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Babysitter Job Description Example. Babysitters provide care to children on their parents#8217; behalf when they are away. Babysitter Job Description Example. What Do Babysitters Do? A babysitter is one who cares for people#8217;s children in their various homes. For some people this term refers to caring for a child only for up for a few hours, while for others, it entails caring for children most hours of the day. The job description of a babysitter entails performing certain menial housekeeping routines like scrubbing the floor after the baby must have spilled her juice.

The responsibilities of babysitting also vary from print and bind, changing diapers, watching the sleeping child, preparing meals, and playing games. It is the duty of the babysitter to ensure the safety of the sign up for summer school child as long as they are in her care, no matter the circumstance. Depending on the particular family you are working for, as a babysitter you might need to get involved in performing additional tasks. This sort of in india job requires that the sign summer babysitter reports for duty very early and could close late also. This is because many people hire babysitters because they can#8217;t be really be there for pollution essay in english 1000 words their children most of the times. A babysitter is to partner with the parents of the sign summer school child in their care in matters concerning the thesis dublin child#8217;s well-being. The role of a babysitter requires knowledge of child safety and first aid and its appropriate use, and a good skill in sign up for school diaper changing. Babysitter Job Description Example, Duties, Tasks, and custom, Responsibilities. The job of a babysitter varies and usually depends on their agreement with the parents, their needs and expectation. Notwithstanding, there are general expectations for this sort of position.

Below is a list of up for summer school duties, responsibilities, and custom research paper no plagiarism, tasks expected from a babysitter by most clients: Plan and up for, prepare meals for the children Perform children#8217;s shopping in partnership with, or according to directives from the parents Bath the children and dress them up, constantly changing and washing their sheets and clothes. This means keeping the children at all times Organize play activities for era after civil war essays the children and accompany them to activities outside the home environment Discipline children using methods approved by the parents Monitor children’s activities during rest periods and meals as told by parents Keep the kitchen and its environs neat and in good condition during work hours Responsible for planning and organizing events in the family as directed by the parents Responsible for maintaining some family accounts and paying of bills Overseeing other workers and staff Professionally respond to calls from employers on checking up on their children to be rest assured that they are okay Take charge of feeding the pets during work hours Responsible for up for school taking children to school and back. The sample job description shown above can be used in making a resume for essay the babysitter position. Sign Up For School? The job description states the major duties and responsibilities of babysitters, which can be modified and english language, used to sign summer school complete the work experience section of the resume. This section tells the employer that you have the relevant experience to babysit for people. See detailed babysitter resume writing tips and example here. Skills, Expectations, Qualification, and Requirements of print dublin a Babysitter. To excel on the job as a babysitter you will need to sign up for summer school have the following skills and qualities, which employers usually require, and which you can also use in your resume: A good level of English speaking Having a driver#8217;s license gives an era after civil advantage A substantial period of experience in the field Exceptional bathing skill, coupled with planning, dressing, and arranging the home environment Exceptionally skilled in care giving; always conscious of personal hygiene Ability to efficiently perform simple household activities without supervision Ability to teach the children, especially subjects having to do with personal cleanliness and hygiene Skilled in entertaining kids and keeping them company by up for school, playing with them; couple with proven ability to engage children in creative and reconstruction era after civil war essays, learning activities Demonstrated ability to care for newborns, infants, and toddlers Ability to keep records of daily activities and possibly health information of children Ability to sign school put the kids to bed without engaging inappropriate measures, like scolding Ability to efficiently control the activities of children Should be fairly intelligent to help the children with their homework Ability to act calm in situations of medical emergencies Ability to handle kids; being patient with them Ability to maintain a clean and healthy environment inside the home. Help pass this around: If you enjoyed our babysitter job description sample and skills, which can serve as a template in making job descriptions, as well as in making babysitter resumes, please help share it with friends on your favorite social media channel, many thanks! You may need to pass a job test to be hired for a position, improve your chances of making high scores today!

Job Assessment Tests: How to Top Your Competition. As part of the essay words hiring process, most applicants that passed the initial Resume/CV screening phase are required to pass an assessment test for the job or apprenticeship position they are applying for. The goal of this phase is to determine if the candidate has the sign up for summer school appropriate set of skills and qualities to excel on the job. Find out the tests you will be needing to take for the position you are applying for; get lots of era after civil success proven Practice materials to prepare with now: Sure way to summer make high scores in job tests.

online resume mart This is up for summer school Python Projects on Online Resume Mart, which provided a lot of facility to their user. The objective and scope of my Project Online Resume Mart is to record the details various activities of user. It will simplifies the task and reduse the paper work. During implementation every user will be given appropriate training to suit their specific needs.

Specific support will also be provided at key points within the academic calendar. Training will be provided on a timely basis, and you will be trained as the ancient egypt homework new is Online Resume Mart rolled out to your area of responsibility. At the moment we are in the very early stages, so it is up for summer school difficult to put a specific time on 1000 words, the training, but we will keep people informed as plans are developed.The system is up for summer very user friendly and it is anticipated that functions of the system will be easily accessed by war essays administrators, academics, students and applicants. Hence the management system for the College management has been designed to remove all the deficiency from which the present system is suffering and to ensure. The client uses MS Excel, and maintains their records, however it is up for summer not possible them to share the data from multiple system in multi user environment, there is lot of duplicate work, and print and bind chance of sign, mistake. When the records are changed they need to language in india, update each and sign up for summer every excel file. There is no option to find and reconstruction era after civil war essays print previous saved records. Sign. There is no security; any body can access any report and sensitive data, also no reports to summary report. This Online Resume Mart is used to overcome the entire problem which they are facing currently, and making complete atomization of manual system to ancient homework help, computerized system. The main limitation of the previous system of Online Resume Mart:

The existing system only provides text-based interface, which is up for school not as user-friendly as Graphical user Interface. Since the system is implemented in Manual, so the response is very slow. The transactions are executed in off-line mode, hence on-line data capture and modification is not possible. Off-line reports cannot be generated due to batch mode execution. Hence, there is a need of reformation of the system with more advantages and flexibility. The Online Resume Mart eliminates most of the reconstruction war essays limitations of the existing software. It has the following objectives: The main objective of Online Resume Mart is to enhance and upgrade the existing system by increasing its efficiency and effectiveness. The software improves the working methods by replacing the existing manual system with the computer-based system.

The Online Resume Mart automates each and sign school every activity of the manual system and increases its throughput. Thus the homework help response time of the sign up for summer school system is very less and it works very fast. The Online Resume Mart provides the uses a quick response with very accurate information regarding the users etc. Any details or system in an accurate manner, as and when required. The software Online Resume Mart has a very user-friendly interface. Thus the users will feel very easy to work on ancient egypt, it. Sign Up For School. The software provides accuracy along with a pleasant interface.Make the present manual system more interactive, speedy and user friendly. The transaction reports of the system can be retried as and when required. Thus, there is ancient egypt homework no delay in the availability of any information, whatever needed, can be captured very quickly and sign up for summer easily. Reduce the cost of small essay, maintenance. PROJECT CATEGORY: Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

The project is entitled “Online Resume Mart”,category “RDBMS”. Hence before discussing any thing about the up for summer project Online Resume Mart, a brief disscussion of related basic concept is necessary. As a software developer or as a programmer,we are expected to design and develope any program that works correctly, efficiently and the time is custom easy to be used by school every person, who may or may not be well versed wiht computer and its capabilities. The Project is language based on the Online Resume Mart, Being the Information System it requires extensive use of some Data base Management System to store, manipulate and handle the huge and complex record, In RDBMS we can act various attributes with the database like editing the records, Modifications Deletions of the records, View the records in various formats, listing the database etc. Project can be categorized by their functioning and relation with their database and up for summer school other tools can categorize project. Since this project has been developed based on the Relation Data Base Management System So Proposed system comes under RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) category, as there is need to store and manipulate a huge amount of data related to patients as per various queries.

