Chinese-english translation essay

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igcse p.e coursework Extracts from this document. Analysis of performance coursework I am analysing myself on the position I play in football which is centre back. The important skills needed in order to play centre back are: * Power * Balance * Coordination * Agility * Timing * Control These skills are important for: * Power is important so the player is able to strike the ball hard enough to clear it from danger. Chinese-english Translation? It is also important so the debt of gratitude essay, player can jump high to win headers. * Balance is translation important so the player is able to stay on their feet whilst landing after jumping for a header and taking on players. * Coordination is important in meaning order to essay run and meaning of philosophical header at the same time and to run and kick at the same time. * Agility is important so the translation, player is able to take on players whilst coming out of defence. It is also important for the layer so he is able to keep track of his marker whilst his marker tries to 5 chapters of dissertation lose him in and out of players. * Timing is important so the chinese-english translation, player is able to kick and header the ball at the right time to get the best effect. * Control is important in order to able to control high balls. The fitness components that are needed to play centre back successfully are: * Speed * Flexibility * Cardiovascular endurance * Speed endurance * Power * Acceleration These fitness components are needed for: * Speed is needed in order to keep up with the pace of the game and to keep track of your marker. * Flexibility is essay on terrorism in india useful when playing centre because it helps you to intercept passes and control high passes with your feet. Translation Essay? * Cardiovascular endurance is needed so the player is able to debt of gratitude essay keep moving for the whole length of the match. Chinese-english Essay? * Speed endurance is needed so the player is able to keep up with their marker when through balls are played throughout the whole match. During this time you must be moderately active which means working at about 60-80% of your maximum heart rate (MHR).

Continuous training is essential for everyone who takes part in activities for a long period of oxford brookes time. Fartlek training can simply be modified to chinese-english work on improving cardiovascular endurance just by making the sessions longer and including more running. My second weakness that I find I have is 5 chapters passing with my left foot, and my third weakness is heading. These two weaknesses could be combined and improved on in the same session. Chinese-english? Circuit training could be used to improve these two weaknesses and instead of using health based exercises at each station, skill based exercises could replace them. Of Philosophical Essay? For example at the first station the exercise could be passing the ball onto a wall with your left foot as many times as possible in 45 seconds. To judge to chinese-english see if you are improving you count the number of times you pass the ball successfully and compare with your next set of results.

At the second station the same thing could be done but using headers instead. Another way of improving these weaknesses is by doing a skills training session. For this it is best to involve other players so they can help you improve. To improve heading there could be three extra players; a goal keeper, someone to cross balls in and a defender. First a player would cross the ball in and I would be trying to meaning of philosophical win the header and header at goal, the job of the defender is to win the ball and the goal keeper's job is translation essay obviously to save it. This would help me to improve my heading accuracy whilst I go up for corners, it would also get me more used to heading in a game situation.

Once about 15-20 balls have been delivered I would then swap with the crosser and then cross balls in with my left foot in order to improve it. As a result of the six week training programme I would expect to see a good improvement in not only the test results but in a competitive match as well. I would hope that I would find it a lot easier running around for 5 chapters of dissertation the whole match and chinese-english I would think that I would have improved my weaknesses as well as my strengths. My next steps once I have finished the training programme are to 5 chapters focus on any other weaknesses that could be improved. I will also keep on concentrating partly on my previous weaknesses, but not as intensely because I now have more important weaknesses. These weaknesses are speed endurance and translation coordination. Debt? I will write up an additional training programme in order to improve these other weaknesses.

However due to the six week training programme I will not yet be good enough at my previous weaknesses in chinese-english translation essay order to call them my strengths, therefore I will need to carry on simple on terrorism in india, working on them but not as often. I will write up another six week training programme and in one of those weeks I will include working on my previous weaknesses, in this week I will carry out the same sort of training methods but do them more intensely as I should be better at them. In the other five weeks I will still include one of those training methods once a week but for the rest of the week I will concentrate on improving my other weaknesses. To improve my speed endurance I will need to include training methods such as interval training in my programme. Translation? I used interval training in my previous programme but in order to brookes aim it specifically at speed endurance I will need to add more sprints in to it. To improve my coordination I will carry out a circuit training programme that will include various activities to improve my coordination, then I will repeat them three or four times. The above preview is unformatted text. This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our section.

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They record their experience and media trials on prep sheets. Then they choose an area of study for their coursework according to what they have most enjoyed studying in oxford brookes creative writing their projects. At the beginning of the third term, they make a choice of assessments for their exam in essay Year 11. Year 10 11 IGCSE Drama Two Year Course. Aims of the Course. Drama enriches the students#x2019; imagination, creativity and self-esteem. Paragraph? The course provides an excellent means of developing personal and communication skills for essay all students, which contributes to the student#x2019;s individuality and simple essay on terrorism in india character. students will explore and create their own Drama.

They will work on texts drawn from a variety of cultures and times, experimenting with the roles of translation directors, performers, devisors and designers. Students will devise and script original material through various techniques such as improvisation and discussion. They will follow through with the style analysis, planning, rehearsal, performance and evaluation of the Drama. Students will be doing a lot of practical work and written work as well, most of it as part of a group working together throughout the two year course. Year 10 11 IGCSE Music Two Year Course. Aims of the Course.

The aims are to: 1. Enable candidates to acquire and consolidate a range of basic musical skills, knowledge and understanding, through the activities of listening, performing and four paragraph composing. 2. Translation? Assist candidates to develop a perceptive, sensitive and critical response to the main historical periods and 5 chapters of dissertation style of Western music. 3. Help candidates to recognise and understand the music of various non-Western traditions, and thus to translation essay form an appreciation of cultural similarities and differences. 4. Provide the brookes writing, basis for an informed and lasting love and appreciation of music. 5. Provide a foundation for further study in music for those candidates who wish to pursue their studies at a higher level. In Composition students are given a wide range of experiences, from pop songs to 20th Century art music to Bach chorales. In Performance students are offered free tuition on an instrument of chinese-english essay their choice. The unprepared listening component exposes the student to of philosophical essay a very wide range of recordings, drawn from both Western and non-Western music. The prepared listening component includes a study of a Western European Orchestral work and the study of music from a non-western country.

Year 10 11 IGCSE Physical Education Two Year Course. Aims of the Course. The course provides candidates with an exciting opportunity to study both practical and theoretical aspects of chinese-english translation Physical Education. It is also designed to foster enjoyment in Physical activity. Course Content -#xA0;The Syllabus has two components. Component 1- Terminal Examination (40%) This is made up of three units. 1. Of Gratitude Essay? Factors affecting performance.

2. Translation? Health, Safety and training. 3. Reasons and Opportunities in Physical Activity. Component 2- Coursework (60%) Candidates have to choose a minimum of 4 activities from a minimum of two categories. The choices for 2012 will be from the following: - Games#xA0;Association Football, Badminton, Basketball, Cricket, Golf, Hockey, Netball, Rounders, Rugby, Softball, Squash, Table Tennis, Tennis, Volleyball.

- Gymnastics:#xA0;Artistic Gymnastics, Trampoline, Figure Skating, Rhythmic Gymnastics. -Athletic Activities:#xA0;Track and Field, Weight Training for fitness, Cross Country running. - Outdoor Activities:#xA0;Canoeing, Hill Walking and camp craft, Horse riding, Orienteering, Wind surfing, Rock climbing. - Swimming:#xA0;Competitive Swimming, Lifesaving, Personal Survival. Candidates should also demonstrate their ability to essay analyse and improve their own performance in written context. Our qualifications have a straightforward structure with four engaging and translation up-to-date components, assessed through externally examined papers and non-examined assessments designed to be accessible for paragraph all students. GCSE PE (Physical Education) coursework Coursework resources.

Home; Revision notes; Revision guides; Help Advice; Contribute; Don't forget to read our Privacy Policy. Translation? An introduction for the Cambridge Examinations IGCSE Physical Education course in relation to the syllabus, coursework (practical and theoretical) and general guidelines. Essay? GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION Paper 2 #x2013; Socio-cultural influences and well-being in physical activity and sport. Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 15 minutes. Materials.

For this paper. PET 3020 Foundations of Physical Education and Sport Management. 3 sh (may not be repeated for credit) For physical education and translation sport management majors. Writing? These forms will help you administer controlled assessment/course work/enter candidates for external assessment in GCSE Physical Education 4890. PET 3020 Foundations of Physical Education and Sport Management. 3 sh (may not be repeated for credit) For physical education and sport management majors. GCSE Physical Education provides students with the knowledge and understanding of how to live a healthy and active lifestyle, enabling them to make informed choices about their own physical. GCSE PE Theory Edexcel Powerpoints. 4.9 (13) You#x2019;re downloading this resource from Created by dkershaw1. 4.9 (13) Download. Save for later.

Pin ShareMore This is the first part of a. Theory of Knowledge (882) World Literature (1,581) All IB Subjects (8,531) Helpful guides Analysis of Performance GCSE PE Coursework. Extracts from this document Introduction. Theory of Knowledge (882) World Literature (1,581) All IB Subjects (8,531) Helpful guides Analysis of Performance GCSE PE Coursework. Extracts from this document Introduction. Cambridge IGCSE Physical Education (0413) Syllabus overview; Past papers, examiner reports and specimen papers;. 2013 Coursework Guidelines (PDF, 572KB) 2016 Coursework Guidance Booklet. GCSE PHYSICAL EDUCATION Paper 2 #x2013; Socio-cultural influences and well-being in physical activity and sport. Specimen 2018 Morning Time allowed: 1 hour 15 minutes.

Materials. For this paper. PE Theory Coursework. Chinese-english Essay? Extracts from this document Introduction. PE GCSE Coursework: Section 1 My chosen sport is football and my position in that sport is right back. I play this because. Cambridge IGCSE Physical Education (0413) Syllabus overview; Past papers, examiner reports and specimen papers;. Simple? 2013 Coursework Guidelines (PDF, 572KB) 2016 Coursework Guidance Booklet.

The world of A-Level PE brought. Home #xBB; Uncategorized #xBB; Sections B and C #x2013; A2 Coursework. Sections B and C #x2013; A2 Coursework. This entry was posted in Uncategorized on translation, July 2, 2014 by. Edexcel GCSE Physical Education (2009) Specification; Course materials; Published resources;. Short course available, offering flexibility and choice for debt of gratitude centres and chinese-english students. Show more. GCSE Physical Education provides students with the knowledge and understanding of multimedia box thesis how to live a healthy and active lifestyle, enabling them to make informed choices about their own physical. Find free coursework examples here.

We have provided some example coursework for free to help you with your studies. An introduction for the Cambridge Examinations IGCSE Physical Education course in relation to the syllabus, coursework (practical and theoretical) and general guidelines. GCSE PE Theory Edexcel Powerpoints. 4.9 (13) You#x2019;re downloading this resource from essay, Created by dkershaw1. 4.9 (13) Download. Save for later. Pin ShareMore This is the first part of a. Multimedia Box Thesis? Ok well i'm basically way overdue on this entire piece of coursework due to being off a lot and stuff : But now i have to get it done soon as. I'm doing netball. Translation Essay? And i'm stuck on basically. GCSE PE (Physical Education) coursework Coursework resources.

Home; Revision notes; Revision guides; Help Advice; Contribute; Don't forget to read our Privacy Policy. GCSE Physical Education learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers organised by topic. Syllabus on health and physical education (classes i-x) department of education in social sciences humanities national council of educational research and training. Information about the Edexcel GCSE in Physical Education (2009) for of gratitude students and teachers, including the specification, key documents and the latest news.

SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips. The personal statement might just be the hardest part of translation, your college application. Mostly this is because it has the least guidance and is the meaning essay most open-ended. Chinese-english Essay! One way to understand what colleges are looking for when they ask you to write an 5 chapters of dissertation, essay is to check out the essays of students who already got in—college essays that actually worked. After all, they must be among the most successful of this weird literary genre. In this article, I’ll go through general guidelines for what makes great college essays great. I've also compiled an enormous list of 100+ actual sample college essays from translation 13 different schools. Finally, I’ll break down two of multimedia, these published college essay examples and explain why and how they work.

With links to 125 full essays and essay excerpts , this article will be a great resource for learning how to craft your own personal college admissions essay! What Excellent College Essays Have in Common. Even though in many ways these sample college essays are very different from chinese-english translation one other, they do share some traits you should try to emulate as you write your own essay. Building out from a narrow, concrete focus. You’ll see a similar structure in many of the essays. Oxford! The author starts with a very detailed story of an event or description of a person or place. After this sense-heavy imagery, the translation essay essay expands out to make a broader point about the author, and connects this very memorable experience to the author’s present situation, state of mind, newfound understanding, or maturity level. Knowing how to tell a story. Oxford Brookes Creative! Some of the experiences in chinese-english essay these essays are one-of-a-kind.

But most deal with the multimedia box thesis stuff of everyday life. What sets them apart is the way the author approaches the topic: analyzing it for drama and humor, for its moving qualities, for what it says about the essay author’s world, and for in india, how it connects to the author’s emotional life. A killer first sentence. You’ve heard it before, and chinese-english you’ll hear it again: you have to suck the reader in, and the best place to do that is the 5 chapters of dissertation first sentence. Great first sentences are punchy. They are like cliffhangers, setting up an exciting scene or an unusual situation with an unclear conclusion, in order to translation essay make the reader want to know more. Don’t take my word for it—check out these 22 first sentences from Stanford applicants and tell me you don’t want to read the rest of those essays to find out what happens! A lively, individual voice. Oxford Creative! Writing is for chinese-english, readers. Of Philosophical! In this case, your reader is an admissions officer who has read thousands of essays before yours, and chinese-english translation essay will read thousands after.

Your goal? Don’t bore your reader. Custom Multimedia! Use interesting description, stay away from cliches, include your own offbeat observations—anything that makes this essay sounds like you and not like anyone else. Enchanted Prince Stan decided to stay away from any frog-kissing princesses to retain his unique perspective on translation ruling as an amphibian. Technical correctness. No spelling mistakes, no grammar weirdness, no syntax issues, no punctuation snafus—each of creative writing, these sample college essays has been formatted and proofread perfectly. If this kind of translation essay, exactness is not your strong suit, you’re in luck! All colleges advise applicants to have their essays looked over four essay, several times by parents, teachers, mentors, and anyone else who can spot a comma splice.

Your essay must be your own work, but there is absolutely nothing wrong with getting help polishing it. Links to Full College Essay Examples. Some colleges publish a selection of their favorite accepted college essays that worked, and I've put together a selection of over 100 of these (plus some essay excerpts!). Please note that some of these college essay examples may be responding to prompts that are no longer in use. The current Common App prompts are as follows: 1. Translation Essay! Some students have a background, identity, interest, or talent that is essay in india, so meaningful they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story. 7. Share an essay on any topic of your choice. Translation! It can be one you've already written, one that responds to a different prompt, or one of your own design. These essays are answers to past prompts from either the Common Application or the paragraph Universal Application, both of which Johns Hopkins accepts. Essay Examples Published by Other Websites.

7 Common Application essays from applicants admitted to translation essay Stanford, Duke, Connecticut College, NYU, Carleton College, Washington University, and the University of Pennsylvania 2 Common Application essays (1st essay, 2nd essay) from applicants admitted to oxford writing Columbia. Here is a smaller collection of essays that are college-specific, plus 22 essay excerpts that will add fuel to essay your essay-writing fire. The University of Chicago is well known for its off-the-wall, often wacky supplementary essay prompts. These seven sample essays respond to a variety of thought-provoking questions. Sometimes it's helpful to see how others managed to get over essay on terrorism in india, the difficult first-line hump. We're guessing all these monkeys would write different first sentences. Analyzing Great Common App Essays that Worked.

I've picked out two essays from the examples collected above to examine in more depth so that you can know exactly what makes a successful college essay work. Full credit for these essays goes to the original authors and the schools that published them. Example #1: Breaking Into Cars, by Stephen, Johns Hopkins Class of '19 (Common App Essay, 636 words long) I had never broken into a car before. Translation! We were in Laredo, having just finished our first day at a Habitat for Humanity work site. The Hotchkiss volunteers had already left, off to enjoy some Texas BBQ, leaving me behind with the college kids to clean up. Not until we were stranded did we realize we were locked out of the van. Someone picked a coat hanger out of the dumpster, handed it to of philosophical essay me, and took a few steps back. “Can you do that thing with a coat hanger to unlock it?” “Why me?” I thought.

More out of amusement than optimism, I gave it a try. Essay! I slid the hanger into the window’s seal like I’d seen on crime shows, and spent a few minutes jiggling the apparatus around the inside of the frame. Suddenly, two things simultaneously clicked. One was the lock on the door. (I actually succeeded in paragraph essay springing it.) The other was the essay realization that I’d been in this type of debt essay, situation before. In fact, I’d been born into this type of chinese-english translation essay, situation. My upbringing has numbed me to unpredictability and custom chaos. Translation Essay! With a family of seven, my home was loud, messy, and spottily supervised. My siblings arguing, the dog barking, the phone ringing—all meant my house was functioning normally. My Dad, a retired Navy pilot, was away half the time.

When he was home, he had a parenting style something like a drill sergeant. Multimedia Box Thesis! At the age of nine, I learned how to clear burning oil from the essay surface of water. My Dad considered this a critical life skill—you know, in 5 chapters of dissertation case my aircraft carrier should ever get torpedoed. “The water’s on fire! Clear a hole!” he shouted, tossing me in chinese-english essay the lake without warning. While I’m still unconvinced about that particular lesson’s practicality, my Dad’s overarching message is unequivocally true: much of life is unexpected, and simple essay in india you have to deal with the twists and turns. Living in my family, days rarely unfolded as planned. A bit overlooked, a little pushed around, I learned to roll with reality, negotiate a quick deal, and give the improbable a try. I don’t sweat the small stuff, and I definitely don’t expect perfect fairness. So what if our dining room table only has six chairs for seven people?

Someone learns the importance of punctuality every night. But more than punctuality and a special affinity for musical chairs, my family life has taught me to thrive in situations over which I have no power. Growing up, I never controlled my older siblings, but I learned how to thwart their attempts to control me. Chinese-english Translation Essay! I forged alliances, and box thesis realigned them as necessary. Sometimes, I was the poor, defenseless little brother; sometimes I was the omniscient elder. Different things to different people, as the situation demanded. I learned to adapt. Back then, these techniques were merely reactions undertaken to chinese-english ensure my survival. But one day this fall, Dr. Hicks, our Head of School, asked me a question that he hoped all seniors would reflect on throughout the year: “How can I participate in a thing I do not govern, in the company of people I did not choose?” The question caught me off guard, much like the of philosophical essay question posed to me in essay Laredo. Then, I realized I knew the answer.

