such as books, websites, and articles. We can now obtain information through apps, advertisements, Tweets, other social media posts, and many other creative ways. To make the process of creating citations easier for rabbit-proof fence essay journey researchers and scholars, the Modern Language Association decided to have one MLA citing format, which works for all source types. Other changes were made as well.

This includes: removing http:// and https:// from URLs. not including the city where a source was published or the name of the publisher from some source types (such as newspapers). the ability to use a screen name or username in place of an defense author’s full name. using the abbreviations vol. and no., for volume and call for research papers, number, when including information from a periodical. There are two types of citations. There are regular or complete citations, which are found at the end of research projects. These citations are usually listed in alphabetical order by the author’s last names and include all of the information necessary for readers to be able to locate the source themselves. Regular citations are generally placed in to thesis, this MLA citation format: Last name of the author, First name of the author. “Source’s Title.” Container’s Title , roles and names of any other individuals who helped contribute to the source, the version of the source, any numbers associated with the source, the name of the publisher, the date the source was published, the location where individuals can find the source themselves (usually a URL or page range).

There are times when additional information is added into the regular citation. Not sure how to transfer the information from purdue owl essays your source into your citation? Confused about the term, “containers?” See below for information and complete explanations of each component of the citation. The other type of food to thesis defense, citation, called an “in text citation,” is included in the main part, or body, of call for research papers journal, a project when a researcher uses a quote or paraphrases information from another source. See the bringing food, next section to find out how to create in text citations. What are in text and parenthetical citations? As stated above, in text citations, also called parenthetical citations, are included in the main part of a project when using a quote or paraphrasing a piece of to formatting a research paper in apa style, information from another source. We include these types of citations in the body of a project for readers to quickly gain an idea as to food to thesis defense, where we found the purdue, information.

These in text citations are found immediately after the quote or paraphrased information. Defense. They contain a small tidbit of the information found in the regular citation. The regular, or complete, citation is located at the end of rabbit-proof, a project. Here’s what a typical in text or parenthetical citation looks like: Throughout the novel, the mother uses a vast amount of Chinese wisdom to explain the world and people’s temperaments. She states, “each person is bringing to thesis defense, made of five elements….Too much fire and you have a bad temper. too little wood and you bent too quickly. too much water and you flowed in too many directions” (Tan 31). This specific in funny classroom, text citation, (Tan 31), is included so that the reader sees that we are quoting something from page 31 in Tan’s book. The complete, regular citation isn’t included in the main part of the project because it would be too distracting for the reader.

We want them to focus on our work and research, not necessarily our sources. If the reader would like to see the bringing food, source’s full information, and possibly locate the call, source themselves, they can refer to the last part of the project to find the regular citation. The regular citation, at to thesis defense the end of the project looks like this: Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club . Penguin, 1989, p. 31. If your direct quote or paraphrase comes from a source that does not have page numbers, it is acceptable to place a paragraph number (use the abbreviation par. or pars.), sections (sec. or secs.), or chapters (ch. or chs.). If there are absolutely no numbers to help readers locate the exact point in the source, only include the author’s last name. More About Quotations and phd thesis in mechanical, How to Cite a Quote: Use quotes from outside sources to help illustrate and expand on your own points, but the majority of your paper should be your own writing and food, ideas. Include the for research papers journal, quote exactly as you found it. Food To Thesis. It is okay to pull and use only certain words or phrases from the quote, but keep the words (spelling and capitalization) and punctuation the journal, same.

It is acceptable to break up a direct quote with your own writing The entire paper should be double spaced, including quotes. Example: Dorothy stated, “Toto,” then looked up and took in her surroundings, “I’ve a feeling we’re not in Kansas anymore“ ( Wizard of Oz ). If the quote is longer than four lines, it is necessary to make a block quote. Block quotes show the reader that they are about to bringing food, read a lengthy amount of text from another source. Start the Interrupted, quote on the next line, half an inch in bringing to thesis defense, from the left margin Do not use any indents at the beginning of the block quote Only use quotation marks if there are quotation marks present in the source If there is more than one paragraph in the block quote, start the next paragraph with the same half inch indent Add your in-text citation at the end of the essay classroom, block quote. While his parents sat there in bringing to thesis, surprise, Colton went onto say. “Cause I could see you,” Colon said matter-of-factly. “I went up and out of my body and I was looking down and I could see the doctor working on my body. And I saw you and steps to formatting a research paper style, Mommy. You were in a little room by to thesis defense, yourself, praying; and Mommy was in a different room, and she was praying and talking on the phone” (Burpo xxi). Confused about whether footnotes and endnotes should be used? Footnotes and steps to formatting a research in apa, endnotes are not used in this style.

Use in-text, or parenthetical citations, in the body of to thesis defense, your work. In addition, create full, or regular citations, and place them at the end of your project on incident classroom the Works Cited list. If you need help with in text and parenthetical citations, Citation Machine can help. Citation Machine’s MLA citation generator is simple and easy to use! Specific Components of a Citation. This section explains each individual component of the citation, with examples for each section. The author’s name is usually the first item listed in the citation.

Author names start with the last name, then a comma is added, and then the author’s first name (and middle name if applicable) is at the end. Bringing To Thesis Defense. A period closes this information. Here are two examples of purdue owl essays, how an food author’s name can be listed in a citation: Poe, Edgar Allan. Wondering how to format the author’s name when there are two authors working jointly on a source? When there are two authors that work together on a source, the author names are placed in the order in which they appear on the source. Place their names in this format: First listed author’s Last Name, First name, and phd thesis engineering, Second author’s First Name Last Name. Here are two examples of how to cite two authors:

Clifton, Mark, and Frank Riley. Paxton, Roberta J., and Michael Jacob Fox. There are many times when three or more authors work together on a source. This happens often with journal articles, edited books, and textbooks. To cite a source with three or more authors, place the information in food to thesis defense, this format: First listed author’s Last name, First name, et al. As you can see, only include the for research, first author’s name. The other authors are accounted for defense by using et al. In Latin, et al. is translated to “and others.” If using Citation Machine’s citation generator, this abbreviation is automatically added for you. Here’s an example of a citation for three or more authors:

Warner, Ralph, et al. How to in mechanical, Buy a House in California . Food To Thesis Defense. Edited by Alayna Schroeder, 12th ed., Nolo, 2009. Is there no author listed on your source? If so, in MLA formatting, exclude the author’s information from the citation and begin the citation with the title of the source. Was the source found on social media, such as a tweet, Reddit, or Instagram post? If this is the case, you are allowed to start the citation with the author’s handle, username, or screen name. Here is an call papers example of how to cite a tweet: @CarlaHayden. “I’m so honored to talk about digital access at @UMBCHumanities.

We want to share the @libraryofcongress collection.” Twitter , 13 Apr. 2017, 6:04 p.m., twitter.com/LibnOfCongress/status/852643691802091521. While most citations begin with the name of the author, they do not necessarily have to. Bringing To Thesis Defense. Quite often, sources are compiled by editors. Or, your source may be done by a performer or composer.

If your project focuses on someone other than the author, it is acceptable to place that person’s name first in the citation. If you’re using Citation Machine’s citation generator, you will be able to essay, choose the individual’s role from a drop down box. For example, let’s say that in your research project, you focus on Leonardo DiCaprio’s performances as an actor. You’re quoting a line from the movie, Titanic , in your project, and you’re creating a complete citation for it in the Works Cited list. It is food, acceptable to show the fence, reader that you’re focusing on bringing food defense Leonardo DiCaprio’s work by citing it like this in the MLA Works Cited list: DiCaprio, Leonardo, performer. Titanic . Girl,. Directed by James Cameron.

Paramount, 1997. Notice that when citing an individual other than the author, place the individual’s role after their name. Bringing Defense. In this case, Leonardo DiCaprio is the performer. This is often done with edited books, too. Place the editor’s name first (in reverse order), add a comma, and then add the word editor. If you’re still confused about phd thesis in mechanical engineering, how to place the authors together in a citation, Citation Machine can help! Our website is easy to use and food to thesis, will create your citations in in mechanical engineering, just a few clicks!

The titles are written as they are found on the source, and in title form, meaning the important words start with a capital. Here’s an example of a title written properly: Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes, and Bucks. Wondering whether to place your title in bringing food defense, italics or quotation marks? It depends on owl essays whether the source sits by itself or not. If the source stands alone, meaning that it is an bringing to thesis defense independent source, place the title in italics. If the title is part of a larger whole, place the fence essay, title of the source in quotation marks and the source it sits in, in italics.

When citing full books, movies, websites, or albums in their entirety, these titles are written in italics. However, when citing part of a source, such as an article on bringing food to thesis a website, a chapter in a book, a song on an album, or an article in a scholarly journal, the part is for research papers, written with quotation marks and then the titles of the bringing food to thesis, sources that they are found in Interrupted, are written in italics. Here are some examples to help you understand how to format titles and their containers. To cite Pink Floyd’s entire album, The Wall , cite it as this: Pink Floyd.

The Wall . Columbia, 1979. To cite one of the defense, songs on Pink Floyd’s album, cite it as this: Pink Floyd. “Another Brick in engineering, the Wall (Part I).” The Wall , Columbia, 1979, track 3. To cite a fairy tale book in food, its entirety, cite it as this: Colfer, Chris. Call Journal. The Land of Stories . Little Brown, 2016. To cite a specific story, or chapter, in the book, it would be cited as this:

Colfer, Chris. “Little Red Riding Hood.” The Land of Stories , Little Brown, 2016, pp. 58-65. From the section above, you can see that titles can stand alone or they can sit in a container. Many times, sources can sit in defense, more than one container. Wondering how?

When citing an article in a scholarly journal, the first container is the journal. The second container? It’s the database that the scholarly journal is found in. It is in mechanical engineering, important to account for all containers, so that readers are able to food, locate the exact source themselves. When citing a television episode, the first container is the engineering, name of the show and the second container is the name of the service that it could be streaming on, such as Netflix . If your source sits in more than one container, the information about the second container is found at the end of the citation.

Use the following format to cite your source with multiple containers : Last name of the defense, author, First name of the author. “Source’s Title.” Container’s Title , roles and names of any other individuals who helped contribute to the source, the version of the source, any numbers associated with the papers journal, source, the name of the publisher, the date the source was published, the location where individuals can find the source themselves (usually a URL or page range). Title of to thesis defense, Second Container , roles and names of for research papers journal, any other contributors, the bringing food to thesis, version of the second container, any numbers associated with the second container, the name of the second container’s publisher, the date the papers, second container was published, location. If the source has more than two containers, add on another full other section at bringing defense the end for essay journey each container. Not all of the fields in the citation format above need to be included in your citation. In fact, many of these fields will most likely be omitted from your citations. Only include the elements that will help your readers locate the source themselves. Here is an to thesis example of a citation for a scholarly journal article found on a database.

This source has two containers, the journal itself is one container, and the site it sits on is the other. Zanetti, Francois. “Curing with Machine: Medical Electricity in Eighteenth-Century Paris.” Technology and Culture , vol. 54, no. 3, July 2013, pp. Call For Research Papers Journal. 503-530. Project Muse , muse.jhu.edu/article/520280.

If you’re still confused about containers, Citation Machine’s MLA formatter, or MLA cite generator, can help! MLA citing is easier when using Citation Machine’s website. Many sources have people, besides the author, who contribute to to thesis, the source. If your research project focuses on Interrupted an additional individual besides the author, or you feel as though including other contributors will help the reader locate the source themselves, include their names in the citation. To include another individual in to thesis defense, the citation, after the title, place the role of the Girl, Interrupted, individual, the word by, and then their name in standard order. If the bringing food to thesis, name of the contributor comes after a period, capitalize the first letter in the role of the individual. If it comes after a comma, the first letter in the role of the individual is papers, lowercased. Here’s an example of a citation for a children’s book with the bringing, name of the illustrator included. Rubin, Adam.

Dragons Love Tacos . To Formatting Paper In Apa Style. Illustrated by Daniel Salmieri, Penguin, 2012. The names of editors, directors, performers, translators, illustrators, and narrators can often be found in this part of the citation. If the source that you’re citing states that it is bringing food to thesis, a specific version or edition, this information is placed in phd thesis in mechanical, the “versions” section of the citation. When including a numbered edition, do not type out the number, use the numeral. Also, abbreviate the word edition to ed.

Here is an example of a citation with a specific edition: Koger, Gregory. “Filibustering and Parties in the Modern State.” Congress Reconsidered , edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, 10th ed., CQ Press, 2013, pp. 221-236. Google Books , books.google.com/books?id=b7gkLlSEeqwClpg=PP1dq=10th%20editionpg=PR6#v=onepageq=10th%20editionf=false. Many sources have numbers associated with them. If you see a number, different than the date, page numbers, or editions, include this information in food to thesis defense, the “numbers” section of the fence journey, citation. This includes volume and/or issue numbers (use the abbreviations vol. and no.), episode numbers, track numbers, or any other numbers that will help readers identify the food to thesis defense, specific source that you used. Do not include ISBN (International Standard Book Numbers) in the citation. In MLA format citing, it is important to include the name of the in mechanical engineering, publisher (the organization that created or published the source), so that readers can locate the exact source themselves. Include publishers for all sources except for bringing food to thesis periodicals. Also, for websites, exclude this information when the name of the publisher matches the name of the website.

Furthermore, the Girl,, name of the publisher is often excluded from the citation for second containers, since the publisher of the second container is not necessarily responsible for the creation or production of the source’s content. Publication dates are extremely important to include in citations. They allow the reader to understand when sources were published. They are also used when readers are attempting to locate the source themselves. Dates can be written in one of two ways. Researchers can write dates as: Whichever format you decide to use, use the same format for all of your citations. Defense. If using the Citation Machine’s citation generator, the date will be formatted in the same way for purdue owl essays each citation.

While it isn’t necessary to include the full date for all source citations, use the amount of bringing food to thesis defense, information that makes the most sense to help your readers understand and locate the source themselves. Wondering what to rabbit-proof, do when your source has more than one date? Use the date that is most applicable to food, your research. The location generally refers to the place where the readers can find the source. This includes page ranges, URLs, DOI numbers, track numbers, disc numbers, or even cities and towns. When MLA citing websites, make sure to remove the in mechanical, beginning of the URL (http:// or https://) as it is not necessary to include this information. For page numbers, when citing a source that sits on only one page, use p. Example: p. 6.

When citing a source that has a page range, use pp. and then add the page numbers. Example: pp. 24-38. Since the location is the final piece of the citation, place a period at food to thesis the end. Looking for an online tool to do the work for steps paper in apa you? Citation Machine can help! Our site is simple (and fun!) to use. ALL sources use this format:

Last name of the author, First name of the bringing to thesis defense, author. “Source’s Title.” Container’s Title , roles and names of any other individuals who helped contribute to the source, the version of the source, any numbers associated with the source, the name of the publisher, the owl essays, date the source was published, the location where individuals can find the source themselves (usually a URL or page range). * Title of Second Container , roles and names of any other contributors, the version of the food to thesis, second container, any numbers associated with the second container, the name of the second container’s publisher, the in mechanical, date the second container was published, location. *If the source does not have a second container, omit this last part of the citation. Remember, Citation Machine’s MLA formatter will help you save time and energy when creating your citations. Check out our MLA Citation Machine page to learn more. Collins, Suzanne.

The Hunger Games . Scholastic, 2008. Khan, Maryam. “Co-branding in the Restaurant Industry.” Managing Tourism and Hospitality Services: Theory and International Application . Edited by B. Bringing Food Defense. Prideaux et al., CABI, 2005, pp. 73-82. Zak, Elizabeth. “Do You Believe in Magic? Exploring the Conceptualization of purdue, Augmented Reality and its Implications for the User in bringing food to thesis defense, the Field of Library and Information Science.” Information Technology Libraries , vol. 33, no.

3, 2014, pp. 23-50. Online Scholarly Journal Articles: Kuzuhara, Kenji, et al. “Injuries in Japanese Mini-Basketball Players During Practices and Games.” Journal of Athletic Training , vol. 51. Steps Paper Style. no. 2, Dec. 2016, p. 1022.

Gale Health Reference Center Academic , i.ezproxy.nypl.org/login?url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=HRCAsw=wu=nyplv=2.1id=GALE%7CA484460772it=rasid=91b1a34dda62a32f4cd82c768e8a6a97. When citing a website, individuals are often actually citing a specific page on a website. They’re not actually citing the entire website. Here is the most common way to cite a page on a website: Start the citation with the name of the author who wrote the information on the page. If there isn’t an author listed, do not include this information in the citation. Start the citation with the title. The title of the individual page is placed in quotation marks, followed by a period. Next, place the bringing food to thesis defense, name of the website in italics, followed by a comma.

If the steps style, name of the publisher matches the name of the author or the name of the title, do not include the bringing defense, publisher’s information in the citation. The date the page or website was published comes next. End the citation with the URL. When including the URL, remove http:// and https:// from the URL. Steps A Research In Apa Style. Since most websites begin with this prefix, it is not necessary to include it in the citation. Last name, First name of author. “ Title of Web Page .” Title of Website, Publisher, Date published, URL. Rothfeld, Lindsay. “Smarter Education: The Rise of Big Data in the Classroom.” Mashable , 3 Sept. 2014, mashable.com/2014/09/03/education-data-video/#hViqdPbFbgqH. (When citing websites, remember to remove http:// and https:// from the bringing food to thesis defense, URL.) Bloomgarden-Smoke, Kara. “Medium Cool.” New York Observer , 2 Mar.

2015, pp. 14-17. Skiba, Katherine. Rabbit-proof. “Obama To Hold First Public Event Since Leaving Office in Chicago on Monday.” Los Angeles Times , 24 Apr. 2017, www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-obama-speech-20170424-story.html. “Three Turkeys.” Modern Family , produced by Steven Levitan and Christopher Lloyd, ABC, 19 Nov. 2014.

Home Alone . Bringing Defense. Performance by Macaulay Culkin, directed by Chris Columbus, 20th Century Fox, 1990. DJ Mag. “Skream b2B Solardo Live from Claude VonStroke Presents The Birdhouse Miami.” YouTube , 29 Mar. 2017, youtu.be/4Q448x-LHGg. Gates, Melinda. “Today, Bill and I were deeply humbled to accept France’s Legion of phd thesis, Honour award on behalf of all our foundation’s partners and food to thesis defense, grantees.” Twitter , 21 Apr. 2017, 2:36 p.m., twitter.com/melindagates/status/855535625713459200.

There are a variety of essay funny incident, ways to cite an image. This section will show how to cite a digital image found on a website and an image in print. How to cite a digital image: Use this structure to cite a digital image: Last name, First name of the creator (if available). “Title or Description of the Image * . Title of the Website , Publisher ** , Date published, URL. * if the digital image does not have an official title, create a brief description. Do not place the description in quotation marks or italics. In addition, only capitalize the first letter in bringing to thesis defense, the description and any proper nouns. ** If the fence essay, name of the publisher is the same as the author or the same name as the website, do not include the publisher in the citation.

“NFL Red Zone Usage Sleepers: Identify Undervalued Players and Team Offenses.” RotoBaller , www.rotoballer.com/nfl-fantasy-football-cheat-sheet-draft-kit?src=bar. Wondering how to cite an image found through a search engine, such as Google? Head to bringing to thesis defense, the site where the image “lives,” by clicking on the link that leads you to journal, the website. Cite the image using the to thesis, information from the original site. How to journey, cite an image in print: Last name, First name of the creator (if available). Title or Description of the Image * . Title of the food defense, Container, such as a the Book Title, Magazine Title, etc ., Publisher ** , Date published, page or page range. * if the phd thesis, digital image does not have an official title, create a brief description. Do not place the description in quotation marks or italics. In addition, only capitalize the first letter in the description and any proper nouns. ** If the bringing to thesis defense, name of the publisher is the same as the author or the same name as the website, do not include the publisher in the citation.

Photograph of Kate Middleton. Metro New York , 19 July 2017, p.17. To cite a magazine in Watch, print, you’ll need the following pieces of information. Food Defense. They can be found on the cover of the magazine and on the article itself: The name of the phd thesis engineering, magazine The date the to thesis defense, magazine was published The title of the owl essays, magazine article The name of the author of the article The page or page range the article is found on. On the cover of most magazines, you can find the bringing food to thesis defense, title of the magazine as well as the date the magazine was published. On the article itself, you can find the name of the article’s author(s), the Girl,, title of the article, and the page or page range that the article is found on. If the article appears on nonconsecutive pages, include the page number for the first page the article is found on, and then add a plus sign after it.

Example: 61+ Place the information in this format: Last name, First name of the to thesis defense, Article’s Author. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Magazine , Date published, page range. Example for the print magazine article above: Gopnik, Adam. Steps A Research Paper. “A New Man: Ernest Hemingway, Revised and Revisited.” The New Yorker , 3 July 2017, pp. 61-66.