The systems objectives outlined during the feasibility study serve as the basic from which the era after civil war essays work of sign summer, system design is initiated. Much of the activities involved at this stage is of technical nature requiring a certain degree of pollution essay words, experience in designing systems, sound knowledge of computer related technology and through understanding of computers available in the market and the various facilities provided by the vendors. Sign Up For Summer School. Nevertheless, a system cannot be designed in isolation without the active involvement of the user. The user has a vital role to play at this stage too. As we know that data collected during feasibility study wills we utilized systematically during the essay in english system design. Sign Up For Summer. It should, however be kept in mind that detailed study of the existing system is not necessarily over english language in india essay with the completion of the feasibility study. Depending on sign school, the plan of feasibility study, the level of detailed study will vary and the system design stage will also vary in the amount of investigation that still needs to be done.

This investigation is essay words generally an urgent activity during the system. Sometimes, but rarely, this investigation may form a separate stage between feasibility study and computer system design. Designing a new system is a creative process, which calls for logical as will as lateral thinking. Sign Summer School. The logical approach involves systematic moves towards the end product keeping in mind the capabilities of the personnel and the equipment at each decision making step. Lateral thought implies encompassing of ideas beyond the usual functions and equipment.

This is to era after war essays, ensure that no efforts are being made to fit previous solutions into new situations. The system design process is not a step-by-step adherence of clear procedures and guidelines. Though, certain clear procedures and guidelines have emerged in recent days,But still much of design work depends on sign summer school, knowledge and experience of the lennie small of mice essay designer.When designer starts working on system design, he will face different type of problems. Many of sign up for summer school, these will be due to constraints imposed by the user or limitations of the hardware and software available in the market. Sometimes, it is difficult to enumerate the pollution 1000 complexity of the problems and sign up for summer solutions there of since the variety of likely problems is so great and no solutions are exactly similar. However, following considerations should be kept in mind during the system designing phase: The primary objective of the design of course, is to deliver the requirements as specified in the feasibility reports. In general the following design objectives should be kept in mind. The system must be stable and can be operated by people with average. This involves accuracy, timeliness and comprehensiveness to the system output.

It is desirable to aim for a system with a minimum cost subject to the condition that it must satisfy all the requirements. The system should be modifiable depending on the changing needs of the user. Such modifications should not entail extensive reconstructing or recreation of software. It should also be portable to different computer systems. This is very important aspect of the print and bind design and should cover areas of hardware reliability, fall back procedures, physical security of data and provision for sign, detection of fraud and abuse. System design involves first logical design and then physical construction of the system. The logical design describes the structure and characteristics of features, like the outputs, inputs, files, database and procedures. The physical construction, which follows the logical design, produces actual program software, files and custom research a working system. Several development activities are carried out up for school, during structured design. They are database design, implementation planning, system test preparation, system interface specification, and user documentation.

This activity deals with the pollution essay design of the up for summer physical database. A key is to and bind dublin, determine how the access paths art to be implemented. Program design: In conjunction with database design is a decision on the programming language to be used and the flowcharting, coding, and up for summer school debugging procedure prior to conversion. The operating system limits the programming languages that will run of the system. System and program test preparation. Each aspect of the system has a separate test requirement.

System testing is done after all programming and ancient testing completed the test on sign up for, system and program test requirements become a part of design specifications a prerequisite to implementation. In contrast to the system testing is acceptance testing, which puts the system through a procedure design to convince the user that the proposed system will meet the stated requirements. Acceptance testing is technically similar to system testing but politically it is different. The computer system design process is an exercise of specifying how, the system will work. It is an lennie small of mice essay iterative process, which is based on what the system will be do as shown in school the feasibility report.Mainly, following five parts have been included in the system design process. The starting point of the design process is the proper knowledge of system requirements which will normally be converted in in india essay terms of output.

Once the output requirements have been finalized, the next step is to find out sign, what data need to be made available to reconstruction civil war essays, the system to produce the desired outputs. The basic documents in up for summer which these data are available need to be identified. If necessary, these documents may have to be revised or new documents may have to be introduced. Once the input data is captured in the system, these may to be preserved either for a short or long period. These data will generally be stored in files in a logical manner. The designer will have to pollution essay in english, devise the techniques of storing and retrieving data from these files. This step involves specifications of how processing will be performed. In this, there are two aspects:

The computer procedure will specify what functions will be carried out on sign summer school, computer, what will be different programs and in what sequence the programs will be run. The non-computer procedure will specify the manual procedures for research, feeding input data, receiving outputs etc. The control design indicates necessary procedures which will ensure correctness of sign up for summer school, processing, accuracy of data, timely output etc. this will ensure that the system is reconstruction war essays functioning as per plan. Development and Deployment Design. Major responsibilities include system Requirement Study, Preparing System Design Document, Preparing the Program (Form) Specs, Peer Review of the Specs, Implement Quality procedures as per the QMS Document, Documentation of SRS Revalidation #038; Design Documents, thorough grasping of the user functionality and applying, approving the same in the project, Developing, Testing #038; Debugging of Forms, User Training and Implementation of the module. Once the analysis and design of the system has been done, it would be necessary to identify the data that are required to be processed to produce the outputs. Input is one of the most expensive phases of the operation of a computerized system and creates sometimes a major problem.

Different type of up for summer, problem with a system can usually be traced back to faulty input design method needless to say, therefore, that the input data are the lifeblood of a system and have to be analyzed and designed with utmost care and consideration. Reconstruction Civil War Essays. Input design features can ensure the reliability of the system and generate correct reports form the accurate data. School. The input design also determines whether the in english words user can interact efficiently with the system. Inaccurate input data are the most common cause of up for summer school, errors in data processing. Errors entered by data entry operators can be controlled by input design. Input data are collected and organized into groups of similar data. Once identified, appropriate input media are selected for processing.

The goal of designing input data is to make data entry as easy, logical and essay in english error free from errors as possible. Sign Summer School. In entering data, operators need to know the following: The allocated space for each field. Field sequence, which much match that in the source document. The format in which data fields are entered for dublin, example, filling out the date field is required through the edited format mm/dd/yy. When we approach input data design, we design the source document. Let us elaborate on each step. Source data are captured initially on original paper or a source document.

For example, a cheque written against up for summer, an account is a source document. When it reaches the bank, it is encoded with special magnetic ink character recognition so that a reader that is part of the information system of the bank can process it. Therefore, source documents initiate a processing cycle as soon as they are entered into the system. Source documents may be entered into the system from punch cards, from diskettes, or even directly through the keyboard. A source document should be logical and easy to understand. Each area in the form should be clearly identified and should specify for era after civil war essays, the user what to write and where to sign summer school, write it.A source document may or may not be retained in the proposed system. Thus, each source document may be evaluated in terms of.Its continued use in the proposed system,The extent of modification for the proposed system #038; Replacement by an alternative source document. The design of input play very significant role in getting the correct output. It covers al phases of input from creation of initial data (original recording) to actual entering the data to english in india, the system for processing. The input design is the link that ties the information system into the world of its users. Up For Summer School. Some features of design may vary depending on and men essay, whether the system is batch-oriented or on-line.

Here, we will discuss the sign school various objectives of input design. They focus on: Controlling amount of homework, input Avoiding delay Avoiding errors in data Avoiding extra steps Keeping the process simple. Each of the five objectives of input design is briefly discussed below: An effective design controls the quantity of data for input for the following reasons: Firstly, data preparation and data entry operations depend on people.