I knew why the coat hanger had been handed to me. Growing up as the middle child in my family, I was a vital participant in a thing I did not govern, in the company of people I did not choose. It’s family. It’s society. And often, it’s chaos. Oxford Brookes Creative! You participate by chinese-english translation essay letting go of the small stuff, not expecting order and paragraph perfection, and facing the unexpected with confidence, optimism, and preparedness. My family experience taught me to face a serendipitous world with confidence. It's very helpful to take writing apart in order to see just how it accomplishes its objectives. Stephen's essay is very effective. Let's find out why!

An Opening Line That Draws You In. I had never broken into a car before. In just eight words, we get: scene-setting (he is standing next to a car about to break in), the idea of crossing a boundary (he is maybe about to chinese-english translation essay do an four essay, illegal thing for chinese-english translation essay, the first time), and a cliffhanger (we are thinking: is he going to get caught? Is he headed for a life of crime? Is he about to be scared straight?). We were in Laredo, having just finished our first day at oxford brookes a Habitat for Humanity work site. The Hotchkiss volunteers had already left, off to enjoy some Texas BBQ, leaving me behind with the college kids to clean up. Not until we were stranded did we realize we were locked out of the van.

Someone picked a coat hanger out of the dumpster, handed it to chinese-english translation me, and took a few steps back. “Can you do that thing with a coat hanger to unlock it?” “Why me?” I thought. More out of amusement than optimism, I gave it a try. I slid the 5 chapters hanger into the window’s seal like I’d seen on crime shows, and spent a few minutes jiggling the apparatus around the inside of the chinese-english translation frame. It’s the details that really make this small experience come alive. Notice how whenever he can, Stephen uses a more specific, descriptive word in place of simple essay, a more generic one. The volunteers aren’t going to get food or dinner; they’re going for “Texas BBQ.” The coat hanger comes from chinese-english essay “a dumpster.” Stephen doesn’t just move the coat hanger—he “jiggles” it. Details also help us visualize the emotions of the brookes people in the scene. Essay! The person who hands Stephen the coat hanger isn’t just uncomfortable or nervous; he “takes a few steps back”—a description of movement that conveys feelings.

Finally, the detail of actual speech makes the scene pop. Instead of writing that the simple on terrorism other guy asked him to unlock the van, Stephen has the essay guy actually say his own words in a way that sounds like a teenager talking. Coat hangers: not just for crows' nests any more! (Gotz/Wikimedia) Turning a Specific Incident Into a Deeper Insight. Suddenly, two things simultaneously clicked. One was the 5 chapters of dissertation lock on the door. (I actually succeeded in springing it.) The other was the realization that I’d been in translation essay this type of situation before. In fact, I’d been born into this type of situation. Not only does Stephen make the locked car experience a meaningful illustration of how he has learned to oxford brookes creative writing be resourceful and chinese-english translation essay ready for four, anything, but he also makes this turn from the chinese-english specific to the broad through an of gratitude essay, elegant play on chinese-english the two meanings of the word “click.” Using Concrete Examples When Making Abstract Claims.

My upbringing has numbed me to unpredictability and chaos. With a family of seven, my home was loud, messy, and spottily supervised. My siblings arguing, the dog barking, the phone ringing—all meant my house was functioning normally. “Unpredictability and oxford brookes creative chaos” are very abstract, not easily visualized concepts. Not only that, but they could mean any number of chinese-english translation essay, things—violence, abandonment, poverty, mental instability. By instantly following up with highly finite and unambiguous illustrations like “family of seven” and “siblings arguing, the dog barking, the phone ringing,” Stephen grounds the essay abstraction in something that is easy to picture: a large, noisy family.

Using Small Bits of Humor and Casual Word Choice. My Dad, a retired Navy pilot, was away half the time. When he was home, he had a parenting style something like a drill sergeant. At the translation age of nine, I learned how to clear burning oil from the surface of water. My Dad considered this a critical life skill—you know, in case my aircraft carrier should ever get torpedoed. Obviously, knowing how to clean burning oil is not high on the list of things every 9-year-old needs to know. To emphasize this, Stephen uses sarcasm by bringing up a situation that is clearly over-the-top: “in case my aircraft carrier should ever get torpedoed.” The humor also feels relaxed.

Part of this is because he introduces it with the colloquial phrase “you know,” so it sounds like he is talking to debt of gratitude us in person. This approach also diffuses the potential discomfort of the reader with his father’s strictness—since he is making jokes about it, clearly he is OK. Notice, though, that this doesn’t occur very much in the essay. This helps keep the tone meaningful and serious rather than flippant. Mr. Translation! President? There's been an oil spill! Then I want our best elementary school students on four it, STAT.

An Ending That Stretches the Insight Into the Future. But one day this fall, Dr. Hicks, our Head of School, asked me a question that he hoped all seniors would reflect on throughout the year: “How can I participate in a thing I do not govern, in the company of chinese-english, people I did not choose?” The question caught me off guard, much like the question posed to me in custom box thesis Laredo. Then, I realized I knew the chinese-english translation essay answer. I knew why the coat hanger had been handed to me. Growing up as the middle child in essay my family, I was a vital participant in chinese-english translation a thing I did not govern, in the company of paragraph essay, people I did not choose. It’s family. It’s society. Essay! And often, it’s chaos. You participate by letting go of the small stuff, not expecting order and perfection, and facing the of philosophical unexpected with confidence, optimism, and chinese-english essay preparedness.

My family experience taught me to face a serendipitous world with confidence. The ending of the 5 chapters of dissertation essay reveals that Stephen’s life has been one long preparation for the future. He has emerged from chaos and his dad’s approach to parenting as a person who can thrive in a world that he can’t control. This connection of past experience to current maturity and self-knowledge is chinese-english translation, a key element in all successful personal essays. Colleges are very much looking for mature, self-aware applicants. These are the qualities of successful college students, who will be able to oxford brookes creative writing navigate the independence college classes require and chinese-english essay the responsibility and quasi-adulthood of box thesis, college life. What Could This Essay Do Even Better? Even the translation best essays aren't perfect, and even the multimedia box thesis world's greatest writers will tell you that writing is translation essay, never finished—just due. So what would we tweak in this essay if we could?

Replace some of the cliched language. Stephen uses handy phrases like twists and turns and don’t sweat the small stuff as a kind of shorthand for explaining his relationship to chaos and 5 chapters of dissertation unpredictability. But using too many of these ready-made expressions runs the risk of clouding out chinese-english translation essay, your own voice and replacing it with something expected and boring. Use another example from recent life. Stephen's first example (breaking into custom box thesis the van in chinese-english translation essay Laredo) is a great illustration of being resourceful in an unexpected situation. But his essay also emphasizes that he learned to adapt by being different things to different people. It would be great to see how this plays out meaning, outside his family, either in the situation in Laredo or another context. Example #2: By Bridget Collins, Tufts Class of '19 (Common App Essay, 608 words long) I have always loved riding in cars.

After a long day in first grade, I used to fall asleep to the engine purring in my mother's Honda Odyssey, even though it was only a 5-minute drive home. As I grew, and graduated into the shotgun seat, it became natural and enjoyable to look out the window. Seeing my world passing by through that smudged glass, I would daydream what I could do with it. In elementary school, I already knew my career path: I was going to be Emperor of the World. While I sat in the car and chinese-english translation essay watched the miles pass by, I developed the plan for my empire. I reasoned that, for the world to run smoothly, it would have to look presentable. I would assign people, aptly named Fixer-Uppers, to fix everything that needed fixing. Of Dissertation! That old man down the street with chipping paint on his house would have a fresh coat in no time.

The boy who accidentally tossed his Frisbee onto the roof of the translation essay school would get it back. The big pothole on Elm Street that my mother managed to hit every single day on the way to school would be filled-in. It made perfect sense! All the people that didn't have a job could be Fixer-Uppers. I was like a ten-year-old FDR.

Seven years down the road, I still take a second glance at the sidewalk cracks and think of multimedia, my Fixer-Uppers, but now I'm doing so from the driver's seat. Chinese-english Translation! As much as I would enjoy it, I now accept that I won't become Emperor of the World, and essay that the chinese-english essay Fixer-Uppers will have to remain in oxford creative writing my car ride imaginings. Or do they? I always pictured a Fixer-Upper as a smiling man in an orange T-Shirt. Maybe instead, a Fixer-Upper could be a tall girl with a deep love for chinese-english translation, Yankee Candles. Meaning Essay! Maybe it could be me.

Bridget the chinese-english translation Fixer-Upper will be slightly different than the imaginary one who paints houses and fetches Frisbees. I was lucky enough to discover what I am passionate about when I was a freshman in high school. A self-admitted Phys. Ed. addict, I volunteered to debt of gratitude essay help out with the Adapted PE class. Chinese-english! On my first day, I learned that it was for developmentally-disabled students. To be honest, I was really nervous. I hadn't had too much interaction with special needs students before, and wasn't sure how to handle myself around them.

Long story short, I got hooked. Three years have passed helping out in APE and eventually becoming a teacher in the Applied Behavior Analysis summer program. I love working with the students and watching them progress. When senior year arrived, college meetings began, and my counselor asked me what I wanted to do for a career, I didn't say Emperor of the World. Instead, I told him I wanted to become a board-certified behavior analyst. A BCBA helps develop learning plans for students with autism and other disabilities. Basically, I would get to do what I love for the rest of my life. He laughed and told me that it was a nice change that a seventeen-year-old knew so specifically what she wanted to do. I smiled, thanked him, and left.

But it occurred to me that, while my desired occupation was decided, my true goal in life was still to become a Fixer-Upper. Meaning! So, maybe I'll be like Sue Storm and her alter-ego, the Invisible Woman. Chinese-english Essay! I'll do one thing during the meaning of philosophical essay day, then spend my off-hours helping people where I can. Chinese-english! Instead of flying like Sue, though, I'll opt for a nice performance automobile. My childhood self would appreciate that.

Bridget takes a somewhat different approach than Stephen, but her essay is just as detailed and debt of gratitude essay engaging. Chinese-english Translation Essay! Let's go through some of the strengths of debt, her essay. A Structure That’s Easy to Follow and translation essay Understand. The essay is arranged chronologically. Bridget starts each paragraph with a clear signpost of where we are in time: Paragraph 1: “after a long day in first grade” Paragraph 2: “in elementary school” Paragraph 3: “seven years down the road” Paragraph 4: “when I was a freshman in high school” Paragraph 5: “when senior year arrived”

This keeps the brookes writing reader oriented without being distracting or gimmicky. I would assign people, aptly named Fixer-Uppers, to chinese-english fix everything that needed fixing. That old man down the street with chipping paint on his house would have a fresh coat in brookes no time. The boy who accidentally tossed his Frisbee onto the roof of the school would get it back. Seven years down the road, I still take a second glance at the sidewalk cracks and think of my Fixer-Uppers, but now I'm doing so from the essay driver's seat. As much as I would enjoy it, I now accept that I won't become Emperor of the World, and that the Fixer-Uppers will have to remain in my car ride imaginings. Or do they? I always pictured a Fixer-Upper as a smiling man in box thesis an orange T-Shirt. Maybe instead, a Fixer-Upper could be a tall girl with a deep love for Yankee Candles. Maybe it could be me.

I wanted to become a board-certified behavior analyst. A BCBA helps develop learning plans for students with autism and other disabilities. Basically, I would get to do what I love for the rest of my life. …But it occurred to translation me that, while my desired occupation was decided, my true goal in life was still to simple on terrorism become a Fixer-Upper. What makes this essay fun to read is chinese-english translation essay, that Bridget takes a child’s idea of box thesis, a world made better through quasi-magical helpers and chinese-english essay turns it into a metaphor for the author’s future aspirations. It helps that the oxford creative metaphor is a very clear one: people who work with students with disabilities are making the world better one abstract fix at translation essay a time, just like imaginary Fixer-Uppers would make the world better one concrete physical fix at a time. Every childhood Fixer-Upper ever. Ask your parents to explain the back row to you. (JD Hancock/Flickr) This essay uses many techniques that make Bridget sound genuine and make the 5 chapters reader feel like we already know her.

Technique #1: humor. Notice Bridget's gentle and relaxed humor that lightly mocks her younger self’s grand ambitions (this is different from the chinese-english translation essay more sarcastic kind of meaning of philosophical essay, humor used by Stephen in the first essay—you could never mistake one writer for the other). In elementary school, I already knew my career path: I was going to be Emperor of the World. I was like a ten-year-old FDR. Translation Essay! Technique #2: invented terminology. The second technique is the way Bridget coins her own terms, carrying them through the whole essay. It would be easy enough to on terrorism simply describe the people she imagined in childhood as helpers or assistants, and to translation essay simply say that as a child she wanted to rule the world. Instead, she invents the capitalized (and thus official-sounding) titles “Fixer-Upper” and “Emperor of the World,” making these childish conceits at brookes once charming and iconic. What's also key is that the titles feed into the central metaphor of the essay, which keeps them from sounding like strange quirks that don’t go anywhere. Technique #3: playing with syntax. The third technique is to use sentences of chinese-english translation essay, varying length, syntax, and structure.

Most of the essay's written in standard English and of gratitude uses grammatically correct sentences. Chinese-english Essay! However, at key moments, Bridget emphasizes that the reader needs to sit up and pay attention by switching to short, colloquial, differently punctuated, and sometimes fragmented sentences. The big pothole on brookes creative Elm Street that my mother managed to hit every single day on the way to school would be filled-in. Essay! It made perfect sense! All the people that didn't have a job could be Fixer-Uppers. Oxford Brookes Writing! When she is translation, narrating her childhood thought process, the sudden short sentence “It made perfect sense!” (especially its exclamation point) is basically the essay version of drawing a light bulb turning on over someone’s head.

As much as I would enjoy it, I now accept that I won't become Emperor of the World, and that the Fixer-Uppers will have to oxford brookes writing remain in my car ride imaginings. Or do they? Similarly, when the chinese-english translation essay essay turns from her childhood imagination to her present-day aspirations, the turn is marked with “Or do they?”—a tiny and arresting half-sentence question. Maybe instead, a Fixer-Upper could be a tall girl with a deep love for Yankee Candles. Maybe it could be me. Essay! The first time when the comparison between magical fixer-upper’s and the future disability specialist is made is when Bridget turns her metaphor onto herself.

The essay emphasizes the importance of the moment through repetition (two sentences structured similarly, both starting with the word “maybe”) and the use of chinese-english essay, a very short sentence: “Maybe it could be me.” To be honest, I was really nervous. I hadn't had too much interaction with special needs students before, and wasn't sure how to 5 chapters of dissertation handle myself around them. Long story short, I got hooked. The last key moment that gets the small-sentence treatment is the chinese-english essay emotional crux of the four essay. As we watch Bridget go from nervously trying to help disabled students to falling in love with this specialty field, she undercuts the potential sappiness of the translation essay moment by relying on essay changed-up sentence length and slang: “Long story short, I got hooked.” The best essays convey emotions just as clearly as this image. What Could This Essay Do Even Better? Bridget's essay is very strong, but there are still a few little things that could be improved. Chinese-english! Explain the car connection better. Of Dissertation! The essay begins and chinese-english ends with Bridget's enjoying a car ride, but this doesn't seem to be related either to the Fixer-Upper idea or to four her passion for working with special-needs students. It would be great to either connect this into the essay more, or to take it out altogether and translation create more space for simple, something else.

Give more details about being a teacher in the Applied Behavior Analysis summer program. It makes perfect sense that Bridget doesn't want to put her students on display. It would take the focus off of her and possibly read as offensive or condescending. But, rather than saying long story short, maybe she could elaborate on her own feelings here a bit more. What is it about this kind of teaching that she loves? What is she hoping to bring to the lives of her future clients? 3 Essential Tips for Writing Your Own Essay. Chinese-english Translation Essay! How can you use this discussion to better your own college essay?

Here are some suggestions for ways to use this resource effectively. #1: Take Apart the Other Essays in the Links. As you go through the essays we've compiled for you above, ask yourself the following questions: Can you explain to brookes writing yourself (or someone else!) why the essay opening sentence works well? Look for box thesis, the essay's detailed personal anecdote. What senses is the author describing? Can you easily picture the scene in your mind's eye? Find the chinese-english translation place where this anecdote bridges into a larger insight about the author. Multimedia! How does the essay connect the two? How does the anecdote work as an example of the author's characteristic, trait, or skill?

Check out the essay essay's tone. If it's funny, can you find the meaning essay places where the humor comes from? If it's sad and moving, can you find the imagery and description of feelings that make you moved? If it's serious, can you see how word choice adds to this tone? When you figure out how all the cogs fit together, you'll be able to build your own . um . whatever this is. All of these essays rely on connecting with the reader through a heartfelt, highly descriptive scene from the author's life. It can either be very dramatic (did you survive a plane crash?) or it can be completely mundane (did you finally beat your dad at Scrabble?). Either way, it should be personal and chinese-english translation essay revealing about you, your personality, and the way you are now that you are entering the adult world. Oxford Brookes! Let me level with you: the best writing isn't writing at translation all. It's rewriting. And in in india order to have time to rewrite, you have to start way before the application deadline.

My advice is to write your first draft at translation least two months before your applications are due. Let it sit for essay on terrorism, a few days untouched. Translation! Then come back to it with fresh eyes and think critically about what you've written. What's extra? What's missing? What is in the wrong place?

What doesn't make sense? Don't be afraid to take it apart and simple rearrange sections. Do this several times over, and your essay will be much better for chinese-english translation essay, it! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Anna scored in the 99th percentile on her SATs in high school, and four went on to major in English at chinese-english translation Princeton and to get her doctorate in English Literature at Columbia. She is 5 chapters, passionate about translation, improving student access to custom higher education. You should definitely follow us on social media.

You'll get updates on translation our latest articles right on your feed. Follow us on all 3 of our social networks: Have any questions about this article or other topics? Ask below and we'll reply! Series: How to Get 800 on Each SAT Section: Series: How to Get to custom multimedia 600 on Each SAT Section: Series: How to Get 36 on Each ACT Section: Our hand-selected experts help you in a variety of other topics! Looking for chinese-english essay, Graduate School Test Prep? Check out our top-rated graduate blogs here: Get the multimedia latest articles and test prep tips! © PrepScholar 2013-2015.

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climax essay Literary Terms and Definitions: C. This page is under perpetual construction! It was last upda ted January 5, 2017. CACOPHONY (Greek, bad sound): The term in poetry refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds. It is the opposite of euphony . CADEL (Dutch cadel and/or French cadeau , meaning a gift; a little something extra): A small addition or extra item added to an initial letter. Common cadels include pen-drawn faces or grotesques.

Examples include the faces appearing in essay the initial letters of the Lansdowne 851 manuscript of 5 chapters, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales . CADENCE : The melodic pattern just before the end of a sentence or phrase--for instance an translation essay, interrogation or an exhortation. More generally, the natural rhythm of language depending on the position of stressed and unstressed syllables. Cadence is a major component of individual writers' styles. Four? A cadence group is a coherent group of translation, words spoken as a single rhythmical unit, such as a prepositional phrase, of of gratitude, parting day or a noun phrase, our inalienable rights. CADENCE GROUP : See discussion under cadence . CAESURA (plural: caesurae ): A pause separating phrases within lines of poetry--an important part of poetic rhythm . The term caesura comes from the chinese-english translation, Latin a cutting or a slicing. Some editors will indicate a caesura by inserting a slash (/) in the middle of a poetic line. Others insert extra space in this location. Essay? Others do not indicate the caesura typographically at all. CALQUE : An expression formed by individually translating parts of a longer foreign expression and then combining them in a way that may or may not make literal sense in the new language.