An essay is an bringing food analytic writing piece that is generally short in length (compared to books and journal articles) and focuses on a specific topic or subject. Citing an essay is similar to citing a chapter in a book or a story in an anthology. Include the name of the individual author or the group of authors, the title of the essay (placed in quotation marks), the title of the book, collection, or site the essay is found on purdue (in italics), the name of the editor (if there is one), the volume and issue number (if they are available), the publication date, and bringing to thesis defense, the location. The location can be either a page range or a URL. Here is an MLA formatting example of how to cite an essay: Hasen, Richard L. A Research. “Race or Party? How Courts Should Think About Republican Efforts to Make it Harder to Vote in food, North Carolina and purdue owl essays, Elsewhere.” Harvard Law Review Forum , vol. 125, no. Food. 58, 7 Jan. 2014, harvardlawreview.org/2014/01/race-or-party-how-courts-should-think-about-republican-efforts-to-make-it-harder-to-vote-in-north-carolina-and-elsewhere/. Place the name of the person being interviewed at the beginning of the citation, in the author’s position The title or description of the interview comes next.

If there isn’t a formal title, only use the Girl,, word Interview as the title and defense, do not place it in quotation marks or italics. If found online or in a book, include the essay incident, title of the website or book after the title. After the title, it is acceptable to include the name of the bringing food defense, interviewer. Include this information especially if it will help readers locate the steps to formatting a research paper style, interview themselves or if it’s relevant to bringing food to thesis defense, the research paper. Include the publisher if it is a published interview and owl essays, if it differs from any other information already found in the citation. Include the date that the interview was either published or the date that the interview occurred.

If found online, include the URL. Or, if found in a book, magazine, or other print source, include the page range. Here are two examples: Gutman, Dan. “Interview with Children’s Author Dan Gutman.” The Washington Post , 9 Mar. 2011, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/08/AR2011030805468.html. Lin, Brenda. Interview. By Michele Kirschenbaum.

17 July 2017. Check to see if the the PDF is written by an individual, set of authors, or an organization or company. If it is not written by an individual or a set of authors, use the food, name of the owl essays, organization or company responsible for creating the PDF in place of the author’s name. Continue with the title of the PDF, version (if there are different versions available), the publisher (only include if the name of the publisher is different than the name of the author or the title), the food, publication date, and the location (usually a URL if found online). Notice that in the example below, the name of the publisher (The American Podiatric Medical Association) is omitted since the name of the publisher is the same name as the author. MLA format example:

American Podiatric Medical Association. The Real Cost of Diabetes: Diabetic Foot Complications Are Common and Girl, Interrupted, Costly . Defense. apma.files.cms-plus.com/ProductPDFs/APMA_TodaysPodiatrist_Infographic_8.5x11.pdf. To cite a full textbook in print, you’ll need to find the following pieces of engineering, information: The name of the author(s) or editor(s) The title of the textbook, including any subtitles The version of the textbook (such as a numbered edition or revised edition) The name of the bringing food, publisher The year the textbook was published. Place the pieces of information in this format:

Last name, First name of the author or Last name, First name, editor. Title of the Textbook . Version, Publisher, Year published. If the textbook was compiled by an editor, use this format at the beginning of the citation: Last name, First name, editor. Examples of how to cite a textbook in print:

Lilly, Leonard S. Braunwald’s Heart Disease: Review and Assessment . A Research Paper Style. 9th ed., Elsevier Saunders, 2012. Cherny, Nathan, et al., editors. Bringing To Thesis Defense. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Medicine . 5th ed., Oxford UP, 2015. How to Cite a Chapter from a Textbook in Print: To cite an individual chapter, you’ll need to find the following pieces of papers, information: The name of the author(s) of the individual chapter or section The title of the individual chapter or section The title of the textbook The name of the editors of the textbook The version of the textbook (such as a numbered edition or a revised edition) The name of the bringing, publisher The year the textbook was published. Place the pieces of information in this format: Last name, First name of the chapter author. “Title of the Girl, Interrupted, chapter or section.” Title of the bringing food to thesis defense, Textbook , edited by First name Last name of editor, version, Publisher, Year published, page or page range. Example of how to cite a chapter from a textbook in print:

Riley, Simon C., and Michael J. Murphy. “Student Choice in the Undergraduate Curriculum: Student-Selected Components.” Oxford Textbook of Medical Education , edited by Kieran Walsh, Oxford UP, pp. 50-63. Surveys can be found online or in print. Find the format below that matches the type of call for research papers journal, survey you’re attempting to cite. To cite a survey found on a website, follow this structure: Last name, First name of survey’s creator(s) OR organization responsible for its creation. “Title of the bringing to thesis, Survey.” Title of the Website , Publisher (if different than the author or website title), Publication date, URL. International Food Information Council Foundation. “Food Decision 2016: Food Health Survey.” Food Insight , International Center of Excelled in Food Risk Communication, 2016, www.foodinsight.org/sites/default/files/2016-Food-and-Health-Survey-Report_%20FINAL_0.pdf. To cite a survey found in print, follow this structure: Last name, First name of survey’s creator(s) OR organization responsible for its creation. “Title of Survey.” Title of Publication , Publisher (if different than the owl essays, author or website title), Publication date, page or page range that survey is found on. Don’t see your source type on this guide? Citation Machine’s citation generator can create your citations for you!

Our website will help you develop your works cited page and in text and parenthetical citations in food defense, just a few clicks. Looking for APA? Check out Citation Machine’s guide on Interrupted APA format. Check out this article to see it in the news. When it comes to formatting your paper or essay for bringing academic purposes, there are specific guidelines to follow. The section that follows will answer the following questions: How to format an MLA paper , How to create papers , and How to write in MLA format . If you’re trying to learn how to format your essay, this section will help you too. Use paper that is 8?-by-11 inch in size. This is the in mechanical, standard size for copier and printer paper Use high quality paper Your research paper or essay should have a one-inch margin on the top, bottom, left, and right sides of the paper While most word processors automatically format your paper to have one-inch margins, you can check or modify the margins of your paper by bringing to thesis defense, going to the “Page setup” section of your word processor. Click here for more on margins. Use an easily readable font, specifically one that allows readers to Girl, Interrupted, see the difference between regular and italicized letters. Food Defense. Times New Roman, Arial, and Helvetica are recommended options Use 12 point size font.

Should I double space the paper, including citations? Double space the entire paper There should be a double space between each piece of information in the heading Place a double space between the a research in apa style, heading and the title Place a double space between the title and the beginning of the essay The Works Cited page should be double spaced as well. All citations are double spaced. Text should be left-justified, meaning that the bringing to thesis defense, text is essay funny classroom, aligned, or lies flush, against the left margin New paragraphs should be indented half an bringing inch from the left margin Indents signal to the reader that a new concept or idea is about to phd thesis in mechanical, begin Use the “tab” button on your keyboard to bringing food, create an essay funny classroom indent Add one space after all punctuation marks. Include a proper heading and title The heading should include the following, on separate lines, starting one inch from the top and left margins: Your full name Your teacher or professor’s name The course number Date Dates in the heading and the body of your essay should be consistent. Use the same format, either Day Month Year or Month Day, Year throughout the entire paper Examples: 27 July 2017 or July 27, 2017 The title should be underneath the heading, centered in the middle of the page, without bold, underlined, italicized, or all capital letters. Number all pages, including the Works Cited page Place page numbers in the top right corner, half an food defense inch from the top margin and one inch from the right margin. Phd Thesis Engineering. Include your last name to the left of the page number.

The Works Cited list should be at the end of the paper, on its own page. If a citation flows onto bringing food the second line, indent it in half an purdue inch from the left margin (called a hanging indent). To Thesis. For more information on the Works Cited list, refer to “How to Make a Works Cited Page,” which is found below. According to the Modern Language Associatin’s official guidelines for formatting a research paper, it is not necessary to create or include an individual title page at the beginning of a research project. Instead, follow the directions above, under “Heading Title,” to create a proper heading. This heading is featured at the top of the phd thesis in mechanical engineering, first page of the bringing defense, research paper or research assignment. If your instructor or professor does in fact require or ask for a title page, follow the directions that you are given. They should provide you with the information needed to create a separate, individual title page. If they do not provide you with instructions, and you are left to create it at your own discretion, use the header information above to to formatting a research in apa style, help you develop your research paper title page.

You may want to include other information, such as the bringing food to thesis defense, name of Girl, Interrupted, your school or university. The MLA Works Cited page is generally found at the end of a research paper or project. It contains a list of all of the citations of sources used for food the research project. In Mechanical Engineering. Follow these directions to food defense, format the Works Cited list to match the purdue, Modern Language Association’s guidelines. The Works Cited list has its own page, at the end of a research project Include the same running head as the bringing food to thesis defense, rest of the project (Your last name and then the page number). The Works Cited List has the final page number for the project. Name the page “Works Cited,” unless your list only includes one citation. In that case, title it as “Work Cited.” The title of the page (either Works Cited or Work Cited) is for research papers, placed one inch from the top of the page, centered in the middle of the food to thesis, document.

Double space the entire document, even between the title of the page and the first citation. Citations are listed in alphabetical order by the first word in the citation (usually the last name of the author or the first word in the title if the citation does not include the author’s name. Ignore A, An, and The if the title begins with these words.) All citations begin flush against papers, the left margin. If the food to thesis defense, citation is long in length, and rolls onto a second or third line, the lines below the first line are indented half an owl essays inch from the left margin. This is called a “hanging indent.” The purpose of a hanging indent is to make the citations easier to read.

Wai-Chung, Ho. Bringing Food To Thesis Defense. “Political Influences on Curriculum Content and Musical Meaning: Hong Kong Secondary Music Education, 1949-1997.” Journal of Watch Girl, Interrupted, Historical Research in to thesis defense, Music Education , vol. 22, no. 1, 1 Oct. 2000, pp. 5-25. Periodicals Index Online , search-proquest-com.i.ezproxy.nypl.org/pio/docview/1297849364/citation/6B70D633F50C4EA0PQ/78?accountid=35635. Works Cited pages can be longer than one page. Use as many pages as necessary.

Copyright © 2000 - 2017 by Citation Machine™, a Chegg Service. Citation Machine™ uses the 7th ed. of MLA, 6th ed. of essay funny classroom, APA, and 16th ed. of Chicago (8th ed. Turabian).

A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE SYMPHONIES OF BEETHOVEN. Translated by Michel Austin. Some thirty six or seven years ago, Beethoven’s works, which at the time were completely unknown in France, were tried out at the Opera’s concerts spirituels . Today it would be hard to bringing to thesis believe the storm of criticism from the majority of musicians that greeted this wonderful music. It was described as bizarre, incoherent, diffuse, bristling with harsh modulations and wild harmonies, bereft of melody, over the top, too noisy, and horribly difficult to owl essays play. To satisfy the demands of the men of good taste who at the time held sway at the Academie royale de musique , M. Habeneck, who later organised and directed with such care the performance of the bringing food to thesis symphonies at the Conservatoire, found himself obliged to make monstrous cuts in them, of a kind that would only be tolerated in papers journal a ballet by Gallemberg or an opera by Gaveaux. Without such corrections Beethoven would not have been granted the honour of appearing on the programme of the concerts spirituels between a solo for bassoon and a flute concerto.

At the first hearing of those passages that had been marked with a red pencil, Kreutzer took to flight blocking his ears, and he had to summon all his courage to steel himself to listen at the other rehearsals to what was left of the symphony in D major (no. 2). Let us not forget that M. Kreutzer’s opinion on Beethoven was shared by ninety nine per cent of bringing musicians in Paris at in mechanical, the time, and that without the persistent efforts of the tiny fraction who took the opposite view, the greatest composer of food to thesis defense modern times would probably still be largely unknown today. The mere fact that fragments of Beethoven were performed at the Opera was therefore of considerable significance, and we can state this with good reason, since without this the Societe des concerts du Conservatoire would probably not have been founded. The credit for this noble institution belongs to this small group of intelligent men and to the public.

The public – I mean the true public, which does not belong to any particular clique – is guided by its own feelings and not by narrow ideas or any ridiculous theories it may have conceived on funny incident classroom, art. That public, which is often mistaken in food to thesis its judgments, since it frequently changes its mind, was struck at the outset by some of Beethoven’s salient qualities. It did not ask whether this particular modulation was related to another, whether certain harmonies were acceptable to pundits , nor whether it was admissible to use certain rhythms which were as yet unknown. All it noticed was that these rhythms, harmonies and modulations, adorned with noble and passionate melodies, and enhanced by powerful orchestral writing, exerted on call for research, it a strong impression of a completely novel kind. Bringing Food To Thesis. Nothing more was needed to stimulate its applause. Phd Thesis In Mechanical. Only at rare intervals does our French public experience the keen and incandescent emotion that the art of music can generate; but when its emotions are truly stirred, nothing can equal its gratitude for the artist who caused this, whoever he may be. Thus from its first appearance, the famous allegretto in A minor of the seventh symphony, which had been inserted in the second to make the rest palatable , was judged at its true worth by the audience at the concerts spirituels . A loud clamour arose for the piece to bringing to thesis be repeated, and at the second performance the funny classroom first movement and scherzo of the symphony in D (no. 2), which at first hearing had made little impression, scored an defense, almost comparable success. The obvious interest in Beethoven that the public began to show from then on doubled the energy of his defenders and reduced to inaction, if not to silence, the majority of his detractors. Little by little, thanks to these glimmerings of dawn which tell the clear-sighted on which side the sun is steps to formatting in apa style about to bringing food to thesis rise, the core of supporters increased in size and the result was the foundation, almost entirely for phd thesis in mechanical, Beethoven’s sake, of the magnificent Societe du Conservatoire , which nowadays has scarcely a rival in the world.

We will attempt to analyse the symphonies of this great master, starting with the first symphony which the food to thesis defense Conservatoire performs so rarely. Through its form, melodic style, and the spareness of Interrupted its harmonic and orchestral writing, this work is quite different from the other compositions of Beethoven which followed. In writing this symphony the composer was evidently under the influence of Mozart’s ideas, which he has throughout imitated ingeniously and at times magnified. But in the first and bringing food to thesis defense, second movements one can notice from time to time certain rhythmic patterns which the author of Don Giovanni has admittedly used, but very rarely and in a much less striking way. Essay. The first allegro has a six bar theme, which though not very distinctive in itself, acquires interest subsequently through the skilful way in which it is treated. It is followed by a transitional melody of a rather undistinguished style. A half-cadence which is repeated three or four times leads to a passage for bringing food to thesis defense, wind instruments with imitations at the fourth above. It is all the more surprising to find this here, as it was often used before in journey several overtures to French operas. The andante includes a soft accompaniment for bringing food, timpani which nowadays seems rather commonplace, but which can nevertheless be seen as the forerunner of the striking effects which Beethoven was to produce later with this instrument, which his predecessors had in general used to little or no purpose.

This piece is full of charm; the theme is graceful and lends itself well to fugal developments, through which the composer has been able to exploit it in ingenious and witty ways. The scherzo is the first born in this family of delightful musical jests (scherzi), a form invented by rabbit-proof journey Beethoven who established its tempo. In almost all his instrumental works it takes the food to thesis defense place of the minuet of Mozart and essay journey, Haydn, which is only half the speed of the scherzo and very different in character. This one is delightful in its freshness, nimbleness, and charm. It is the only really novel piece in this work, in which the poetic idea, which plays such a large and rich part in the majority of food to thesis defense works which followed, is completely absent. This is admirably crafted music, clear, alert, but lacking in essay strong personality, cold and sometimes rather small-minded, as for example in the final rondo, which has the character of a musical amusement. In a word, this is not Beethoven. We are about to meet him. Everything in this symphony is noble, energetic and proud; the introduction ( largo ) is a masterpiece.

The most beautiful effects follow in bringing quick succession, always in rabbit-proof journey unexpected ways but without causing any confusion. The melody has a touching solemnity; from the very first bars it commands respect and sets the emotional tone. Bringing Food To Thesis Defense. Rhythms are now more adventurous, the orchestral writing richer, more sonorous and varied. This wonderful adagio leads to an allegro con brio which has a sweeping vitality. The grupetto in the first bar of the theme played by violas and cellos in unison is subsequently developed it its own right, either to owl essays generate surging crescendo passages or to food defense bring about imitations between wind and strings, all of them at once novel and lively in character. In the middle comes a melody, played by clarinets, horns and bassoons for the first half, and rounded off as a tutti by the rest of the orchestra; it has a masculine energy which is further enhanced by the felicitous choice of accompanying chords. The andante is not treated in the same way as that of the first symphony; instead of a theme developed in canonical imitation it consists of a pure and innocent theme, presented at first plainly by the strings, then exquisitely embellished with delicate strokes; they faithfully reproduce the tender character of the main theme. This is the enchanting depiction of innocent joy, scarcely troubled by passing touches of melancholy. The scherzo is as openly joyful in its capricious fantasy as the andante was completely happy and calm.

Everything in this symphony smiles, and even the martial surges of the steps to formatting a research paper in apa first allegro are free from any hint of violence; they only speak of the youthful ardour of a noble heart which has preserved intact the most beautiful illusions of life. The author still believes in immortal glory, in love, in devotion… What abandonment in his joy, what wit, what exuberance! The various instruments fight over particles of a theme which none of them plays in bringing food defense full, yet each fragment is coloured in a thousand different ways by being tossed from one instrument to the other. To hear this is like witnessing the enchanted sport of Oberon’s graceful spirits. The finale is of the same character: it is a scherzo in double time, perhaps even more delicate and witty in its playfulness. It is a serious mistake to Watch Girl, Interrupted truncate the food defense title which the composer provided for the symphony. It reads: Heroic symphony to commemorate the call memory of a great man . As will be seen, the subject here is not battles or triumphal marches, as many, misled by the abbreviated title, might expect, but rather deep and serious thoughts, melancholy memories, ceremonies of imposing grandeur and sadness, in short a funeral oration for a hero.

I know few examples in music of a style where sorrow has been so unfailingly conveyed in forms of such purity and such nobility of expression. The first movement is in triple time and in a tempo which is almost that of a waltz, yet nothing could be more serious and more dramatic than this allegro . The energetic theme on which it is built is not at first presented in its complete form. Contrary to normal practice, the composer has initially provided only a glimpse of his melodic idea, which is only revealed in its full power after a few bars’ introduction. The rhythmic writing is extremely striking in the frequent use of syncopation and, through the defense stress on the weak beat, the insertion of bars in duple time into rabbit-proof fence bars in bringing triple time. When to this irregular rhythm some harsh dissonances are added, as we find towards the middle of the for research development section, where the first violins play a high F natural against an E natural, the fifth of the chord of A minor, it is bringing defense difficult not to rabbit-proof shudder at this depiction of indomitable fury. This is the voice of despair and bringing food to thesis defense, almost of rage. Rabbit-proof Fence Journey. Yet one wonders, Why this despair, Why this rage? The reason for it is not obvious. Then in the next bar the orchestra suddenly calms down, as though, exhausted by bringing to thesis its own outburst, its strength was abruptly deserting it.

A gentler passage follows, which evokes all the most painful feelings that memory can stir in steps to formatting paper in apa style the mind. It is impossible to describe or merely to indicate the multiplicity of melodic and bringing food to thesis defense, harmonic guises in which Beethoven presents his theme. We will only mention an extremely odd case, which has caused a great deal of argument. The French publisher corrected it in his edition of the score, in the belief it was an engraving error, but after further enquiry the passage was reinstated. The first and second violins on essay classroom, their own are playing tremolando a major second (B flat, A flat), part of the chord of the defense seventh on the dominant of E flat, when a horn gives the impression of having made a mistake by coming in steps to formatting in apa style four bars too soon, and rudely intrudes with the bringing beginning of the main theme which consists only call for research journal of the notes E flat, G, E flat, B flat. Food Defense. The strange effect produced by this melody built on the three notes of the tonic chord against the two discordant notes of the call papers journal dominant chord can easily be imagined, even though the distance between the parts greatly softens the bringing defense clash.

But just as the ear is about to protest against this anomaly, an to formatting paper, energetic tutti cuts off the horn, ends piano on food defense, the tonic chord and gives way to the entry of the cellos which then play the complete theme with the appropriate harmony. Taking a detached view it is for research papers difficult to find a serious justification for this musical caprice*. But it is said that the author attached much importance to it. It is even related that at the first rehearsal of the symphony, M. Bringing Food. Ries who was present stopped the orchestra and exclaimed: Too early, too early, the horn is wrong!. As a reward for his indiscretion, he was roundly taken to task by a furious Beethoven. Call For Research Papers Journal. *However you look at bringing to thesis defense, it, if that was really what Beethoven wanted, and if there is any truth in the anecdotes which circulate on the subject, it must be admitted that this whim is an absurdity. There is no comparable oddity in the rest of the score. The funeral march is purdue a drama in its own right.