Since labor costs are high, the cost or preparing and entering data is also high. It is quite evident, then that reducing data requirements mean lowering costs through reduced labor expense. Secondly, the input phase of computing can be slow process and take many times longer than that needed by computers to carry out their tasks. Sign School. In fact, the computer itself may sit idle until data is prepared and input for processing. By reducing input requirements, the analyst will speed the entire process from data capture to processing to provide result to users. When processing is delayed owing to data preparation or data entry, the cause is called a bottleneck. Avoid bottlenecks when designing input should always be one of the objectives of the analyst. The third objective deals with errors. In one sense, the paper no plagiarism rate at which errors occur is dependent on the quantity of data. Since the lower the amount of data is inputted, there are fewer opportunities for the error to sign summer, occur. Firstly, the small and men analyst can reduce this number by reducing the volume of data dust must be entered for each transaction.

Secondly, the analyst can also affect error rates of an sign school operation through design. The manner in which data must be entered can reduce the chance of errors. Still, a third aspect of error control is the need to detect errors when they do occur. Checks and research paper no plagiarism balances in the data entry programs, called input validation techniques, also detect errors input. Presenting the data processed by a computer-based information system in an attractive and usable form has become very essential these days’ success and acceptance of a system to some extent depends on good presentation. Therefore, system analyst must know fully how to design output report in an attractive way. Summer School. Many new output devices are being introduced in the market because of recent development in computer technology. System analyst must be aware of reconstruction civil war essays, these new technologies and try to use these new output devices if possible.

Currently, excellent graphic displays are widely available. Speech output systems are also fast emerging. There are three main reasons why outputs from the computer are required. Up For Summer School. They are: For communication to the persons concerned. For re-input to the computer for being connected with other data and paper further processing. For permanent storage.

Outputs of summer school, a system can take different forms. Paper No Plagiarism. The most common are reports, displays on screen, printed forms etc. the outputs also vary in terms of their contents, type of stationery. Summer School. Frequency and timing etc. besides, due consideration also need to be given as to reconstruction era after civil, who will use the output and for what purpose. All these points must be kept in mind while designing outputs so that the objectives of the system are met in the best possible way. Outputs of a data-processing system can be placed into two categories: These are the outputs desired out of the system to meet its objectives. These are of three types: Output as a basis for decision-making. This type of sign up for, output is generally required by management for decision-making purposes. Output as a requirement to meet a functional objective.

Invoices, Excise Gate Pass, Purchase Orders are the examples of such output. Statutory outputs: All organization is required to produce a certain amount of reports and forms as required by law. These outputs are mainly generated for use of EDP staff and give various indications as to how the pollution system operates. System logs, error messages, status indicators etc. Sign Summer. are the examples of such output. These types of output are not concerned for the users. It may help collecting perfect management in details. In a very short time, the collection will be obvious, simple and sensible.

It will help a person to know the management of passed year perfectly and vividly. It also helps in current all works relative to lennie and men, College. It will be also reduced the cost of collecting the management #038; collection procedure will go on up for summer, smoothly. The present project has been developed to meet the aspirations indicated in ancient egypt help the modern age. An attempt has been made through this project to do all work ease #038; fast. It provide current add, Update, MoveNext, MovePrevious, MoveLast, Find #038; Delete all facilities to accomplish the desired objectives.

The facility Include in this project and the suggested activities have been organized to impart knowledge #038; develop skill #038; attitude in the College official works.

10 Online Tools for Kids to Improve Writing Skills. Children’s creativity is sign up for summer school, endless. Little ones are able to imagine things that go beyond expectations. If kids engage in writing from an early age, they will be able to expand their creative potential. Children have a natural tendency to paper no plagiarism notice and observe the world around them; writing is a fun way for kids to express themselves and build skills at the same time! Needless to say, it won’t be easy to teach a young one to summer write. It will take more than providing a piece of paper and a pencil, and leaving everything else to natural tendencies. This skill requires a lot of practice to be developed, so it would be best to start as early as possible. The following tools will help you make writing easier for your child. This online tool covers the basics of the essay writing process by print showing children what each of the five paragraphs should to contain.

Once your child makes enough progress, they can continue practicing with the Writing Worksheets that the site provides. There are five fun essay writing activities provided for free: Rules of Writing an Essay, Essay on Twin Towers Devastation, Autobiography of My Favorite Thing, Picture Writing, and Essay on Mom. Sign Up For School? This website provides fun resources that teach young children how to thesis print dublin write and understand written content. The lessons are taught through short cartoons and interactive exercises. Summer School? The writing section offers a great base of tasks that will test your child’s ability to write understandable content.

Interactive activities are an important part of the learning process. This website provides effective exercises for grades K-12. Preschool age children can also benefit from this tool using their Story Map and Learning About Language games. This is an awesome website dedicated to of mice essay the art of writing. It offers resources on fiction, poetry, nonfiction, art, and photography. In addition, Teen Ink provides summer programs and camps for teenagers.

The essays featured on school the website provide inspiration for learners who want to improve their writing skills. EssayMama offers great tips and egypt homework help, guides on writing, as well as fun articles that inspire children to express their own thoughts in written form. School? This isn#8217;t the most visually stunning website, but that doesn’t make it any less useful for language essay parents and instructors. A list of sign up for summer school, links guides you to online resources that will be useful at any stage of the lennie of mice, learning process. You can explore the basic steps of research, character development, the 5-paragraph essay, picture book projects, the up for summer, 3-step creative writing process, and custom research, much more. Up For Summer School? You will also find awesome games that teach writing through fun activities. This is a mandatory website for parents and educators who want to and men essay teach writing effectively. You will find links to resources organized in seven categories: Writing Skills, Writing Sentences, Writing Paragraphs, Writing Essays, Writing Mechanics, Standardized Testing Writing, and Teaching Writing. Some of the most useful tools this website provides are the graphic organizers and fun exercises for each category.

This website provides a collection of simple essays, short paragraphs, project works, poems, and speeches for children. You will find great essay topics for kids ages 6-10. Try assigning some of these topics on a regular basis and you’ll see how your child makes step-by-step progress. Summer? Each sample comes with an assigned target age group, so you won’t confuse your learner with content that’s too complicated for them to understand. Good sample essays for young children are not easy to locate.

This website is a great source of print dublin, content in up for summer school four categories: narrative, persuasive, expository, and descriptive essays. Reconstruction Era After? Start with the featured essays, then dig deeper to find inspiration on sign up for different topics. When your child starts writing more, encourage them to take part in the site#8217;s weekly essay contest. Winners are published in english language essay the mini essays section. As your child makes progress in the art of essay writing, it might be difficult for them to limit the thoughts that they put on paper in a clean sentence. You might notice that their expressions are becoming confusing; that’s completely natural for young learners. Hemingway Editor is a great tool you can use in such situations. Sign Up For School? It analyzes the sentence and provides a readability score. In addition, you will see all confusing sentences highlighted in yellow and red. When you don’t know where to start with the editing stage, this tool will provide effective guidance. Hi Julie, I also wanted to add WriteWell to this list http://www.writewellapp.com.

It is tool that is and bind dublin, growing in popularity with the homeschool segment. Child Development Books Our recommendations for books on child development for parents. Sign Up For Summer School? Total Focus Program A cognitive behavioral therapy multi-media program to help ADHD kids focus and behave. The information on research no plagiarism this website is solely for informational purposes. IT IS NOT INTENDED TO PROVIDE MEDICAL ADVICE. Neither Child Development Institute, LLC nor Dr. Myers nor any of the editors, columnists or authors take responsibility for any possible consequences from any action taken which results from reading or following the information contained in this information. The publication of this information does not constitute the practice of sign up for summer, medicine or psychology, and this information does not replace the advice of your physician or mental health care provider. Before undertaking any course of treatment, the in english, reader must seek the advice of sign summer, their physician or other health care provider. Lennie Small And Men Essay? See additional information.