Algeo provides the example of the English phrase trial balloon , which is a calque for the French ballon d'essai (Algeo 323). CALLIGRAPHIC WORK : In medieval manuscripts, this is (as Kathleen Scott states), Decorative work, usually developing from or used to make up an important or introductory initial, or developing from ascenders at the top of the chinese-english translation, page and descenders at writing, the bottom of the chinese-english translation, justified text; a series of strokes made by holding a quill constant at one angle to of philosophical essay produce broader and narrower lines, which in essay combination appear to overlap one another to 5 chapters of dissertation form strap-work (Scott 370). CANCEL : A bibliographical term referring to a leaf which is substituted for one removed by the printers because of an error. Chinese-english? For instance, the first quarto of Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida has a title page existing in both cancelled and uncancelled states, leaving modern readers in some doubt as to custom multimedia whether the play should be considered a comedy, history, or tragedy. CANON (from Grk kanon , meaning reed or measuring rod): Canon has three general meanings. (1) An approved or traditional collection of translation essay, works. Originally, the term canon applied to the list of essay, books to be included as authentic biblical doctrine in the Hebrew and Christian Bible, as opposed to apocryphal works (works of dubious, mysterious or uncertain origin). Click here for more information. (2) Today, literature students typically use the word canon to chinese-english refer to those works in anthologies that have come to be considered standard or traditionally included in the classroom and published textbooks. In this sense, the canon denotes the entire body of literature traditionally thought to be suitable for admiration and study. (3) In addition, the on terrorism in india, word canon refers to the writings of an author that scholars generally accepted as genuine products of said author, such as the Chaucer canon or the Shakespeare canon. Chaucer's canon includes The Canterbury Tales , for chinese-english translation instance, but it does not include the custom multimedia box thesis, apocryphal work, The Plowman's Tale, which has been mistakenly attributed to him in the past. Likewise, the Shakespearean canon has only two apocryphal plays ( Pericles and the Two Noble Kinsmen ) that have gained wide acceptance as authentic Shakespearean works beyond the thirty-six plays contained in the First Folio.

NB : Do not confuse the spelling of cannon (the big gun) with canon (the official collection of literary works). The issue of canonical literature is a thorny one. Traditionally, those works considered canonical are typically restricted to dead white European male authors. Many modern critics and teachers argue that women, minorities, and non-Western writers are left out of the literary canon unfairly. Additionally, the canon has always been determined in chinese-english part by philosophical biases and political considerations. In response, some critics suggest we do away with a canon altogether, while others advocate enlarging or expanding the existing canon to achieve a more representative sampling. CANTICLE : A hymn or religious song using words from any part of the Bible except the Psalms. CANTO : A sub-division of an epic or narrative poem comparable to a chapter in a novel.

Examples include the divisions in Dante's Divine Comedy , Lord Byron's Childe Harold , or Spenser's Faerie Queene . Essay In India? Cf. Translation? fit . CANZONE : In general, the multimedia, term has three meanings. (1) It refers generally to chinese-english translation the words of a Provençal or Italian song. (2) More specifically, an Italian or Provençal song relating to love or the praise of oxford creative, beauty is a canzone. (3) Poems in chinese-english translation essay English that bear some similarity to Provençal lyrics are called canzones --such as Auden's unrhymed poem titled Canzone, which uses the end words of the first twelve-line stanza in each of the following stanzas. CAPTIVITY NARRATIVE : A narrative, usually autobiographical in origin, concerning colonials or settlers who are captured by Amerindian or aboriginal tribes and live among them for some time before gaining freedom. An example would be Mary Rowlandson's A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson , which details her Indian captivity among the Wampanoag tribe in the late seventeenth century. Contrast with escape literature and slave narrative . CARDINAL VIRTUES (also called the of philosophical, Four Pagan Virtues ): In contrast to the three spiritual or Christian virtues of fides (faith), spes (hope), and caritas (love) espoused in the New Testament, the four cardinal virtues consisted of prudence, temperance, fortitude, and justice. Theologians like Saint Augustine argued Christians alone monopolized faith in a true God, hope of a real afterlife, and the ability to love human beings not for their own sake, but as a manifestation of God's creation.

However, these early theologians argued that pagans could still be virtuous in translation the cardinal virtues, the old values of the Roman Empire before the coming of Christianity. In Latin terminology, pagan Rome espoused the four cardinal virtues as follows: The Latin four-fold classification--later adopted by Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas--originates in much older Greek philosophy. In The Republic , Plato uses similar virtues as a way to dissect the roles different citizens would play in an ideal state. Brookes Writing? Cf. pietas . Cf. Seven Deadly Sins . CARET (Lat., it lacks): Also called a wedge , an up-arrow , or a hat , this editorial mark looks much the Greek letter lambda or an translation, arrowhead pointing upwards. Here is an of gratitude essay, example: ^ . An editor will write a caret underneath a line of text to chinese-english translation essay indicate that a word, letter, or punctuation mark needs insertion at the spot where the two lines converge. CARMEN : (Lat. song or poem): The generic Latin term for meaning essay a song or poem--especially a love-song or love-poem. After Ovid was banished to Tomis by the Emperor in the year 8 AD, he wrote that his crime was carmen et error (a song and a mistake).

This has led some scholars to translation essay wonder if his scandalous poem The Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love) may have invoked the wrath of Emperor Augustus whose Julian Marian laws sought to curb adultery and illicit sexuality. CARPE DIEM : Literally, the phrase is Latin for seize the day, from carpere (to pluck, harvest, or grab) and the accusative form of die (day). The term refers to a common moral or theme in creative writing classical literature that the reader should make the translation, most out of life and should enjoy it before it ends. Poetry or literature that illustrates this moral is often called poetry or literature of the carpe diem tradition. Examples include Marvell's To His Coy Mistress, and brookes creative writing Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. Cf. Anacreontics , Roman Stoicism , Epicureanism , transitus mundi , and the ubi sunt motif. CASE : The inflectional form of a noun, pronoun, or (in some languages) adjective that shows how the word relates to the verb or to other nouns of the same clause. Chinese-english? For instance, them is the objective case of they , and their is the of philosophical, possessive case of they . Chinese-english Translation? Common cases include the nominative, the accusative, the genitive, the dative, the ablative, the vocative, and meaning essay the instrumental forms. Patterns of particular endings added to words to indicate their case are called declensions . Click here for expanded information.

CASTE DIALECT : A dialect spoken by specific hereditary classes in chinese-english translation a society. Often the use of caste dialect marks the speaker as part of oxford creative, that particular class. For instance, a dalit or untouchable is the translation, lowest caste in the Indian Hindu caste system while a brahmin is the highest caste. Although the creative, two groups may frequently share a common language, they each also have specialized vocabulary and speech mannerisms that to a native speaker may quickly advertise their social background. CATACHRESIS (Grk. misuse): A completely impossible figure of speech or an implied metaphor that results from combining other extreme figures of speech such as anthimeria , hyperbole , synaesthesia , and metonymy . The results in each case are so unique that it is essay, hard to state a general figure of essay, speech that embodies all of the possible results. It is far easier to give examples. Essay? For instance, Hamlet says of Gertrude, I will speak daggers to her. A man can speak words, but no one can literally speak daggers. In spite of that impossibility, readers know Shakespeare means Hamlet will address Gertrude in a painful, contemptuous way. In pop music from the 1980s, the performer Meatloaf tells a disappointed lover, There ain't no Coup de Ville hiding the four essay, bottom of a crackerjack box.

The image of a luxury car hidden as a prize in the bottom of a tiny cardboard candybox emphasizes how unlikely or impossible it is his hopeful lover will find such a fantastic treasure in someone as cheap, common, and unworthy as the speaker in these lyrics. Sometimes the chinese-english translation, catachresis results from essay stacking one impossibility on top of another. Consider these examples: There existed a void inside that void within his mind. Chinese-english? Joe will have kittens when he hears this! I will sing victories for of gratitude you.

A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green.--Bacon I do not ask much: / I beg cold comfort. --Shakespeare, ( King John 5.7.41) His complexion is perfect gallows--Shakespeare, ( Tempest 1.1.33) And that White Sustenance--Despair--Dickinson The Oriel Common Room stank of logic --Cardinal Newman O, I could lose all Father now--Ben Jonson, on the death of his seven-year old son. The voice of your eyes is deeper than all roses --e.e. cummings. For a more recent example, consider the chinese-english, disturbingly cheerful pop song by Foster the People, Pumped Up Kicks, which deals with a school shooting. Here, the shooter/narrator thinks, I've waited for a long time. Custom Box Thesis? Yeah, the chinese-english, sleight of debt, my hand is now a quick-pull trigger. / I reason with my cigarette.

One can reason with induction or deduction, but how does one reason with a cigarette? Here, the catachresis might evoke the idea of the translation, cool kid using personal style instead of 5 chapters of dissertation, a persuasive argument, or it might evoke the imagery of chinese-english translation, torture--burning victims with a cigarette-butt to make one's point. This sort of evocative, almost nonsensical language is the heart of good catachresis. Oxford Creative Writing? Other examples, in The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien uses catachresis to describe Legolas's disgusted outburst at encountering an Orc by asserting, 'Yrch!' siad Legolas, falling into his own tongue.' One call fall into a pool of water or fall into a bed, but how does one fall into a language? As Milton so elegantly phrased it, catachresis is all about blind mouths. Such catachresis often results from hyperbole and chinese-english synaesthesia . A special subtype of catachresis is 5 chapters of dissertation, abusio , a mixed metaphor that results when two metaphors collide. Translation? For instance, one U. Of Gratitude Essay? S. senator learned of an essay, unlikely political alliance.

He is 5 chapters, said to have exclaimed, Now that is a horse of a different feather. This abusio is the result of chinese-english, two metaphors. The first is the cliché metaphor comparing anything unusual to a horse of a different color. The second is the proverbial metaphor about how birds of a feather flock together. However, by taking the two dead metaphors and combining them, the resulting image of a horse of a different feather truly emphasizes how bizarre and unlikely the resulting political alliance was. Intentionally or not, the senator created an ungainly, unnatural animal that reflects the ungainly, unnatural coalition he condemned.

Purists of languages often scrowl at abusio with good reason. Custom Multimedia Box Thesis? Too commonly abusio is the result of sloppy writing, such as the history student who wrote the dreadful hand of totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and growls at its enemies. (It would have been better to stick with a single metaphor and state the translation essay, eye of totalitarianism watches all that goes on around it and glares at its enemies. We should leave out the mixed imagery of watchful hands growling at people; it's just stupid and inconsistent.) However, when used intentionally for a subtle effect, abusio and catachresis can be powerful tools for originality. CATALECTIC : In poetry, a catalectic line is a truncated line in which one or more unstressed syllables have been dropped, especially in the final metrical foot. For instance, acephalous or headless lines are catalectic, containing one fewer syllable than would be normal for the line. Meaning Of Philosophical? For instance, Babette Deutsche notes the second line in this couplet from A. Chinese-english Essay? E. Simple Essay On Terrorism In India? Housman is chinese-english translation essay, catalectic:

And if my ways are not as theirs, Let them mind their own affairs. On the other hand, in trochaic verse, the simple essay on terrorism in india, final syllable tends to be the truncated one, as Deutsche notes about the first two lines of Shelley's stanza: Music, when soft voices die, Vibrates in the memory-- Odours, when sweet violets sicken, Live within the senses they quicken.

The term catalectic contrasts with an acatalectic line, which refers to a normal line of poetry containing the chinese-english translation, expected number of syllables in each line, or a hypercatalectic line, which has one or more extra syllables than would normally be expected. CATALEXIS : Truncation of of gratitude essay, a poetic line--i.e., in chinese-english essay poetry, a catalectic line is shortened or truncated so that unstressed syllables drop from a line. The act of such truncation is called catalexis. If catalexis occurs at the start of a line, that line is paragraph, said to chinese-english essay be acephalous or headless. See catalectic . CATALOGING : Creating long lists for poetic or rhetorical effect. The technique is common in essay epic literature, where conventionally the poet would devise long lists of famous princes, aristocrats, warriors, and mythic heroes to be lined up in battle and chinese-english essay slaughtered.

The technique is also common in of dissertation the practice of giving illustrious genealogies (and so-and-so begat so-and-so, or x, son of y, son of z etc.) for famous individuals. Essay? An example in American literature is Whitman's multi-page catalog of American types in section 15 of meaning of philosophical essay, Song of Myself. Chinese-english Translation Essay? An excerpt appears below: The pure contralto sings in the organ loft, The carpenter dresses his plank, the tongue of his foreplane whistles its wild ascending lisp, The married and custom unmarried children ride home to their Thanksgiving dinner, The pilot seizes the king-pin, he heaves down with a strong arm, The mate stands braced in the whale-boat, lance and harpoon are ready, The duck-shooter walks by silent and cautious stretches,

The deacons are ordained with crossed hands at the altar, The spinning-girl retreats and advances to the hum of the big wheel, The farmer stops by the bars as he walks on a First-day loaf and looks at the oats and chinese-english essay rye, The lunatic is carried at last to custom multimedia box thesis the asylum a confirmed case. [etc.] One of the more humorous examples of cataloging appears in the Welsh Mabinogion . In one tale, Culhwch and Olwen, the protagonist invokes in an oath all the names of King Arthur's companion-warriors, giving lists of their unusual attributes or abilities running to six pages. CATASTROPHE : The turning downward of the chinese-english essay, plot in a classical tragedy. By tradition, the multimedia box thesis, catastrophe occurs in the fourth act of the play after the climax. (See tragedy .) Freytag's pyramid illustrates visually the normal charting of the catastrophe in a plotline. CATCH : A lyric poem or song meant to chinese-english translation be sung as a round, with the words arranged in each line so that the audience will hear a hidden (often humorous or ribald) message as the groups of meaning essay, singers sing their separate lyrics and space out the wording of the chinese-english translation essay, poem.

For example, one might write a song in which the first line contained the words up, the of dissertation, word look appears in the middle of the third line, the word dress appears in essay the second line, and the word her appears in of dissertation the middle of the translation, fourth line. When the song or poem is sung as a round by four groups of singers, the word order and timing is arranged so that the singers create the hidden phrase look up her dress as they sing, to the amusement of the audience as they listen to an otherwise innocent set of brookes, lyrics. Robert Herrick's To the Virgins, to Make Much of chinese-english translation, Time is an example of a catch, and when William Lawes adapted the poem to music for simple in india Milton's masque Comus , it became one of the most popular drinking songs of the 1600s (Damrosche 844-45). CATCHWORD : This phrase comes from printing; it refers to chinese-english essay a trick printers would use to keep pages in their proper order. The printer would print a specific word below the text at essay, the bottom of a page.

This word would match the first word on the next page. A printer could thus check the order by flipping quickly from translation one page to the next and making sure the brookes, catchword matched appropriately. This trick has been valuable to modern codicologists because it allows us to note missing pages that have been lost, misplaced, or censored. CATHARSIS : An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to chinese-english Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. He writes in his Poetics (c.

350 BCE): Tragedy is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; . . . through pity [ eleos ] and fear [ phobos ] effecting the proper purgation [ catharsis ] of these emotions (Book 6.2). 5 Chapters Of Dissertation? (See tragedy .) Click here to download a pdf handout concerning this material. CAVALIER : A follower of Charles I of England (ruled c. 1625-49) in his struggles with the Puritan-dominated parliament. The term is used in contrast with Roundheads , his Puritan opponents. Cavaliers were primarily wealthy aristocrats and courtiers. Essay? They were famous for their long hair, fancy clothing, licentious or hedonistic behavior, and their support of the arts. See Cavalier drama and Cavalier poets , below.

Ultimately, Cromwell led the Roundheads in a coup d'état and established a Puritan dictatorship in of gratitude England, leading to the end of the chinese-english essay, English Renaissance and its artistic, scientific, and cultural achievements. To see where Charles' reign fits in English history, you can download this PDF handout listing the reigns of English monarchs chronologically. CAVALIER DRAMA : A form of English drama comprising court plays that the Queen gave patronage to meaning essay in the 1630s. Most critics have been underimpressed with these plays, given that they are mostly unoriginal and written in a ponderous style. The Puritan coup d'état and the later execution of King Charles mercifully terminated the dramatic period, but unfortunately also ended their poetry, which was quite good in comparison. CAVALIER POETS : A group of Cavalier English lyric poets who supported King Charles I and wrote during his reign and who opposed the essay, Puritans, his political enemies. The major Cavalier poets included Carew, Waller, Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Herrick.

They largely abandoned the sonnet form favored for a century earlier, but they still focused on the themes of meaning essay, love and sensuality and their work illustrates technical virtuosity as J. Chinese-english? A. Cuddon put it (125). They show strong signs of Ben Jonson's influence. CAVE, THE : Not to essay be confused with Plato's allegorical cave , this term is a nickname for a gathering of chinese-english essay, Tolkien and fellow Oxford English scholars in the 1930s before the Inklings formed. As Drout's J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia summarizes the details, the 5 chapters of dissertation, name comes from translation essay I Samuel 22:1-2, where the Cave of Adullam became the place for David's conpiracies against King Saul, possibly implying that the members of the Cave at Oxford saw themselves as righteously subversive of the academic establishment. Members of the Cave included C.S.

Lewis, J.R.R. Tolkien, Neville Coghill, Hugh Dyson, and Cleanth Brooks. They were distinguished scholars of various fields. Eventually, in 1933, C.S. Lewis's brother Warnie retired to Oxford after a bout with alcoholism and could not regularly make meetings at the Cave. C.S.

Lewis took it upon himself to raid the Cave for simple in india similarly-minded scholars to become a part of the new Inklings group (Lobdell cited in Drout 88). Cf. Inklings and Cave, Plato's below. CAVE, PLATO'S : In Plato's Republic , Socrates, Plato, and several of their fellows debate the nature of ideal government. In the section on chinese-english translation, education in this ideal Republic, they argue about the purpose of multimedia, education. As part of Socrates' argument, the discussion veers into an allegory in which human existence is being trapped in chinese-english a cave of ignorance, chained in place and unable to view anything except shadows cast on the wall. Paragraph Essay? Some of those shadows are vague outlines of actual unseen truths beyond the chinese-english translation essay, perception of the senses; others are false images deliberately designed to mislead the cave-dwellers, keeping them content and unquestioning. The purpose of education becomes freeing the oxford writing, imprisoned human and forcing him to leave the translation essay, cave, to look at the actual objects that make the shadows. Of Gratitude? Cf. Platonic Forms . While reading Plato's cave as an allegory of education is a common interpretation, some philosophers (especially medieval readers) often took a more mystical approach to chinese-english essay the Greek text, interpreting the cave as the material or physical world, while the shadows were mere outline of a greater spiritual truths--hidden and eternal beyond the physical world.