It is like a translation of Virgil’s beautiful lines on defense, the funeral procession of the young Pallas: Multaque praeterea Laurentis praemia pugnae. Adgerat, et longo praedam jubet ordine duci. Post bellator equus, positis insignibus, Aethon. Call. It lacrymans, guttisque humectat grandibus ora. Bringing Defense. The ending in Watch Interrupted particular is deeply moving.

The theme of the march returns, but now in a fragmented form, interspersed with silences, and only accompanied by three pizzicato notes in the double basses. When these tatters of the sad melody, left on their own, bare, broken and food defense, lifeless, have collapsed one after the other onto the tonic, the wind instruments utter a final cry, the steps to formatting paper style last farewell of the warriors to bringing defense their companion in phd thesis in mechanical arms, and the whole orchestra fades away on to thesis, a pianissimo pause. Following normal practice the third movement is funny incident entitled scherzo . In Italian the word means play, or jest. At first sight it is hard to see how this kind of music can find a place in this epic composition. Food To Thesis Defense. It has to be heard to be understood. The piece does indeed have the rhythm and tempo of a scherzo ; these are games, but real funeral games, constantly darkened by thoughts of death, games of the essay journey kind that the warriors of the Iliad would celebrate around the tombs of food to thesis their leaders.

Even in his most imaginative orchestral developments Beethoven has been able to preserve the serious and sombre colouring, the for research journal deep sadness which of course had to bringing to thesis defense predominate in such a subject. The finale is just a continuation of the same poetical idea. There is purdue a very striking example of orchestral writing at the beginning, which illustrates the kind of effect that can be produced by juxtaposing different instrumental timbres. The violins play a B flat, which is immediately taken up by flutes and oboes as a kind of echo. Although the sound is played at the same dynamic level, at the same speed and bringing, with the same force, the steps dialogue produces such a great difference between the notes that the nuance between them might be likened to the contrast between blue and purple . Such tonal refinements were completely unknown before Beethoven, and it is to him that we owe them.

For all its great variety this finale is nevertheless built on a simple fugal theme. Besides a profusion of ingenious details the composer develops on top of it two other themes, one of which is exceptionally beautiful. The melody is as it were derived from a different one, but its shape conceals this. Bringing Food To Thesis. On the contrary it is steps to formatting in apa style much more touching and expressive, far more graceful than the to thesis original theme, which has rather the character of essay funny a bass line and serves this function very well. This melody returns shortly before the end, in a slower tempo and with different harmonies which further enhance its sad character. The hero costs many a tear. After these final regrets devoted to his memory the poet abandons the elegiac tone and intones with rapture a hymn of glory.

Though rather brief this conclusion is very brilliant and provides a fitting crown to the musical monument. Beethoven may have written more striking works than this symphony, and defense, several of his other compositions make a greater impact on the public. But it has to be admitted that the Eroica symphony is funny so powerful in bringing defense its musical thought and execution, its style so energetic and so constantly elevated, and a research paper style, its form so poetic, that it is the equal of the composer’s very greatest works. Whenever this symphony is performed I am overcome with feelings of deep and as it were antique sadness; yet the public seems hardly moved. Food Defense. One must feel sorry for the predicament of the artist: though fired with such enthusiasm he has not managed to make himself intelligible even to an elite audience and make it rise it to the level of his own inspiration. This is all the more regrettable as in other circumstances this same audience warms up to the composer and shares his emotion and tears. It is fired with an ardent and genuine passion for some of his compositions, which may be equally worthy of admiration but are nevertheless no more beautiful than this work. It appreciates at its true worth the essay funny classroom allegretto in A minor of the seventh symphony, the food to thesis defense allegretto scherzando of the eighth, the finale of the fifth, the essay funny scherzo of the ninth. It even appears to be deeply moved by the funeral march of this symphony – the Eroica . But as far as the first movement is concerned, there is no escaping the truth, and I have observed this for more than twenty years: the public listens to it with composure, regards it as a well crafted and quite powerful piece, but beyond that … nothing.

There is no point in philosophising. It is no good saying to bringing oneself that the same has always been true everywhere for all artistic creations of an funny incident, elevated kind, that the springs of poetic emotion are hidden and difficult to fathom, that the feeling for beauty which some individuals possess is completely absent from the masses, even that it cannot possibly be otherwise… None of this provides any consolation or can appease the anger – call it instinctive, involuntary, even absurd if you like – which fills one’s heart at the sight of a misunderstood masterpiece, of a composition of such nobility which the crowd observes but does not see, listens to but does not hear, and allows to pass by with hardly a sideways glance, as though dealing with something mediocre or ordinary. It is dreadful to bringing food have to say to to formatting a research paper in apa style oneself with total certainty: what I find beautiful is beauty itself for me, but may not be so for my best friend. Someone who normally feels the same way as I do will be affected in quite a different way. It may be that the work which sends me into bringing defense raptures, makes me shiver, and moves me to for research journal tears, leaves him cold, or even annoys and irritates him… The majority of great poets have no feeling for music and only enjoy melodies of bringing to thesis defense a trivial or childish character.

Many intelligent people, who think they like music, have no idea of the emotions it can stir. These are painful truths, but they are tangible and obvious, and only a peculiar kind of obstinacy prevents one from recognising them. I have seen a bitch howling with pleasure on hearing a major third played in double stopping on a violin, yet her pups have never reacted in a similar way, whether you play them a third, a fifth, a sixth, an octave, or any other consonant or discordant chord. Whatever the composition of the journey public, it always reacts to great musical conceptions in the same way as that bitch and her pups. There are nerves that react to certain vibrations, but this ability to respond, incomplete as it is, is not equally disseminated and is subject to innumerable variations. It follows that it is virtual lunacy to rely on some artistic means rather than others to affect it and that the best a composer can do is to remain blindly true to bringing food to thesis defense his own feelings and resign himself in advance to all the whims of fortune. One day I was walking out of the Conservatoire with three or four dilettanti after a performance of the Choral symphony. Phd Thesis In Mechanical Engineering. – How do you find this work? one of them asked me. Bringing To Thesis. – Immense! magnificent! overwhelming! – That is strange, I was bored stiff. And what about you? he added, turning to fence essay journey an Italian… – Well, I find this unintelligible, or rather intolerable, there is no melody… But here are some papers talking about food to thesis it, and let us see what they say: – Beethoven’s Choral symphony is the pinnacle of modern music; art has yet to produce anything comparable for the nobility of its style, the grandeur of the design and the finish of the phd thesis in mechanical engineering details. (Another paper) – Beethoven’s Choral symphony is a monstrosity. (Another paper) – This work is not completely barren of ideas, but they are poorly presented and the sum total is incoherent and devoid of charm. (Another paper) – Beethoven’s Choral symphony has some wonderful passages, but the composer was obviously short of inspiration. Food. As his exhausted imagination let him down he had to devote his energies, sometimes to good effect, to making up through craftsmanship what he was lacking in inspiration. The few themes found in the work are superbly treated and purdue owl essays, set out in a perfectly clear and logical sequence.

In short, it is a very interesting work by a tired genius . Where is the truth, and where is the error? Everywhere and nowhere. Everybody is right. Bringing Food. What to phd thesis someone seems beautiful is not so for someone else, simply because one person was moved and the other remained indifferent, and bringing defense, the former experienced profound delight while the latter acute boredom. What can be done about this?… nothing… but it is dreadful; I would rather be mad and believe in absolute beauty.

Beethoven forsakes here completely the tones of epic and elegy to return to the less elevated, less sombre, though perhaps no less difficult style of the second symphony. The tone of this score is generally lively, alert, and joyful, or of a heavenly gentleness. Leaving aside the brooding adagio which serves as an introduction the first movement is almost wholly dedicated to joy. The theme in detached notes with which the allegro begins is no more than a canvas on which the composer lays out subsequently other more substantial melodies, and what looked at the start of the movement like the principal theme is made to appear of secondary importance. Though it leads to unusual and interesting results, this device had already been used by rabbit-proof fence Mozart and Haydn with comparable success. Bringing Food To Thesis. But in the second part of the same allegro a really new melody is introduced, the first bars of which arrest the listener’s attention, draw him into its mysterious developments then surprise him with its unexpected conclusion. This is what happens. Steps To Formatting Style. After a fairly vigorous tutti, the first violins break the opening theme into fragments which they turn into a dialogue pianissimo with the second violins. This leads to held notes on the dominant seventh of the key of B natural, each of which is separated by defense two bars of silence, filled only by a soft tremolo on the timpani on the note B flat, the enharmonic major third of the fundamental F sharp.

The passage is repeated, then the timpani fall silent and leave the strings murmuring gently other fragments of the rabbit-proof fence theme, and a new enharmonic modulation leads to a six-four chord of B flat. The timpani re-enter on bringing food defense, the same note, now the genuine tonic and not as before the engineering leading note, and continue with the tremolo for some twenty bars. The tonal force of this B flat hardly registers initially, but gradually increases as the tremolo is bringing food to thesis defense prolonged. Then the other instruments intersperse their forward momentum with short and incomplete fragments under the continuous rumble of the timpani, and this leads to engineering a general forte where the perfect chord of B flat is finally established in all its majesty in the full orchestra. This astonishing crescendo is food to thesis defense one of the happiest inspirations we know in purdue owl essays music. The only passage that could be compared is the conclusion of the famous scherzo of the symphony in C minor, though despite its overwhelming impact it is not conceived on such a vast scale, as it starts from piano to reach the final explosion but without departing from the home key, whereas the crescendo we have just described starts mezzo forte , disappears for a while in defense a pianissimo under harmonies of for research papers journal constantly vague and indeterminate colour, then reappears with chords in a more defined tonality, and only bursts out when the cloud obscuring this modulation has completely dissipated. It is like a river whose peaceful flow vanishes suddenly from defense, sight and Watch, only re-emerges from its underground course to bringing food to thesis come crashing down in a foaming waterfall. As for the adagio , it defies analysis… So pure are the forms, so angelic the expression of the melody and so irresistibly tender, that the prodigious skill of the craftsmanship is completely hidden from view. From the call papers journal very first bars one is gripped by emotion which by the end has reached an unbearable pitch of intensity. It is only among one of the giants of poetry that it is possible to find something to bringing food compare to this sublime movement from the giant of music.

Nothing resembles more the impression made by this adagio than the feelings one experiences when reading the touching episode of Francesca di Rimini in the Divina Commedia , the narrative of which Virgil cannot hear without bursting into tears, and which at the last verse causes Dante to fall, just as a dead body collapses . This movement seems to have been breathed by Watch Girl, Interrupted the archangel Michael when, seized with a fit of melancholy, he contemplated the universe, standing on the threshold of the empyrean. The scherzo consists almost entirely of bringing food defense phrases in two beats that are forced to fit into the framework of bars in triple time. Beethoven has used this device frequently and it imparts considerable vitality to the music. Watch Girl, Interrupted. Melodic endings become as a result more incisive and bringing food defense, unexpected; in essay journey any case, these cross-rhythms have in themselves real charm, though it is difficult to explain why. There is special pleasure in seeing the beat dislocated in this way yet coming together again at the end of each period, and the musical logic though temporarily suspended eventually reaching a satisfactory conclusion and bringing to thesis, a complete solution. For Research Papers Journal. The melody of the trio , played by the wind section, has exquisite freshness. The tempo is slower than that of the rest of the scherzo , and its simplicity gains extra elegance from the teasing little phrases delightfully tossed by the violins over the harmonic texture. The finale is joyful and alert and restricts itself to normal rhythmic forms. It consists of a jingle of scintillating notes in a continuous chatter, sometimes interrupted by a few raucous and bringing food to thesis, wild chords, another example of those angry outbursts to which we have already drawn attention with this composer. This, without doubt the essay incident classroom most famous of the symphonies, is also in our opinion the first in which Beethoven gave wings to his vast imagination without being guided by or relying on any external source of inspiration.

In the first, second and fourth symphonies, he has more or less enlarged already existing forms, suffusing them with all the poetry his youthful vigour was capable of adding in terms of defense brilliant and essay journey, passionate inspiration. In the third (the Eroica ) the forms are admittedly broadened and the musical thought rises to to thesis defense great heights, yet there is no mistaking the influence of one of those divine poets whom the great artist had long worshipped in his heart. Beethoven, faithful to the precept of Horace: «Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna», regularly read Homer, and in his magnificent musical epic, inspired, it is said rightly or wrongly, by fence essay a contemporary hero, the memories of the bringing food ancient Iliad self-evidently play a wonderfully beautiful part. By contrast the C minor symphony seems to essay incident classroom arise directly and solely from Beethoven’s own genius. Bringing Food To Thesis. In it he develops his own intimate thoughts, it is about his secret suffering, his concentrated anger, his dreams full of such sad despair, his nocturnal visions, his outbursts of enthusiasm. The forms taken by steps paper melody, harmony, rhythm and the orchestral writing are as substantially individual and novel as they are powerful and noble. Bringing Food Defense. The first movement depicts those turbulent feelings which move a great soul seized with despair – not the calm and concentrated despair which has an air of resignation, nor the sombre and silent despair of Romeo learning of the death of Juliet, but rather the terrifying fury of Othello when he hears from the mouth of Iago the poisonous calumnies which convince him of Desdemona’s crime. At times the mood is one of frenzied delirium which breaks out in terrifying cries, at others one of exaggerated despair which can express nothing but regret and journal, self-pity. Listen to those orchestral hiccoughs, the chords exchanged between wind and strings which grow fainter as they come and go, like the painful breathing of a dying man, then give way to a violent gesture, where the orchestra seems to rise again revived by a flash of anger.

See how this quivering orchestral mass hesitates for a moment before plunging headlong, divided into two fiery unisons like two streams of lava. Can you deny that this passionate style of food to thesis defense writing is beyond and above everything that had been written before in orchestral music? There is a striking example in this movement of the effect produced by the occasionally excessive doubling of parts and of the rabbit-proof fence essay journey raw character of the chord of a fourth on the supertonic, in other words the second inversion of the dominant. Food To Thesis Defense. It occurs frequently without preparation or resolution, and once even without the leading note and on a pause: the essay funny low D is in all the string voices, while there is a bare and dissonant G on top in some wind parts. Food Defense. The character of the adagio is rather reminiscent of the allegretto in A minor of the seventh symphony and of the Girl, slow movement in E flat of the fourth. It has the solemn melancholy of the former, and the touching grace of the bringing food to thesis latter. The theme played first by the cellos and violas in purdue unison, with a simple pizzicato accompaniment in the double basses, is bringing food to thesis defense followed by a passage for wind instruments which keeps returning in identical form and in the same key from beginning to end of the purdue owl essays movement, whatever the successive changes undergone by the first theme. This persistent repetition of the identical phrase, constantly repeated with the same simple and deep sadness, gradually stirs in food defense the mind of the essay funny incident classroom listener an bringing defense, indescribable feeling, without doubt the purdue most intense of its kind that we have experienced. Among the most daring harmonic effects in this sublime elegy we may mention: 1 0 the high note held by flutes and clarinets on the dominant E flat while the strings are active lower down and bringing food to thesis, progress through the chord of the sixth, D flat, F, B flat, which has no connection with the high pedal note; 2 0 the episodic passage played by a flute, an oboe and two clarinets in classroom contrary motion, which occasionally results in unprepared dissonances of the second, between the leading note G and F, the major sixth of A flat. This third inversion of the chord of the leading seventh is forbidden by the majority of theorists, as is the high pedal we have just mentioned, yet the result is altogether delightful. Food. There is also at the last entry of the first theme a canon in Watch Girl, Interrupted unison at an interval of one bar , between the violins and flutes, the clarinets and bassoons, which would give added interest to the melody treated in this way if the bringing to thesis defense imitation by the wind instruments could be heard; unfortunately the whole orchestra is playing loud at the same moment and makes it almost inaudible.

The scherzo is a strange composition. The first bars, which in themselves have nothing that should alarm, provoke that inexplicable emotion experienced under the magnetic gaze of some individuals. Essay Journey. Everything here is mysterious and sombre; the orchestral effects, all more or less sinister in character, seem to belong to the world of thought of the bringing to thesis famous scene of essay journey Blacksberg in Goethe’s Faust . The prevailing dynamics are piano and mezzo forte . The central section (the trio) is taken up by bringing food to thesis defense a passage for funny, the basses, bowed with full vigour, the food defense ponderous roughness of which rattles the Watch Girl, Interrupted feet of the music stands and sounds rather like the antics of an exhilarated elephant… But the bringing food monster moves away, and the sound of its wild frolics gradually fades. The theme of the scherzo reappears pizzicato ; gradually silence is established, and only a few lightly plucked notes are heard from the violins together with the strange clicking sounds produced by rabbit-proof fence the high A flat of the bassoons clashing with G, the octave of the tonic of the defense dominant minor ninth. Funny Classroom. The strings then break the sequence and settle gently on a bowed chord of A flat on which they doze off. The timpani using sponge-headed sticks keep the rhythm going on food defense, their own with light strokes which stand out call for research papers faintly against the general somnolence of the food rest of the orchestra. Essay Funny. These timpani notes are Cs; the piece is in C minor, but the chord of A flat, long held by the other instruments, seems to bringing be introducing a different key; for its part the solitary pulsing of the timpani on steps to formatting paper style, C tends to preserve the feeling of the bringing food original key.

The ear hesitates… where will this harmonic mystery end?… and then the soft throbbing of the timpani gradually increase in volume, joined by purdue the violins which have started to bringing to thesis defense move again, changing the harmony. This leads to the dominant seventh chord of G, B, D and F while the timpani continue to play obstinately the tonic C. The whole orchestra, reinforced by the trombones which have not yet appeared, explodes now in call journal the major in a triumphal march and the finale begins. The electrifying effect of this passage is well known, and there is no need to elaborate for the reader. Defense. Critics have nevertheless sought to diminish the composer’s merit by asserting that he had merely resorted to a commonplace device in making the brilliance of the incident classroom major mode follow the darkness of a pianissimo in a minor key, that the triumphal theme was lacking in originality, and to thesis, that interest flagged as the movement progressed instead of increasing. Fence Journey. We would answer: is bringing food to thesis defense it because the call transition from piano to forte , and from minor to major , are known devices that there is less genius in creating such a work?… How many other composers have not tried to achieve this same effect?

And how can their efforts compare with the gigantic hymn of victory, in which the soul of the bringing food to thesis defense poet musician, liberated from earthly shackles and suffering, seems to soar radiantly to heaven?… It is true that the first four bars of the march are not of striking originality; but there is a limit to what can be done with the genre of the fanfare, and we do not believe it possible to invent new types of fanfare without giving up completely its simple, grandiose and festive character. Beethoven wanted for the start of his finale a fanfare-like entry; in the rest of the movement, in rabbit-proof essay fact even in the continuation of the principal theme, he quickly reverts to the lofty and original style that is his hallmark. As for the criticism that he failed to sustain interest through the end of the movement, one might answer that in bringing food defense the present state of the art of music it is impossible to produce a more shattering effect than the transition from the scherzo to the triumphal march, and it was therefore not possible to Girl, intensify that effect any further. To remain at such a height is already a prodigious feat; despite the breadth with which Beethoven develops his material, he nevertheless brings it off. But this consistency of level from the beginning to the end is enough to food to thesis give the impression of a fall-off; so great has been the initial impact on the listener, whose emotional response has been raised to the highest pitch, that it is all the more difficult to a research paper in apa style sustain it subsequently at the same level. In a long row of columns of the same height perspective suggests that the more distant ones are actually smaller. It could be that our inadequate constitutions would adapt better to a more laconic ending such as Gluck’s Our general is calling you back : the audience would thus not have the food to thesis defense time to cool down, and to formatting a research paper in apa, the symphony would be over before fatigue prevented the audience from following in to thesis defense the composer’s footsteps. Watch Interrupted. But this remark only applies so to speak to the way the work is presented; it does not disqualify this finale from being in itself of a magnificence and richness next to which very few pieces could stand comparison without being obliterated. This astonishing landscape could have been designed by Poussin and drawn by bringing to thesis defense Michelangelo. The author of Fidelio and of the Eroica symphony sets out to depict the Watch Girl, Interrupted tranquillity of the countryside and the shepherds’ gentle way of life. But let us be clear: we are not dealing here with the bringing food picture-postcard and prettified shepherds of M. de Florian, still less those of M. Lebrun, who wrote the Rossignol [The Nightingale], or those of J.-J.

Rousseau, the composer of the Devin du Village [The Village Soothsayer]. We are dealing here with real nature. To Formatting A Research In Apa Style. The title given by the composer to to thesis defense his first movement is Gentle feelings stirred by call for research journal the sight of a beautiful landscape . The shepherds begin to move about nonchalantly in bringing the fields; their pipes can be heard from a distance and close-by. Exquisite sounds caress you like the scented morning breeze. A flight or rather swarms of twittering birds pass overhead, and steps to formatting a research style, the atmosphere occasionally feels laden with mists. Heavy clouds come to hide the sun, then suddenly they scatter and bringing, let floods of dazzling light fall straight down on the fields and the woods. These are the images that come to mind when I hear this piece, and despite the vagueness of instrumental language I suppose that many listeners have probably reacted in the same way. Further on there is funny incident classroom a Scene by food defense the brook . Contemplation… The composer probably created this wonderful adagio lying on his back in the grass, his eyes turned to heaven, his ear listening to to formatting paper the wind, fascinated by countless reflections of sound and light, observing and listening at once to the white ripples of the river as they break gently on the stones of the bank.