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essay on why world About World War I. T he First World War was truly #145;the Great War#146;. Sign Summer School. Its origins were complex. Its scale was vast. Its conduct was intense. Its impact on military operations was revolutionary. Its human and material costs were enormous.

And its results were profound. The war was a global conflict. Thirty-two nations were eventually involved. Twenty-eight of these constituted the Allied and Associated Powers, whose principal belligerents were the British Empire, France, Italy, Russia, Serbia, and the United States of America. They were opposed by the Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire. The war began in the Balkan cockpit of competing nationalisms and ancient ethnic rivalries. Hopes that it could be contained there proved vain. Expansion of the war was swift. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914; Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August.

Germany declared war on France on 3 August and invaded Belgium. Help. France was invaded on 4 August. German violation of Belgian neutrality provided the British with a convenient excuse to enter the war on up for, the side of France and Russia the same evening. Pollution In English 1000 Words. Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on 6 August. France and Great Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary six days later. The underlying causes of these events have been intensively researched and debated. Up For Summer School. Modern scholars are less inclined to egypt homework, allocate blame for the outbreak of war than was the case in the past. They have sought instead to understand the fears and ambitions of the governing lites of Europe who took the fateful decisions for war, particularly that of imperial Germany. Fears were more important than ambitions. Sign Up For School. Of the powers involved in the outbreak of small of mice and men, war, only Serbia had a clear expansionist agenda. The French hoped to recover the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine lost to Germany as a result of their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1, but this was regarded as an attempt at sign school restitution rather than acquisition.

Otherwise, defensive considerations were paramount. The states who embarked on the road to war in 1914 wished to preserve what they had. This included not only their territorial integrity but also their diplomatic alliances and their prestige. These defensive concerns made Europe's statesmen take counsel of their fears and submit to the tyranny of events. The Austrians feared for civil the survival of their multi-racial Empire if they did not confront the threat of Serb nationalism and Panslavism.

The Germans feared the consequences to sign school, themselves of allowing Austria, their closest and only reliable ally, to be weakened and humiliated. The Russians feared the threat to their prestige and authority as protector of the Slavs if they allowed Austria to defeat and ancient help, humiliate Serbia. The French feared the superior population numbers, economic resources, and military strength of their German neighbours. School. France's principal defence against english language in india essay, the threat of German power was its alliance with Russia. This it was imperative to defend. The British feared occupation of the Low Countries by a hostile power, especially a hostile power with a large modern navy. But most of all they feared for summer the long-term security of their Empire if they did not support France and Russia, their principal imperial rivals, whose goodwill they had been assiduously cultivating for a decade. All governments feared their peoples.

Some statesmen welcomed the war in the belief that it would act as a social discipline purging society of dissident elements and encouraging a return to patriotic values. Others feared that it would be a social solvent, dissolving and transforming everything it touched. The process of reconstruction civil, expansion did not end in August 1914. Other major belligerents took their time and waited upon events. Italy, diplomatically aligned with Germany and Austria since the sign, Triple Alliance of 1882, declared its neutrality on 3 August. In the following months it was ardently courted by France and Britain.

On 23 May 1915 the Italian government succumbed to Allied temptations and declared war on Austria-Hungary in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement in lennie of mice essay the Trentino. Bulgaria invaded Serbia on 7 October 1915 and sealed that pugnacious country's fate. Serbia was overrun. The road to Constantinople was opened to the Central Powers. Romania prevaricated about which side to join, but finally chose the Allies in August 1916, encouraged by up for school, the success of the Russian 'Brusilov Offensive'. It was a fatal miscalculation. The German response was swift and decisive.

Romania was rapidly overwhelmed by two invading German armies and its rich supplies of wheat and custom paper no plagiarism, oil did much to sign up for, keep Germany in the war for another two years. Romania joined Russia as the other Allied power to suffer defeat in the war. It was British belligerency, however, which was fundamental in turning a European conflict into a world war. Britain was the reconstruction era after war essays, world's greatest imperial power. The British had world-wide interests and world-wide dilemmas. They also had world-wide friends. Germany found itself at war not only with Great Britain but also with the dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa and with the greatest British imperial possession, India. Concern for up for summer the defence of India helped bring the British into english essay, conflict with the sign up for summer, Ottoman Empire in November 1914 and resulted in a major war in lennie small of mice and men essay the Middle East. Most important of all, perhaps, Britain's close political, economic, and up for, cultural ties with the United States of America, if they did not ensure that nation's eventual entry into the war, certainly made it possible.

The American declaration of war on lennie small essay, Germany on 6 April 1917 was a landmark not only in the history of the United States but also in that of Europe and the world, bringing to an end half a millennium of European domination and ushering in sign up for school 'the American century'. The geographical scale of the small of mice essay, conflict meant that it was not one war but many. On the Western Front in France and Belgium the French and their British allies, reinforced from up for 1917 onwards by reconstruction civil war essays, the Americans, were locked in sign school a savage battle of language, attrition against the German army. Here the war became characterized by increasingly elaborate and sophisticated trench systems and field fortifications. Dense belts of sign school, barbed wire, concrete pillboxes, intersecting arcs of machine-gun fire, and accumulating masses of quick-firing field and heavy artillery rendered man#156;uvre virtually impossible. Casualties were enormous. The first phase of the and bind dublin, war in the west lasted until November 1914. This witnessed Germany's attempt to defeat France through an enveloping movement round the left flank of the French armies. The plan met with initial success. Sign Up For Summer School. The advance of the German armies through Belgium and northern France was dramatic. The French, responding with an custom, offensive in Lorraine, suffered an almost catastrophic national defeat.

France was saved by the iron nerve of its commander-in-chief, General J. J. School. C. Joffre, who had not only the pollution essay in english 1000, intelligence but also the strength of character to extricate himself from the ruin of his plans and order the sign up for summer school, historic counter-attack against the German right wing, the pollution essay, 'miracle of the sign summer school, Marne'. The German armies were forced to retreat and to entrench. Their last attempt at a breakthrough was stopped by French and British forces near the small Flemish market town of Ypres in November. By Christmas 1914 trench lines stretched from the Belgian coast to custom paper, the Swiss frontier. Although the sign, events of 1914 did not result in a German victory, they left the Germans in a very strong position.

The German army held the strategic initiative. It was free to retreat to positions of tactical advantage and to reinforce them with all the skill and ingenuity of German military engineering. Enormous losses had been inflicted on France. Two-fifths of France's military casualties were incurred in 1914. These included a tenth of the officer corps. German troops occupied a large area of northern France, including a significant proportion of French industrial capacity and mineral wealth. These realities dominated the second phase of the war in the west.

This lasted from November 1914 until March 1918. It was characterized by the unsuccessful attempts of the reconstruction war essays, French and their British allies to evict the German armies from French and Belgian territory. During this period the Germans stood mainly on the defensive, but they showed during the Second Battle of sign up for, Ypres (22 April-25 May 1915), and more especially during the Battle of Verdun (21 February-18 December 1916), a dangerous capacity to disrupt their enemies' plans. The French made three major assaults on the German line: in the spring of 1915 in Artois; in the autumn of 1915 in Champagne; and in the spring of 1917 on the Aisne (the 'Nivelle Offensive'). These attacks were characterized by the intensity of the fighting and the absence of achievement. Little ground was gained. No positions of strategic significance were captured. Casualties were severe.

The failure of the Nivelle Offensive led to a serious breakdown of morale in the French army. Reconstruction Era After War Essays. For much of the rest of 1917 it was incapable of major offensive action. The British fared little better. Although their armies avoided mutiny they came no closer to breaching the German line. During the battles of the Somme (1 July19 November 1916) and the Third Battle of up for, Ypres (31 July-12 November 1917) they inflicted great losses on the German army at great cost to themselves, but the German line held and no end to the war appeared in sight. The final phase of the help, war in the west lasted from summer 21 March until 11 November 1918.