C. S. Oxford Brookes Creative Writing? Lewis coopts this idea in The Last Battle , in which the characters discover after death that Narnia has merely been a crude approximation of translation, heaven, and the further they travel in the onion ring, the larger and more beautiful and more true the inner rings become. CELLERAGE : The hollow area beneath a Renaissance stage--known in 5 chapters Renaissance slang as hell and entered through a trapdoor called a hellmouth . The voice of the ghost comes from this area in chinese-english translation Hamlet , which has led to 5 chapters of dissertation scholarly discussion concerning whether or not the essay, ghost is really Hamlet's father or a demon in custom box thesis disguise. CELTIC : A branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Celtic includes Welsh and Breton. Celtic languages are geographically linked to western Europe, and they come in two general flavors, goidelic (or Q-celtic) and brythonic (or P-celtic). CELTIC REVIVAL : A literary movement involving increased interest in Welsh, Scottish, and Irish culture, myths, legends, and literature.

It began in the late 1700s and continues to this day. Thomas Gray's Pindaric ode The Bard (1757) and Ieuan Brydydd's publication of Some Specimens of the Poetry of the Ancient Welsh Bards (1764) mark its emergence, and Charlotte Guest's translation of The Mabinogion in 1839 marks its continued rise. Matthew Arnold's lectures on essay, Celtic literature at Oxford helped promote the foundation of a Chair of Celtic at that school in 1877. The Celtic Revival influenced Thomas Love Peacock, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, and W. B. Yeats, and probably led to the creation of the Abbey Theatre . A continuing part of the Celtic Revival is the simple essay, Irish Literary Renaissance , a surge of extraordinary Irish talent in the late nineteenth and twentieth century including Bram Stoker, James Joyce, William Butler Yeats, Samuel Beckett, George Bernard Shaw, and Seamus Heaney. CENOTAPH : A carving on a tombstone or monument, often in the form of chinese-english, a verse poem, biblical passage, or literary allusion appearing after the deceased individual's name and date of birth/death. Often used synonymously with epitaph . CENSORSHIP : The act of brookes creative writing, hiding, removing, altering or destroying copies of art or writing so that general public access to it is essay, partially or completely limited. Contrast with bowdlerization. Click here to download a PDF handout discussing censorship in great detail. The term originates in an occupational position in of dissertation the Roman government.

After the fifth century BCE, Rome commissioned censors. These censors at first were limited to conducting the census for tax estimations, but in latter times, their job was to translation essay impose moral standards for citizenship, including the removal of unsavory literature. See also the Censorship Ordinance of 1559 and the Profanity Act of 1606 . CENSORSHIP ORDINANCE OF 1559 : This law under Queen Elizabeth required the paragraph, political censorship of chinese-english essay, public plays and multimedia box thesis all printed materials in matters of chinese-english, religion and the government. The Master of Revels was appointed to monitor and custom multimedia box thesis control such material. All of Shakespeare's early works were written under this act. Translation Essay? We can see signs of alteration in his early works to conform to the requirements of the box thesis, censors. Chinese-english Essay? Contrast with the Profanity Act of 1606 . CENTAUR MYTH : In mythology and literary use, a common motif is the centaur (a hybrid of horse-body with a human torso where the horse's head would be). This mythic creature has gone through a number of allegorical transformations in different literary periods. In classical Greek artwork and meaning of philosophical essay literature, centaurs were associated with sex and violence. Their lineage traces them to Centaurus, the twin brother of King Lapithes. Both Centaurus and Lapithes were the essay, offspring of Apollo and a river nymph named Stilbe.

Stilbe gave birth to twins, with the elder Lapithes being strong, brave and handsome, but the younger twin Centaurus was ugly, brutish, and deformed. Unable to find a woman willing to marry him, Centaurus engaged in bestiality with mares, who in turn gave birth to half-human, half-horse hybrids that terrorized the land, becoming the first centaurs. Many Greek temples such as the Parthenon included a prominent carved scene called a centauromachia , which depicted the of gratitude essay, battle between Pirithous, a later king of the essay, Lapith tribe, as he battled with centaurs who party-crashed his wedding and attempted to meaning of philosophical abduct the bride and bridesmaids. The scene was also popular in Greek pottery and wall-painting, and it helped cement the Greek idea that centaurs were generally loutish creatures symbolizing bestial natures--especially the lower passions of chinese-english translation, gluttony, rapine, and sexuality. Only a few exceptions (such as Chiron) were exceptions to this rule, and Greek heroes like Hercules spent a great deal of time beating up centaurs who sought to kidnap their wives and lovers. Later, medieval bestiaries revisited and Christianized the centaur myth. One medieval bestiary/commentary used centaurs as symbols of hypocrisy.

After pews gradually become common in late medieval churches near the turn of the Renaissance, such bestiaries depicted the centaur as standing in a pew so that only the human-looking upper half of the body was visible while the essay, lower animal half was unseen. Chinese-english Translation? The commentators stated that even thus wicked people in essay churches would look virtuous in their public appearance, but their truly monstrous nature would remain concealed. By the chinese-english translation essay, Enlightenment, pastoral artwork and paragraph essay paintings tended to depict centaurs more as frolicking, playful creatures--erasing earlier overtones of chinese-english translation, rape and on terrorism evil, and by the late 19th-century, fantasy writers at the time of George MacDonald rehabilitated them, making them deuteragonists and essay tritagonists that heroes would encounter on of dissertation, their quests. Among the Inklings of the 1940s, C.S. Translation Essay? Lewis in particular become fascinated with idealizing centaurs as noble creatures and developed them into a private symbol for spiritual and bodily perfection.

Lewis saw the upward human half of debt, a centaur as being an emblem of reason and nobility, and translation essay the lower half being an emblem of natural biological or animal passions. 5 Chapters Of Dissertation? Thus, the centaur became his emblem for the healthy union of the material body and chinese-english translation the intellectual/spiritual domains--an organism as God intended humans to be before the fall, or the perfect amalgamation of the chariot-driver, chariot, and horses in the allegory of the charioteer that Plato retells in Phaedrus . CENTUM LANGUAGE : One of the two main branches of Indo-European languages. These centum languages are generally associated with western Indo-European languages and they often have a hard palatal /k/ sound rather than the sibilant sound found in equivalent satem words. See discussion under Indo-European . CHAIN OF BEING : An elaborate cosmological model of the universe common in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Great Chain of 5 chapters of dissertation, Being was a permanently fixed hierarchy with the Judeo-Christian God at essay, the top of the chain and inanimate objects like stones and mud at the bottom. Intermediate beings and objects, such as angels, humans, animals, and plants, were arrayed in descending order of intelligence, authority, and four paragraph essay capability between these two extremes. The Chain of Being was seen as designed by God. The idea of the Chain of Being resonates in art, politics, literature, cosmology, theology, and philosophy throughout the Middle Ages and chinese-english translation Renaissance. It takes on particular complexity because different parts of the Chain were thought to correspond to each other. (See correspondences .) Click here for more information.

CHANSON (French song): A love-song or French love-poem, especially one the Provençal troubadour poets created or performed. Conventionally, the chanson has five or six stanzas, all of identical structure, and an envoi or a tornada at the end. Four Essay? They were usually dedicated or devoted to a lady or a mistress in essay the courtly love tradition. CHANSON DE GESTE (French, song of deeds): These chansons are lengthy Old French poems written between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries glorifying Carolingian noblemen and their feudal lords. The chansons de geste combine history and legend . They focus on religious aspects of on terrorism in india, chivalry rather than courtly love or the knightly quests so common in chinese-english translation the chivalric romance . Typical subject-matter involves (1) internal wars and four intrigue among noble factions (2) external conflict with Saracens, and (3) rebellious vassals who rise up against their lords in chinese-english translation essay acts of meaning of philosophical essay, betrayal. Typical poetic structure involves ten-syllable lines marked by assonance and chinese-english translation essay stanzas of varying length. The chansons de geste are in many ways comparable to epics . Over eighty texts survive, but The Song of Roland is by far the most popular today. CHANSON À PERSONNAGES (French, song to people): Old French songs or poems in dialogue form. Common subjects include quarrels between husbands and debt wives, meetings between a lone knight and translation a comely shepherdess, or romantic exchanges between lovers leaving each other in the morning. Of Dissertation? See aubade . CHARACTER : Any representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation.

The reader can interpret characters as endowed with moral and dispositional qualities expressed in translation what they say ( dialogue ) and what they do ( action ). Essay? E. M. Chinese-english Translation? Forster describes characters as flat (i.e., built around a single idea or quality and unchanging over the course of the narrative) or round (complex in temperament and motivation; drawn with subtlety; capable of growth and change during the course of the narrative). The main character of a work of a fiction is typically called the protagonist ; the character against whom the protagonist struggles or contends (if there is four paragraph essay, one), is the antagonist . If a single secondary character aids the protagonist throughout the narrative, that character is the deuteragonist (the hero's side-kick). A character of tertiary importance is a tritagonist . These terms originate in classical Greek drama, in which a tenor would be assigned the role of protagonist, a baritone the role of deuteragonist, and a bass would play the tritagonist. Compare flat characters with stock characters . CHARACTERIZATION : An author or poet's use of chinese-english essay, description, dialogue, dialect, and action to create in the reader an of dissertation, emotional or intellectual reaction to a character or to make the character more vivid and realistic. Careful readers note each character's attitude and thoughts, actions and translation reaction, as well as any language that reveals geographic, social, or cultural background. CHARACTONYM : An evocative or symbolic name given to a character that conveys his or her inner psychology or allegorical nature. For instance, Shakespeare has a prostitute named Doll Tearsheet and a moody young man named Mercutio . Steinbeck has the sweet-natured Candy in Of Mice and Men . Spenser has a lawless knight named Sansloy (French, without law) and of philosophical essay an arrogant giant named Orgoglio (Italian, pride). On a more physical level, Rabelais might name a giant Gargantua or C.S.

Lewis might call his talking lion Aslan (Turkish for translation lion). These names are all simple charactonyms. Paragraph Essay? Cf. eponym . CHASTUSHKA (plur. chastushki ): In 19th-century Russian literature, a short song, usually of four lines--usually epigrammatic and humorous and nature, commonly focusing on topics such as love and commonly associated with young artists. Chastushki on political topics became more common in the 20th century. Most modern examples rhyme and use regular trochaic meter, though in the oldest examples, these features are less regular, with cadences that are feminine or dactylic (Harkins 121). CHAUCERISM : In the Renaissance, experimental revivals and new word formations that were consciously designed to imitate the sounds, the feel, and verbal patterns from an older century--a verbal or grammatical anachronism . Spenser uses many Chaucerisms in chinese-english essay The Fairie Queene . CHEKE SYSTEM : As summarized by Baugh, a proposed method for indicating long vowels and 5 chapters standardizing spelling first suggested by Sir John Cheke in translation essay Renaissance orthography. Cheke would double vowels to indicate a long sound.

For instance, mate would be spelled maat , lake would be spelled laak , and so on. Silent e 's would be removed, and the letter y would be abolished and an i used in its place (Baugh 209). Essay In India? It did not catch on. CHIASMUS (from Greek, cross or x): A literary scheme in chinese-english essay which the author introduces words or concepts in a particular order, then later repeats those terms or similar ones in reversed or backwards order. It involves taking parallelism and deliberately turning it inside out, creating a crisscross pattern. For example, consider the chiasmus that follows: By day the frolic, and the dance by night . If we draw the of dissertation, words as a chart, the words form an x (hence the word's Greek etymology, from chi meaning x): The sequence is chinese-english, typically a b b a or a b c c b a . I lead the life I love ; I love the life I lead . Naked I rose from the earth ; to four paragraph the grave I fall clothed . Biblical examples in the Greek can be found in chinese-english translation essay Philippians 1:15-17 and Colossians 3:11, though the essay, artistry is often lost in English translation. Chiasmus often overlaps with antimetabole . CHICANO / CHICANA LITERATURE : Twentieth- and twenty-first-century writings and poetry by Mexican-American immigrants or their children--usually in English with short sections or phrases in Spanish. An example would be Sandra Cisneros' writings, such as The House on chinese-english, Mango Street or My Wicked Wicked Ways . Following the grammatical conventions for gender in Spanish, the adjective Chicano takes an -o suffix in reference to male authors and an -a suffix in reference to female authors. Cf.

Latino Writing . CHIVALRY : An idealized code of military and social behavior for of dissertation the aristocracy in the late medieval period. The word chivalry comes from Old French cheval (horse), and chivalry literally means horsemanship. Normally, only rich nobility could afford the expensive armor, weaponry, and warhorses necessary for mounted combat, so the act of becoming a knight was symbolically indicated by giving the knight silver spurs. The right to translation knighthood in the late medieval period was inherited through the father, but it could also be granted by the king or a lord as a reward for services. The tenets of chivalry attempted to civilize the brutal activity of warfare. Multimedia? The chivalric ideals involve sparing non-combatants such as women, children, and helpless prisoners; the protection of the church; honesty in word and bravery in deeds; loyalty to one's liege; dignified behavior; and single-combat between noble opponents who had a quarrel. Other matters associated with chivalry include gentlemanly contests in arms supervised by witnesses and heralds, behaving according to the manners of polite society, courtly love , brotherhood in arm s , and feudalism . Translation Essay? See knight for simple in india additional information.

This code became of great popular interest to British readers in the 1800s, leading to chinese-english a surge of historical novels, poems, and paintings dealing with medieval matters. Examples of this nineteenth-century fascination include the Pre-Raphaelite Movement , William Morris's revival of medieval handcrafts, Scott's novels such as Ivanhoe , and the earnestly sympathetic (though unrealistic) depiction of knighthood in Tennyson's Idylls of the King . In Tennyson's poem Guinevere , King Arthur describes the ideals of knighthood thus: I made them lay their hands in mine and oxford brookes swear. To reverence the King, as if he were. Their conscience, and their conscience as their King. To break the heathen and uphold the Christ,

To ride abroad redressing human wrongs, To speak no slander, no, nor listen to it, To honor his own word as if his God's, To lead sweet lives in purest chastity, To love one maiden only, cleave to translation her, And worship her by years of noble deeds, Until they won her.

For the best modern scholarly discussion of chivalry as a historic reality in the Middle Ages, read Maurice H. Keen's Chivalry (Yale University Press, 1984). CHORAGOS (often Latinized as choragus ): A sponsor or patron of a play in classical Greece. Often this sponsor was honored by serving as the essay, leader of the chorus (see below). CHORIC FIGURE : Any character in any type of narrative literature that serves the same purpose as a chorus in drama by remaining detached from the translation, main action and commenting upon or explaining this action to the audience. See chorus , below.

CHORUS : (1) A group of singers who stand alongside or off stage from the principal performers in a dramatic or musical performance. (2) The song or refrain that this group of singers sings. In ancient Greece, the chorus was originally a group of male singers and dancers ( choreuti ) who participated in religious festivals and dramatic performances by singing commenting on the deeds of the characters and interpreting the meaning of philosophical essay, significance of the events within the essay, play. This group contrasts with the actors (Greek hypocrites ). Shakespeare alters the traditional chorus by replacing the singers with a single figure--often allegorical in nature. For instance, Time comes on custom box thesis, stage in The Winter's Tale to explain the chinese-english, passing years. Likewise, Rumor appears in Henry IV, Part Two to summarize the simple essay on terrorism, gossip about Prince Hal. See also choragos and choric figure , above. CHRISTIAN NOVEL : A novel that focuses on Christianity, evangelism, or conversion stories. Sometimes the plots are overtly focused on this theme, but others are primarily allegorical or symbolic. Traditionally, most literary critics have rated these works as being of lower literary quality than the canon of translation, great novels in Western civilization.

Examples include Bodie Thoen's In My Father's House , Catherine Marshall's Christy , Par Lagerkvist's Barabbas , Henryk Sienkiewicz's Quo Vadis , and Lloyd C. Douglas's The Robe . CHRISTOLOGICAL FIGURE : In theology, Christology is the study of Jesus' nature, i.e., whether Christ had both a human and divine nature, whether he had one sentient will alone or one human will and one divine will, whether he was theoretically capable of sin like humanity or perfectly righteous like the other persons in the trinity, whether he shared in the Father's omniscience or suffered from in india human afflictions like doubt or ignorance, whether he existed or not before his biological birth, whether he was equal in translation authority and power to the other persons in four the trinity, and whether he actually had a physical body (the orthodox view) or was composed entirely of translation essay, spirit (the Arian view). In literary studies, the term christological has been commandeered to refer to (1) an object, person, or figure that represents Christ allegorically or symbolically, or (2) any similar object, person, or figure with qualities generally reminiscent of Christ. Examples of christological figures include the Old Man in Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea , who after his struggle with the fish ends up bleeding from his palms and 5 chapters of dissertation lying on the floor in a cruciform pattern; the lion Aslan in translation C. Meaning Of Philosophical Essay? S. Lewis's The Chronicles of Narnia , who allows himself like the chinese-english, lion of the tribe of Judah to 5 chapters be slain in order to essay redeem a traitorous child; and the unicorn in medieval bestiaries, which would lie down and place its phallic , ivory-horned meekly in four paragraph a maiden's lap so that hunters might kill it--which medieval monks interpreted as an allegory of Christ allowing himself to chinese-english translation enter the brookes creative, womb of the chinese-english translation essay, virgin Mary so that he might later be sacrificed. Simple Essay? Zora Neale Hurston creates a christ-figure in essay Delia Jones, who in the short story Sweat suffers to support her ungrateful husband and custom multimedia box thesis crawled over the earth in Gethsemane and up the rocks of Calvary many, many times . . . and so on. CHRONICLE : A history or a record of events.

It refers to translation essay any systematic account or narration of essay, events that makes minimal attempt to interpret, question, or analyze that history. Because of chinese-english translation essay, this, chronicles often contain large amounts of folklore or other word-of-mouth legends the writer has heard. In biblical literature, the 5 chapters, book of Chronicles is one example of a chronicle. Medieval chronicles include Joinville's account of the Crusades and Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain , a source for essay much Arthurian legend. In the Renaissance , Raphael Holinshed, Edward Hall, and other chroniclers influenced Shakespeare. Oxford Brookes Creative Writing? Chronicles were popular in England after the British defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. The accompanying patriotic fervor increased the public's demand for plays about English history. If Chronicles are written in the form of chinese-english translation, annual entries, they are also called annals . See also lepotis . CHRONOLOGICAL SNOBBERY : C. S. Lewis's term for what he describes as the uncritical acceptance of . . Custom Multimedia Box Thesis? . the assumption that whatever has gone out of date is on that account discredited, i.e., the essay, unthinking belief that past ideas or literature are obsolete and that current or present ideas are superior to paragraph them, the chinese-english essay, myth that all change is beneficial progress. Lewis initially felt torn between his love of medieval literature and the sense that it made him a dinosaur out of paragraph essay, touch with the 20th century, and he felt depressed to think the fictions of the past as beautiful lies.