This is delightful. There are some who vehemently criticise Beethoven for wanting to reproduce at the end of the adagio the bringing food song of three birds, at first in succession and call journal, then together. In my view the normal test of the appropriateness or absurdity of such attempts is food to thesis whether they come off or not. On this point I would therefore say to Beethoven’s critics that they are right as far as the owl essays nightingale is concerned: the imitation of its song is no more successful here than in M. Lebrun’s well-known flute solo, for the very simple reason that since the nightingale only emits indistinct sounds of indeterminate pitch it cannot be imitated by instruments with a fixed and precise pitch. Defense. But it seems to me that the case is different with the quail and the cuckoo, whose cry involves either one or two real notes of fixed pitch, and can therefore be fully imitated in a realistic way. Now if the composer is phd thesis criticised for to thesis defense, introducing a childishly literal imitation of bird-song in a scene where all the call for research papers journal quiet voices of heaven, earth and water must naturally find their place, I would say in reply that the same objection could be made when in the storm he also imitates faithfully the gusts of wind, the flashes of lightning and the bellowing of animals. And heaven knows that no one has ever dreamed of criticising the bringing defense storm of the pastoral symphony!

But let us proceed. The poet now brings us in the midst of a Joyful gathering of peasants. The dancing and laughter are restrained at first; the oboe plays a cheerful refrain accompanied by a bassoon that can only classroom manage to bringing food to thesis defense produce two notes. Beethoven’s intention was probably to suggest in this way an old German peasant, sitting on a cask with a decrepit old instrument, from which all he can draw are the two principal notes of the key of F, the dominant and the tonic. Funny Incident. Every time the oboe plays its naive and jolly tune like a girl in her Sunday clothes, the old bassoon blows his two notes. When the melody modulates to a different key the bassoon falls silent and bringing defense, quietly counts his rests, until the original key returns and he is able to Watch Interrupted interject again unruffled his F, C and F. This burlesque effect is wonderfully apt but the public seems to miss it almost completely. The dance gets more animated and bringing to thesis defense, becomes wild and noisy. A rough theme in duple time signals the arrival of mountaineers with their heavy clogs. The first section in triple time is in mechanical repeated, but even more animated. The dancers mingle excitedly, the women’s hair flies loose over their shoulders, the mountaineers add their noise and food, intoxication, there is to formatting paper clapping, shouting and running, and the scene goes wild and defense, furious… Then suddenly a distant clap of thunder strikes terror in purdue the midst of this rustic ball and scatters the dancers.

Storm, lightning . Food Defense. I despair of being able to convey an idea of this prodigious piece. It has to be heard to fence essay journey understand how realistic and sublime imitative music can become in the hands of someone like Beethoven. Food. Listen to the gusts of wind gorged with rain, the dull growl of the basses, the shrill hissing of piccolos announcing the fearful storm that is about the break out. The hurricane approaches and call for research papers journal, increases in intensity. A huge chromatic scale, starting in to thesis defense the upper instruments, plunges to the depths of the orchestra, picks up the basses on owl essays, the way, drags them upwards, like a surging whirlwind that sweeps everything in its way.

The trombones then burst out, the thunder of the timpani intensifies in violence; this is no longer rain and wind but a terrifying cataclysm, a universal deluge and the end of the bringing food defense world. In truth the piece induces dizziness, and there are many who on hearing this storm are not sure whether the emotion they experience is one of pleasure or of essay incident classroom pain. The symphony concludes with the food Thanksgiving of the peasants after the return of fine weather . Everything smiles again, the phd thesis in mechanical shepherds come back and answer each other on the mountain as they call their scattered flocks. The sky is clear, the torrents gradually dry out, calm returns and bringing food, with it the rustic songs with their gentle tones. They soothe the mind, shattered as it was by phd thesis in mechanical engineering the awesome splendour of the preceding tableau. Is it really necessary after this to write of the stylistic oddities to be found in this mighty work – the groups of five notes on the cellos clashing with passages of four notes in the double-basses, which grind together without being able to blend into a genuine unison? Must one mention the horn call which plays an arpeggio on the chord of C while the strings hold that of F?… In truth I cannot. Food To Thesis. To do this one has to think rationally, and how can you avoid being intoxicated when in the grip of such a subject! Far from it – if only one could sleep and paper in apa, go on sleeping for months on end, and inhabit in one’s dreams the unknown sphere which for a moment genius has allowed us to glimpse.

After such a concert should one have the misfortune to have to see some comic opera, attend a soiree of fashionable songs and bringing food defense, a flute concerto, one would have a look of stupefaction. Should someone ask you: – How do you find this Italian duet? You would reply in all seriousness. – And these variations for clarinet? – And the finale of the new opera? And some distinguished artist who has heard your answers but does not know why you are so preoccupied, will point at you and say: Who is this idiot? How the ancient poems, for all their beauty and phd thesis in mechanical engineering, the admiration they evoke, pale before this marvel of modern music! Theocritus and Virgil were great landscape artists; lines like the following are music to food the ears: «Te quoque, magna Pales, et te, memorande, canemus.

Pastor ab Amphryso; vos Sylvae amnesque Lycaei.» especially when they are not recited by barbarians like us French, who pronounce Latin in such a way that it could be mistaken for a peasant dialect… But Beethoven’s poem!… these long periods so full of colour!… these speaking images!… these scents!… this light!… this eloquent silence!… these vast horizons!… these magic hideouts in the woods!… these golden harvests!… these pink clouds like wandering specks in the sky!… this vast plain dozing under the midday sun!… Man is absent!… nature alone reveals herself glorying in her splendour… And the deep rest of everything that lives! And the phd thesis wonderful life of everything that rests!… The little stream that pursues its murmuring course towards the river!… the river, the source of all water, which descends towards the ocean in majestic silence!… Then man appears, the man from the defense countryside, robust and full of religious feeling… his joyful play interrupted by essay the storm… his fears… his hymn of thanksgiving… Hide your faces, poor great poets of antiquity, poor immortals. Your conventional language, so pure and harmonious, cannot compete with the art of sound. Food Defense. You are vanquished, no doubt with glory, but vanquished all the same!

You have not experienced what nowadays we call melody, harmony, the combination of different timbres, instrumental colour, modulations, the skilful clashes of conflicting sounds which fight and then embrace, the sounds that surprise the ear, the strange tones which stir the innermost recesses of the soul. The stammering of the childish art which you referred to as music could not give you any idea of this. For cultured minds you alone were the great melodists, the masters of harmony, rhythm, and expression. Essay Funny. But these words had a very different meaning in food defense your vocabulary from what we give them now. The art of sound in Girl, its true meaning, independent of anything else, was only to thesis defense born yesterday. It has scarcely reached manhood, and is barely twenty years old. It is beautiful and all-powerful: it is the Pythian Apollo of modern times. We owe to it a world of emotion and feeling which was closed to rabbit-proof fence essay you.

Yes, great venerated poets, you are vanquished: Inclyti sed victi . The seventh symphony is famous for its allegretto *. It is not that the three other movements are less worthy of admiration – far from it. Food To Thesis. But the public usually judges a work on call for research papers journal, the effect it produces, and only measures that effect by the volume of the applause. Consequently the movement that always receives the loudest applause is food to thesis invariably thought to be the most beautiful (even though there is a certain kind of priceless beauty that is not liable to steps to formatting a research paper in apa excite noisy approval). And then, to bringing defense enhance even further the object of such partiality everything else is sacrificed to it. In France at least that is invariably the custom. That is a research paper style why when talking of Beethoven one refers to the Storm of the bringing defense pastoral symphony, the finale of the symphony in C minor, the rabbit-proof fence journey andante of the bringing to thesis defense symphony in A, etc., etc. *Which is always referred to as the adagio or andante . It has apparently not been established whether this work was composed after the Pastoral and the Eroica , and a number of purdue owl essays people believe on the contrary that it preceded them by some time. If this opinion is well founded, then the number which identifies it as the seventh would only be that of its sequence in the order of publication. The first movement opens with a broad and majestic introduction where melody, modulations and the orchestral writing successively hold the listener’s attention. It begins with one of those instrumental effects of which Beethoven is indisputably the bringing defense creator. The whole orchestra plays a loud and sharp chord, and the ensuing silence reveals the slender voice of an exposed oboe, whose entry was disguised by the orchestral tutti and now develops the melody on its own.

There could hardly be a more original way of starting. At the end of the introduction the note E, the fence dominant of A, returns after a series of excursions into neighbouring keys and forms the subject of a series of exchanges between violins and bringing defense, flutes, similar to the effect found in the opening bars of the finale of the Eroica symphony . The E comes and goes for six bars without accompaniment, changing its appearance every time it passes from strings to rabbit-proof journey wind. Finally it is taken over by food defense flute and oboe and serves as bridge between the introduction and the allegro : it becomes the first note of the call for research papers journal main theme, whose rhythmic outline it gradually sketches. I have heard this theme ridiculed for its rustic simplicity. Had the composer written in large letters at the head of food this allegro the rabbit-proof fence words Dance of peasants , as he has done for the Pastoral symphony, the charge that it lacks nobility would probably not have been made. This shows that while some listeners do not like to be forewarned of the subject treated by the composer, there are others on the contrary who are inclined to react unfavourably to any theme that comes in an unfamiliar guise, if the explanation for food defense, the anomaly is not provided in advance.

Given the impossibility of deciding between such conflicting views the phd thesis engineering best course for a composer in bringing food such circumstances is to follow his own instinct instead of pursuing the vain delusion of universal approval. This theme has a strongly characterised rhythm, which permeates the harmony and shows up in a multitude of forms without ever interrupting the rabbit-proof forward momentum of the music up to the end of the movement. The use of an ostinato rhythmic pattern has never been attempted so successfully. The ample developments of the allegro constantly revolve around the bringing defense same idea, and so incredible is the skill with which it is written, so frequent and ingenious the variations in tonality, so novel the chordal progressions and their grouping, that the movement is over before the call for research journal attention and warm response generated in the listener can lose any of their keenness. The harmonic effect which champions of academic rigour criticise most vehemently is also the happiest: the to thesis defense resolution of the call for research journal dissonance in the six-five chord on the subdominant of the key of E natural. This dissonance of a second on a very loud tremolo in the upper parts between the first and second violins is resolved in a completely novel way. One might have sustained the E and raised the F sharp to G, or sustained the F and brought the E down to bringing to thesis D: but Beethoven did neither, and without changing the bass he merged the two dissonant parts into an octave on F natural, by steps to formatting a research paper moving the F sharp a semitone lower and the E down by a major seventh. The chord of a fifth and major sixth thus becomes a minor sixth without the fifth which has dissolved into F natural. The sudden transition from forte to piano at the exact point in this unusual harmonic transformation gives it an even stronger character and enhances its charm. Before passing on to the following movement let us not omit to to thesis defense mention the owl essays striking crescendo through which Beethoven brings back his favourite rhythm which he had momentarily left aside. This is done by means of a two bar phrase (D, C sharp, B sharp, B sharp, C sharp) in the key of A major, which is repeated eleven times in the lower register by the basses and violas, while the wind instruments sustain an E at the top, bottom and middle of the range in bringing to thesis quadruple octaves, and the violins sound a bell-like phrase, the three notes E, A, E, C, repeated in phd thesis in mechanical engineering increasingly fast figuration and combined in such a way as to food to thesis present always the dominant when the basses play D or B sharp, and the tonic or its third when they play C. This is for research journal completely novel, and fortunately no imitator has tried, I believe, to squander this beautiful invention.

As in bringing food defense the first movement though in a different form, a simple rhythm is again the principal cause of the extraordinary effect produced by the allegretto . The rhythmic pattern consists merely of a dactyl followed by a spondee played relentlessly, either in rabbit-proof fence essay three parts, or in only one, then in all parts together. Sometimes it serves as an accompaniment, but frequently it focuses attention on itself, and also provides the starting point for a small fugal episode with two subjects played by the strings. It appears first in bringing food to thesis the lower strings – violas, cellos, double-basses – played piano , then is repeated soon after in a pianissimo full of melancholy and mystery. From there it passes to the second violins while the Girl, cellos sing a kind of lament in the minor mode. The rhythmic pattern rises from octave to octave, reaches the food defense first violins who then pass it in a crescendo to the wind instruments at the top of the orchestra, where it bursts out in its full force. Sounded with even greater vehemence the melody now assumes the character of an anguished lament. Conflicting rhythms clash painfully with each other; these are tears, sobs and supplications, this is the expression of call limitless grief and to thesis, all-consuming suffering… But a ray of hope appears: these heartbreaking sounds are followed by a transparent melody, pure, simple, gentle, sad and resigned like patience smiling to suffering . The basses continue on purdue, their own with their inexorable rhythm under this melodic rainbow; to borrow yet another quotation from bringing to thesis defense, English poetry, « One fatal remembrance, one sorrow, that throws.

Its black shade alike o'er our joys and our woes. » After a similar alternation of rabbit-proof essay journey anguish and resignation, the orchestra, as though drained by such a painful struggle, plays only bringing defense fragments of the rabbit-proof main theme and collapses in exhaustion. Bringing. Flutes and oboes pick up the theme in a dying voice, but do not have the steps to formatting a research style strength to finish it, which the violins do with a few barely audible pizzicato notes. At this point the wind instruments, reviving like the flame of a candle on the point of extinction, utter a deep sigh on an unresolved harmony and… the rest is silence . This mournful cry, which begins and ends the bringing food defense andante , is produced by a six-four chord, which always tends to resolve itself onto essay another one. Ending on bringing food defense, an unresolved harmony is the only way to phd thesis conclude, by leaving the food to thesis listener in suspense and owl essays, thereby increasing the impression of bringing defense dreamy sadness into which everything that came before must have plunged him. The theme of the steps to formatting in apa style scherzo modulates in a very novel way. It is in F major, and instead of concluding at the end of the defense first phrase in C, B flat, D minor, A minor, A flat, or D flat, like the majority of pieces of this kind, the rabbit-proof fence modulation reaches the key of A major, a major third above the tonic. The scherzo of the Pastoral symphony , also in F, modulates to D major, a third below. There is some similarity of colour in these key sequences; but other resemblances can also be observed between the two works. Bringing To Thesis Defense. The trio of the seventh symphony ( presto meno assai ), in which the violins hold the owl essays dominant almost continuously, while oboes and to thesis, clarinets play underneath a bright rustic melody, is very much in the spirit of landscape painting and the idyll.

Yet another new type of crescendo can be found there, played in the lower register by engineering the second horn, who repeats softly the notes A and G sharp in duple time, though the main beat is in triple time, with emphasis on the G sharp though A is the real note. Food To Thesis Defense. The public always seems taken by surprise on hearing this passage. To Formatting Paper. The finale is at least as rich as the preceding movements in new combinations, incisive modulations and bringing food defense, delightful flights of fantasy. The theme has some similarities with that from Gluck's overture to Armide , though only in the disposition of the opening notes, and these are more obvious to the eye than to the ear: in performance the two themes could hardly be more different. The freshness and elegance of Beethoven’s theme, very different from the chivalrous dash of that of Gluck, would make a greater impression if the chords played in the high register by the wind instruments did not cover so much the first violins playing in the middle range, while second violins and violas underneath accompany the melody with a tremolo in to formatting in apa style double-stopping. Throughout this finale Beethoven has achieved effects as graceful as they are unexpected with the sudden transition from the key of C sharp minor to bringing food that of D major. Among his most daring and felicitous harmonic inventions is without doubt the long pedal on the dominant E, decorated with a D sharp of equal value as the main note.

The chord of the seventh is sometimes brought about in the upper part, with the result that the D natural of the upper parts coincides precisely with the phd thesis in mechanical D sharp of the basses. One might imagine that the result would be a dreadful dissonance, or at least a lack of harmonic clarity; yet this is not the case, and the tonal thrust of this dominant is such that the D sharp does not disfigure it in any way, and that only the buzzing E registers. Beethoven did not write music for the eyes . Food To Thesis. The coda, launched by this threatening pedal, has extraordinary brilliance, and essay funny incident classroom, is fully worthy of bringing this work to its conclusion – a masterpiece of bringing food defense technical skill, taste, imagination, craftsmanship and inspiration. This symphony is also in F, like the Pastoral , though it is designed on a more modest scale than the preceding symphonies. Yet though it hardly exceeds the first symphony (in C major) in the breadth of its forms, it is at least far superior to it in three respects – instrumental writing, rhythm and melodic style. The first movement has two themes, both of them gentle and peaceful in Watch Girl, Interrupted character. Bringing. The second and in phd thesis in mechanical our view the more striking of the two always seems to avoid the perfect cadence, by modulating first in a completely unexpected way (the phrase begins in bringing food D major and ends in C major), and then dissipating itself inconclusively on the diminished seventh chord of the subdominant. This capricious turn in the melody gives the listener the feeling that the composer, inclined at first towards gentle feelings, has suddenly been distracted by a sad thought which interrupts his joyful song.

The andante scherzando is one of those creations for which there is neither model nor counterpart: it drops from heaven complete into the composer’s imagination; he writes it at a single stretch and we are amazed to hear it. The role of the wind instruments is here the opposite of their normal one: they accompany with repeated chords, played pianissimo eight times in every bar, the airy dialogue a punta d’arco between violins and basses. This has a gentle innocence which is delightful in incident its nonchalant manner, like the song of two children picking flowers in a field on a fine spring morning. The main theme consists of two sections of bringing food to thesis three bars each, the symmetry of which is papers broken by to thesis defense the silence which follows the basses’ reply; as a result the first section ends on the weak beat and the second on the strong. For Research. The harmonic ticking of the oboes, clarinets, horns and bassoons so captivates the listener that he does not notice the lack of symmetry in the strings’ melody which results from the additional silent bar. The function of this bar is evidently to leave exposed for longer the delightful chord over which the food defense lively melody flutters. This example shows once more that the law of symmetry can sometimes be broken to good effect.

But it is hard to believe that this exquisite idyll should end with the commonplace which Beethoven disliked most, namely the Italian cadence. At the moment when the instrumental dialogue of the two small orchestras of wind and strings is at rabbit-proof fence essay, its most enchanting, the bringing food defense composer, as though suddenly obliged to stop, makes the violins play tremolo the four notes G, F, A, B flat (sixth, dominant, leading note, tonic), repeat them several times in a hurry, exactly as when the Italians sing Felicita , and then come to an abrupt halt. I have never been able to make sense of this musical joke. At this point a minuet, similar in call for research design and tempo to bringing defense those of Haydn, takes the place of the scherzo in triple time which Beethoven invented and rabbit-proof fence journey, which he has used in food all his other symphonic works in such an ingenious and essay funny, striking way. Defense. In truth this is a rather ordinary piece, and the old-fashioned form seems to have stifled musical thought. The finale by contrast sparkles with wit; the musical material is engineering brilliantly original and richly developed.

It has diatonic progressions in two parts and in contrary motion, through which the composer achieves a crescendo of huge dimension which brings the work to a most effective conclusion. The harmonic writing does however contain a few rough edges caused by passing notes which are not resolved quickly enough on the right notes and which sometimes even pause on a silence. Bringing Food Defense. At the cost of some violence to the letter of musical theory it is easy to papers journal explain away these passing dissonances, but in performance they always grate on the ear to a greater or lesser degree. But consider the high pedal held by the flutes and oboes on F, while the timpani underneath repeat the same note in octaves at the return of the theme, and the violins play the notes C, G and B flat from the dominant seventh chord, preceded by the third F, A from the bringing food to thesis tonic chord. This sustained high note may not be allowed by theory, since it does not always fit into the harmony, but it does not cause any offence. On the contrary, thanks to the skilful layout of the instruments and the character of the musical phrase, the result of engineering this bunching of sounds is excellent and remarkably smooth. Before concluding we cannot omit mentioning an orchestral effect which perhaps more than any other takes the listener by surprise when this finale is performed: the note C sharp played very loud by the mass of the orchestra in unison and in octaves after a diminuendo which has faded out in the key of C major. The first two times this rasp is bringing to thesis immediately followed by purdue owl essays the return of the theme in F, and it becomes clear that the C sharp was simply an enharmonic D flat, the flattened sixth of the main key.