This saw Germany once more attempt to research paper, achieve victory with a knock-out blow and once more fail. The German attacks used sophisticated new artillery and infantry tactics. They enjoyed spectacular success. The British 5th Army on the Somme suffered a major defeat. But the British line held in front of Amiens and up for school, later to the north in front of Ypres. Ancient Homework Help. No real strategic damage was done. Up For School. By midsummer the German attacks had petered out. The German offensive broke the thesis print and bind, trench deadlock and returned movement and man#156;uvre to the strategic agenda. It also compelled closer Allied military co-operation under a French generalissimo, General Ferdinand Foch. The Allied counter-offensive began in July.

At the Battle of Amiens, on 8 August, the British struck the German army a severe blow. Summer School. For the rest of the war in the west the Germans were in retreat. On the lennie small of mice essay, Eastern Front in Galicia and Russian Poland the Germans and their Austrian allies fought the gallant but disorganized armies of Russia. Here the distances involved were very great. Artillery densities were correspondingly less. Man#156;uvre was always possible and cavalry could operate effectively. This did nothing to lessen casualties, which were greater even than those on the Western Front. The war in sign summer the east was shaped by in india, German strength, Austrian weakness, and Russian determination.

German military superiority was apparent from the start of the war. The Russians suffered two crushing defeats in 1914, at Tannenberg (26-31 August) and the Masurian Lakes (5-15 September). Sign. These victories ensured the security of Germany's eastern frontiers for the rest of the war. They also established the custom, military legend of Field-Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff, who emerged as principal directors of the German war effort in the autumn of 1916. By September 1915 the Russians had been driven out of Poland, Lithuania, and Courland. Austro-German armies occupied Warsaw and summer school, the Russian frontier fortresses of Ivangorod, Kovno, Novo-Georgievsk, and Brest-Litovsk. These defeats proved costly to Russia. They also proved costly to Austria. Egypt Homework Help. Austria had a disastrous war.

Italian entry into the war compelled the Austrians to fight an three fronts: against Serbia in the Balkans; against Russia in Galicia; against Italy in the Trentino. This proved too much for Austrian strength. Sign Up For. Their war effort was characterized by dependency on Germany. Germans complained that they were shackled to the 'Austrian corpse'. The war exacerbated the Austro-Hungarian Empire's many ethnic and small essay, national tensions. By 1918 Austria was weary of the sign up for summer school, war and desperate for peace. This had a major influence on the German decision to english essay, seek a victory in the west in the spring of 1918.

Perceptions of the Russian war effort have been overshadowed by the October Revolution of up for, 1917 and by Bolshevik 'revolutionary defeatism' which acquiesced in the punitive Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (14 March 1918) and took Russia out of the war. This has obscured the astonishing Russian determination to keep faith with the Franco-British alliance. Without the Russian contribution in the east it is far from certain that Germany could have been defeated in the west. The unhesitating Russian willingness to aid their western allies is nowhere more apparent than in the 'Brusilov Offensive' (June-September 1916), which resulted in the capture of the Bukovina and large parts of Galicia, as well as 350,000 Austrian prisoners, but at a cost to Russia which ultimately proved mortal. In southern Europe the Italian army fought eleven indecisive battles in custom research paper an attempt to dislodge the Austrians from their mountain strongholds beyond the Isonzo river. In October 1917 Austrian reinforcement by seven German divisions resulted in a major Italian defeat at Caporetto. The Italians were pushed back beyond the summer, Piave.

This defeat produced changes in the Italian high command. During 1918 Italy discovered a new unity of purpose and a greater degree of organization. On 24 October 1918 Italian and pollution essay 1000 words, British forces recrossed the Piave and split the Austrian armies in two at Vittorio Veneto. Austrian retreat turned into rout and then into surrender. In the Balkans the sign summer school, Serbs fought the Austrians and thesis print and bind, Bulgarians, suffering massive casualties, including the highest proportion of up for summer, servicemen killed of any belligerent power. In October 1915 a Franco-British army was sent to pollution essay in english 1000 words, Macedonia to operate against the Bulgarians.

It struggled to have any influence on the war. The Germans mocked it and declared Salonika to be the summer school, biggest internment camp in paper no plagiarism Europe, but the French and British eventually broke out of the malarial plains into the mountainous valleys of the sign up for summer, Vardar and Struma rivers before inflicting defeat on Bulgaria in the autumn of 1918. In the Middle East British armies fought the Turks in a major conflict with far-reaching consequences. Here the war was characterized by the doggedness of Turkish resistance and by the constant struggle against ancient egypt homework, climate, terrain, and sign up for summer school, disease. The British attempted to knock Turkey out of the war with an attack on the Gallipoli peninsula in April 1915, but were compelled to withdraw at the end of the year, having failed to break out from their narrow beach-heads in the face of stubborn Turkish resistance, coordinated by a German general, Liman von Sanders. The British also suffered another humiliating reverse in Mesopotamia when a small army commanded by Major-General C. Thesis Dublin. V. F. Townshend advanced to Ctesiphon but outran its supplies and was compelled to surrender at Kut-al-Amara in April 1916. Only after the appointment of Sir Stanley Maude to the command of British forces in Mesopotamia did Britain's superior military and sign up for, economic strength begin to assert itself.

Maude's forces captured Baghdad in war essays March 1917, the first clear-cut British victory of the war. The following June General Sir Edmund Allenby was appointed to command British forces in Egypt. He captured Jerusalem by Christmas and in September 1918 annihilated Turkish forces in Palestine. Turkey surrendered on 31 October 1918. The war also found its way to tropical Africa.

Germany's colonies in West and south-west Africa succumbed to British and South African forces by the spring of 1915. In East Africa, however, a German army of locally raised black African soldiers commanded by Colonel Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck conducted a brilliant guerrilla campaign, leading over 100,000 British and South African troops a merry dance through the bush and surrendering only after the defeat of Germany in Europe became known. On and under the oceans of the sign summer school, world, Great Britain and Germany contested naval supremacy. Surface battles took place in the Pacific, the south Atlantic, and the North Sea. The British generally had the 1000 words, better of these despite suffering some disappointments, notably at sign summer school Coronel (1 November 1914) and Jutland (31 May-1 June 1916), the only major fleet engagement, during which Admiral Sir John Jellicoe failed to deliver the expected Nelsonic victory of total annihilation. Submarine warfare took place in the North Sea, the Black Sea, the Atlantic, the Mediterranean, and the Baltic. German resort to unrestricted submarine warfare (February 1917) brought Britain to the verge of ruin. German violation of international law and sinking of American ships also helped bring the english language, United States into the war on the Allied side.

The British naval blockade of sign up for, Germany, massively reinforced by the Americans from April 1917, played an important role in of mice and men essay German defeat. The geographical scale of the conflict made it very difficult for political and military leaders to up for, control events. The obligations of coalition inhibited strategic independence. Short-term military needs often forced the great powers to allow lesser states a degree of licence they would not have enjoyed in peacetime. Governments' deliberate arousal of popular passions made suggestions of compromise seem treasonable. The ever-rising cost of the military means inflated the political ends. Hopes of a peaceful new world order began to replace old diplomatic abstractions such as 'the balance of power'. Rationality went out of season. War aims were obscured. Strategies were distorted. Great Britain entered the war on research no plagiarism, proclaimed principles of international law and in defence of the rights of small nations.

By 1918 the summer school, British government was pursuing a Middle Eastern policy of naked imperialism (in collaboration with the French), while simultaneously encouraging the aspirations of Arab nationalism and promising support for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine. It was truly a war of english language in india, illusions. Europe's political and military leaders have been subjected to much retrospective criticism for their belief that the #145;war would be over by Christmas'. This belief was not based on sign school, complacency. Even those who predicted with chilling accuracy the murderous nature of paper no plagiarism, First World War battlefields, such as the Polish banker Jan Bloch, expected the war to be short. This was because they also expected it to sign summer school, be brutal and costly, in both blood and treasure.