In a fierce philosophical debate ( The Great War ) with Owen Barfield, Barfield convinced him that such a view was wrong, and Lewis states Barfield made short work of chinese-english translation, my chronological snobbery (qtd. in custom multimedia Duriez 45). CHRONOLOGY (Greek: logic of time): The order in translation essay which events happen, especially when emphasizing a cause-effect relationship in history or in a narrative. CHTHONIC : Related to the dead, the grave, the oxford creative, underworld, or the fertility of the earth. In Greek mythology, the Greeks venerated three categories of spirits: (1) the Olympian gods, who were worshipped in translation public ceremonies--often outdoors on the east side of large columned temples in debt essay the agora , (2) ancestral heroes like Theseus and Hercules, who were often worshipped only in local shrines or at specific burial mounds, (3) chthonic spirits, which included (a) earth-gods and translation death-gods like Hades, Hecate, and Persephone; (b) lesser-known (and often nameless) spirits of the departed; (c) dark and bloody spirits of vengeance like the Furies and Nemesis, and (d) (especially in Minoan tradition) serpents, which were revered as intermediaries between the surface world of the living and the subterranean realm of the of gratitude, dead. This is why snakes were so prominent in the healing cults of Aesclepius. It became common in Greek to speak of the Olympian in contrast to the cthonioi (those belonging to the earth).

See Burkert 199-203 for chinese-english essay detailed discussion. CHURCH SUMMONER : Medieval law courts were divided into civil courts that tried public offenses and ecclesiastical courts that tried offenses against oxford brookes creative writing, the church. Summoners were minor church officials whose duties included summoning offenders to appear before the translation essay, church and receive sentence. By the fourteenth century, the job became synonymous with extortion and corruption because many summoners would take bribes from the meaning, individuals summoned to court. Chaucer satirized a summoner in The Canterbury Tales . CINQUAIN : A five-line stanza with varied meter and rhyme scheme, possibly of medieval origin but definitely influenced after 1909 by Japanese poetic forms such as the tanka . Chinese-english Translation? Most modern cinquains are now based on meaning, the form standardized by an American poet, Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1918), in which each unrhymed line has a fixed number of syllables--respectively two, four, six, eight, and two syllables in each line--for a rigid total of 22 syllables. Here is probably the most famous example of chinese-english, a cinquain from Crapsey's The Complete Poems ; Three silent things: The falling snow. the custom, hour. Before the dawn. the mouth of one. Perhaps under the influence of diamante poems, many modern elementary school teachers have begun adding an additional set of conventions to the cinquain in which each line has a specific structural requirement:

Line 1 - Consists of the two-syllable title or subject for the poem. Line 2 - Consists of two adjectives totaling four syllables describing the subject or title. Line 3 - Consists of three verbs totaling six syllables describing the subject's actions. Line 4 - Consists of four words totaling eight syllables giving the writer's opinion of the subject. Line 5 - Consists of one two-syllable word, often a synonym for the subject. These secondary conventions, however, are usually limited to children's poetic exercises, and professional poets do not generally follow these conventions.

CIRCULAR STRUCTURE : A type of essay, artistic structure in which a sense of of dissertation, completeness or closure does not originate in coming to a conclusion that breaks with the earlier story; instead, the chinese-english essay, sense of paragraph, closure originates in the way the end of a piece returns to subject-matter, wording, or phrasing found at the beginning of the narrative, play, or poem. An example of circular structure might be The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, which ends with an ellipsis identical to the opening sequence, indicating that the middle-aged protagonist is engaging in yet another escapist fantasy. Leigh Hunt's poem Jenny Kissed Me is an example of a circularly-structured poem, since it ends with the same words that open the chinese-english essay, speaker's ecstatic, gossipy report. Langdon Smith's poem Evolution is circular in its concluding repetition of the opening phrase, When you were a tadpole, and I was a fish, but it is also thematically circular, in that it implies the cycle of reincarnated love will continue again and again in spite of simple essay on terrorism in india, death. Chinese-english Essay? In many ways, the 5 chapters of dissertation, smaller tales within a larger frame narrative act as part of a circular structure, because each small tale begins by breaking the reader away from the larger, encompassing narrative and chinese-english translation concludes by returning the reader to that larger frame-narrative. CITY DIONYSIA : See discussion under dionysia . CIVIC CRITICS : A school of 19th-century Russian literary scholars who judged the value of writing primarily by its political context and progressive ideas.

They commonly wrote in oposition to of philosophical the aesthetic theories of the Parnassian Poets (Harkins 55). Example critics include Belinski (active in the 1840s), Dobrolyubov, and translation Chernyshevski. CLANG ASSOCIATION : A semantic change caused because one word sounds similar to another. For instance, the word fruition in Middle English meant enjoyment. In Modern English, its meaning has changed to completion because it sounds like the word fruit --hence the idea of ripeness, of growing to full size, as Algeo notes (314).

CLASSICAL : The term in Western culture is usually used in reference to the art, architecture, drama, philosophy, literature, and history surrounding the Greeks and Romans between 1000 BCE and oxford writing 410 BCE. Works created during the Greco-Roman period are often called classics . Chinese-english Essay? The Golden Age of Classical Greek culture is commonly held to paragraph essay be the fifth century BCE (especially 450-410 BCE). The term can be applied more generally to essay any ancient and revered writing or artwork from a specific culture; thus we refer to Classical Chinese, Classical Hebrew, and Classical Arabic works. For extended discussion, click here. To download a PDF handout placing the periods of of gratitude, literary history in translation essay order, click here. CLASSICAL HAIKU : Another term for the hokku , the predecessor of the modern haiku . See hokku and haiku . CLAUSE : In grammatical terminology, a clause is any word-construction containing a nominative and a predicate, i.e., a subject doing a verb. The term clause contrasts with the term phrase . A phrase might contain nouns as appositives or objects, and debt of gratitude essay it might contain verb-like words in the form of participles or gerunds, but it crucially lacks a subject doing a verb. For example, consider this sentence: Joe left the building after seeing his romantic rival.

Clause : Joe left the building. Phrase : after seeing his romantic rival. If the chinese-english translation essay, clause could stand by itself as a complete sentence, it is known as an custom multimedia, independent clause . If the clause cannot stand by itself as a complete sentence (typically because it begins with a subordinating conjunction), it is translation, said to be a dependent clause . For expanded discussion and examples, click here. For a discusion of clauses according to functional type, click here ( TBA). CLERIHEW : In light verse, a funny poem of closed-form with four lines rhyming ABAB in irregular meter, usually about a famous person from history or literature.

Typically the historical person's name forms one of the rhymes. The name comes from Edmund Clerihew Bentley (1875-1956), the purported inventor. Essay? He supposedly had a habit of scribbling down such rhymes during dull lectures at school, including this one from his chemistry class: Sir Humphrey Davy. He lived in the odium. Of having discovered sodium.

CLICHÉ : A hackneyed or trite phrase that has become overused. Clichés are considered bad writing and bad literature. Click here to download a PDF handout for more information. Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. Cliché rhymes in poetry include love and dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Sometimes, to translation essay avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in oxford brookes Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICHÉ RHYME : Cliché rhymes are rhymes that are considered trite or predictable. They include love and translation essay dove , moon and June , trees and breeze . Oxford Writing? Sometimes, to avoid cliché rhymes, poets will go to hyperbolic lengths, such as the trisyllabic rhymes in Lord Byron's Don Juan . CLICK : A sound common in some non-Indo-European languages in Polynesia made by clucking the tongue or drawing in air with the essay, tongue rather than expelling it from the oxford brookes creative writing, lungs--such as the sound represented by chinese-english, the letter combination tsk-tsk . Some linguists indicate this sound in paragraph essay transcribing Polynesian languages by inserting an exclamation mark to indicate the palatal click. For instance, the !chung tribe has a palatal click as part of translation, its name. CLIFFHANGER : A melodramatic narrative (especially in films, magazines, or serially published novels) in which each section ends at a suspenseful or dramatic moment, ensuring that the audience will watch the next film or read the box thesis, next installment to find out what happens.

The term comes from the common 1930's film-endings in which the main characters are literally left hanging on translation essay, the edge of essay in india, a cliff until the translation, story resumes. The term cliffhanger has more loosely been applied to any situation, event, or contest in which the debt essay, outcome remains uncertain until the last moment possible. CLIMAX, LITERARY (From Greek word for ladder): The moment in a play, novel, short story, or narrative poem at essay, which the crisis reaches its point of greatest intensity and is thereafter resolved. It is also the peak of emotional response from a reader or spectator and usually the turning point in the action. The climax usually follows or overlaps with the crisis of meaning, a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. (Contrast with anticlimax , crisis , and translation essay denouement ; do not confuse with rhetorical climax , below.) CLIMAX, RHETORICAL : Also known as auxesis and crescendo , this refers to custom box thesis an artistic arrangement of translation, a list of items so that they appear in a sequence of increasing importance. See rhetorical schemes for more information. The opposite of climax is custom multimedia, bathos . CLIP : To form a word by essay, abbreviating a longer expression, or a word formed by the same process. For instance, the word auto (as in multimedia auto shop) is a clipped form of automobile . CLOSE READING : Reading a piece of literature carefully, bit by bit, in order to analyze the significance of every individual word, image, and essay artistic ornament. Click here for 5 chapters of dissertation more information.

The term is sometimes used synonymously with critical reading , though I arbitrarily prefer to reserve close reading as a reference for analyzing literature and critical reading as a reference for translation essay breaking down an essay's argument logically. Cf. critical reading . CLOSED POETIC FORM : Poetry written in a a specific or traditional pattern according to the required rhyme, meter, line length, line groupings, and number of debt essay, lines within a genre of poetry. Examples of a closed-form poetry include haiku , limericks , and chinese-english essay sonnets , which have set numbers of syllables, lines, and traditional subject-matter. Contrast with open poetic form . CLOSURE (Latin clausura , a closing): Closure has two common meanings. First, it means a sense of completion or finality at the conclusion of play or narrative work--especially a feeling in the audience that all the simple in india, problems have been resolved satisfactorily. Frequently, this sort of closure may involve stock phrases (and they lived happily ever after or finis ) or certain conventional ceremonial actions (dropping a curtain or having the actors in a play take a bow). The narrative may reveal the translation, solution of the primary problem(s) driving the plot, the death of a major character (especially the antagonist, the protagonist's romantic interest or even the protagonist herself), or careful denouement . An example of extended denouement as closure occurs in George Eliot's Middlemarch , in which the author carefully explains what happened in later years to each character in the novel. Closure can also come about by a radical alteration or change in the imaginary world created by an author. For instance, in of gratitude essay J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the essay, Rings , much of the closure to the saga comes from the 5 chapters of dissertation, departure of the chinese-english translation essay, elves and wizards, who sail across the brookes, sea, leaving the world of chinese-english essay, human men and four paragraph women forever, an act which apparently causes magic to fade. Chinese-english Translation Essay? Shakespearean comedies often achieve closure by having major characters find love-interests and declare their marital intentions.

Other more experimental forms of literature and poetry may achieve closure by circular structure , in which the poem or story ends by coming back to the narrative's original starting spot, or by returning a similar situation to what was found at the beginning of the tale. See discussion under denouement . Do note that some narratives intentionally seek to 5 chapters frustrate the chinese-english translation essay, audience's sense of closure. Examples of literature that reject conventions of closure include cliffhanger serials (see above), which reject normal closure in an attempt to creative writing gain returning audiences. Chinese-english Essay? Many postmodern narratives influenced by existential philosophy, on the other hand, reject closure as too simplistic and artificial in paragraph comparison with the chinese-english, complexities of human living. Secondly, some critics use the term closure as a derogatory term to imply the reduction of a work's meanings to a single and complete sense that excludes the four, claims of chinese-english translation, other interpretations. For extended discussion of 5 chapters of dissertation, closure, see Frank Kermode's The Sense of An Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction , as reprinted in 2001. CLOWN : (1) A fool or rural bumpkin in Shakespearean vocabulary. Examples of this type of clown include Lance, Bottom, Dogberry, and other Shakespearean characters. Essay? (2) A professional jester who performs pranks, sleight-of-hand and juggling routines, and who sings songs or tells riddles and jokes at court. Debt Essay? By convention, such jesters were given considerable leeway to speak on nearly any topic (even criticizing court policy) as long as the translation essay, criticism was veiled in riddles and wordplay.

Examples of oxford brookes creative writing, this type in Shakespeare's work include Touchstone, Feste, and Lear's Fool. Cf. fool . COCKNEY : Originally, in Middle English times, the term cockney was a derogatory term for a dumb city-dweller. It comes from cock's egg, the translation essay, idea that an uneducated urbanite would be so ignorant he or she would not realize that a male rooster (a cock) would be the wrong gender to lay an egg. By Renaissance times, the word was applied to those living in the Bow Bells area of London in Cheapside, a working class district. Today, the term implies most strongly the spoken dialect of that area. Cockney dialect tends to be non-rhotic, with final -er pronounced as a schwa, and it often shows signs of t -glottalization. It frequently substitutes /r/ with /w/, and four essay merges lexical sets like north/force and thought/start . Translation? The imprecise term Estuary English refers to spoken English in the southeast of debt of gratitude, Britain that merges linguistic traits of RP and Cockney, and recent dialect shift that appears to be spreading across the island.

See also Cockney Rhyming Slang , below. COCKNEY RHYMING SLANG : A form of slang in which the chinese-english, speaker substitutes one word in a sentence with another word or phrase that rhymes with the implied word--but which leaves out the actual, final rhyming part. This wordplay is associated with the four, dialect appearing in the Cheapside district of London's East End. The resulting sentence is baffling for outsiders unfamiliar with the chinese-english translation essay, tradition but provides a pleasing word puzzle to Cockney speakers. Of Gratitude? For examples, instead of stating that The woman had exquisite legs, a Cockney speaker might say, The woman had exquisite bacons. Here, the phrase bacon- and-eggs rhymes with legs , so the speaker substitutes it for legs in the sentence, but deletes the final rhyming part of the phrase. CODE-SWITCHING : In bilingual or multilingual speech, rapidly changing from the vocabulary, grammar, and patterns of one language to another--often in mid-sentence. An example sentence to illustrate this process using Latin, Spanish, German, and French might read as follows: Imprimus, el commander qui runs his troops y sus attendants to death in a blitzkrieg isn't tres sapiens, n'est-pas? [In the first place, the commander who runs his troops and his attendants to death in a sudden attack isn't very wise, right?] Although the term code-switching is one used in linguistics, code-switching as a phenomenon does appear in chinese-english literature.

The character of paragraph essay, Salvatori the monk in chinese-english translation essay Umberto Eco's The Name of the box thesis, Rose engages continuously in translation code-switching among Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and multimedia German tongues, for instance. Code-switching is translation, a common feature in Hispanic American English and in essay the fiction writings of Chicano authors. Cf. dog-latin and macaronic texts . CODICOLOGY (from Latin codex , book): The study of books as physical artifacts. COGNATE : Cognates are words that (1) match each other to translation some degree in sound and meaning, (2) come from a common root in debt essay an older language, but (3) did not actually serve as a root for each other. For instance, in European Romance languages, many words trace their roots back to Latin. The Latin word unus (one) later became the root for chinese-english translation essay a number of words meaning one such as une (French) and debt essay uno (Spanish).

Une and chinese-english translation uno are cognates --cousins or siblings on custom multimedia box thesis, the family tree of languages--but unus is the root or ancestor for these relatives. The Hebrew shalom , Arabic salaam , and the Aramaic shelam are similar cognates all meaning peace. Cognates play an important part in reconstructing dead languages such as proto-Indo-European , and chinese-english translation they can be enormously helpful in learning new languages. The amateur philologist should be cautious of of gratitude, false cognates, folk etymology , and faux amis , however. False cognates are words that happen to have a similar sound and meaning, but which are actually unrelated semantically and historically.

Folk etymologies are erroneous accounts of how a word came into chinese-english, existence. Typically, the originator of the 5 chapters, error hears or reads an unfamiliar word. The orginator then fabricates a spurious source by linking the strange word to a more familiar expression or then fashions a pun based upon sound similarities. Faux amis are technically cognates in terms of their morphology, but in terms of their meaning, the words have drifted apart from each other across time, such as the English verb embarass (to humiliate) and the Spanish embarazar (to impregnate). COLLECTIVE NOUN, COLLECTIVE PRONOUN : A noun such as team or pair that technically refers to a collective group of individuals or individual items. Chinese-english Translation Essay? What makes them tricky in grammar? They can be singular or plural (e.g., one team , two teams , or one pair, two pairs .) Many students forget that and mistakenly treat the grammatically singular word as if it were always plural. Likewise, collective pronouns like some use the modifier rather than the headword for singular versus plural structure. For instance, Some of the debt of gratitude essay, the workers are gone uses a plural verb, but Some of the work is done uses a singular verb.

COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS : In twentieth-century Jungian Psychology , this term refers to a shared group of chinese-english essay, archetypes (atavistic and universal images, cultural symbols, and recurring situations dealing with the fundamental facts of human life) passed along to each generation to the next in folklore and stories or generated anew by the way must face similar problems to of dissertation those our ancestors faced. Within a culture, the collective unconscious forms a treasury of powerful shared images and symbols found in our dreams, art stories, myths, and religious icons. See more detailed discussion under archetypal criticism . COLLOCATION : The frequency or tendency some words have to combine with each other. For instance, Algeo notes that the phrases tall person and high mountain seem to fit together readily without sounding strange. A non-native speaker might talk about a high person or tall mountain, and this construction might sound slightly odd to a native English speaker. The difference is in collocation. COLLOQUIALISM : A word or phrase used everyday in plain and chinese-english translation relaxed speech, but rarely found in formal writing. Four? (Compare with cliché , jargon and slang .) COLONIAL PERIOD : American and British historians use this term somewhat differently. Chinese-english Essay? American scholars usually use the term colonial period to of philosophical essay refer to the years in chinese-english translation essay the American colonies before the custom multimedia, American Revolution against the British Monarchy--usually dating it from 1607 (when Jamestown was founded) to essay 1787 (when Congress ratified the Federal Constitution). This period coincides roughly with the Reformation in simple in india England and continues up through the end of the Enlightenment or Neoclassical Period. American writers from the colonial period include Ben Franklin, Thomas Paine, and Anne Bradstreet.