But the third appearance of this strange entry has a very different character. The orchestra, after modulating to C as before now plays a real D flat followed by a fragment of the theme in D flat, then a real C sharp, followed by another fragment of the to thesis theme in C sharp minor, and finally repeats this C sharp three times over with increased force, and the whole theme now returns in F sharp minor . The note which initially played the role of a minor sixth becomes on its last appearance successively the flattened major third , the sharpened minor third , and in mechanical, finally the food to thesis dominant . This is very striking. To analyse such a work is difficult and daunting task which we have long hesitated to call papers journal undertake. To Thesis. The excuse for such a foolhardy venture can only lie in essay journey our persistent efforts to bringing food defense see the work through the in mechanical engineering composer’s eyes, to penetrate its intimate meaning, to food defense experience its impact, and to phd thesis in mechanical engineering study the impressions it has made so far on a few who are gifted with exceptional sensitivity, as well as on bringing food, the general public. Girl,. Among the many diverse views that have been expressed on this score there can hardly be two that are in agreement. Some critics regard it as a monstrous insanity ; others can only see in it the fading glimmers of to thesis defense a dying genius ; more cautiously a few declare they find it at Watch Interrupted, the moment completely unintelligible, but do not despair of achieving at least an approximate understanding of it later; the majority of artistically minded people regard it as an extraordinary conception, though some of its parts nevertheless remain unexplained or without apparent purpose. A small number of musicians who are temperamentally inclined to examine carefully anything that might enlarge the realm of art, and who have thought deeply about the general layout of the Choral symphony after studying the score and bringing to thesis, listening to it attentively on several occasions, assert that this work seems to them the most magnificent expression of Beethoven’s genius: we believe we have said at some earlier point that this is the opinion we share. Without enquiring what purely personal ideas the composer might have wanted to express in this vast musical poem – a subject wide open to individual conjecture – let us see whether the novelty of the form is not justified in this case by an intention that is quite independent of owl essays any philosophical or religious thought, which might seem equally reasonable and beautiful to anyone, be he a fervent Christian, a pantheist or an atheist, in to thesis short by an intention of a purely musical and poetic kind.

Beethoven had already written eight symphonies before this one. To progress beyond the point he had already reached solely with the resources of orchestral instruments, what further means were available? The answer is the addition of voices to instruments. But in order to owl essays observe the law of crescendo , and enhance in the work itself the power of the additional resource he wanted to food defense provide to purdue the orchestra, it was surely necessary to allow the instruments to figure on their own in the first section of the musical canvas he intended to display… Granted this premise, it is easy to see that he must have been led to search for a mixed musical genre to serve as link between the two major articulations of the symphony. The instrumental recitative was the bridge he had the audacity to throw between the chorus and the orchestra, over to thesis which the instruments crossed to go and phd thesis engineering, join the voices. Defense. The transition once established the composer must have wanted to announce and motivate the fusion that was about to take place. That is the point where speaking through the chorus leader, he exclaimed, to the sound of the instrumental recitative he had just introduced: Friends! No more sounds like these, but let us intone more pleasant songs, more filled with joy! That is, so to speak, the treaty of alliance concluded between chorus and orchestra; the same theme of the recitative, used by both orchestra and chorus, seems to Watch Interrupted constitute the bringing defense oath formula. Thereafter it was up to the composer to select the text for his choral composition: for this Beethoven turned to Schiller and took over a research in apa the Ode to Joy . He coloured it with countless nuances which poetry on its own could never have conveyed, and it progresses to the end acquiring ever more splendour, grandeur and brilliance. Such is the rationale, it may be suggested more or less plausibly, for the general scheme of this immense work; let us now study its individual parts in detail.

The first movement has a sombre majesty and food defense, is like no other piece written by Beethoven before. The harmony is at times excessively daring: the most original patterns, the most expressive gestures crowd in and criss-cross in every direction, but without causing any obscurity or congestion. On the contrary the result has perfect clarity, and the numerous orchestral voices that plead or threaten, each in its own way and its own special style, seem to form a single voice, such is the emotional charge that drives them. This allegro maestoso , written in D minor, begins nevertheless on the chord of Watch Girl, A without the third, in bringing food other words on the notes A and E sustained as a fifth, and played as an arpeggio above and below by the first violins, violas and double-basses. The listener is therefore not sure whether he is hearing the to formatting a research chord of A minor, or of A major, or that of the dominant of D. This prolonged tonal ambiguity gives great power and character to the entry of the full orchestra on the chord of D minor. At the end of the movement there are moments that move the bringing to thesis defense soul to Girl, its depths. It would be hard to hear anything more profoundly tragic than the song of the wind instruments beneath which a chromatic phrase played tremolo by the strings swells and rises gradually, like the roar of the food to thesis sea before an approaching storm. This is a passage of magnificent inspiration. On several occasions in this work we will be drawing attention to clusters of Girl, notes which cannot possibly be described as chords, and we will be forced to admit that the reason for these anomalies escapes us completely. For example on bringing food defense, page 17 of the wonderful movement we have been describing there is a melodic passage for clarinets and bassoons, which is accompanied as follows in the key of C minor: the bass plays first an F sharp supporting a diminished seventh, then an A flat supporting a third, fourth and augmented sixth, and finally G over which flutes and oboes play the notes E flat, G, C which gives a six-four chord. This would be an excellent resolution of the previous chord if the second violins and violas did not add to the harmony the two notes F natural and A flat which disfigure it and cause a most unpleasant confusion which fortunately is of short duration.

This passage is lightly scored and completely free from any roughness; I cannot therefore understand this quadruple dissonance which is so strangely introduced and completely unmotivated. One might suppose there is an engraving error, but a careful inspection of these two bars and those that precede dispels all doubts and one remains convinced that this is really what the composer intended. The scherzo vivace which follows contains nothing of the same kind. Admittedly there are a number of pedal notes on the tonic in for research papers the upper and middle voices which are sustained through the dominant chord. But I have already stated my position on to thesis defense, these pedal notes that are foreign to the harmony, and this new example is incident not needed to demonstrate the food to thesis defense excellent use they can be put to when they arise naturally from the musical logic. It is particularly through the use of rhythm that Beethoven has managed to make this delightful banter so interesting. The theme with its fugal response four bars later is full of vitality, and sparkles with wit when the Watch response then comes a bar earlier and follows a ternary instead of the initial binary rhythm. The central part of the scherzo is taken up with a presto in duple time full of rustic joy. The theme is deployed over an intermediary pedal note which is either the tonic or the dominant, accompanied by a counter-subject which harmonises equally well with either of the held notes, the dominant and the tonic . The melody is finally brought back by a phrase of delightful freshness in the oboe; after staying poised for a moment over food the dominant major chord of D it finally blossoms in the key of steps to formatting a research paper in apa style F natural in to thesis defense a way that is as graceful as it is unexpected.

This is another echo of the gentle impressions that Beethoven loved so much, impressions that are aroused by the sight of a radiant and peaceful landscape, pure air and the first rays of dawn in spring. In the rabbit-proof journey adagio cantabile the principle of unity is so little observed that one might think of it as two separate movements rather than one. The first melody in B flat in quadruple time is followed by a completely different melody in D major in food to thesis defense triple time. The first theme, slightly altered and varied by the first violins, appears for the second time in the original key and leads to the return of the melody in triple time, unchanged and without embellishments but in the key of G major. After this the first theme finally establishes itself and no longer allows the rival theme to compete for the listener’s attention. Repeated hearings of this wonderful adagio are needed to get completely used to such a peculiar design. As for the beauty of all these melodies, the infinite grace of the ornaments which decorate them, the engineering feelings of sad tenderness, passionate despair and to thesis defense, religious reverie they express, if only my words could give even an purdue, approximate idea of them, then music would have found in the written word a rival which even the greatest of poets will never be able to bringing food oppose to it. It is an immense movement, and phd thesis, once the listener has succumbed to its powerful charm, the only answer to the criticism that the composer has violated here the law of unity has to be: so much the worse for the law! We are now close to the moment when the voices are about to join the orchestra. Cellos and double-basses intone the recitative we mentioned above, after a passage for the wind instruments as harsh and bringing food, violent as a cry of anger.

The chord of the major sixth, F, A and D, with which this presto begins, is altered by an appogiatura on B flat, played simultaneously by flutes, oboes and clarinets; the sixth of the key of D minor grinds dreadfully against the dominant and produces an excessively harsh effect. This does indeed express fury and rage, but here again I cannot see what motivates such feelings, unless the composer, before making the chorus leader sing the words: Let us intone more pleasant songs , had wanted in a strangely capricious way to vilify the orchestral harmony. Yet he seems to regret it, since in between each phrase of the recitative of the basses, he repeats, like so many memories that are dear to his heart, fragments of the three preceding movements. What is more, after this first recitative, he puts in the orchestra, in the midst of to formatting paper in apa style exquisitely chosen chords, the beautiful theme which is about to be sung by all the voices on Schiller’s ode. This theme, gentle and food, calm in character, becomes increasingly animated and brilliant as it moves from the basses which play it first to the violins and the wind instruments. After a sudden interruption, the journal whole orchestra plays again the furious ritornello mentioned above which now introduces the vocal recitative. The first chord is again built on an F which is defense supposed to carry the third and the sixth and does indeed do so, but this time the composer not content with the appogiatura of B flat adds those of G, E and essay incident, C sharp, with the result that ALL THE NOTES OF THE MINOR DIATONIC SCALE are played at once and produce the hideous assembly of notes: F, A, C sharp, E, G, B flat, D. Forty years ago, the bringing to thesis French composer Martin, known as Martini, wanted to produce in his opera Sapho a similar howl for the orchestra, and did so by using at once all the diatonic, chromatic and enharmonic intervals of the scale at the moment when Phaon’s mistress hurls herself into the sea – but he did not ask himself whether his attempt was appropriate and whether it enhanced or assaulted the dignity of art, though admittedly there could be no mistaking his intentions. Owl Essays. But in bringing this case my efforts at discovering Beethoven’s purpose are completely in vain.

I can see a formal intention, a deliberate and calculated attempt to produce a double discordance, both at the point which precede the paper style appearance of the recitative, instrumental at first and to thesis, later vocal. I have searched hard for the reason for this idea, and I have to admit that it is unknown to me. Call Journal. The chorus leader, after singing his recitative on words by Beethoven himself, as we have mentioned, introduces on his own the theme of the food to thesis defense Ode to Joy , with a light accompaniment of two wind instruments and Watch, the strings playing pizzicato . This theme recurs to the end of the symphony and is always recognisable, though its appearance keeps changing. A study of these diverse transformations is all the bringing food defense more absorbing as each of them brings out a new and distinctive nuance in the expression of a single feeling, that of essay joy. At first this joy is full of gentleness and peace; it becomes somewhat livelier when the voice of women is heard. The beat changes; the theme, sung initially in to thesis defense quadruple time, returns in 6/8 time in syncopated style and owl essays, now takes on a more robust and agile character that has a martial quality. This is the song of a departing hero who is confident of victory; you can almost imagine his shining armour and hear the rhythmic tread of his step.

A fugal theme in bringing to thesis defense which the to formatting in apa style original melody can be recognised, serves for a while as subject for a lively orchestral development, which recalls the bustling activity of a crowd full of ardour… But the chorus soon re-enters and sings energetically the joyful hymn in its original simplicity, supported by chords of the bringing to thesis wind instruments which shadow the melody, and criss-crossed by a diatonic passage played by the whole mass of strings in unison and octaves. Steps To Formatting A Research Paper In Apa Style. The andante maestoso which follows is a kind of chorale intoned first by to thesis defense the tenors and basses of the chorus, in unison with a trombone, the cellos and funny, double-basses. Joy here assumes a religious dimension and bringing food defense, becomes solemn and Watch, immense. The chorus falls briefly silent then resumes less emphatically its spacious chords, after a passage of great beauty for orchestra alone which has an organ-like quality. The imitation of the majestic instrument of Christian churches is produced by flutes in the lower register, clarinets in the chalumeau register, the lower notes of the bassoons, the violas divided into two parts, upper and lower, and the cellos playing on their open strings G and D, or the low C (open string) and defense, the C in Watch the middle range, always in double-stopping. This piece starts in bringing food G, moves to C, then to F, and ends on a pause on the dominant seventh of D. There follows a great allegro in 6/4 where from the to formatting paper start are combined the beginning of the first theme, already used frequently with such variety, and the chorale of the preceding andante . The contrast between these two ideas is made even more striking by a fast variation of the joyful theme, on top of the long notes of the chorale, played not only by the first violins but also by the double-basses.

Now it is impossible for double-basses to perform a succession of notes at to thesis defense, that speed, and in mechanical, once again it is hard to understand how a composer as familiar as Beethoven with the art of orchestration could have committed such a lapse in writing a passage like this for this unwieldy instrument. There is bringing food defense less fire and grandeur, and greater lightness in the style of the following piece: its keynote is that of innocent joy, expressed first by four solo voices and then given greater warmth through the classroom addition of the chorus. Moments of tenderness and religious feeling alternate twice with the joyful melody, then the tempo becomes increasingly precipitate. The whole orchestra bursts out, the percussion instruments – timpani, cymbals, triangle, bass drum – strike emphatically the strong beats of the bar. Joy resumes her sway, a popular and tumultuous joy which might look like an food, orgy if at the end the voices did not pause once more on a solemn rhythm to send, in an ecstatic cry, their final greeting of love and respect for religious joy.

The orchestra ends on its own, but not without interspersing its headlong rush with fragments of the first theme which the listener cannot get tired of. A translation as accurate as possible of the German poem set by Beethoven will convey to the reader the stimulus for this profusion of musical combinations, masterly supports of unceasing inspiration and obedient tools of a powerful and tireless genius * . « Joy! Fair spark of the gods, daughter of Elysium, we enter your sanctuary intoxicated with your fire! Your magic power unites again those whom earthly customs have forcibly separated. All men will be brothers again under your gentle wing. « Who has had the good fortune to be the friend of a friend, who has won a noble wife, let him mingle his joy with ours!

Yes, any who can call even one soul on earth his own. But who cannot, let him steal away in tears from this gathering. Funny Incident Classroom. « All beings drink joy on the breast of nature; all good and all evil men follow a path strewn with roses. She gave us kisses and vintage, a friend who is true unto death. The worm receives the joy of food life and the cherub stands before God! « Glad like the suns that fly through the glorious fields of heaven, hurry, brothers, on your way, joyful like a hero hastening to victory. « Millions, be embraced! This kiss to the whole world! Brothers, above the starry heaven, a dear father must have his dwelling. « You fall prostrate, o you millions?

World, do you sense the to formatting paper in apa style creator? Seek him above the starry heaven! He must dwell over the stars! « Joy! Fair spark of the gods, daughter of Elysium, we enter your sanctuary intoxicated with your fire! « Daughter of food Elysium, joy, fair spark of the gods!! » Of all the composer’s symphonies this is the most difficult to perform; it requires patient and repeated study, and in essay funny classroom particular a good conductor. It also requires a body of singers all the larger since evidently the food chorus must cover the rabbit-proof essay orchestra in many places. In addition, the way the music is written for the words and bringing defense, the excessive height of some of the choral parts make voice production very difficult and reduce considerably the volume and power of the purdue sound.

Be that as it may, when Beethoven had finished his work and could contemplate the majestic dimensions of the monument he had just built, he must have said to himself: «Death may come now, but my task is accomplished.» * Note: the food defense following is our own translation of Schiller's German text. The Hector Berlioz Website was created by Michel Austin and Monir Tayeb on 18 July 1997;

Create your free Business Plan now. Make an investment-worthy business plan easily with our free template. Select a Industry Fill in the Form. Complete your Business Plan. Print and Download For Free. Business Plans: Writing Guides, Downloadable Templates, and Samples. Updated February 15, 2017 by Legal Templates. 1. Free Business Plan Template Download. Are you an entrepreneur looking to download a free business plan?

If so, you have come to the right place. Legal Templates is happy to provide you with a hassle-free document downloads. Bringing. Click the funny, buttons below to download (1) a blank document, and (2) a document that is bringing food, filled in for you to reference. Related Business Documents: Click to View. What’s included in the blank template: In the steps to formatting a research paper style, first download, you will find documents with all of the chapters, section titles, and section subtitles that you will need to successfully complete your plan. Bringing Food Defense. Our first plan contains the 8 chapters of a basic business plan including:

Chapter 1: Executive Summary: The executive summary provides investors with a general layout of your company. Purdue. This chapter is essentially your hook to convince potential financiers that your model is worthy of their investment. Chapter 2: Company and Financing: In this chapter, the bringing to thesis, goal is to outline the legal and operational structure of your company, financing requirements, the history behind the phd thesis engineering, company, mission statement and bringing food, the management team. If you are forming a corporation, be sure to include your Articles of Incorporation here. Chapter 3: Products and Services: This section describes what products and/or services your business will sell (now and in the future), and how you will build, assemble and deliver them.

It also offers a comparison of for research, your company and your direct and indirect competitors. Chapter 4: Customers and Market Analysis: The customers and market analysis page indicates your target customer segments, what needs you are filling for them , and the latest trends among these consumers in terms of growth and bringing, behavior. Watch. Chapter 5: Marketing and Sales: The marketing and sales chapter allows you to describe how you will sell your product/service. Particularly what are your company’s strategies for food, positioning, pricing, promotion and Watch Girl, Interrupted, distribution. Food Defense. Chapter 6: Strategy and Implementation: This chapter will give you an opportunity to set the purdue, key milestones that help establish a timeline of progress towards your goals. Additionally, it includes subsections like SWOT analysis, competitive edge, and strategic alliances. Chapters 7 + 8: Financial Plan, Sales Forecast, Financial Statements: In the final two chapters, entrepreneurs must define and calculate the financial variables that will go into the creation/expansion of your idea, including its expenses, your anticipated sales forecast, personnel plan, cash flow assumptions, and more. If you are purchasing an existing company, you should also include the business purchase agreement in your plan. What’s included in the template with sample text: In the second download, we give you a completed ice cream shop plan to reference. Each section gives an defense, example of rabbit-proof, what you should write.

Our guide also includes example graphs and charts, so that you are aware of the types of financial calculations, plans, and bringing food, forecasts that a plan should offer to Watch Girl,, attract investment. For guidance on what you should include in your plan, and why, please reference our How to Write a Business Plan set of articles below. Downloading this small business plan comes at no cost, so feel free to food, start your download and get started. Funny. However, you should be aware that there are some pros and cons to using free business templates, rather than using professional software or an bringing to thesis defense, experienced writer. Writing a business plan is a prerequisite to your company’s success. A solid plan is necessary to fence, help found your company and food to thesis, ensure that your goals remain on track over time. Your plan can and will change as you encounter the unpredictable variables that come with starting your own company. If you have an existing company, crafting a solid plan is equally important if you’re hoping to attract investment and expand your company beyond the limits you’ve already reached. Your business strategy should account for owl essays, the next 3-5 years in bringing advance, and cover every aspect of your industry, including the rabbit-proof, critical relation between marketing and bringing food defense, sales to funny incident classroom, your company’s finances. Your plan should include the following sections before you submit it to bringing food defense, investors.

Click each accordion to read a how-to guide for each chapter: “How to Write a Business Plan” Table of Contents: How to Write the Executive Summary. The executive summary contains all of the essential information about what makes your business strong and worthy of investment . It covers the major highlights of the Girl, Interrupted, rest of your plan’s chapters. The goal is to bringing to thesis defense, briefly tell your reader what your company will do, where you want to take it, and why your business idea will be successful. If you are seeking financing, the executive summary is your first opportunity to grab a potential investor’s interest. The executive summary will be the first chapter of your business plan, though it’s actually the Girl, Interrupted, last section that you should write . Bringing Food To Thesis. First, you’ll need to do heavy research to call papers, ensure that your plan is sound before you can write the executive summary. This section will be different depending on if you are an established business or a new startup. A startup company’s executive summary will need to bringing food defense, be interesting and convincing to capture the attention of investors. Your company will lack the historical data and trends that existing companies are able to provide, but there are strategies to mitigate these factors.

First, you’ll need to Interrupted, briefly explain who you are, the background of bringing defense, your management team, and rabbit-proof fence essay, your reasoning behind starting a business in bringing food to thesis defense your chosen niche. Secondly, you’ll need to Watch Girl,, demonstrate that you’ve done quality research that supports how you’ve conceptualized your business. Investors know that talk is cheap – do you have the data and bringing to thesis, analysis to back up your claims? Even in a standard plan, the call for research journal, executive summary for an existing business has no set template, although there are several suggested guidelines that you can find around the bringing defense, web. We suggest the following basic template – feel free to add or subtract sections according to your own needs: Summary Management Team Products and Services Customers Marketing and Sales Financial Forecast Financing Requirements (optional)

Describe the purpose of the plan (e.g.; to raise a specific amount of essay funny incident classroom, debt financing to expand a store location) as well an overview of the company (name, location, company type, products sold, founder(s) and food defense, founding date). Describe the key milestones or objectives that you want to achieve with this business (these are the in mechanical engineering, tangible results in which you use to prove success of the venture). This statement should be concise and to bringing to thesis, the point. Summarize the members of the management team, including highlights of their expertise and experience . Describe how each member contributes to to formatting a research in apa, the success of the organization. Keep this section brief, as you will go into to thesis defense more detail in the Products and Services section.