No state could be expected to sustain such a war for very long without disastrous consequences. The war which gave the lie to these assumptions was the American Civil War. This had been studied by European military observers at english in india close quarters. Up For. Most, however, dismissed it. This was particularly true of the Prussians. Their own military experience in the wars against Austria (1866) and France (1870-1) seemed more relevant and compelling. These wars were both short. They were also instrumental. In 1914 the Germans sought to in english words, replicate the success of their Prussian predecessors. They aimed to fight a 'cabinet war' on up for summer, the Bismarckian model. To do so they developed a plan of breath-taking recklessness which depended on the ability of the German army to defeat France in the thirty-nine days allowed for a war in the west.

Strategic conduct of the First World War was dominated by German attempts to achieve victory through knock-out blows. Erich von Falkenhayn, German commander-in-chief from September 1914 until August 1916, was almost alone in his belief that Germany could obtain an era after civil war essays, outcome to the war satisfactory to its interests and those of its allies without winning smashing victories of total annihilation. His bloody attempt to win the school, war by attrition at Verdun in 1916 did little to recommend the strategy to his fellow countrymen. The preference for knock-out blows remained. It was inherited from German history and reconstruction era after civil, was central to Germany's pre-war planning. Pre-war German strategy was haunted by the fear of a war on two fronts, against France in the west and sign up for summer school, Russia in the east. The possibility of a diplomatic solution to this dilemma was barely considered by the military-dominated German government. A military solution was sought instead. The German high command decided that the best form of defence was attack. They would avoid a war on essay in english 1000 words, two fronts by knocking out one of their enemies before the sign, other could take the field.

The enemy with the slowest military mobilization was Russia. The French army would be in pollution essay the field first. France was therefore chosen to receive the sign up for school, first blow. English Language In India. Once France was defeated the German armies would turn east and defeat Russia. The Schlieffen Plan rested on summer, two assumptions: that it would take the Russians six weeks to put an ancient egypt, army into summer, the field; and that six weeks was long enough to defeat France. Lennie Of Mice And Men. By 1914 the sign up for summer school, first assumption was untrue: Russia put an army into ancient homework help, the field in fifteen days. The second assumption left no margin for error, no allowance for the inevitable friction of war, and was always improbable. The failure of the Schlieffen Plan gave the First World War its essential shape. This was maintained by the enduring power of the German army, which was, in John Terraine's phrase, 'the motor of the sign summer, war'. The German army was a potent instrument.

It had played a historic role in the emergence of the egypt homework help, German state. It enjoyed enormous prestige. It was able to recruit men of talent and dedication as officers and NCOs. As a result it was well trained and well led. It had the political power to command the resources of Germany's powerful industrial economy. Germany's position at the heart of Europe meant that it could operate on interior lines of communication in a European war. Sign Up For Summer. The efficient German railway network permitted the movement of ancient egypt, German troops quickly from front to front. The superior speed of the up for school, locomotive over the ship frustrated Allied attempts to use their command of the sea to operate effectively against the periphery of the Central Powers. The power of the German army was the fundamental strategic reality of the war. 'We cannot hope to custom research, win this war until we have defeated the sign, German army,' wrote the commander-in-chief of the British Expeditionary Force, Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig. This was a judgement whose consequences some Allied political leaders were reluctant to embrace.

The German army suffered from two important strategic difficulties. The first of these was the inability of the reconstruction era after war essays, German political system to forge appropriate instruments of strategic control. The second was Great Britain. German government rested on the tortured personality of the Kaiser. Sign Summer School. It was riven by intrigue and indecision. The kind of centralized decision-making structures which eventually evolved in Britain and France (though not in Russia) failed to evolve in Germany. When the Kaiser proved incapable of coordinating German strategy, he was replaced not by custom paper, a system but by other individuals, seemingly more effective. Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg radiated calm and inspired confidence.

This gave him the appearance of a great man but without the substance. General Erich Ludendorff was a military technocrat of outstanding talent, but he was highly strung and without political judgement. In 1918 his offensive strategy brought Germany to ruin. The failure to develop effective mechanisms of strategic control applied equally to the Austro-German alliance. The Austrians depended on German military and economic strength, but the Germans found it difficult to turn this into 'leverage'. Austria was willing to take German help but not German advice.

Only after the crushing reverses inflicted by Brusilov's offensive did the Austrians submit to German strategic direction. By then it was almost certainly too late. Germany's pre-war strategic planning was based entirely on winning a short war. British belligerency made this unlikely. The British were a naval rather than a military power. They could not be defeated by sign summer school, the German army, at least not quickly. The British could, if necessary, hold out even after their Continental allies had been defeated. They might even have chosen to do this. They had in the past and they would again in the not-too-distant future. The German navy was too weak to defeat the British, but large enough to make them resentful and suspicious of German policy; it ought never to have been built.

British entry into thesis print and bind, the war dramatically shifted the economic balance in up for favour of the era after war essays, Allies. Britain was one of the world's great industrial powers. Seventy-five per cent of the world's shipping was British built and much of sign, it British owned. London was the world's greatest money and commodities market. Language. British access to world supplies of food and up for, credit and to imperial resources of language, manpower made them a formidable enemy, despite the 'contemptible little army' which was all they could put into the field on the outbreak of war. From about mid-1916 onwards British economic, industrial, and up for summer, manpower resources began to be fully mobilized. Germany was forced for the first time to small, confront the reality of material inferiority. Germany had increasingly to fight a war of scarcity, the Allies increasingly a war of abundance. French strategy was dominated by the German occupation of much of sign up for summer, northern France and most of Belgium. At its closest point the 1000 words, German line was less than 40 miles from Paris. Up For School. A cautious, defensive strategy was politically unacceptable and psychologically impossible, at least during the first three years of the war.

During 1914 and 1915 France sacrificed enormous numbers of men in pollution 1000 the attempt to evict the Germans. This was followed by the torment of Verdun, where the Germans deliberately attempted to 'bleed France white'. French fears of military inferiority were confirmed. Sign School. If France was to prevail its allies would have to research paper, contribute in kind. For the British this was a radical departure from the historic norm and one which has appalled them ever since.

British strategy became increasingly subordinated to the needs of the Franco-British alliance. The British fought the war as they had to, not as they wanted to. The British way in warfare envisaged a largely naval war. A naval blockade would weaken Germany economically. If the German navy chose not to up for, break the stranglehold Germany would lose the war. If it did choose to fight it would be annihilated. Of Mice. British maritime superiority would be confirmed. Neutral opinion would be cowed. Sign. Fresh allies would be encouraged into the fight. Paper No Plagiarism. The blockade would be waged with greater ruthlessness.

Military operations would be confined to the dispatch of a small professional expeditionary force to help the French. Remaining military forces would be employed on sign school, the periphery of the Central Powers remote from the German army, where it was believed they would exercise a strategic influence out of lennie of mice and men, all proportion to their size. The British never really fought the war they envisaged. The branch of the British army which sent most observers to the American Civil War was the Corps of Royal Engineers. And it was a Royal Engineers' officer, Lord Kitchener, who was one of the few European political and military leaders to recognize that the school, war would be long and require the complete mobilization of reconstruction, national resources. Kitchener was appointed Secretary of State for War on 5 August 1914. He doubted whether the French and the Russians were strong enough to defeat Germany without massive British military reinforcement. He immediately sought to raise a mass citizen army. There was an overwhelming popular response to his call to school, arms.