See also Neoclassic . Click here to download a PDF handout placing this period in historical context with other literary movments. When British historians use the term, they sometimes tend to apply the chinese-english, word colonial in more general reference to 5 chapters of dissertation the British expansions into the Americas, the Indies, India, Africa, and the Middle-East over the course of several centuries, even up to the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. See colonialism , below. COLONIALISM : The term refers broadly and generally to the habit of chinese-english translation essay, powerful civilizations to colonize less powerful ones. On the obvious level, this process can take the form of a literal geographic occupation, outright enslavement, religious conversion at gun-point, or forced assimilation of native peoples. On a more subtle level, this process can take the form of multimedia box thesis, bureucratic policy that incidentally or indirectly leads to the extinction of chinese-english translation, a minority's language or culture, economic exploitation of cheap labor, and globalistic erasure of cultural differences. The term is often applied in academic discussion of literature from the colonial period. We can see the concerns of colonialism and imperial ambition in the works of George Orwell's Shooting an brookes, Elephant, in Rudyard Kipling's fictional tales about India, and in Josef Conrad's novella, Heart of translation, Darkness . Meaning Essay? See Colonial Period , above. COMEDY (from Greek: komos , songs of merrimakers): In the original meaning of the word, comedy referred to a genre of drama during the Dionysia festivals of translation, ancient Athens.

The first comedies were loud and boisterous drunken affairs, as the word's etymology suggests. Later, in medieval and Renaissance use, the word comedy came to simple in india mean any play or narrative poem in which the main characters manage to avert an impending disaster and have a happy ending. Translation? The comedy did not necessarily have to be funny, and indeed, many comedies are serious in tone. Custom Box Thesis? It is only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that comedy's exclusive connotations of humor arose. Translation Essay? See also Low Comedy, High Comedy, Comedy of the Absurd , Comedy of four essay, Humors , and Comedy of Manners . COMEDY OF THE ABSURD : A modern form of comedy dramatizing the meaninglessness, uncertainty, and pointless absurdity of human existence. A famous example is Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot . Cf. existentialism . COMEDY OF HUMORS : A Renaissance drama in which numerous characters appear as the embodiment of stereotypical types of people, each character having the physiological and behavioral traits associated with a specific humor in the human body. The majority of the cast consists of essay, such stock characters. (See humors, bodily for more information.) Some of Shakespeare's characters, including Pistol, Bardulph, and others, show signs of having been adapted from the simple essay, stereotypical humor characters. In literature, a humor character was a type of flat character in whom a single passion predominated; this interpretation was especially popular in chinese-english Elizabethan and other Renaissance literature. See also stock character . COMEDY OF INNOCENCE : We have two definitions here. (1) In anthropological terms, a comedy of innocence is a ritualized symbolic behavior (or set of meaning essay, such behaviors) designed to alleviate individual or communal guilt about an execution or sacrifice or to hide the blame for such an action. In ancient Greece, the ax or dagger used in a sacrifice might be put on trial (instead of the priest wielding it). Translation Essay? The sacrificial animal might be required to volunteer by shaking its head or by walking up to creative writing the altar to eat the grain sitting on it.

The sacrificial victim might be condemned to execution after being released where it could set foot in a forbidden holy grove or taboo sacred mountain (cf. Translation Essay? Exodus 19:12-13 and Judges 11:30-40). In America, we see remnants of the comedy of innocence in customs such as the essay, 19th-century's hangman's black mask (to erase the executioner's identity) or the custom of granting the translation, condemned prisoner's last request or final meal (to alleviate any sense of cruelty on the jailer's part). (2) A specific myth told by four, later generations to erase or hide ancient evidence of what looks like the practice of human sacrifice in earlier times. For instance, a number of local Greek myths describe characters like Leucothea, Palaemon, and Glaucus; they fall or are thrown into the sea where they are magically transformed into sea-gods. Given the chinese-english essay, relative insignificance of these gods in the Greek pantheon , it is likely this sort of tale either (a) developed out of local hero cults or (b) the tale alludes to an ancient or prehistoric belief that drowned sacrificial victims would live on as animistic spirits.

Another common version of the comedy of innocence is the of gratitude, motif of a human sacrificial victim (usually a child) who is miraculously saved ( deus ex machina ) and an animal substituted in his or her place. For example, in some Greek myths, Iphigenia is replaced by a white hind before her father can sacrifice her to gain good winds for the Trojan voyage. Chinese-english Translation? Phrixus gets whisked to safety by a Golden Ram, which is then sacrificed in the young boy's place. Debt Of Gratitude? In the Hebrew Bible, Yahweh stops Abraham from chinese-english translation killing Isaac, and simple essay he directs Abraham's attention to a ram with its horns caught in a thicket (Genesis 22:9-13). Scholars of mythology often see the dozens of such tales appearing cross-culturally and interpret them as having their origins in the comedy of innocence. COMEDY OF MANNERS : A comic drama consisting of five or three acts in which the attitudes and customs of a society are critiqued and satirized according to high standards of intellect and morality.

The dialogue is usually clever and chinese-english translation sophisticated, but often risqué . Characters are valued according to their linguistic and intellectual prowess. It is the opposite of the slapstick humor found in a farce or in a fabliau . COMIC OPERA : An outgrowth of the eighteenth-century ballad operas, in which new or original music is composed specially for the lyrics. (This contrasts with the ballad opera , in which the lyrics were set to pre-existing popular music.) COMIC RELIEF : A humorous scene , incident, character , or bit of dialogue occurring after some serious, tragic, or frightening moment. Comic relief is deliberately designed to relieve emotional intensity and simultaneously heighten and highlight the seriousness or tragedy of the action. 5 Chapters Of Dissertation? Macbeth contains Shakespeare's most famous example of comic relief in the form of chinese-english translation, a drunken porter. Another is essay, just after the climactic scene in Dante's Inferno , in which Dante encounters Satan himself frozen in ice.

The demon initially terrified Dante, but the translation, narrator's fear falls way to the reader's laughter in a comic reversal in which Dante and Virgil climb down Satan's body and move through the center of the earth's gravity, at which point Dante is confused by the way gravity reverses, looks upward, and of gratitude finds himself directly staring at Satan's nether regions, writing, . . . I beheld him upward hold his legs. // And if I then become disguieted, / Let stolid people think who do not see / What the point is beyond which I had passed (34.90-93). COMING-OF-AGE STORY : A novel in which an adolescent protagonist comes to chinese-english essay adulthood by a process of experience and multimedia disillusionment. This character loses his or her innocence, discovers that previous preconceptions are false, or has the security of childhood torn away, but usually matures and strengthens by this process. Examples include Wieland's Agathon , Herman Raucher's Summer of '42 , Ray Bradbury's Dandelion Wine , Joyce's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man , and Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey . The most famous examples are in German. In German, a tale in the genre is called a Bildungsroman or a Erziehungsroman . Examples include Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers and Thomas Mann's Königliche Hoheit . COMITATUS : (Latin: companionship or band): The term describes the tribal structure of the Anglo-Saxons and chinese-english translation essay other Germanic tribes in four paragraph which groups of men would swear fealty to a hlaford (lord) in chinese-english translation essay exchange for food, mead, and heriot , the loan of fine armor and weaponry. The men who swore such an 5 chapters of dissertation, oath were called thegns (roughly akin to modern Scottish thane), and they vowed to fight for their lord in battle. It was considered a shameful disaster to outlive one's own lord. The comitatus was the functional military and government unit of early Anglo-Saxon society. The term was first coined by the classical historian Tacitus when he described the translation essay, Germanic tribes north of Rome. COMMEDIA DELL'ARTE : A genre of Italian farce from the sixteenth-century characterized by stock characters , stock situations, and spontaneous dialogue.

Typically, the plot is an intrigue plot and in india it involves a soubrette who aids two young lovers in foiling the rigid constraints of essay, their parents. In many such plays, a character named Sganarelle is a primary figure in the work. Often there is custom multimedia, a zani , or foolish-servant, who provides physical comedy in contrast to the anguish of the young lovers. In the end, the couple achieves a happy marriage. Commedia dell'arte may have influenced Shakespeare's comedies, such as The Merry Wives of Windsor , and translation essay Moliere's plays, such as L'amour Medecin , commonly translated into English as Love is the simple in india, Doctor . COMMON MEASURE : Also called common meter , common measure consists of closed poetic quatrains rhyming ABAB or ABCB , in which the lines of iambic tetrameter (eight syllables) alternate with lines of iambic trimeter (six syllables).

This pattern is most often associated with ballads (see above), and it is chinese-english essay, occasionally referred to as ballad measure. Many of Emily Dickinson's poems are in multimedia box thesis loose common measure using slant rhyme , for chinese-english translation essay instance: Much Madness is divinest Sense-- To a discerning Eye-- Much Sense--the starkest Madness-- 'Tis the four paragraph essay, Majority.

A fun and simple test to recognize common measure in chinese-english translation poetry is to take a stanza and try singing it aloud to a well-known tune written in debt of gratitude common meter, such as Gilligan's Isle, Amazing Grace, or House of the Rising Sun. If the syllabification fits these familiar ditties, you are looking at translation, a case of brookes, common measure. COMMONIZATION : The linguistic term for chinese-english translation an eponym--a common word that is derived from the proper name of a person or place. For instance, the of philosophical essay, sandwich gained its name from its inventor, the fourth Earl of Sandwich. Essay? The word lynch comes from Captain William Lynch, who led bands of vigilantes to hang hoboes and bums residing near Pittsylvania County. The verb shanghai , meaning to kidnap or press into on terrorism in india, forced labor, comes from the practices of conscription common in the oriental city of Shanghai. The word stentorian comes from the loud-mouthed Stentor in Greek legend, and chinese-english herculean comes from the four essay, muscle-bound Hercules, and so on. COMPERT (plural: comperta ): Specifically, birth-tales in Old Irish literature that detail the conception and birth of chinese-english translation, a hero. Essay? Examples include the Compert Con Culainn ( Birth of Cú Chulainn ). Usually supernatural or extraordinary events involve themselves in the conception, such as the essay, Druid Cathbad's seduction of Nessa after prophesying what the hour would be lucky for (begetting a king upon a queen!) or the custom multimedia box thesis, visitation of a god like Lug to a woman who then becomes pregnant after the chinese-english translation, divine visitation.

The birth-tale in general is not limited to Old Irish Literature, but is found worldwide (Duffy 102-03). Examples outside of Irish literature include the birth of Jesus, or the Buddha, or Leda and Hercules in Greek myth, Pryderi's conception in four the First Branch of The Mabinogion , or King Arthur's conception in chinese-english translation Arthurian legends. COMPLETENESS : The second aspect of Aristotle's requirements for a tragedy. By completeness, Aristotle emphasizes the logic, wholeness, and closure necessary to multimedia box thesis satisfy the chinese-english essay, audience. COMPOSITE MONSTER (in architecture, often called a chimera after the essay, Greek monster): The term is one mythologists use to describe the fantastical creatures in Assyrian, Babylonian, Greek, and medieval European legends in chinese-english translation which the beast is composed of the body-parts of various animals. For instance, in debt Greek mythology, the chinese-english, chimera has the body of a lion, tale of oxford brookes writing, a serpent, wings of a bat, and essay a goat-head, a lion-head, and debt of gratitude essay a serpent's head. Likewise, the sphinx has a lion's body and chinese-english essay a woman's head and breasts; the centaur has a horse's body and human torso and a human head where the horse-head should be; the minotaur has a bull's head and a man's body; and the harpy has an debt of gratitude essay, avian body and a woman's head, breasts, and arms. Earlier examples in Mesopotamian mythology include the ekimmu (a bloodsucking albino ghost with a bull's head) and the lamassu (a winged horse with a human head). Chinese-english? In the medieval period, composite monsters include the formecolion, with an ant's body and a lion's head; the mermaid, with a human top and a fish bottom; and the cockatrice, which mingles parts of a rooster and a serpent.

Contrast with additive monster , above. Composite monsters were common in the legends of classical and ancient cultures, but diminished in favor after the Renaissance. Many theories propose to explain the common tendency to create composite monsters. Meaning Essay? Theories include mistranslation in traveler's tales, in which an animal is translation essay, describing as having a head like such-and-such a creature, but the simile is lost in translation; the encounter of fossil remnants of extinct animals, or bones found jumbled together and misassembled; and the heraldic practice of dimidiation , in box thesis which a nobleman's son might take two animals found on his father's and chinese-english mother's coats of arms combine them into 5 chapters, a composite creature to chinese-english illustrate his genealogy. An example in 20th century films includes The Fly . Debt? In this 1950s horror classic, a fly and a human trade bodies and translation heads. Cf. Of Gratitude? therianthropic and theriomorphic . COMPOSITOR : A typesetter in chinese-english essay a Renaissance print shop. Oxford Writing? To speed the printing process, most of Shakespeare's plays appear to have been set by multiple compositors. As Greenblatt notes, Compositors frequently followed their own standards in spelling and punctuation. They inevitably introduced some errors into the text, often by selecting the wrong piece from the chinese-english translation, type case or by of dissertation, setting the chinese-english translation, correct letter upside-down (1141).

COMPOUNDING : A term from four paragraph essay linguistics used to describe the creation of a new word ( neologism ) that comes about by chinese-english translation, taking two existing words and writing sticking them together to create a brand new concept (Horobin 192). All languages do this to some extent. For instance, the word hydrogen comes from two Greek words meaning water and stuff. However, Germanic languages and Germanic poetry (including derivatives like English) are particularly prone to creating new words this way. Thousands of English words result from two older words being compounded together, such as bathtub (bath + tub), eyesore (eye + sore); window (from two Old Norse words meaning wind and eye), and so on. However, poets regular invent neologisms by compounding to create artificial words of their own. Even Chaucer engaged in this trick, coining the word newfangled from the English new and the Middle French fanglere , meaning to make or to fashion. See neologism , blending , and kenning . COMPURGATION : In addition to trial by ordeal , compurgation was the medieval law practice among Christianized Anglo-Saxon tribes to determine innocence.

A man accused of a crime would publicly swear to his innocence. The judge then gave the defendant thirty days to to collect a number of oath-helpers who would also swear to his innocence (or at least his good character). If he was unable to find the required number, he was either found guilty or he could appeal to trial by ordeal. If the defendant had been caught in chinese-english the act, or was considered untrustworthy, the procedure could be reversed, and the plaintiff would bring forth oath-helpers to prove his charge through similar compurgation. CONCEIT (also called a metaphysical conceit) : An elaborate or unusual comparison--especially one using unlikely metaphors, simile, hyperbole, and contradiction. Before the beginning of the seventeenth century, the term conceit was a synonym for thought and roughly equivalent to idea or concept. It gradually came to essay on terrorism in india denote a fanciful idea or a particularly clever remark. Translation? In literary terms, the of gratitude, word denotes a fairly elaborate figure of speech, especially an extended comparison involving unlikely metaphors , similes , imagery , hyperbole , and essay oxymora . Four Paragraph Essay? One of the essay, most famous conceits is custom, John Donne's A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, a poem in which Donne compares two souls in love to the points on a geometer's compass. Translation Essay? Shakespeare also uses conceits regularly in his poetry.

In Richard II , Shakespeare compares two kings competing for power to two buckets in a well, for instance. A conceit is usually classified as a subtype of metaphor . Contrast with epic simile and on terrorism in india dyfalu . CONCRETE DICTION / CONCRETE IMAGERY : Language that describes qualities that can be perceived with the five senses as opposed to translation using abstract or generalized language. For instance, calling a fruit pleasant or good is abstract , while calling a fruit cool or sweet is concrete . The preference for paragraph essay abstract or concrete imagery varies from century to century. Philip Sidney praised concrete imagery in poetry in his 1595 treatise, Apologie for Poetrie . A century later, Neoclassical thought tended to value the generality of translation essay, abstract thought. In the early 1800s, the simple on terrorism in india, Romantic poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Shelley once again preferred concreteness. Essay? In the 20th century, the distinction between concrete and abstract has been a subject of some debate.

Ezra Pound and T. E. Hulme attempted to create a theory of essay, concrete poetry. T. S. Eliot added to this school of thought with his theory of the objective correlative. Contrast with abstract diction / abstract imagery . CONCRETE POETRY : Poetry that draws much of chinese-english translation, its power from the way the text appears situated on simple essay, the page. The actual shape of the lines of text may create a swan's neck, an altar, a geometric pattern, or a set of wings, which in some direct way connects to the meaning of the translation, words. Also called shaped poetry and visual poetry, concrete poetry should not be confused with concrete diction or concrete imagery (see above). The object here is to present each poem as a different shape. It may appear on four essay, the page, on glass, stone, wood, or other materials. The technique seems simple, but can allow great subtlety. Famous concrete poets include Apollinaire, Max Bill, Eugen Gomringer and the Brazilian Noigandres Group, which exhibited a collection of concrete art at Sào Paulo in 1956.

In Germany, this school of poetry is called konkretisten by critics. It includes Ernst Jandl, Achleitner, Heissenbüttel, Mon, and Rühm. Since World War II, further experimentation in concrete poetry has taken place by British poets, including Simon Cutts, Stuart Mills, and chinese-english Ian Hamilton Finlay. See also diamante . CONFLATION : In its more restricted literary sense, a conflation is a version of four paragraph, a play or narrative that later editors create by essay, combining the text from creative writing more than one substantive edition. For example, Greenblatt notes that most versions of King Lear published since the 1700s are conflations of the Quarto and essay First Folio editions of the original Renaissance texts. CONFLICT : The opposition between two characters (such as a protagonist and an antagonist), between two large groups of people, or between the protagonist and a larger problem such as forces of nature, ideas, public mores, and so on. Conflict may also be completely internal, such as the protagonist struggling with his psychological tendencies (drug addiction, self-destructive behavior, and simple essay on terrorism so on); William Faulkner famously claimed that the most important literature deals with the subject of the human heart in translation conflict with itself.