Products and Services. Describe the products and services you are providing and who the competitors are within the industry . Keep this section brief, as you will go into more detail in the Products and call for research papers journal, Services section. Describe whom your customer groups are and whom your key customers are , as well as how you will market to them. Keep this section brief, as you will go into bringing to thesis more detail in the Market section. Describe briefly how you will market your product or service. Summarize the major points in the Marketing and Sales chapter, which may include market positioning, pricing, promotion, and distribution. Summarize the most important points from the Financial Plan section here. This should include your sales forecasts and projected expenses as well as the logic behind the projections. If you are a new company, describe when you expect to turn a profit . If you are an existing company, highlight past financial performance. 7. Journal. Financing Requirements (Optional)

Summarize the food to thesis defense, amount of equity and/or debt financing that you are seeking, when you need it, the use of the funds, and when you expect to reach your next milestone event and/or start paying back the loan. Keep this at an overview level , as you will go into more detail later on call for research journal, in other chapters. Note: This is a complex question that you cannot answer until you complete your plan, so it is highly recommended you work your way through the entire writing process first . In particular, complete the financial planning process before attacking this section. Only then will you be able to identify the amount of money you will need to raise. With these sections fleshed out, you’ve finished your executive summary. How to Write the bringing food, Company and Financing Chapter. The company and finance section of your plan is important, because introducing the management team is owl essays, critical for both start-ups and established companies alike. Investors will use this information to bringing to thesis, gauge the future likelihood of success. Company and call journal, Financing Sections. Company Overview Management Team Required Funds (optional) Exit Strategy (optional) Mission Statement (optional) Company History (optional) Location and Facilities (optional)

There are many variations and bringing food to thesis, approaches on how to lay out the purdue owl essays, various components of a business plan. Our approach for the company overview section is to provide the bringing to thesis defense, reader with the company’s legal information, address and a brief description of the company’s history. Since there are follow up sections in this chapter that over phd thesis in mechanical engineering, go the company’s location and history in more detail, you will want to keep this short (2-3 sentences). A BRIEF PRIMER ON COMPANY TYPES. The optimal company type is best determined by a credible Attorney. The primer below is meant only to explain the broad differences between the most common company types. A sole proprietorship, according to the IRS: “A sole proprietor is someone who owns an unincorporated business by him or herself.” While the most simple to set up and the most common, there is a significant drawback: you will be personally liable for any obligations. So for example, if you sell someone a cupcake and to thesis defense, they sue you because they found a hair in it, and you lose in court, the creditors can legally go after your personal possessions – such as the roof over your head. A partnership, according to the IRS: “A partnership is the owl essays, relationship existing between two or more persons who join to carry on a trade or business.

Each person contributes money, property, labor or skill, and expects to bringing to thesis, share in the profits and losses of the steps in apa style, company.” A partnership has certain advantages compared to food to thesis defense, a LLC, such as not needing to file formation documents when setting up a partnership, and a research paper, not needing to file dissolution documents if dissolving the bringing food defense, partnership. However, similar to sole proprietorships, partners in a partnership have unlimited liability for the company’s debts and liabilities. Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) LLPs are different from traditional partnerships in that there are two classes of steps a research style, partners: (1) General partners that have full management and control but also full personal liability and (2) Limited partners that have no personal liability beyond their investment in the partnership interest. Limited partners are often times “silent partners” that wish to food defense, invest in the venture but limit their exposure to liability. A corporation is a separate legal entity owned by shareholders.

A corporation is commonplace for businesses that anticipate seeking venture capital financing. Purdue. The downside to food to thesis defense, a corporation is the problem of “double taxation” since the corporation’s profits is taxed at the corporate level, and then any dividends distributed to shareholders are then taxed again at the personal level. You can elect a special tax status with the IRS to have your corporation not be taxed at the corporate level (instead, it would be taxed as a pass-through entity). Some of the drawbacks include not being able to have more than 100 shareholders , and Watch, not being able to have non-US citizens/residents. A popular choice among many small businesses , a LLC limits the member’s personal liability and only taxes profits at the individual level (acts as a pass-through entity). Describe the type of company you plan to open, along with the registered name you plan to use. Explain your rationale – for example, if you are starting a company where you plan on bringing food to thesis, seeking venture capital financing, then you will want to purdue, start a C-Corporation as majority of to thesis, VCs will insist on this legal structure. If you have a home office/no dedicated business address. Include your current office setup and your future office plans once your company expands, if applicable.

For start-ups, and especially those seeking financing, the Management Team section is Girl, Interrupted, especially critical. With the lack of history, there is bringing food, little investors can go by to purdue, gauge the future success of bringing to thesis, a venture. The question lenders and investors will ask: Why should we trust your team with our money? You must demonstrate your team’s ability to execute on the stated goals. To accomplish this, you should highlight: Background of each member of the management team (education, relevant work experience, etc.) Roles and responsibilities within the company. Tip: Don’t include details about in apa members of the bringing food to thesis defense, Management Team that are not relevant to the reader.

Everything presented should reinforce why your team is the rabbit-proof, right team to execute on the company’s vision. If you have an established business the defense, information you want to present is the same. Keep in mind, however, that you also want to demonstrate that your team has the capability to manage growth of the company. As a company grows from start-up to established business, the management team must also change. They must be able to manage employees, institute standardized systems, and ensure the business’s ability to scale operations while keeping profitability stable. If you already have a Board of Watch Interrupted, Directors and/or Advisory Board, list these individuals and a brief description. In a publically trading company the bringing food to thesis, Board of Directors is elected by essay, the shareholders and is the highest authority in the management of the bringing, company.

For our purposes (context of a private company that is most likely a startup or small but growing business), a Board of Directors is comprised of investor(s), founder(s), CEO and independent board member(s) who have substantial business and industry experience. A Board of Director’s typical responsibility is to set broad policies for the company, determine compensation for company management, and approve annual budgets. An advisory board is a group of business leaders that can help guide your company and Watch, provides it with assistance when needed. To Thesis. Choose individuals with knowledge in your industry and are willing to play a role in your company . While some advisors are compensated, it comes down to steps a research style, a case-by-case basis, frequently depending on how much time the member is committed to your company. Tips on bringing, building your Advisory Board: Choose a well-respected and essay classroom, well-known individual as the first member of your Advisory Board.

This will help you to recruit other members of the Board. Choose individuals that have strengths and relationships your business will need. Bringing Food Defense. As your business evolves, so will the members of your Advisory Board. Feel free to shake up the line up over time. In this section you will tell the to formatting a research style, reader how much money you need to raise, what you are going to use it for, and how you got to the requested amount.

Important note: This is a complex question that you cannot answer until you complete your plan, so it is highly recommended you work your way through the entire writing process and in particular, complete the financial planning process. Only then will you be able to identify the amount of money you will need to raise. There are two primary financing options: equity and debt. The primary difference between equity and debt financing is that debt financing is essentially a loan that is backed by bringing food to thesis defense, your assets or via a personal guarantee. If your company is already in existence and has trading history, then you may also secure a loan off of your receivables. In contrast, equity financing is essentially you exchanging a stake in your company for a specific sum of money from an investor . Therefore, the amount you are able to raise from investors comes down to steps to formatting a research paper in apa style, how much they value your company. There are three fundamental questions every savvy investor will ask you: Cool idea, how do you make money with it? How much money do you need, and why and when? What do you think your company is worth?

If you are seeking financing (regardless of its equity or debt), that most likely means that your financial model shows your company taking a loss in the initial stages, followed by break-even and subsequent profitability. Bringing To Thesis Defense. The money you are seeking to raise will simply allow you to have enough cash to cover the initial period where you will be taking a loss so that you can eventually make a profit. This is a simplification; you may be raising money to further grow your company, which may already be profitable. Or you might use the financing to get your product to the next stage in its product development lifecycle (i.e.; milestone event). But the general concept is the same; the investment you are seeking bolsters your company’s cash position , allowing it to grow revenue and/or profitability. Cool idea, how do you make money with it? / How much money do you need, and why and when?

The financial statements provide the answer to the first two questions (which is why we recommend you complete your plan first). To answer how much money you need, analyze the cash flow statement to for research papers, determine the food defense, cumulative cash flow. Steps To Formatting A Research Paper. The lowest point on this curve will tell you what your maximum financing needs are , and at what point in time. What do you think your company is worth? The third question is much harder to answer, especially for a new company.

At the end of the day it really comes down to what an to thesis defense, investor thinks your company is funny classroom, worth (which is more art than science). However, there are three popular methods of valuing a company that can help you come up with a valuation to facilitate the negotiation. Cost approach (asset based approach) The cost approach seeks to determine a company’s value by analyzing the market value of food to thesis defense, its assets. In other words, in this approach the company is worth the sum of all its assets if they were to be liquidated . This approach may be appropriate for some industries such as real estate where the asset value may actually be worth more than the going concern value (present value of future cash flows generated by the asset). However, for many companies the in mechanical, value of its branding and bringing food to thesis defense, reputation, along with its ability to generate profits, will exceed the Girl,, value of its assets.

The market approach seeks to bringing, determine a company’s value by analyzing recent sales of similar assets, with the theory that valuations of similar companies can serve as a good proxy. Essay Funny Classroom. This is a common approach in food to thesis defense the real estate industry. The income approach seeks to determine a company’s value by phd thesis, using its expected profit over time and then placing a value on that future stream of income in today’s terms . Since there is bringing food, inherent uncertainty with a future stream of income, there are numerous ways to discount that expected income to account for risk. Now you have all the Watch Interrupted, pieces to to thesis defense, complete the essay classroom, equation. You have the amount of money you need by looking at cumulative cash flow.

You also have an idea of how much money your company will be worth. Equation to determine how much equity you should offer: Equity to offer = Company Valuation / Money needed. If raising debt, you are not exchanging equity for cash. Bringing Food. Instead, you should focus on the loan’s interest rate and payment schedule. Make sure you will be turning a profit that is both large enough and soon enough to ensure there is no delinquency on steps in apa style, servicing the loan. For equity financing, answer the following: Investment amount needed When you need it How much time it will buy you / When you expect to turn a profit or get to the next milestone event % of equity offered and at what company valuation (you may wish to keep exact figures vague in to thesis order to further negotiate) Exit strategy. For debt financing, answer the following: Loan amount needed When you need it When you will be able to pay back the loan The amount and frequency of loan payments.

In addition to the information above, you should also summarize how you plan to use the funds. The level of detail should be at a high level ; if the investor or lender wants to see expenses in purdue more detail that will be available in defense the Appendix within the Profit/Loss statement. Construction of purdue owl essays, new kitchen: Kitchen remodeling, March 1, 2014, $25,000 Kitchen hardware, April 1, 2014, $50,000 Total Loan Amount: $75,000. If based on your financial model you anticipate relatively small yet variable expenses month to month, a line of credit may be a good choice. With a line of credit you draw upon it when you require the funds and pay interest immediately on the money as it is bringing food defense, borrowed. It works very similarly to a credit card in that you typically have a pre-set limit to Watch Interrupted, how much you can borrow, the food defense, major exception that since you may be able to secure the line of credit with assets, you may be able to steps paper in apa, get better terms. In the Quick Start Guide we briefly went over the different strategies available and bringing food defense, how thinking about fence essay your company’s eventual exit will help shape your business model. It’s recommended you review the Quick Start guide and practice that exercise. Depending on your company, there are various exit strategies available, including:

Selling your business Passing it down through the family Taking the company public (IPO) Liquidation. If you are seeking equity financing, then your investors will pay close attention to this section. Angel investors and VCs demand a large return on their investment since they are taking a large risk by investing into your company. Therefore, you need to defense, include detailed information on how you intend to sell the company or take it public. Demonstrating a large market opportunity. If investors are going to take a big risk, they demand a big return. Fence Journey. You need to demonstrate your business has the potential to either take substantial market share from an incumbent competitor, or create a new market.

Investors like to be in food defense hot, growing industries such as biotechnology, mobile e-commerce and healthcare. These are all industries that have huge upside growth potential and ones that investors are more inclined to invest in. Solving a larger company’s problem. If your exit strategy is to sell your company to a larger company, then identify how your company’s product solves that larger company’s stated problems and/or goals. For example, Apple’s mapping software is fence essay, playing catch-up to Google Maps. If your company can help Apple improve its software, your company would become an to thesis defense, attractive acquisition target. The mission statement reflects the core purpose and vision of the company. Watch Interrupted. It’s a statement your employees and customers can get behind. Some tips on writing a well-crafted mission statement:

Keep it short. Bringing Food Defense. 1-2 sentences max. Don’t use “fluff” words. Make the statement mean something. A mission statement, if done well, should encapsulate both what the company does (what it sells) as well as the essay journey, culture/vision/purpose. Examples of Fortune 500 firms that really get it right:

A. Bringing To Thesis Defense. BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB COMPANY (PHARMACEUTICALS) Mission Statement: “To discover, develop and owl essays, deliver innovative medicines that help patients prevail over serious diseases.” Why it’s great: The keywords “discover, develop and deliver” demonstrate the company’s capability to in delivering an end-to-end solution. By using the words “innovate” and “prevail over serious diseases” it serves as a rallying call for their thousands of employees that what they are doing is defense, (1) cutting edge and (2) has a higher purpose then themselves. Mission statement: “ We will be the easiest pharmacy retailer for customers to fence essay, use.” Why it’s great: In one short sentence, the company has managed to bringing food, (1) describe what it sells (2) how it will win in the marketplace. It is a pharmacy retailer and it will solely focus on owl essays, making itself easier for bringing food, the customer to use (that could mean so many things, such as innovating online to fulfill prescriptions to improved customer service within their stores). Example of poorly written mission statements. A. FORTUNE 500 FOOD AND BEVERAGE COMPANY. Mission statement: “ The Company’s primary objective is to maximize long-term stockholder value, while adhering to the laws of the jurisdictions in which it operates and at all times observing the highest ethical standards.” Why it’s horrible: It does not serve as a rallying call for employees, suppliers, or partners.

Its objectives are obvious (what company does not want to maximize value) and borderline absurd (are there companies that do not want to adhere to local and federal laws)? Lastly, it does not mention what the call for research papers, company actually does. B. FORTUNE 500 VEHICLE PARTS SUPPLIER. Mission Statement: “ We are committed to attracting, developing, and bringing to thesis, keeping a diverse work force that reflects the call papers journal, nature of our global business.” Why its horrible: While a diverse workforce is certainly not a bad thing, only stating that as the company’s mission statement is ineffective, lacks direction or focus, and completely misses the to thesis defense, point of essay, having a mission statement. This is predominately for businesses that have previous trading history, but can also be used by new companies that want to highlight relevant history on how the food defense, company came to existence, work completed to date, milestones achieved, etc. Some information you may want to rabbit-proof essay journey, include: Start date First location First product/service Significant milestones/events. Reminder: keep in mind that there is no set rule as to the level of detail you want to include. Bringing Food. This is classroom, dictated by the relevancy of the bringing food, information to the reader and how this information helps strengthen your plan’s ability to build credibility for your company. Every company is made of milestones.

Milestones for a business are achievements that demonstrate the business is on the right track. Girl,. They are best when quantifiable and measureable. For example, achieving a working prototype of your product, or getting to break-even, are both huge milestones that showcase your ability to execute and reduces subsequent risk of your company. Key concept: The more uncertainty that you can take off from the table, the better valuation you can get for your business. For businesses that have a retail or manufacturing component, this is an important section of your plan. Information you may want to include:

Size (e.g.; in sq. Food To Thesis. ft.) Location/Address Other notable facts, such as equipment at purdue owl essays the facility. Location is important for food defense, a large number of to formatting, retail businesses, whether you are a restaurant or purveyor of consumer products. If possible, provide statistics about the retail location you have chosen or are planning to choose. Bringing Food To Thesis. Describe the lease terms you are able to secure, and if there are any laws that protect the lessee from unreasonable price increases. You can read a detailed article about what to look for in a lease agreement here. Provide detailed information on the manufacturing facilities. For example, your operation may require a reliable source of electricity and water. Phd Thesis. Describe how the facility provides the business with these resources. If the facility is pre-existing equipment or structures that can be leveraged, make mention of that. Location can be an important aspect of your business even if you are not in retail or manufacturing.

For example, you might want to open your software company in bringing food to thesis Silicon Valley as that provides a competitive advantage from an employee recruitment and fundraising perspective. If you operate out of essay funny incident classroom, a home office. Describe your future expansion plans, including expected date of expansion. Upon completing these sections, you will then be finished with the company and financing section of your business plan. Writing the to thesis defense, Products and Services Chapter. The products and services chapter of your business plan should be written clearly and owl essays, descriptively, to help give investors a comprehensive understanding of the bread and butter of your business.

Your products and bringing food defense, services section should include the following sections. Products and Services Chapter Sections. Products and Services Competitors Sourcing and Fulfillment (optional) Technology (optional) Intellectual Property (optional) Future Products and Watch Girl,, Services (optional) Your products and services are the lifeblood of your business – it’s what your customers need, and if you get this right, everything else will follow . Commonly referred to as “product lift”, which essentially means getting the secret sauce working. It means that customers want to buy your product/service, and you are filling a need that was previously not satisfied. Thinking in terms of benefits vs. features. What is the consumer really buying? For example, a person buying a Rolex watch is not only buying a device to tell time, but the prestige and status that comes with a luxury product.

Think about what end benefit your product/service delivers. Of course, the functional aspects of your product/service are also important. Depending on what you are going to sell, think through the features it will provide, packaging, design, branding, quality, and other aspects that help position and/or differentiate it from competing products/services. You may have heard the business adage that acquiring a new customer is indefinitely more expensive then keeping an existing customer. One of the reasons this is true is the potential to bringing defense, sell additional add-ons, upgrades and substitute products/services to fence essay, existing customers . Think about how you can drive incremental revenue. Whether it’s via subscriptions, repeat business, or annual contracts, you may be providing products/services that generate a recurring revenue stream. Bringing Food To Thesis Defense. This is a good thing, because (1) your revenue can be more predictable and phd thesis, stable (2) you are maximizing earning potential . Food Defense. Think how you can generate recurring revenue, which is expressed with a metric called Lifetime Value per customer. You will complete the owl essays, price you want to set your products/services in the Financial Plan chapter, and we also have a section for you to describe your pricing strategy; however it is advisable to start thinking about food to thesis defense how you want to price your products/services. Competitive analysis is an extremely useful tool and for research journal, one that should be revisited often as the competitive landscape changes over time.

It starts with competitive analysis. Background (location, history, ownership) Financials (revenue, profitability) Products (product line, services, patents, licenses) Marketing (channels used and budget, pricing, alliances/affiliates) Personnel (headcount, notable executives, compensation, job openings) Market share Strengths, Weaknesses. Tips on how to bringing to thesis, perform competitive analysis. The Internet makes this much easier then in essay funny days past. Some ideas: Google search using keywords that your customers would use to find you Look up industry association websites Look up directories such as Yahoo or Crunchbase Use Indeed.com to find your competitor’s job openings Competitor’s websites Find your competitor’s management team members on LinkedIn. Not only do you have to worry about current competitors you can see, but you have to bringing defense, be vigilant and be on the lookout for new entrants. In Apa Style. For example, a company that already sells to your customer base may see your industry as a logical next step. You should consider the likelihood of new entrants high if: The industry sees high margins (its super profitable) There is unmet demand (more customers then suppliers) There are no major barriers to bringing food defense, entry (does not take much to start competing) There is rabbit-proof essay, future growth potential (such as mobile apps) Much of food defense, this is common sense – if you see a market opportunity that no one is competing in yet, don’t expect that you will be alone for long.

Sourcing is call, simply the food defense, process of procuring goods and services from suppliers that are required for your company to make its products or deliver its service. Some things to consider when choosing and managing your suppliers: Cost: This is an obvious one – the call for research papers, lower the price, the defense, higher your profit margins will be. Payment terms: The longer you have to pay your suppliers, the more working capital you have on hand. Reliability: You must consider how reliable your suppliers are and what would happen to your ability to operate if they cannot deliver. Scalability: As your business expands, will your suppliers be able to phd thesis, meet your needs? Fulfillment is food defense, simply the process of how your company delivers its products/services, from essay, point of sale to delivery. There are several popular fulfillment options: Engineer to order: the product is designed and built to food, customer specifications (e.g.; large construction projects) Build to order: the steps paper in apa style, product’s design is standardized but manufacture of bringing food defense, final product is based off of customer specifications (e.g.; aircraft and yachts) Assemble to owl essays, order: the defense, product is assembled to the customer’s specifications using pre-fabricated components (e.g.; Chipotles burritos, Dell computers) Make to stock: the to formatting paper in apa, product is manufactured in quantity based on expected sales of the product (e.g.; retailers) If you are going to food defense, be selling physical products and expect to funny incident classroom, hold inventory, then you should pay very close attention to how you forecast the amount of inventory you need to meet your projected sales.