Kitchener envisaged this new British army taking the field in 1917 after the French and Russian armies had rendered the German army ripe for defeat. They would be 'the last million men'. They would win the war and decide the peace. For the British a satisfactory peace would be one which guaranteed the english in india, long-term security of the British Empire. This security was threatened as much by sign up for summer, Britain's allies, France and Russia, as it was by Germany. It was imperative not only that the Allies win the war but also that Britain emerge from it as the dominant power. Kitchener's expectations were disappointed. By 1916 it was the French army which was ripe for defeat, not the reconstruction civil war essays, German. But the up for, obligations of the French alliance were inescapable. The British could not afford to homework, acquiesce in a French defeat. French animosity and resentment would replace the valuable mutual understanding which had been achieved in the decade before the war.

The French had a great capacity for making imperial mischief. Sign Up For. And so did the research paper no plagiarism, Russians. If they were abandoned they would have every reason for doing so. There seemed no choice. The ill-trained and ill-equipped British armies would have to take the field before they were ready and summer, be forced to take a full part in the attrition of German military power. The casualties which this strategy of custom no plagiarism, 'offensive attrition' involved were unprecedented in British history. They were also unacceptable to some British political leaders. Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George (Prime Minister from up for summer school December 1916), in particular, were opposed to the British army 'chewing barbed wire' on the Western Front. They looked to use it elsewhere, against Germany's allies in the eastern Mediterranean, the Middle East, and the Balkans. Their attempts to do this were inhibited by the need to keep France in the war. This could only be done in France and by fighting the German army.

They were also inhibited by the war's operational and tactical realities. These imposed themselves on Gallipoli and in Salonika and in Italy just as they did on the Western Front. Attempts to implement an lennie and men, Allied grand strategy enjoyed some success. Allied political and military leaders met regularly. At Chantilly in December 1915 and December 1916 they determined to stretch the German army to up for, its limits by simultaneous offensive action on egypt homework, the western, eastern, and sign up for, Italian fronts. A Supreme Allied War Council was established at Versailles on 27 November 1917, and was given the power to essay words, control Allied reserves. Franco-British co-operation was especially close. This was largely a matter of practical necessity which relied on the mutual respect and understanding between French and British commanders-in-chief on the Western Front. The system worked well until the German Spring Offensive of 1918 threatened to divide the Allies. Only then was it replaced by a more formal structure. But not even this attained the levels of up for summer school, joint planning and control which became a feature of Anglo-American co-operation in the Second World War.

Allied grand strategy was conceptually sound. Print. The problems which it encountered were not principally ones of planning or of co-ordination but of performance. Achieving operational effectiveness on the battlefield was what was difficult. This has given the war, especially the war in the west, its enduring image of boneheaded commanders wantonly sacrificing the lives of their men in fruitless pursuit of impossibly grandiose strategic designs. The battlefields of the First World War were the product of a century of economic, social, and political change. School. Europe in small of mice 1914 was more populous, more wealthy, and more coherently organized than ever before. The rise of nationalism gave states unprecedented legitimacy and authority. This allowed them to demand greater sacrifices from their civilian populations. Improvements in sign agriculture reduced the numbers needed to work on the land and provided a surplus of males of military age.

They also allowed larger and larger armies to be fed and kept in the field for years at a time. Changes in administrative practice brought about by the electric telegraph, the telephone, the typewriter, and the growth of railways allowed these armies to be assembled and deployed quickly. Industrial technology provided new weapons of unprecedented destructiveness. Quick-firing rifled cannon, breech-loading magazine rifles, and reconstruction, machine-guns transformed the range, rapidity, accuracy, and deadliness of military firepower. They also ensured that in sign up for summer any future war, scientists, engineers, and mechanics would be as important as soldiers. These changes did much to make the in english, First World War the first 'modern war'. But it did not begin as one. The fact of a firepower revolution was understood in most European armies. The consequences of it were not. The experience of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-5) appeared to offer a human solution to the problems of the technological battlefield.

Victory would go to the side with the best-trained, most disciplined army, commanded by generals of iron resolution, prepared to maintain the offensive in the face of huge losses. As a result the opening battles of the war were closer in conception and execution to those of the summer, Napoleonic era than to the battles of 1916 onwards. It is difficult to say exactly when 'modern' war began, but it was apparent by the end of pollution in english 1000 words, 1915 that pre-war assumptions were false. Well-trained, highly disciplined French, German, and Russian soldiers of high morale were repeatedly flung into battle by commanders of iron resolve. Sign. The results were barren of strategic achievement. The human costs were immense. Small Of Mice And Men Essay. The 'human solution' was not enough. The search for a technological solution was inhibited not only by the tenacity of pre-war concepts but also by the limitations of the technology itself. The principal instrument of education was artillery. Sign. And the mode of instruction was experience.

Shell-fire was merciless to troops in the open. Pollution Essay 1000. The response was to get out of the open and into the ground. Soldiers did not dig trenches out of perversity in order to summer school, be cold, wet, rat-infested, and lice-ridden. They dug them in order to survive. In English 1000 Words. The major tactical problem of the war became how to sign summer school, break these trench lines once they were established and reinforced. For much of the war artillery lacked the ability to find enemy targets, to hit them accurately, and to destroy them effectively. Contemporary technology failed to provide a man-portable wireless. Communication for english most of the war was dependent on telephone or telegraph wires. These were always broken by shell-fire and difficult to protect. Artillery and infantry commanders were rarely in sign up for summer voice communication and both usually lacked 'real time' intelligence of battlefield events; First World War infantry commanders could not easily call down artillery fire when confronted by english language in india essay, an enemy obstruction. As a result the sign summer school, coordination of infantry and artillery was very difficult and often impossible.

Infantry commanders were forced to fall back on their own firepower and egypt homework help, this was often inadequate. The infantry usually found itself with too much to do, and paid a high price for its weakness. Artillery was not only a major part of the problem, however. It was also a major part of the solution. Summer. During 1918 Allied artillery on the western front emerged as a formidable weapon. Target acquisition was transformed by aerial photographic reconnaissance and the sophisticated techniques of flash-spotting and sound-ranging. These allowed mathematically predicted fire, or map-shooting. The pre-registration of guns on enemy targets by actual firing was no longer necessary. The possibility of surprise returned to the battlefield.

Accuracy was greatly improved by maintaining operating histories for individual guns. Battery commanders were supplied with detailed weather forecasts every four hours. Each gun could now be individually calibrated according to pollution essay in english, its own peculiarities and according to wind speed and direction, temperature, and humidity. All types and calibres of guns, including heavy siege howitzers whose steep angle of fire was especially effective in trench warfare, became available in up for summer school virtually unlimited numbers. Munitions were also improved.

Poison gas shells became available for the first time in large numbers. High explosive replaced shrapnel, a devastating anti-personnel weapon but largely ineffective against the earthworks, barbed wire entanglements, and custom paper no plagiarism, concrete machine-gun emplacements which the infantry had to assault. Instantaneous percussion fuses concentrated the explosive effect of shells more effectively against barbed wire and sign up for, reduced the cratering of the english in india, battlefield which had often rendered the sign up for summer school, forward movement of supplies and reinforcements difficult if not impossible. Artillery-infantry co-operation was radically improved by aerial fire control. The tactical uses to which this destructive instrument were put also changed.

In 1915, 1916, and for much of egypt help, 1917 artillery was used principally to kill enemy soldiers. It always did so, sometimes in large numbers. But it always spared some, even in up for front-line trenches. These were often enough, as during the first day of the Battle of the Somme (1 July 1916), to inflict disastrous casualties on attacking infantry and bring an entire offensive to a halt. From the autumn of 1917 and during 1918, however, artillery was principally used to suppress enemy defences. Command posts, telephone exchanges, crossroads, supply dumps, forming-up areas, and gun batteries were targeted. Effective use was made of poison gas, both lethal and print and bind dublin, lachrymatory, and smoke. The aim was to disrupt the enemy's command and control system and keep his soldiers' heads down until attacking infantry could close with them and bring their own firepower to bear.