Conflict is the engine that drives a plot. Examples of narratives driven mainly by conflicts between the writing, protagonist and nature include Jack London's To Build a Fire (in which the Californian struggles to save himself from freezing to death in Alaska) and chinese-english Stephen Crane's The Open Boat (in which shipwrecked men in a lifeboat struggle to stay alive and get to shore). Examples of narratives driven by conflicts between a protagonist and an antagonist include Mallory's Le Morte D'arthur , in which King Arthur faces off against brookes creative, his evil son Mordred, each representing civilization and barbarism respectively. Examples of chinese-english translation essay, narratives driven by essay, internal struggles include Daniel Scott Keyes' Flowers for Algernon, in which the hero struggles with the loss of his own intelligence to congenital mental retardation, and translation Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart, in which the box thesis, protagonist ends up struggling with his own guilt after committing a murder. Essay? In complex works of literature, multiple conflicts may occur at once. For instance, in Shakespeare's Othello , one level of paragraph, conflict is the unseen struggle between Othello and the machinations of Iago, who seeks to destroy him. Another level of conflict is chinese-english translation essay, Othello's struggle with his own jealous insecurities and his suspicions that Desdemona is cheating on him. CONFUCIAN CLASSICS : Five ancient Chinese writings commonly attributed to Confucius, though it is likely they are actually compilations of traditional material predating him. The five classics include the I Ching ( The Book of paragraph essay, Changes ), the Shu Ching ( The Book of History ), the Shih Ching , ( The Book of Odes ), the Record of Rites ( Li Chi ), and the Spring and Autumn Annals . Essay? To see where this material fits in debt of gratitude essay an outline of Chinese history, click here. CONJUGATION : The inflection of translation, a verb to show its person, number, mood, or tense. Here is simple essay, a sample conjugation of the present tense indicative forms of to sing in English and chinese-english translation essay cantar in Spanish:

CONNOTATION : The extra tinge or taint of meaning each word carries beyond the custom, minimal, strict definition found in essay a dictionary. For instance, the writing, terms civil war , revolution and rebellion have the same denotation; they all refer to an attempt at essay, social or political change. However, civil war carries historical connotations for Americans beyond that of essay on terrorism, revolution or rebellion . Chinese-english Essay? Likewise, revolution is often applied more generally to scientific or theoretical changes, and four paragraph it does not necessarily connote violence. Rebellion , for many English speakers connotes an improper uprising against a legitimate authority (thus we speak about rebellious teenagers rather than revolutionary teenagers). In the chinese-english translation, same way, the debt of gratitude, words house and home both refer to a domicile, but home connotes certain singular emotional qualities and personal possession in a way that house doesn't. Chinese-english Essay? I might own four houses I rent to others, but I might call none of custom box thesis, these my home , for essay example. Much of poetry involves the poet using connotative diction that suggests meanings beyond what the words simply say. Contrast with denotation . CONSONANCE : A special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowels--i.e., the final consonants of the of gratitude, stressed syllables match each other but the vowels differ.

As M. H. Abrams illustrates in The Norton Anthology of English Literature , examples include linger , longer , and languor or rider , reader , raider , and ruder . Do not confuse consonance with a consonant (see below). See also assonance and sound symbolism . CONSONANT : A speech sound that is not a vowel. To download a PDF file listing consonants and their symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet, click here. CONSUETUDINAL BE : Uninflected use of the verb be to indicate habitual or frequent action. This grammatical structure is characteristic of Black Vernacular . An example would be as follows: What you be doing on essay, Thursdays? I be working every afternoon. Users of standard edited English typically frown on this grammatical formation. CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE : Literature written at the present moment. Although the writers in every century would consider themselves contemporary or modern, when speakers use this term, they almost always mean either modernist or postmodernist literature. COTERIE WRITING : Writing intended originally for the amusement or edification of a small circle of friends or family rather than for publication or public perusal. Often, however, such writings later become adopted or modified for publication.

Sometimes, the author does this; in other cases, later editors do this posthumously. Creative Writing? Famous examples include Mary Shelley originally created Frankenstein as part of chinese-english translation, a ghost-story contest amongst her friends and literary comrades. Aphra Behn originally wrote many of her poems as part of coterie writing, though most of her plays, her philosophical treatises, and debt of gratitude essay Oronooko appear to have penned with a deliberate eye toward publication or financial gain. CONTEXTUAL SYMBOL : A unique or original symbol an translation, author creates within the context of an individual work or an creative, author's collected works. Examples include the Snopes family in Faulkner's collected works, who together function as a symbol of the South's moral decay, or the essay, town of Castle Rock, Maine, which in Stephen King's works functions as a microcosmic symbol of human society. Contrast with cultural symbol , below. CONTRACTION : The squeezing together of sounds or words--especially when one word blurs into another--during fast or informal speech. Contractions such as I'm (I am), he's (he is), and they're (they are) are common in verbal communication, but they are often considered too loose for more formal writing. CONTRAPASSIO (counter-suffering): A thematic principle involving situational irony in simple in india which a punishment's nature corresponds exactly to translation the nature of a crime. Much of Dante's Inferno revolves around elaborate contrapassio . CONTROL TEXT : A specific text upon which a modern edition is based. For instance, there are at least three dominant manuscript traditions of Langland's Piers Plowman poem: the A-text, the B-text, and the C-text (and possibly a Z-text, as recent scholarship has tentatively suggested).

These versions contain different dialogue, different wording, and different spelling; they do not all contain the same passages and do not include identical storylines. A modern editor must either choose one to use as the basis of a modern edition, or she must create a conflation . Several Shakespeare plays vary wildly between the quarto and folio versions--including Hamlet and King Lear . In other cases, such as Le Morte D'Arthur , a modern editor must choose between using a manuscript source for his control text (such as the Winchester Manuscript) or a printed source (such as Caxton's printed Renaissance edition). CONVENTION : A common feature that has become traditional or expected within a specific genre (category) of literature or film. In Harlequin romances, it is conventional to focus on a male and female character who struggle through misunderstandings and difficulties until they fall in love. In western films of the of philosophical essay, early twentieth-century, for instance, it has been conventional for chinese-english translation protagonists to wear white hats and antagonists to meaning wear black hats. The wandering knight-errant who travels from place to place, seeking adventure while suffering from the effects of hunger and the elements, is a convention in medieval romances.

It is chinese-english essay, a convention for oxford brookes writing an English sonnet to have fourteen lines with a specific rhyme scheme, abab , cdcd , efef , gg , and so on. Chinese-english Essay? The use of a chorus and the unities are dramatic conventions of Greek tragedy, while, the aside , and the soliloquy are conventions in Elizabethan tragedy. Conventions are often referred to as poetic, literary, or dramatic, depending upon whether the simple essay, convention appears in a poem, short story or novel, or a play. CONVENTIONAL : A conventional linguistic trait is an arbitrary one learned from others, not one determined by some natural law or genetic inheritance. Today, most linguists think most vocabulary and grammar are conventional, but some linguists in previous centuries believed ethnicity affected language development and acquisition. CORPUS CHRISTI PLAY : A religious play performed outdoors in chinese-english translation the medieval period that enacts an multimedia box thesis, event from the translation essay, Bible, such as the story of Adam and Eve, Noah's flood, the crucifixion, and so on. The word is derived from the religious festival of Corpus Christi (Latin: The Body of Christ). See also cycle and mystery play . CORRESPONDENCES : An integral part of the medieval and Renaissance model of the universe known as the Chain of debt of gratitude, Being. The idea was that different links on the Chain of Being were interconnected and had a sort of chinese-english translation, sympathetic correspondence to each other. Each type of being or object (men, beasts, celestial objects, fish, plants, and rocks) had a place within a hierarchy designed by God.

Each type of object had a primate , which was by of gratitude, nature the most noble, rare, valuable, and superb example of chinese-english translation essay, its type. For instance, the king was primate among men, the lion among beasts, the simple, sun among celestial objects, the whale among fish, the oak among trees, and the diamond among rocks. Essay? Often, there was a symbolic link between primates of creative, different orders--such as the lion being a symbol of translation essay, royalty, or the king sleeping in a bed of oak. This symbolic link was a correspondence. However, correspondences were thought to exist in the material world as well as in debt essay the world of ideas. Disturbances in nature would correspond to disturbances in the political realm (the body politic ), in the human body (the microcosm ), and in the natural world as a whole (the macrocosm ). For instance, if the king were to become ill, Elizabethans might expect lions and chinese-english translation essay beasts to fall sick, rebellions to break out in the kingdom, individuals to develop headaches or fevers, and stars to debt essay fall from the sky. All of these events could correspond to each other on the chain of chinese-english translation, being, and paragraph each would coincide with the others. For more information about correspondences and the Chain of Being, click here. COSMIC IRONY : Another term for situational irony--especially situational irony connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life. See discussion under irony , below. COTHURNI : The Greek word for the elevator-shoes worn by important actors on stage.

See discussion under buskins . COTTON LIBRARY, THE : One of the most important collections of Old and Middle English texts. Click here for details. COTTON NERO A.X : The Middle English manuscript that includes Pearl , Cleanness , Patience , Sir Gawain and chinese-english the Green Knight , and paragraph the Legend of Saint Erkenwald . Click here for details. COTTON VITELLIUS A.XV : The Old English manuscript that includes The Passion of Saint Christopher , The Wonders of the East , and translation The Letter of Alexander to Aristotle , Beowulf , and the Old English translation of Judith . Click here for writing details. COUNTING : A technique of determining stylistic qualities of a piece of chinese-english, writing by custom multimedia box thesis, counting the numbers of words in paragraphs or sentences, and chinese-english determining the average number of multimedia, modifiers, average word lengths, and so on. COUPLET : Two lines--the second line immediately following the first--of the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit. Geoffrey Chaucer and other writers helped popularize the form in English poetry in the fourteenth century. An especially popular form in later years was the heroic couplet , which was rhymed iambic pentameter. It was popular from the 1600s through the late 1700s.

Much Romantic poetry in translation the early 1800s used the couplet as well. A couplet that occurs after the volta in of dissertation an English sonnet is translation essay, called a gemel (see sonnet, volta, gemel ). COURT OF LOV E : In medieval convention, a court of love is an of gratitude essay, assemblage of women presided over by translation, a queen or noblewoman. 5 Chapters Of Dissertation? At this mock-court, various young knights or courtiers are summoned to court and essay put on trial by the ladies for their crimes against love. These crimes might be neglecting their sweethearts, failing to wear their ladies' tokens at jousts, and so on. Chaucer himself may have been summoned to a court of love for his libelous depiction of Criseyde in Troilus and Criseyde , and Queen Anne may have required him to write The Legend of four, Good Women as a penance for his literary crimes. In The Wife of Bath's Tale, we find an inversion of the normal play-acting in essay which King Arthur gives Gwenevere and her ladies the right to try a rapist-knight for his crimes. Here, the women literally have power of of philosophical, life or death over the subject.

Andreas Capellanus discusses the courts of love in his medieval writings, and essay more recent scholars such as C. S. Lewis ( The Allegory of Love ) and Amy Kelly ( Eleanor of Aquitaine ) discuss the convention at length. Cf. demand d'amour . COURTLY LOVE (Medieval French: fin amour or amour courtois ): Possibly a cultural trope in the late twelfth-century, or possibly a literary convention that captured popular imagination, courtly love refers to a code of behavior that gave rise to modern ideas of chivalrous romance. The term itself was popularized by C. Custom Multimedia? S. Chinese-english Translation? Lewis' and Gaston Paris' scholarly studies, but its historical existence remains contested in critical circles. The conventions of courtly love are that a knight of noble blood would adore and worship a young noble-woman from box thesis afar, seeking to chinese-english essay protect her honor and win her favor by valorous deeds. He typically falls ill with love-sickness, while the paragraph, woman chastely or scornfully rejects or refuses his advances in public but privately encourages him.

Courtly love was associated with (A) nobility, since no peasants can engage in chinese-english fine love; (B) secrecy; (C) adultery, since often the one or both participants were married to another noble who was unloved; and (D) paradoxically with chastity, since the passion should never be consummated due to social circumstances, thus it was a higher love unsullied by selfish carnal desires or political concerns of 5 chapters, arranged marriages. In spite of this ideal of translation essay, chastity, the knightly characters in literature usually end up giving in to their passions with tragic results--such as Lancelot and Guenevere's fate, or that of Tristan and Iseult. We associate courtly love with French literature primarily, but the concept permeated German and Italian literature as well. The German equivalent of fin amour is Minne (hence Minnesänger ), and the Italian poets of the dolce stil nuovo cultivated similar subject matter. The convention of courtly love eventually becomes a source of parody. Andreas Capellanus' Rules of Courtly Love provides a satirical guide to the endeavor, and Chretien de Troyes satirizes the conventions in his courtly literature as well. Similar conventions influence Petrarch's poetry and Shakespeare's sonnets. These sonnets often emphasize in particular the debt essay, idea of love from afar and unrequited love, and make use of imagery and wording common to the earlier French tradition. In terms of whether or not practices of courtly love were a historical reality, scholars are loosely divided into translation essay, schools of thought, as William Kibler notes.

The first group, the so-called realists, argue that such institutions truly did exist in the Middle Ages and the literature of the box thesis, time reproduces this realistically. The opposing school, the so-called idealists, argue that (at best) courtly love was a court game taken ironically as a joke, or (at worst) post-Romantic/Victorian readers have superimposed their own ideals and wishes on medieval culture by exaggerating these components. CRADLE TRICK : A sub-category of the bed-trick , this is a folk motif in which the position of a cradle in a dark room leads one character to climb into bed with the wrong sexual partner. It appears prominently in Chaucer's The Reeve's Tale. In the Aarne-Thompson folk-index, this motif is chinese-english, usually numbered as motif no. 1363. CREEPYPASTA : A short story posted online designed to shock, frighten, or disconcert the reader. Brookes Creative Writing? For more discussion, see ghost story . CREOLE : A native language combining the traits of multiple languages, i.e., an advanced and chinese-english translation fully developed pidgin. In the American South, black slaves were often brought in from a variety of African tribes sharing no common language.

On the plantation, they developed first a pidgin (limited and of gratitude simplified) version of English with heavy Portuguese and African influences. This pidgin allowed slaves some rudimentary communication with each other and chinese-english translation essay with their slave masters. In time, they lost their original African languages and the mixed speech became the native tongue of their children--a creole. Contrast with pidgin . CRESCENDO : Another term for rhetorical climax . See climax, rhetorical , above. CRISIS (plural: crises ): The turning point of uncertainty and essay tension resulting from earlier conflict in a plot.

At the chinese-english translation, moment of simple essay, crisis in a story, it is unclear if the protagonist will succeed or fail in his struggle. The crisis usually leads to or overlaps with the climax of a story, though some critics use the two terms synonymously. See climax, literary , above. CRITICAL READING : Careful analysis of an essay's structure and logic in order to determine the chinese-english, validity of an argument. Often this term is used synonymously with close reading (see above), but I prefer to reserve close reading for the artistic analysis of literature. Click here for 5 chapters more information about critical reading. Cf. close reading . CRITICUS APPARATUS : The scholarly notations in chinese-english translation a critical edition (especially a variorum edition) in which the editor indicates all the known variations of a particular text. The apparatus often appears running along the oxford brookes writing, bottom of each page or sometimes in the back of the translation, book, and often incorporates editorial footnotes and glosses. The apparatus can appear quite cryptic to students unfamiliar with the formulaic abbreviations in scholarly use. For instance, below is an illustrative notation from A. V. C. Schmidt's criticus apparatus for Passus I, line 1, of the Everyman edition of William Langland's Piers Plowman , page 14:

Collation WHmCrGYOC2CLMHRF. RUBRIC Passus primus de visione Wr (pr] Secundus F; de v.] de petri le ploughman BR; om O); om GC2. This notation indicates subsequent lines are collated together in thirteen of the surviving manuscripts, each manuscript being indicated by a special abbreviation. Furthermore, the opening line in manuscripts W and r has a Latin title written in red ink (rubricated) as indicated, but another manuscript F has labeled it as secundus rather than primus, while the of dissertation, B and R manuscripts label it in a combination of French and essay Latin, and so on. A good criticus apparatus helps document all this diversity by gathering it together, line-by-line, for convenient comparison at a glance, but the oxford creative, editor presumes the reader knows the dense, standardized abbreviations involved in this notation. For a clearer, hypothetical example, let us imagine Edgar Allan Poe has a poem surviving in three slightly different forms.

The most widespread version Poe had published by Smith Publishing early in his career. Ten years later, Poe revised the poem for chinese-english essay a new publisher, Baker Books, and they printed this revision a few years after Poe's death. Last of all, a third unpolished version survives in Poe's own handwritten notes. Scholars discover this last manuscript version squirreled away in the Morgan Library in 2012. Modern editors would compile these three sources and select what they consider the paragraph, best text. However, they must not ignore the alternative versions by leaving them unnoted and unannotated; that would effectively erase them from history. Accordingly, the chinese-english translation essay, editors might add a criticus apparatus . Here, they would note the relevant line number and 5 chapters indicate alternatives. The first version by Smith Books (abbreviated S) has the phrase Conqueror Worme appear in line six. The version by Baker Books (abbreviated B) has a slightly different archaic spelling Conqueror Wyrm in the same spot. Finally, Poe's own original handwritten rough draft of the essay, poem survives among his papers in the Morgan Library (abbreviated Ml). This manuscript uses the abbreviation Conqu.

Wm. scrawled in meaning that line. Now, a modern scholar wants to publish an authoritative version of essay, Poe's poem a century later. This modern editor chooses to emend the four essay, line to a standardized spelling of Conqueror Worm. The criticus apparatus at the bottom of the page might consist of a footnote such as this: 6 Conqeror Worm ] S: Conqueror Worme ; B: Conqueror Wyrm , Ml: Conqu.

Wm . The 6 indicates line six as the section with variant readings. The words before the bracket ] show readers that the editor considers the preceding version the chinese-english, best text for a modern reader--or at least the version the editor has chosen for essay his edition. The material after the bracket lists each variant source and translation indicates how the differing material appeared in that source as exactly as possible. A criticus apparatus documents the known variations that might plausibly be accurate and reminds modern readers of the multiple possible versions an earlier audience might have experienced. Essay? This process is especially pertinent in classical and medieval studies, since in the pre-print era, handwritten texts often exhibited striking and even contradictory variant readings. For instance, in the case of The Aeneid , about 3,000 texts survive with each manuscript containing significant variations. In the chinese-english translation, case of Chaucer, about 82 versions of the Canterbury Tales survive, all with variant readings. 5 Chapters Of Dissertation? In the case of Shakespeare, striking differences appear in essay the F (folio) and Q1, Q2, Q3 (first, second, and of gratitude third quarto) versions of his plays, and so on. CROSSED RHYME : In long couplets, especially hexameter lines, sufficient room in chinese-english translation the line allows a poet to use rhymes in the middle of the line as well as at brookes, the end of each line. Swinburne's Hymn to Proserpine illustrates its use: Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean ; the world has grown grey from Thy breath ; We have drunken of things Lethean , and fed on the fullness of death . Laurel is green for a season , and translation essay love is sweet for a day ; But love grows bitter with treason , and laurel outlives not May . In the excerpt above, the words in red are part of crossed rhyme, and the words in green are regular rhyme.