Too little inventory and you may not be able to meet demand. Too much inventory and you tie up all of your cash on excess inventory. Some key points: Have accurate sales forecasts. Use historical sales data if you have it, and make sure you account for seasonality. Have accurate inventory tracking. Bringing. Use bar code scanning or equivalent to ensure there are no data entry errors. Utilize inventory management software. QuickBooks, Sage, and a plethora of incident, other vendors provide a cloud-based solution for you to manage and maximize your inventory levels. Technology in today’s business environment is becoming more and more important and serves as a source of competitive advantage. Take Wal-Mart or FedEx as two examples of companies that provide services (low-cost products and shipping), but utilize technology as a critical means of delivering those services.

Wal-Mart uses a sophisticated supply chain management IT system to ensure its low prices. FedEx uses technology to optimize delivery routes and times, which enables it to ship to bringing to thesis defense, practically every corner of the globe, seamlessly and journey, with very low error rates. Think about bringing how technology plays a part in your business and if it is critical to your business operations. If technology is critical to your business operations, then you must think about your disaster preparedness and contingency planning . Funny Incident Classroom. Depending on your business, you may want to create back-up copies of data and software, routine security checks, and securing physical assets. What would happen if you lost access to the technology?

Think about food alternatives that you could utilize. For example, if you license a piece of software and later down the road decide that the cost is too high, is in mechanical engineering, there a competitor who can license you an alternative? If you have exclusive rights to a technology, either through a patent or through an exclusive license agreement, this is a great competitive advantage and one that you will want to describe in detail. There are two types of intellectual property that may be applicable to a business: industrial property (such as patents and trademarks), and copyright (such as novels and movies). Food To Thesis Defense. If you have intellectual property that you want to protect, it is essay, advisable that you seek the professional advice of a good Patent/IP Attorney , since this is a great way to provide a barrier to entry for bringing defense, your business. Intellectual property type 1: Industry property. These include inventions (patents), trademarks and industrial designs (trade secrets, trade dress). If you have any proprietary process or technology then it is recommended that you apply for in mechanical, a patent to protect your invention.

You should apply for a trademark for your company name and logo as well. Intellectual property type 2: copyright. These include literary and artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs. In 2011, counterfeit copyrighted and trademarked goods were a $600 billion dollar industry worldwide. Enforcing your intellectual property may be feasible from a legal point of view, but many times is food to thesis, not practical in practice. For example, Microsoft cannot possibly prosecute every single instance where its popular operating systems are copied and downloaded. IP and your employees and contractors. It is funny, just as important to secure your intellectual property in relation to your employees and contractors.

Everyone should be required to bringing food, sign an purdue owl essays, invention assignment agreement, which basically states that the to thesis, company owns all works produced while contracted by the company. In addition, you may consider handing out serialized notebooks for employees to use , so that if there is ever a conflict as to whom owns a piece of purdue owl essays, intellectual property, there is a physical record. If you have future products and services planned, it is a good idea to describe the product roadmap and strategy behind it . A key concept is bringing to thesis defense, that of product lifecycle, which describes the stages of the life of a product. During this phase, your product will incur heavy promotional costs as you get the in apa style, word out. You may discount the price of the product to encourage new customers. During this phase, you may focus on expanding your product to new segments in bringing food the marketplace, and expand the product line (for example, with new colors or other variations).

During this phase, you are enjoying the fruits of your labor. To Formatting In Apa Style. You may add new features to your product to stay competitive and to further differentiate your product from competitors. Marketing spend for bringing, your product starts to dissipate as sales of your product are in steady decline. After including all of this information, you’ll have completed the for research journal, products and food to thesis defense, services chapter. Writing the purdue, Customers and Market Analysis Chapter. The customers and defense, market analysis chapter will give you an opportunity to describe what your customer segments are, what needs you are filling for them, and how these groups of customers are trending in terms of growth and behavior. This chapter also includes any regulatory restrictions specific to your industry. Customers and call for research, Market Analysis Sections. Market Overview Market Needs Market Trends (optional) Market Growth (optional) Industry Analysis (optional) Key Customers (optional) In the market overview section you are going to calculate the total market (referred to as Total Addressable Market) for your products, and then the bringing food defense, segment of that market your business can capture.

Total addressable market can be thought of in several distinct levels. At the call for research papers, highest level is an estimate of the bringing food to thesis defense, total market given 100% saturation. Another way of looking at this is Watch Girl, Interrupted, what would be the total market if one company had 100% market share. Once you have the total addressable market, then you can estimate what percentage of this you can realistically capture. This, of course, is much harder to predict with accuracy. So the bringing food defense, important thing to remember is to utilize strong sources for your assumptions. For example, lets say you plan to open a high-end steakhouse in downtown Miami. Style. To calculate your total addressable market, you might count how many high-end restaurants are in the downtown area and research the average annual sales for each restaurant.

Then multiply the two to get the total sales for all high-end restaurants. This would be your total addressable market. Using the example above, we can then drill down to the next level and determine what percentage of the market you can realistically capture. You might assume that you will take an bringing food to thesis, equal share of the market, thereby decreasing all other competitor’s shares in the market. Or you might offer cheaper prices, which you assume would take a larger percent of the market. Whatever your assumption, make sure it is well documented and essay, logical. To obtain jaw-dropping product-lift you must solve a difficult and painful problem for the customer.

And if there are competitors, you must solve the problem better than them, and enough so that customers are willing to switch to your company. Describe what problem your product is to thesis defense, solving. If you are targeting multiple customer segments, make sure you go into detail on how your product serves each customer segment. Describe how your solution better solves customer’s pain points then your competitors. We as consumers are inherently lazy. We do not want to steps a research in apa, go through the time and cost of switching from one company’s product/services unless it is bringing food, compelling enough, which is dependent on the switching cost.

For example, there is rabbit-proof journey, virtually no cost to switch from Coke to Pepsi. On the other hand, there is high switching cost associated with migrating from food defense, a Mac to Interrupted, a PC. Bringing To Thesis. To overcome this problem, describe how your product either is able to overcome customer’s inherent adversity towards switching products, or if your product is able to reach new customers and bypass switching costs altogether (in other words, instead of essay, taking customers away from your competitors, you are creating a new market for your products). Understanding market trends at bringing food to thesis defense the macro level is critical for fence essay, various aspects of your business. A growing or shrinking market is described in more detail in bringing food to thesis defense the market growth section. Below are some of the Interrupted, other factors that will affect market trends: The overall economy has a disproportionate effect on some businesses. Bringing. For example, dog-walking services usually see a decline in sales as households reduce spending on non-essential purchases.

Government regulations and policies can completely alter an industry, so it is imperative that you are up to date on upcoming changes. For example, the Jobs Act of rabbit-proof fence, 2012 allowed for the first time non-accredited investors to participate in private placement of securities. This in turn has created a new market for crowd-funding websites to emerge to connect startups with all types of investors. You may be in an industry where political conditions have an food, impact on the bottom line. Funny Incident. For example, if you count the Dept. of Defense as one of your clients, then the across-the-board budget cuts (i.e.; Sequestration in the Budget Control Act of to thesis defense, 2011) would surely have a negative effect on rabbit-proof essay journey, your business. If you build your business on top of a technology platform that will soon be replaced with a more cost affordable, powerful, and easier to use technology, then that will surely put you in a less advantageous position. Knowing technology trends is valuable in ensuring you are gaining a competitive advantage through the use of technology.

Your customers may change their sensitivity to price depending on a variety of factors, including competition, macroeconomic conditions, and changing consumer tastes. Keeping an defense, eye on this trend will ensure you optimize your pricing strategy. Market growth, mathematically, is simply measuring the change in market size from one time period to the next (usually in years). So if the market in the first year was $100 million and $150 million the call for research journal, second year, then the to thesis, market can be said to have grown by essay, 50%. You will find that measuring market growth using historical market size data is much easier then forecasting market growth. Utilize publically available data sources, trade publications, market research firms, and bringing food to thesis, government agencies to find much of this research. Being able to demonstrate a market is growing is obviously important – for example, the market for Blackberry accessories is clearly a declining market. Most investors and lenders will not want to for research, see a new business chase after dwindling customers. On the other hand, the market for Apple and Samsung phone accessories have seen great growth and bringing to thesis, will continue to grow as those companies continue to add new customers. Your industry is defined as the group of Watch Girl, Interrupted, companies that are related to you in terms of what you sell/how you derive your revenue. For example, Ford and Nissan are both in the automotive industry.

Ford and bringing food to thesis, Nissan’s market (i.e.; customers) would be the end consumers who buy their cars. You will want to describe your industry name/classification (SIC/NAICS Code), which can be found on fence, the Dept. of food to thesis defense, Labor website. Understanding your industry’s dynamics is imperative to phd thesis in mechanical engineering, knowing it’s profit potential and attractiveness. A popular framework for conducting industry analysis is Porter’s five forces analysis, which analyzes an food to thesis defense, industry’s competitiveness (and therefore attractiveness). By performing this analysis you will have a clear picture of Watch Interrupted, your competitors and how your company fits within the competitive landscape. If your industry has low barriers to entry and low switching costs, then expect increased competition, as there is little standing in the way for bringing to thesis, new entrants to enter the market and compete. If your industry is supplied by very few suppliers with little alternative but to source from those suppliers, then expect downward pressure on your margins.

If your industry only has a small number of buyers, or there are many alternative products to choose from, then expect downward pressure on your margins. If there are many substitute products in your industry and the switching costs between them are low, then expect substantial competition. An industry is very competitive if there are many competitors about the same size, there is little differentiation between competitor’s products, and purdue, it is mature with little growth (so the only way to grow is to take a competitor’s market share). Although your product may cater to many different sets of bringing defense, customers, you want to focus on a select group that will be the most likely to purchase your product/service and account for the lion’s share of your company’s revenue. For many businesses, you will soon realize that a large portion of Watch, your revenue comes from a small percentage of your customers. Bringing Food Defense. For example, Starbucks may realize their key customers are white-collar business types that purchase a cup of coffee every day, versus the student type that comes in once a month. When you can name your key customers. If you are in a business where volumes are low and Watch, prices are high, then you should be able to bringing food, name your key customers individually. Rabbit-proof Journey. In this case, you should describe in detail your relationship with each of them separately.

If you’ve filled out this chapter, congratulations. Doing market research and customer analysis is a complicated and time consuming task. Time to defense, move on to the next chapter! Writing the Marketing and Sales Chapter. The marketing and sales chapter gives you an opportunity to describe how you will manage your sales force and what sales activities they will conduct in order to close sales.

Overview Positioning Pricing Promotion Distribution. In this section, summarize your marketing plan, being sure to include: Positioning: Are you going to be the lowest cost provider or provide a differentiated product? Pricing: How will you price your products/services? Promotion: How will your market your products/services? Distribution: Where will your product/services be available? Tip: It will be easier to write this section after you complete the engineering, subsequent sections as the overview section summarizes key findings from the other section.

Keep this section at the summary-level, as you will go into further detail in food to thesis defense the subsequent sections. Describe how you position your company within the competitive landscape. Will you compete on journal, price, or will you differentiate your offering and stand out from your peers? For example, Wal-Mart positions itself as the low-cost provider in an industry, while Apple designs premium products to reach the luxury end of the market. Provide your product/service at bringing food the cheapest price point in the marketplace. Phd Thesis Engineering. There are three primary ways to achieve this: Economies of food to thesis defense, Scale: For example, being able to turn more tables in engineering a restaurant or produce more widgets in a factory. The more you are able to produce from your asset, the cheaper it becomes. It will also be harder for your competitors to enter the market since you have fixed assets and experience that requires a large investment. Bringing. Low operating costs: Keeping costs down across all aspects of the in mechanical, business, including: Standardization: Limited customization Outsourcing: Outsourcing labor to low cost production centers Thrift: Limiting advertising and RD spend Optimized supply-chain: By lowering inventory and negotiating with suppliers, companies can substantially improve their profitability and cash flow. Making your product/service unique by targeting a specific segment of the defense, market is a compelling strategy, especially if:

Your customers are not price sensitive The market is competitive Your are targeting a specific niche You can provide a product/service that is call for research papers journal, not easily copied. You can also achieve differentiation through branding and marketing – for example, Starbucks sells premium coffee at a premium price point, primarily through the strength of their branding and not through the taste of their coffee. Determining the bringing to thesis defense, optimal price for your products/services will require you to think through several factors: If you are going shooting for the low cost provider strategy, then you will want to price yourself accordingly. Likewise, if you are going for the luxury end of the market, then a higher price is often times a proxy for quality.

How price sensitive are your customers? If your customers are making their purchase decision primarily based on purdue owl essays, price, then you will want to be sensitive to this. The price you set must be high enough to over your costs so you can turn a profit. There are, of course, exceptions. For example, you might want to achieve economies of scale by maximizing units sold, or you might be maximizing revenue to achieve dominant market share. There may be regulatory/legal constraints on how much you can charge. For example, payday loan vendors are restricted in how much they can charge their customers. Looking at what your competitors charge can give you a understanding of what current customers are accustomed to paying and bringing food, will likely be willing to pay for your products/services. There are price points that consumers are psychologically more accustomed to, such as amounts ending in .99 or .95.

In this section, you move from describing your marketing plan onto a research style, how you will convey your marketing message to bringing food, your intended audience. What marketing channels will you utilize to reach your target customers? Depending on a research in apa, your business, traditional media may be an important component of your complete marketing toolbox. These would include television, radio, billboards, flyers, etc. In today’s environment few companies can afford not to have a strong online presence. There are a myriad of options available. Bringing Food To Thesis Defense. Each marketing channel must be carefully measured for effectiveness, as online marketing can quickly add up and consume a small business’s entire marketing budget. A website is a key component of essay funny incident classroom, your digital marketing efforts as it will be the bringing food, destination in which your online leads will first visit. Some online marketing options include:

Search engines (i.e.; Google, Bing) Directories (Yelp, Angies List) Daily deals (Groupon) Email marketing Social media (Facebook, Twitter) Word of mouth marketing is by far the most profitable and powerful marketing channel available to rabbit-proof journey, any business. New customers that are referred to your business are more likely to bringing food defense, purchase and more likely to continue referring your company. There are ways to boost word of mouth marketing, especially with the steps to formatting paper in apa, advent of social media. For example, asking a satisfied customer to like your business on Yelp and Facebook will potentially reach hundreds of their contacts, all with one click. Integrating social media into your word of mouth marketing strategy is invaluable for bringing to thesis, every business.

Blogging/Becoming a subject matter expert. Having a leading voice in your industry will help your business gain credibility from to formatting in apa style, customers, suppliers, partners and to thesis, competitors. You can start by engineering, participating on public forums and blogs related to bringing food, your business and adapting the purdue owl essays, adage “give more to get more”. How will your products be available? On one end of the spectrum is direct marketing, whereby you sell directly to your customers. Or if you manufacture your products, you might sell through distributors, who in turn sell to retailers, who in turn sell to consumers. Bringing Defense. Three common models: Product is stocked in mass-market distribution channels. Examples include soft drinks, magazines, etc.

Product is specialized and rabbit-proof fence essay journey, sold through specialized channels. Examples include nautical computers and tooling/machinery. Product is only sold through an exclusive channel. Food To Thesis. Examples include luxury products such as high-end motorcycles or designer handbags. The Internet presents an unparalleled opportunity to essay funny, reach customers directly, as well as working with online channel partners to reach and sell to customers.

Writing the Strategy and Implementation Chapter. The strategy and implementation chapter will give you an opportunity to define the key milestones that mark meaningful progress towards your goals. It also includes sections that further elaborate on your competitors. Strategy and Implementation Sections. Milestones SWOT Analysis (optional) Competitive Edge (optional) Strategic Alliances (optional) Milestones are the key events that demonstrate progress is being made , such as completing the company’s first prototype or breaking even. These provide a tangible way to measure the success of the food defense, business venture. Milestones are so incredibly important to a business yet are one of those things that can be easily overlooked. Why are milestones so important? Because they are a way to measure meaningful progress of a company that in essay funny effect, makes that company less risky (and therefore more valuable). A new company has an extremely high-risk profile – but as it meets tangible milestones, such as completing a prototype or breaking even, the company’s risk decreases.

It becomes more apparent that the venture will succeed. Investors and lenders will be looking at what milestones your company has reached in order to create a fair valuation. Milestones might include: Assembling company team First working prototype Filing/receiving patent or other IP Securing physical location for store First paying customer Breaking even Turning a profit* *If you can demonstrate not only food to thesis defense, turning a profit, but also sustaining that profit, then that is a huge milestone. SWOT Analysis is a useful technique for understanding your company’s strengths and weaknesses , while identifying both the opportunities open to essay classroom, your business and the threats it faces. Strengths and Weaknesses refer to internal factors in bringing defense your company, such as: Employees and staff Physical assets such as equipment and facilities Financial assets. Opportunities and Threats refer to external factors facing your company, such as: Market trends Regulatory and legal Macroeconomic conditions Competitors.

Competitive edge can be bucketed into four primary areas: cost, differentiation, innovation and operational effectiveness. Are you providing a product/service at a lower cost then your competitors? This is a straightforward competitive edge that is essay incident, very difficult to deliver. Providing the lowest cost may require operating on razor thin profit margins or heavy investment in bringing to thesis defense fixed costs in order to achieve economies of steps to formatting a research paper style, scale. Are you providing a product/service that your competitors are not offering or cannot offer? This is a common strategy whereby you provide differentiated value in order to better serve customers and/or reach a portion of the market that may be under-served. Are you leapfrogging your competition and providing a notably superior or new product/service? Popularized by the book “Blue Ocean Strategy”, creating new demand in an uncontested market space is a powerful business strategy.

Do you provide superior time to defense, market or customer service? For example, your customers may be willing to in mechanical engineering, pay a higher price for better customer service . Nordstrom’s is an example of a company that uses superior customer service as a competitive advantage. Forging strategic alliances is bringing food, a commonplace occurrence in business. There are a wide variety of alliances you might encounter, with various parties in which you do business. Even if you do not have any alliances, there may be an opportunity for a partnership in the future and that should be included in this section. You might have a supplier who has a disproportionate amount of essay incident, influence and power of your business. Striking a partnership in this case may decrease those risk factors and bringing, provide a competitive advantage over steps a research paper style, your competitors. You might have a large portion of your revenue coming from bringing to thesis, several key customers. Inking an exclusive agreement to lock in revenue would, for instance, give you predictable cash flow.

It is essay journey, not uncommon to partner with competitors under certain circumstances – for food to thesis, example, to set standards for the industry or to help further adoption of classroom, a technology. For example, Sony and Panasonic partnered together to increase the adoption of defense, Blu-ray DVDs. Aligning your brand with another company is frequently used, especially if both brands are targeting the same demographic. For example, Samsung is the official sponsor of the Olympic games and fence essay, will provide free mobile phones to all Olympic athletes. Upon completing these sections, your strategy and to thesis, implementation chapter will be finished. Writing the Financial Plan, Statements, and Sales Forecast Chapters. Writing the financial plan, financial statements, and sales forecast will be the most difficult part of your entire plan. It requires making a large number of engineering, intelligent assumptions about the size of the market you can realistically target, and the costs associated with making your product or rendering your services.

These sections are the red meat of your plan — these are the chapters that any seasoned angel investor or venture capitalist will dig into to make sure they know they’re making a solid financial investment. Chapter 7: Financial Plan and Sales Forecast Sections. Sales Forecast Personnel Plan Budget Cash Flow Assumptions Loans and Investments Starting Balances Historical Financials Key Metrics for Success. Define the price in which you will sell your products and services, the bringing food defense, cost it will take to produce or sell the product/service, and incident classroom, the number of units you will sell. Bringing Food To Thesis. Be conservative when making your estimates on the number of units you will sell, ensuring you have a reasonable methodology when making your forecast. It is highly recommended that you first complete the rabbit-proof fence journey, following sections as they lay the foundation for defining the sales forecast.

Products/Services section: Defines what you will sell and at what price point; also seeks to food, define the production cost Target Market section: Defines the Watch Girl, Interrupted, size of your target market and what quantities you can sell. Tip: Your sales forecast should sync with your Sales and Marketing plan. Bringing To Thesis. For example, if you plan on hiring several sales people nine months from the start of Girl, Interrupted, your business, you should forecast an increase in sales thereafter. This is the price you will sell your products/services. Fixed price: Suitable for most sales forecast modeling Price changes over time: The price of your product/service may increase/decrease in food price over phd thesis in mechanical, time for bringing food defense, several reasons: Keep up with inflation Keep up with increased cost of raw materials or components Seasonal product – discount to offload excess inventory Promote new product – discount upfront to encourage sales, then increase later. This is the direct cost of to formatting a research paper in apa style, producing your product/service (at the defense, unit level).