Crossed rhyme is essay on terrorism, also called interlaced rhyme . Contrast with internal rhyme and leonine rhyme . CROWN OF SONNETS : According to Shipley (142), an interlinked poem or cycle of seven sonnets in which the chinese-english translation essay, last line of each of the simple, first six serves as the last line of the next, and chinese-english the last line of the seventh sonnet serves as the first line of the first sonnet. All other rhymes are used once only in the collection of the entire seven sonnets. An English example would be Donne's La Corona, though the structure is much more common in Italian poetry. A more complicated alternative structure is the so-called heroic crown of sonnets (alias the sonnet redoublé ), which is similar in structure but consists of 15 rather than 7 sonnets in total, but which follows the same rules for rhyme repetitions (Shipley 530). CTHULHU MYTHOS (also spelled Cthulu and Kutulu , pronounced various ways): Strongly influential in pulp science fiction and early twentieth-century horror stories , the Cthulhu mythos revolves around a pantheon of malign alien beings worshipped as gods by half-breed cultists. Oxford Creative Writing? These aliens were invented and popularized by pulp fiction horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. The name Cthulhu comes from Lovecraft's 1928 short story, The Call of chinese-english essay, Cthulhu, which introduces the 5 chapters of dissertation, creature Cthulhu as a gigantic, bat-winged, tentacled, green monstrosity who once ruled planet earth in prehistoric times. Currently in a death-like state of hibernation, it now awaits an opportunity to rise from the underwater city of R'lyeh and plunge the earth once more into darkness and terror. August Derleth later coined the term Cthulhu mythos to describe collectively the settings, themes, and alien beings first imagined by Lovecraft but later adapted by pulp fiction authors like Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Robert Bloch, Henry Kuttner, and Brian Lumley. Some common elements, motifs, and characters of the mythos include the chinese-english essay, following:

CULTURAL SYMBOL: A symbol widely or generally accepted as meaning something specific within an entire culture or social group, as opposed to a contextual symbol created by a single author that has meaning only within a single work or group of works. Examples of of philosophical, cultural symbols in Western culture include the cross as a symbol of Christianity, the American flag as a symbol of America's colonial history of translation essay, thirteen colonies growing into fifty states, the gold ring as a symbol of marital commitment, the essay, Caduceus as a symbol of medicine, and translation essay the color black as a symbol of mourning. Examples of cultural symbols in other cultures include white as a symbol of mourning in Japan, the Yin-Yang sphere as an oriental symbol of oxford brookes creative writing, oppositional forces in balance, the chinese-english, white crane as a symbol of longevity in Mandarin China, and so forth. Any writer in a specific culture could use one of these symbols and be relatively confident that the reader would understand what each symbol represented. Thus, if a writer depicted a pedophilic priest as trampling a crucifix into the mud, it is likely the essay, reader would understand this action represents the way the translation, priest tramples Christian ideals, and custom multimedia box thesis so forth. Contrast with contextual symbol and archetype . CYBERPUNK MOVEMENT : (1) A loose school of science fiction authors including William Gibson, Bruce Stirling, Rudy Rucker, and chinese-english translation Neal Stephenson who rose in popularity in the 1980s and 1990s. (2) A science fiction subgenre that shares the concerns and features of those works produced by the cyberpunk school.

Features of their novels and short stories in this period include the following motifs: Common themes include the dehumanization, commodification, and debt essay mechanization of the individual; the negative effects of commercialization upon society; and implicit philosophical questions regarding consciousness and sensory reality. These cyberpunk authors have been profoundly influential in chinese-english late twentieth-century science fiction films (such as Strange Days , Robocop , etc.) and Japanese anime , where cyberpunk elements have become so common as to of gratitude essay be almost cliché . The metaverse or the chinese-english, Net imagined by multimedia, these early authors in the 1980s have been seen as prophetic of the chinese-english translation, later real-world rise of the internet after 1993. Examples of novels, anthologies, short stories, and paragraph other literary works from the cyberpunk movement include Neuromancer , Mona Lisa Overdrive , Islands in the Net , and Johnny Mnemonic. (The last of these has been adapted into an awful film that bears little similarity to the original short story.) More recently, Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash has put a more satirical spin on the genre . CYCLE : In general use, a literary cycle is any group of closely related works. We speak of the Scandinavian, Arthurian , and Charlemagne cycles, for instance. These refer collectively to many poems and translation essay stories written by various artists over multimedia box thesis several centuries.

These cycles all deal with Scandinavian heros, King Arthur and his knights, or the chinese-english essay, legends of of philosophical essay, King Charlemagne respectively. More specifically, a mystery cycle refers to the complete set of mystery plays performed during the chinese-english essay, Corpus Christi festival in medieval religious drama (typically 45 or so plays, each of which depicted a specific event in biblical history from the multimedia, creation of the world to the last judgment). The major English cycles of mystery plays include the York, Coventry, Wakefield or Towneley, and Chester cycles. See Corpus Christi play , above. See also sonnet cycle . CYHYDEDD HIR : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry. The octave stanza consists two quatrains of four lines with five, five, five, and four syllables respectively. The rhyme scheme is AAAx AAAx , with X's indicating unrhymed lines. See octave and rhyme . CYHYDEDD NAW BAN : A syllabic verse form in ancient Welsh poetry in chinese-english translation which some lines are composed of of dissertation, nine syllables.

The rhyming couplets, when they appear, must rhyme with another line of identical length. CYNGHANEDD (pronounced kun HAN neth , lit. Welsh for symphony or harmony): A Welsh term that loosely denotes sound similarities peculiar to Welsh poetry, especially alliteration and internal rhyme . Typically, the consonants in one word or line repeat in translation the same pattern at the beginning and end of the next word or line--but the vowel sounds between the consonants change slightly. On Terrorism In India? In the English tradition of essay, poetry, Gerard Manley Hopkins charmingly refers to such devices as chimes , and he makes much use of them in his works such as Spring and Fall. See also awdl and simple in india englyn . Translation Essay? For an example of cynghanedd in English, click here. CYNING : A king, another term for an Anglo-Saxon hlaford . Not to be confused with kenning , an Anglo-Saxon poetic device.

CYRCH A CHWTA : A Welsh verse form consisting of an octave stanza of six rhyming or alliterating seven-syllable lines plus a couplet. The second line of the couplet rhymes with the first six lines. The first line of the couplet cross-rhymes in the third, fourth, or fifth syllable of the eighth line. CYRILLIC : Also called, azbuka , the alphabet used to creative write Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian. The name comes from the 9th-century Greek missionary Saint Cyril, who traveled from Byzantium to convert Slavic races of translation, Moravia to Christianity. Folklore credits Cyril at the inventor of this script, though it is more likely he invented the simple essay in india, Glaglotic , what Harkins refers to as an abtruse alphabet of obscure origin, which soon lost favor (5). Translation? Cyrillic, modeled largely on simple on terrorism in india, the Greek alphabet, rose to translation essay replace Glaglotic, though Cyril retained credit. The alphabet came to Russia later after its Christianization in 988 or 989.

Modern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Bulgarian, and Serbian alphabets were later offshoots of Cyrillic. Debt Of Gratitude? Peter the Great simplified the alphabet in translation 1708, so the lettering required less ornate design, and later modifiers removed four characters as redundant in 1918. The present alphabet consists of paragraph, thirty letters, mostly phonetic, though it does not show the stress of syllables (5). CYWYDD (plural, cywyddau) : A fourteenth-century metrical form of Welsh lyric poetry consisting of rhyming couplets with each line having seven syllables. Traditionally, in each couplet, the lines end with alternately stressed and unstressed meter.

In terms of content, cywyddau traditionally include examples of dyfalu --strings of unusual comparisons similar to metaphysical conceits. The genre is associated with the poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. CYWDD DEUAIR HIRION : In Welsh prosody, the chinese-english essay, term refers to a form of light verse consisting of a single couplet with seventeen syllables. The first line has a masculine ending and the last line a feminine ending. CYWYDD LLOSGYRNOG : A type of Welsh verse consisting of a sestet stanza in which the four paragraph essay, syllable count is eight, eight, seven, eight, eight, and seven respectively.

The first two lines rhyme and cross-rhyme with the middle syllable of the sixth line and the third and essay sixth lines rhyme with each other. Rime coueé or tail-rhyme has a similar scheme.

Department of English and Comparative Literature. All MFA candidates at San Jose State are required to write a thesis in their primary genre, defined in the curriculum as “a book-length manuscript of literary merit and essay, publishable quality.” The finished manuscript must be approved by the candidate’s thesis committee and by SJSU’s Office of meaning of philosophical, Graduate Studies and Research (GSR), which means it must comply with the chinese-english, official University-wide content and four, formatting guidelines. This guide is designed to present the thesis process as clearly as possible. It covers both administrative and literary tasks and should serve as your checklist as you move forward. Note however that University guidelines change frequently, and essay, you should check the GSR website for the latest requirements before submitting your final manuscript. University policy S87-6 requires that a minimum of three individuals serve on the student’s thesis committee. The majority of the committee members must be SJSU faculty. The chair of the thesis committee must be a full time, tenured, or tenure track SJSU faculty member not on leave or sabbatical. Faculty participating in the Faculty Early Retirement Program (FERP) are considered active faculty members, and as such, can function as the thesis chair.

Non-faculty members must be recognized experts in of philosophical the subject matter of the chinese-english essay, thesis. Like most departments at SJSU, the English Department requires that a masters thesis committee have only two active members. Simple On Terrorism In India! The third member can be the director of the chinese-english translation, graduate program--in this case, the MFA Program Coordinator--who signs the 5 chapters of dissertation, approval form ex officio. You are welcome to recruit an active third reader; however, you are not required to do so. In general, the first reader (or Thesis Director) should be a tenure-line faculty member in chinese-english essay your primary genre. The Director is the person you will work with most often while you are writing and revising your thesis. Oxford! He or she will also help you draft and submit your Thesis Proposal. Usually, the second and third readers will review the finished manuscript only chinese-english translation once, whereas the Director may read the manuscript twice (or more). Many MFAs have chosen literature faculty members as their second or third readers. Paragraph! You might even ask a writer or professor from another school who has an interest in your work to serve on your committee.

Note however that University policy requires a majority of the chinese-english translation essay, committee (i.e., two people) to be SJSU faculty. Allow plenty of time to recruit your committee. Faculty are very busy, and box thesis, sometimes your first choices may not have time to serve. Before you can enroll in your six Thesis Units (ENGL 299), you must have your proposal approved by the Department Graduate Committee. This committee is a group of half a dozen tenure-line faculty members who meet regularly to discuss the department’s MA and MFA programs. The MFA degree qualifies our graduates to teach literature and writing at the undergraduate and graduate level; therefore, members of the Graduate Committee read these proposals looking for evidence that the candidate is, in fact, qualified to teach at a university. In our MFA program, writers are expected not only to translation essay, know how to write creative prose and poetry but also to discuss their work and meaning essay, its influences, as well as its relationship to contemporary literature. Proposals should demonstrate expertise with the literary environment and clearly place the thesis within a context that will enable literature scholars to assess its value and potential as an artistic contribution. The thesis proposal is an important demonstration of your professionalism. Carelessness or flippancy will earn your proposal a rejection.

The first step in writing a thesis proposal is to meet with your Thesis Director. Among other things, he or she will help you determine your project’s scope so that it can be completed in chinese-english essay one or two semesters. This is one of the main questions the box thesis, Graduate Committee asks about every thesis proposal (MA or MFA). Your Thesis Director can also provide you with examples of past proposals. Download and fill out the department’s Thesis Proposal Form (PDF). You must include this form when you submit your proposal to the Graduate Committee. Your proposal should have three sections: Section One : Project Description. A short description (two to four pages) of the manuscript you plan to complete.

If your project is a novel, you might describe the essay, cast of of dissertation, characters and succinctly summarize the translation, plot. If you plan to use a particular narrative structure (for example a frame story), you may discuss it here. Explain also the major themes you plan to explore in your work. Section Two : Annotated Bibliography. A. Write a concise descriptive introduction to an annotated bibliography, listing the literary. works that have influenced the project. (Under 100 words.) B. Write an oxford writing, annotated bibliography of works that are most like or most influential on the. project proposed. In the annotations, you should succinctly describe each individual. work’s affinity or influence on the project in chinese-english translation concrete terms.

Section Three : Work Sample. Include 5 to 10 pages of poems (no more than 10 poems total) or 10 to 15 pages of meaning essay, prose or drama. Chinese-english Translation Essay! This sample will provide evidence that you are able to complete the project you have proposed. If you have already started writing your thesis manuscript, you might polish up the first section and use it as your work sample. If you have not started the project (and you are not required to have started it), select some of your best work or the work most similar to the project you are proposing. You should refer to specific content from your work sample, if appropriate, in either or both of the first two sections. Send a draft of your proposal to your Thesis Director at least two weeks before the semester’s Thesis Proposal Deadline (usually the 5 chapters of dissertation, last day of March or October), so he or she has time to chinese-english translation essay, suggest revisions. When you have your Director’s approval, submit the proposal by 5 chapters email to chinese-english, the Department’s Graduate Coordinator. The members of the Graduate Committee will read your proposal, and it will be brought up for discussion at brookes the committee's next meeting, normally within a week or two of the proposal deadline.

The members will vote and chinese-english, convey their decision to your Thesis Director and to you. Simple Essay! Sometimes the committee grants a proposal approval on the condition that it be revised in one way or another. Make sure you pay attention and carry out these revisions as soon as possible. Chinese-english! If you wait too long, the meaning of philosophical essay, committee may not be able to reconsider your proposal that semester, and translation, your progress towards graduation may be delayed. After your Thesis Proposal has been approved by the Department Graduate Committee, you have permission to of dissertation, register for your six Thesis Units (ENGL 299). Essay! You may take these units concurrently or over custom multimedia box thesis two semesters. To get your add code for MySJSU, fill out the Form to Register for chinese-english translation 299 Thesis Units, get signatures from your Thesis Director and the MFA Program Coordinator, and take the completed form to 5 chapters, the Department Admin (in FOB 102). You will work with your Thesis Director to chinese-english, determine a sensible writing and review schedule. Start by asking if he or she prefers to read your work in meaning pieces or only when the manuscript is chinese-english translation, complete.

Set milestones by meaning of philosophical essay working backwards from the deadlines. Be conservative; leave plenty of wiggle-room. Chinese-english Translation Essay! Remember that a missed deadline can result in your graduation being delayed. Your thesis manuscript must follow GS R's content and formatting guidelines for masters theses. Read them thoroughly. The department-approved text of simple essay, your thesis must be submitted electronically as a PDF, including the signed faculty signature page. Candidates should read the GSR thesis guidelines here: http://www.sjsu.edu/gradstudies/thesis/thesis_forms/index.html.

Although MFA theses are creative work, they are considered “Plan A” projects (i.e., theses) rather than “Plan C” projects (creative project reports). Chinese-english! In general, Plan C reports are descriptions of meaning essay, non-written work, for example dance performances and chinese-english translation, art installations. Your manuscript must include both an Abstract (one page maximum) and of dissertation, a Preface. The Preface is not explained in the GSR guidelines, but it is required nonetheless. In the Preface, GSR is looking for a short essay (a minimum of 2,000 words) explaining your project and its influences.

You should cite material from your primary influences using MLA citation format. Translation! A MLA-style Works Cited list must be included at the end of the preface. Most MFA candidates use a version of their Thesis Proposal as their Preface (minus the writing sample, of course). Don’t just cut and paste; make sure you go over the project description and discussion of influences in case either changed during the writing process. Insert your Preface right after the Table of Contents, before the main body of your manuscript. A final word of debt, advice: proofread and then proofread again. The dispassionate reviewers at GSR have been known to reject theses because of chinese-english translation, typos and grammatical mistakes. Oxford Brookes Writing! Obviously, if you are using dialect in your manuscript, that’s okay; but please make sure the Preface is free of spelling and grammar errors. Submitting the Thesis for Committee Approval. At the beginning of each semester, the MFA Program Coordinator sends out the deadline for turning in thesis manuscripts to translation essay, the readers. It may be sooner than you think--usually in early February (for May graduation) or September (for December graduation).

All three members of simple essay on terrorism in india, your committee will read your work simultaneously. Usually the second and third readers convey their decisions to your Thesis Director, who communicates it to you. They may recommend changes before you submit the final manuscript to Graduate Studies (which is why the deadline falls so early in the semester). After the committee approves the manuscript, ask them to sign the chinese-english translation essay, Thesis Committee Page (see GSR guidelines for formatting). Submitting the Thesis for Graduate Studies Approval. Getting your thesis approved by the Office of Graduate Studies is explained in detail at this website: Copyright and Publication Concerns. SJSU uses ProQuest to manage its digital repository of masters theses. Once you submit your manuscript through the ProQuest site (and you are required to do so in order to multimedia box thesis, have your thesis approved by Graduate Studies) it becomes available through certain ProQuest databases.

If you wrote a historical novel about Abraham Lincoln, for example, a citation and abstract of your thesis will appear in chinese-english essay search results for “Abraham Lincoln.” Depending on the permissions you granted ProQuest during the submission process, users of their database may also have the option to order a full electronic or printed copy of your work. Essay! Note that you retain full copyright to your work. ProQuest is only a distributor; they do not own your work. SJSU wants your thesis to chinese-english essay, be available to the public for good reason. Brookes Creative! In the essay, sciences, for example, theses and dissertations are valuable additions to meaning essay, the scholarly literature. For years, bound copies of all SJSU masters theses--including MFA theses--have been publicly available on the shelves of the SJSU Library. But in the age of digital reading, many creative writers are horrified to know that their proprietary, copyrighted work might be available through a public database. They worry that publishers will shy away from work that is already available online. During the final submission process, you will be given several opportunities to restrict access to your work. At present the best you can do is to choose the chinese-english translation essay, “embargo” and “full sales restriction” options when you submit your final manuscript. Brookes Creative! This will prohibit ProQuest from selling full access to your manuscript, although an abstract and citation of your work will still be included in ProQuest’s thesis and dissertation database.

A group of SJSU faculty, administrators, and chinese-english translation, librarians is currently working with ProQuest on a better long-term solution. Here is ProQuest’s current stance on the issue. On the essay, other hand, you may want your work to be available for purchase through ProQuest. Chinese-english Essay! You may even want it to be available for free (see the “Open Access” option). Whatever you choose, please remember that neither SJSU nor ProQuest is trying to profit from your work. The advancement of human knowledge (the ultimate goal of academics) depends on the free flow of information among scholars, and by seeking an meaning, MFA you choose to be part of essay, this conversation. It is impossible to take an advanced degree like the of gratitude essay, MFA without leaving some mark on the academic record. The Internet has only made that mark easier to find. ProQuest is one access point for chinese-english theses; the MLK Library is another.

Students sign two different agreements: the ProQuest publishing agreementthe and the SJSU license agreement . It might interest students to know that a permanent embargo is available on the ProQuest side. Students would have to let Graduate Studies know that they want a permanent embargo with ProQuest. (ProQuest doesn’t allow students to select this option without notifying the of dissertation, institution.) Publication options are covered in more detail in Graduate Studie's online thesis workshop available here: http://www.sjsu.edu/gradstudies/thesis/thesis_events/index.html. Additional Steps Necessary for chinese-english essay Graduation. You should be aware that you need to file official forms with SJSU’s Graduate Admissions and Program Evaluation office (best acronym on of dissertation, campus: GAPE) in order to progress towards graduation. The semester before you plan to graduate, you must fill out and file a Petition for Advancement to Graduate Candidacy.

The deadlines are usually the first day of April (for December graduation) and the first day of October (for May graduation). Check GAPE’s deadlines page for the most current dates. At the beginning of your final semester, you need to file an translation essay, Application for Award of Master's Degree form. The deadlines for this are usually in box thesis mid-February (for May graduation) and mid-September (for December graduation). Again, check with GAPE to essay, be sure you have the meaning, right date.