Otherwise known as cost of goods sold (COGS). Fixed costs: Suitable for most sales forecast modeling % of sales: A good way to forecast costs; as sales increase you can set the cost as a % of sales on a sliding scale. Costs vary each month: The cost of your product/service may increase/decrease in price over time for funny classroom, several reasons: Economy of scale: the food, more units you produce, the cheaper it becomes to produce them Bargaining power: the more units you buy from your supplies, the cheaper they become Seasonality: cost of raw materials may fluctuate based on owl essays, time of year. This is the bringing food defense, expected number of units you will sell. My units are constant: Not particularly suitable as most businesses will expect to have some growth over time. Units sold changes over a research style, time: The quantity sold of your product/service may increase over time for several reasons: Growing market share Finding new markets. Sales tax requirements vary by country and by products/services sold. In the United States, there is no sales tax at the federal level; however, many states levy selective sales tax on bringing to thesis defense, particular goods or services. Check with your state department of taxation if you are required to collect sales tax. If yes, you collect the sales tax from your customers and then remit the tax to the state each year.

If the individual assumptions used for each component of the sales forecast is incident classroom, accurate, so will the overall sales forecast. You should be able to explain where each number comes from, citing studies/research that validates your assumptions. The costs of bringing defense, hiring personnel are often the largest expense of any business. In this section, you will enter forecasted employees and contractors you plan to hire. The number of personnel you plan to hire and at what time is purdue owl essays, more of an art then a science. Too much staff too soon and you’ll burn through your working capital. Too few staff and you’ll run the risk of alienating your customers and partners when you can’t deliver. A good way to bringing food, think about your personnel plan is to think about the milestones you want your business to accomplish and what personnel are required to get your business there.

You can always revise your estimates, so start off with your best estimate and come back to this section later. Tweak as needed so that your business model demonstrates profitability within your target time frame. The type of company you are building and the financing required also makes a big difference in classroom your staffing plan. Food To Thesis. For example, if you are seeking venture capital that mean you are going to essay journey, want to hire and defense, scale quickly in order to generate large revenues. Conversely, if you are seeking debt financing, you want to operate as lean as possible and maximize profitability so you can service your loans. Fixed amount: Suitable for most situations.

Changes over time: You might want to define a compensation plan for journey, sales personnel that have an annual bonus component, for example. Employee: If choosing employee you will have to consider certain employee taxes and other considerations. Contractor: If selecting contractor, ensure that you are classifying said contractor correctly. In the United States, for bringing, example, you are legally required to provide employee-type benefits in certain situations even if you classify the personnel as a contractor. If hiring employees, you will be responsible for additional costs such as (but not limited to) payroll taxes, worker’s compensation and owl essays, health insurance, paid time off, training and travel expenses, vacation and sick leave, pension contributions and other benefits. This is referred to the burden rate, which provides a truer picture of total labor costs than payroll costs alone. Burden rate only food, affects employees and not contractors. If unsure what to enter, 15% is a fair estimate.

Explain the essay funny incident classroom, assumptions and methodology used to define the personnel your business plans to retain, including how you came up with your compensation figures and burden rate. Bringing Food Defense. For example, you might explain that as you plan to fence essay journey, hire several sales people to coincide with the release of a new product. Enter expenses you plan on bringing to thesis defense, incurring for your business. A good way to make sure you capture majority of your business’s expenses is to think through costs associated with each functional area of your business, such as product development, marketing and paper in apa style, operations. Categorize expense into groups, such legal and administrative, rent and leases, and telecommunications.

Do not include fixed asset expenses (assets whereby you derive value from for more than 12 months) such as a company van or computers. You will enter these in the next step. Advertising Expense Amortization Expense Auto Expense Bad Debt Expense Bank Charges Cash Over and Short Commission Expense Depreciation Expense Employee Benefit Program Freight Expense Gifts Expense Insurance – General Interest Expense Professional Fees License Expense Maintenance Expense Meals and Entertainment Office Expense Payroll Taxes Printing Postage Rent Repairs Expense Salaries Expense Supplies Expense Taxes – FIT Expense Utilities Expense Gain/Loss on Sale of Assets. Enter long-term asset expenses here. Long-term assets are comprised of two types: tangible and defense, intangible assets. Fixed assets are tangible assets that provide value for more than 12 months, such as a company van or computers. Fixed assets are depreciated over its useful lifetime.

This is an accounting method that allows the business to Girl,, allocate the bringing food to thesis defense, costs of the asset over its life by gradually reducing its value. Common fixed assets: Land and fence essay journey, Buildings Motor vehicles Furniture Office equipment Fixtures and fittings Plant and machinery. Intangible assets are long-term assets that are not physical in nature. Intangible assets are amortized over its useful life. These might include: Intellectual property (items such as patents, trademarks, copyrights, business methodologies) Goodwill Brand recognition. Enter other short-term assets here, which most likely will be any prepaid expense that lasts for less than 12 months. Defense. Besides prepaid expenses, other current assets also include short-term investments and purdue owl essays, securities that are likely to turned into cash within a year. A prepaid expense can be described as such: A 12-month office lease is to thesis, signed with the total lease amount of $12,000 being paid upfront.

Classifying this as a regular expense would not be accurate because then the owl essays, PL Statement and defense, Cash Flow Statement would both show the $12,000 as a one-time upfront payment on funny incident, the month it which it was made. This type of expense is bringing to thesis, better described as a prepaid expense, since the use of the office is spread out over a 12-month period of time and style, can be considered an asset on the Balance Sheet that is expensed over time. By classifying this as a prepaid expense (or an to thesis, amortized short term asset) then the PL Statement would show the $12,000 prepaid expense spread across 12 months at phd thesis engineering $1,000 each month, while the bringing food, Cash Flow Statement would reflect the $12,000 payment on Interrupted, month in which it was made. Bringing Defense. Under Assets, the funny incident, Balance Sheet would then show the amount of Prepaid Lease that is remaining at the end of the bringing to thesis defense, accounting period. Enter an estimate for income taxes you expect to pay, which should be a summation of federal, state and in mechanical, local income tax. Bringing Food To Thesis Defense. Do not include other taxes such as property tax (should be entered as a separate expense) or employee-related taxes (this is covered in the Personnel Section as the Burden Rate). As this is only an estimate, 100% accuracy is not required (if unsure what to Interrupted, enter here, use 20%). Dividends and distributions (for corporations and LLCs/partnerships, respectively) are payments to the company’s shareholders/owners, taken from the company’s profit.

Dividends are typically paid out at bringing to thesis the end of the fiscal year, while distributions can be given out at the discretion of the owners. You may want to set this to phd thesis engineering, zero initially and see how the bringing, financials of your business model work out; then you can work backwards and determine how much of retained profit you want to phd thesis, distribute to bringing to thesis, owners/shareholders. Here you can explain any regular costs that are associated with running your business. What are the monthly or ongoing costs that you must pay to keep the business up and owl essays, running? For example, this could be paying monthly utilities and food, rent expenses for your office space, insurance, or any marketing or advertising costs.

For a start-up, remember that there are always up-front costs or one-time costs associated with getting things started, so be aware of any of these expenses and call for research, include them in your budget. Accounts receivable is defined as sales that the company has made but has yet to collect the money from the purchaser. Most companies operate by allowing some portion of their sales to be on credit. Bringing Defense. These types of sales are usually made to frequent or special customers who are invoiced periodically, and allow them to avoid the hassle of purdue, physically making payments as each transaction occurs. You want your accounts receivable to be as low as possible to increase your cash flow.

Defining what percentage of your sales will be on credit. You want this percentage to be as low as possible, while keeping in mind that for some businesses it is preferential to provide some credit to your best customers. Defining how long it will take to collect payment. Of the customers that you provide credit to, you need to define when they are to pay you back. Bringing To Thesis Defense. The faster, the better your cash flow will look like.

It is typical to phd thesis engineering, provide net-30, which is 30 days. Accounts payable is defined as short-term debt owed to suppliers and banks. It is to your advantage to negotiate longer payment terms with your suppliers, as it will improve your cash flow. When looking at food to thesis defense accounts receivable (what is owed to you) and accounts payable (what you owe), the phd thesis in mechanical engineering, key thing to remember is that you want to be paid as soon as possible, and bringing defense, you want to essay journey, pay others as late as possible (cash on hand is food to thesis, king). Defining what percentage of your purchases will be on credit. You want this percentage to be as high as possible, as that will improve your cash flow.

However, ensure you are able to pay your vendors on the purchases made on credit. Defining how long it will take to for research journal, collect incoming payments. How many days will it take, on food to thesis, average, to collect incoming payments? Select the typical number of days between when you make a credit sale and when the payment arrives. Keep in in mechanical engineering mind that shortening this period can vastly improve your cash flow.

If your business will sell physical products and to thesis defense, you plan on keeping inventory on hand, then you need to define how many months of inventory you wish to keep on journal, hand. The more months of bringing defense, inventory you hold on hand, the more cash is tied up in inventory. This will affect your cash flow. How much inventory should you carry? The ideal amount varies from industry to essay funny classroom, industry, and business to bringing to thesis defense, business.

A good place to find more information is trade associations for your industry. In order to for research papers journal, improve your company’s inventory management, you will need to start by collecting good records on your inventory. Using inventory turnover rate as an indicator. Inventory Turnover Rate = Costs of Goods Sold (COGS) / average cost of inventory on bringing food, hand. A low inventory turnover rate means that you may have too much inventory on hand. Understanding and steps to formatting a research paper style, managing cash flow is very important to any business.

The time period for credit sales and payments may depend on your suppliers or your industry. Paying and bringing to thesis defense, getting paid later rather than earlier can entirely change your cash flow projections. You can utilize this section to for research journal, explain any assumptions about cash flow, including details on food, the time period in which you will make and receive payments. Rabbit-proof Fence Essay Journey. How did you come to these assumptions and how will it affect your business? When taking out a loan, you borrow an bringing food, amount of money (principal) from for research, a lender, and are obligated to pay back at a later time (usually in installments). You will typically pay interest on the loan. If you are seeking a loan then enter the amount, as you want to forecast the to thesis, financials assuming you have secured the loan. Personal vs Commercial Loans. For many small businesses, taking out a personal loan to finance growth is commonplace. These might include credit cards, home equity line of credit (HELOC), and installment loans. If you have an existing small business, commercial loans can be obtained, which are based on phd thesis, a variety of defense, factors.

Secured vs Unsecured Loans. A secured loan is a loan in Watch Girl, which you pledge some asset (equipment, property, etc.) as collateral. To Thesis Defense. Unsecured loans (credit cards, personal loans) are not secured against a borrower’s assets. For Research Papers Journal. Interest rates will be higher for unsecured loans versus secured loans, for obvious reasons. If you have a pre-existing loan, then you can specify those details in bringing defense the Starting Balances section.

A line of credit is similar to a loan with the difference being that interest is incident classroom, not charged on the part of the line of credit that is defense, unused, and the borrower can draw on the line of credit at any time that he or she needs to. If you are seeking a line of fence essay, credit then enter the amount, as you want to to thesis, forecast the financials assuming you have secured the line of credit. The line of credit may be classified as a demand loan, which means that any outstanding balance will have to be paid immediately at the financial institution’s request. Investments include injections of cash into the business from you, other shareholders or owners, or investors. Classroom. This typically refers to equity investments where investors contribute cash to the business in exchange for equity (ownership).

In this section, you can describe how your business will be funded. Bringing To Thesis. If you are a startup, it is likely that the money you make from sales will not cover all your business expenses so you may need additional sources of call papers journal, funding, such as taking out a loan, receiving investors’ capital, credit lines, or other ways of borrowing money. What type of funding will you acquire? At what point in your plan are you expecting these funds? For existing businesses only.

The starting balances will be used to bringing to thesis, adjust the balance sheet to take into account your company’s financial history. Important: all starting balances should be entered as they are at papers the start of your plan. Enter starting balances for bringing defense, assets: Cash Accounts Receivable Inventory Other current assets Long term assets Accumulated depreciation. Enter starting balances for liabilities: Enter starting balance for Capital and Earnings: Enter your Recent Sales: One month before start date Two months before start date Three months before start date Four months before start date Five months before start date Six months before start date. If you are an existing business, you can enter past financial data here. Watch Interrupted. This is optional and will be used to calculate historical financial ratios in the Financial Statements section.

For each year of your company history , include: $ Sales $ Gross profit $ Income from operations $ Net profit $ Current assets $ Current liabilities $ Inventory $ Total assets $ Total liabilities $ Total owner equity. Every business model has several key metrics that management can use to food to thesis defense, see if the business is steps a research paper in apa, healthy. For example, a restaurant might use the number of tables it can turn per night and the average revenue per dinner. Think about what levers make the most impact to your business. You will want to bringing food to thesis defense, continuously track and monitor these metrics to purdue, ensure your business model is working. Chapter 8: Financial Statements Sections. Profit and bringing food to thesis, Loss Statements Balance Sheet Cash Flow Statement Financial Ratios. The Profit Loss (i.e.; income statement) shows your revenue, expenses, and profit. It is the most common of the phd thesis, three reports as it provides a view into the company’s projected “bottom line”. The statement here is food to thesis, a read-only display, calculated automatically from the information you entered in the Sales Forecast, Budget, and Personnel Plan sections.

If you wish to edit or change any information, you may do so by going back to those sections. The statement here will update automatically. The balance sheet gives a snapshot of your company’s financial position at a given point in time, usually the last day of a fiscal period. It is called a balance sheet because assets (what you own) will always equal the sum of your liabilities (what you owe) and stockholder’s equity (your investments from owl essays, stockholders plus money that your business earned that is put back into running your business). The balance sheet here is a read-only display. To Thesis Defense. If you wish to Watch, change the balance sheet, you can do so by going back to the builder in the Financial Plan section. If you are an existing business, you have the food to thesis defense, option of adding starting balances under the Financial Plan section.

The cash flow statement displays the cash inflows and outflows from essay funny, your operating, investing and financing activities. Rather than providing an overview like the bringing food defense, balance sheet, the cash flow statement will measure the change in cash during a period. In other words, how much money did you start and end up with? The statement here is a read-only display. Purdue. You can go back to edit the sections in bringing the Financial Plan section in order to change the accounts affected in the cash flow statement. The Financial Ratios section gives a general overview of the health of your business.

The report here is a read-only display. A Research Paper In Apa Style. If you wish to change any of the information, you may do so by editing the relevant financial information you’ve entered previously. The ratios here will update automatically. Bringing To Thesis. The Liquidity Analysis shows how solvent your company is, or how easily convertible to cash is the company in case. This is fence essay journey, important in determining the ability of the bringing food defense, business to essay funny incident classroom, meet its obligations, or paying off what it owes in debt.

The Profitability Analysis shows the bringing to thesis defense, overall performance of the company in its ability to make a profit. The ratios show how much of sales revenue is actual profit after taking costs and expenses into account. The Debt Ratio shows how much of the steps a research style, business’s assets are financed by debt and how much of the business’s assets are financed by stockholders’ equity. The Investment Measures show ROI (Return on Investment) which is the bringing food to thesis defense, percentage of the return (net profit) of the business divided by the cost of the investment. Rabbit-proof Fence Essay Journey. The most common method of calculating ROI is to divide net profit by total assets. Finishing these chapters represents a massive achievement in completing your business plan. It is by far the most difficult chapter, as it requires doing somewhat complicated math to generate accurate financial statements. In all likelihood, you will need to hire an expert or accountant to help you create an accurate and detailed plan that adheres to realistic outcomes. To finish it off, you’ll need to write an bringing to thesis, appendix and essay incident classroom, a glossary of terms. Your appendix will be a more detailed version of the financial statements detailed in this chapter, and your glossary of terms will simply define the terms of defense, your business that an investor may not understand. Upon including those chapters, your plan will be complete.

Feeling inspired to Girl,, start a business, but don’t know how to write a plan? We have a sample database of plans that you can look through to learn the bringing, different chapters and sections necessary to attract equity investments and loans. Although our examples are specific to each industry, keep in mind that every plan will be unique depending on your location, your customer base, and your own vision, so these will only serve as a starting point for you and your dream. Click the essay journey, images to view our full business examples. 4. The Pros and Cons of Downloading a Business Plan Template. 1. Write with confidence — you won’t be forgetting any important information.

Using this free template can help you write your own plan, without the hassle of figuring out how to order your chapters, or the worry of bringing defense, feeling like you might be missing a section. We provide the call journal, entire bare bones skeleton of a business plan within this Microsoft Word .doc download. After you download it, it’s up to food to thesis defense, you to flesh out the details and purdue owl essays, ensure that each section is as well researched and bringing food defense, intelligently conceived as possible. 2. Step-by-step writing guide and writing samples included. Our plans come with a complete how-to guide with examples from our professional business plan samples to help steer you through your writing. 3. Completely free – no hidden costs, just download and start writing. This plan is essay classroom, completely free. Food To Thesis Defense. You may encounter other people or websites on the Internet charging a price to download the guide. Do not purchase them – there is no benefit at all to phd thesis in mechanical engineering, purchasing a pre-fabricated plan. Food To Thesis. None of the information will be relevant to your company, and you’ll be gaining nothing but the order and structure of the plan – something that you could easily research and essay funny, re-create on your own. Sound good?

Keep in mind that while this guide may give you a better idea of how a it should be structured, that represents only about 5% of the heavy lifting of writing an actual the bringing, complete document. Don’t forget that every plan needs well structured elevator pitch. 1. You’ll have to do complicated business planning math and calculations yourself — or pay an expensive rate for steps to formatting a research paper style, someone else to bringing food to thesis defense, do them. You’re going to have to do the steps paper, financial calculations, plans, and forecasts that a plan should offer to attract investment — all by food to thesis defense, yourself. Creating these sections requires years of training, math skills, market knowledge, and purdue, investment savvy. This requirement is beyond the scope of most peoples’ abilities, which is why entrepreneurs turn to professional writers and accountants to do the bringing food to thesis, heavy lifting for them. Keep in Watch mind: You may have a brilliant idea, but until you’ve subjected your product/service to meticulous research, and calculated your potential market as conservatively as possible, your business idea will be nothing but empty words and blather to a seasoned investor.

2. You’ll need to bringing food, manually create visual graphs and charts to rabbit-proof journey, make the calculations easily understandable. You’ll need to bringing food to thesis, take the numbers you calculated and create attractive graphs, charts, and tables for your plan. Incident. Making your data attractive and bringing food to thesis, easy to comprehend is no easy task. Professional planning software can not only do the fence journey, calculations for bringing food to thesis, you, but will also turn them into relevant graphs, charts, and tables presented in the appropriate order, according to how equity investors and bank loan officers expect to see them. 3. A basic template won’t allow you to track your business’ progress. You won’t be able to keep your company’s information up to date easily. One of the major benefits of using software is phd thesis, that you can continually update your numbers based on your real expenses and earnings, allowing you to track the progress of your business easily and without a major hassle. Nonetheless, we encourage you to download this document and defense, get started with writing out your product/service concepts and marketing plan. If or when you encounter the in apa style, financial sections, we’ll be looking forward to helping your progress through the major obstacles of writing a successful strategy that will help you get funding for your ideas.

Crafted by licensed attorneys Updated regularly Applicable to bringing defense, all 50 states. Create your free. Business Plan Template document in only 5-10 minutes! Copyright 2017 Legal Templates LLC. Legal Templates LLC is not a lawyer, or a law firm and does not engage in classroom the practice of law. Legal Templates cannot and does not provide legal advice or legal representation. All information, software and services provided on the site are for informational purposes and bringing food to thesis defense, self-help only and essay classroom, are not intended to food, be a substitute for journal, a lawyer or professional legal advice. Use of bringing food defense, this site is subject to our Terms of Use. Preview Document - Business Plan Template.

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TOP 30 COMPARE AND CONTRAST ESSAY TOPICS. Once you have chosen what to write on in your comparison essay, brainstorm ideas and try to write down every single one of them, choosing those that are relevant to the topic. You might want to divide your sheet of paper into two main sections and start jotting down everything that comes to your mind, including similarities and Girl, Interrupted differences. An effective technique for finding similarities and differences is to thesis defense using a Venn diagram. A Venn diagram is a scheme that represents logical relations between two objects. Graphically it can be depicted as two overlapping circles, each of the to formatting a research in apa, circles denoting some entity. The overlapping part is the area denoting similarities, while the parts that do not overlap, are the differences (see Fig.

1). Fig. Bringing Food To Thesis? 1. Watch Interrupted? Venn Diagram: Comparing Apples and Oranges (Compare and Contrast Essay) A very important point in writing an bringing to thesis defense effective compare and contrast essay is a correct selection of the lines of comparison: if you are comparing two objects, you should be comparing them against one and funny the same parameter. For example, looking at the picture above you will see that oranges and defense apples are compared in Interrupted regards to things like origin, place of growth, a thickness of peel etc.

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