The attacking infantry were also transformed. In 1914 the British soldier went to war dressed like a gamekeeper in a soft cap, armed only with rifle and bayonet. In 1918 he went into battle dressed like an industrial worker in a steel helmet, protected by a respirator against poison gas, armed with automatic weapons and sign up for, mortars, supported by tanks and ground-attack aircraft, and preceded by a creeping artillery barrage of ancient, crushing intensity. Up For School. Firepower replaced manpower as the instrument of victory. This represented a revolution in the conduct of war.

The ever-increasing material superiority of the western Allies confronted the German army with major problems. Its response was organizational. As early as 1915 even the weakly armed British proved that they could always break into the German front-line trenches. The solution was to deepen the trench system and limit the number of infantry in the front line, where they were inviting targets for enemy artillery. English. The burden of defence rested on sign up for, machine-gunners carefully sited half a mile or so behind the front line. From the autumn of 1916 the Germans took these changes to their logical conclusion by instituting a system of 'elastic defence in depth'.

The German front line was sited where possible on a reverse slope to make enemy artillery observation difficult. A formal front-line trench system was abandoned. The German first line consisted of machine-gunners located in shell-holes, difficult to detect from the air. Their job was to disrupt an english, enemy infantry assault. This would then be drawn deep into the German position, beyond the supporting fire of its own guns, where it would be counter-attacked and destroyed by summer school, the bulk of the thesis and bind dublin, German infantry and artillery. This system allowed the Germans to survive against an Allied manpower superiority of more than 3:2 on the Western Front throughout 1917 and to inflict significant losses on their enemies. The German system required intelligent and well-trained as well as brave soldiers to sign school, make it work. An increasing emphasis was placed on individual initiative, surprise, and speed. In 1918 specially trained #145;stormtroops', supported by a hurricane bombardment designed to disrupt their enemies' lines of communication and their command and control systems, were ordered to bypass points of custom research, resistance and school, advance deep into the enemy's rear. Ancient Egypt. The success they enjoyed was dramatic, and much greater than anything achieved by up for, the French and British, but it was not enough. Attacking German infantry could not maintain the momentum and war essays, inflict upon enemy commanders the kind of moral paralysis achieved by summer school, German armoured forces in 1940.

The Allied line held and essay 1000, exhausted German infantry were eventually forced back by the accumulating weight and increasing sophistication of Allied material technology. The material solution to the problems of the First World War battlefield, favoured by sign up for summer, the western Allies, was not in the gift of soldiers alone. It depended on the ability of the armes' host societies to produce improved military technology in ever-greater amounts. This, in turn, depended on in english, the effectiveness of their political institutions and the quality of their civilian morale. It was a contest at which the liberal democracies of France and Great Britain (and eventually the United States of America) proved more adept than the authoritarian regimes of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia.

The 'modern war' fought from 1916 onwards resolved itself simply into a demand for more: more men, more weapons, more ammunition, more money, more skills, more morale, more food. Some of the demands were contradictory. More men meant more men for the armies and more men for the factories. Sign Up For. Balancing the competing demands was never easy. 'Manpower' (a word first coined in words 1915) became central to the war effort of all states. The Allies were in a much stronger position than Germany. They had access not only to their home populations but also to those of sign, their empires. 630,000 Canadians, 412,000 Australians, 136,000 South Africans, and 130,000 New Zealanders served in the British army during the war. Homework Help. Very large numbers of up for summer school, Indian troops (800,000 in Mesopotamia alone) and a small number of Africans (perhaps 50,000) also served. (The British also employed several hundred thousand Chinese labourers to work on english essay, their lines of communication.) The French recruited some 600,000 combat troops from North and West Africa and a further 200,000 labourers. And of course there were the Americans.

American troops arrived in France at the rate of 150,000 a month in 1918. Truly the new world had come in to redress the balance of the old. The British and French were particularly successful in mobilizing their economies. In Britain this had much to up for summer, do with the pollution essay, work of David Lloyd George as Minister of Munitions (May 1915-July 1916). The grip of the skilled trade unions on industrial processes was relaxed.

Ancient lines of sign up for summer school, demarcation were blurred. Women replaced men in the factories. Research and development were given a proper place in industrial strategy. Prodigies of production were achieved. On 10 March 1915, at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, the British Expeditionary Force struggled to in english 1000, accumulate enough shells for half an sign up for summer, hour's bombardment. In the autumn of 1918 its 18-pounder field guns were firing a minimum of 100,000 rounds a day. The French performance was, in many ways, even more impressive, given that so much of their industrial capacity was in German hands. Reconstruction. Not only did the French economy supply the French army with increasing amounts of old and new weaponry, but it also supplied most of the American Expeditionary Force's artillery and sign up for summer, aeroplanes. Egypt Homework. The French aircraft industry was, arguably, the best in Europe and provided some of the summer, leading aircraft of the war, including the Nieuport and the SPAD VII. Morale was also a key factor.

All sides tried to civil war essays, explain and justify the war and used increasingly refined techniques of propaganda to maintain commitment to the cause. Giving the impression of adversity shared equally among the classes became a key theme. One of the major threats to this was the equality of access to food supplies. In Germany this proved increasingly difficult to maintain. Morale deteriorated and industrial efficiency suffered as a result. British agriculture did not perform particularly well during the war, but British maritime superiority and financial power allowed them to command the agricultural resources of North and South America and Australasia. Food was one of the up for summer school, Allies#146; principal war-winning weapons. The degree of active resistance to thesis print dublin, the war was low in summer most countries.

But war-weariness set in everywhere by language, 1917. There were many strikes and much industrial unrest. In Russia this was severe enough to produce a revolution and then a Bolshevik coup d#146;tat which took Russia out of the up for, war in 1918. The social consequences of and bind, this mass mobilization were less spectacular than is sometimes claimed. School. There were advances for the organized working class, especially its trade unions, especially in Britain, and arguably for women, but the working class of Europe paid a high price on the battlefield for social advances at home.

And in the defeated states there was very little social advance anyway. The First World War redrew the map of Europe and the Middle East. Four great empires, the Romanov, the Hohenzollern, the Habsburg, and lennie of mice and men, the Ottoman, were defeated and collapsed. They were replaced by summer school, a number of weak and sometimes avaricious successor states. 1000 Words. Russia underwent a bloody civil war before the establishment of a Communist Soviet Union which put it beyond the pale of European diplomacy for a generation. Germany became a republic branded at its birth with the stigma of defeat, increasingly weakened by the burden of Allied reparations and by inflation. France recovered the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, but continued to be haunted by fear and loathing of Germany. Italy was disappointed by the territorial rewards of its military sacrifice.

This provided fertile soil for Mussolini's Fascists, who had overthrown parliamentary democracy by 1924. The British maintained the integrity and independence of Belgium. They also acquired huge increases in imperial territory and imperial obligation. But they did not achieve the security for summer the Empire which they sought. The white dominions were unimpressed by the quality of British military leadership. The First World War saw them mature as independent nations seeking increasingly to go their own way. The stirrings of revolt in India were apparent as soon as the war ended. In 1922 the British were forced, under American pressure, to abandon the Anglo-Japanese alliance, so useful to them in protecting their Far Eastern empire.

They were also forced to accept naval parity with the Americans and a bare superiority over the Japanese. 'This is not a peace,' Marshal Foch declared in 1919, 'but an armistice for twenty-five years.' The cost of all this in human terms was 8.5 million dead and reconstruction, 21 million wounded out of sign up for, some 65 million men mobilized. The losses among particular groups, especially young, educated middle-class males, were often severe, but the demographic shape of Europe was not fundamentally changed. The real impact was moral. The losses struck a blow at European self-confidence and pretension to superior civilization. It was a blow, perhaps, whose consequences have not even now fully unfolded.

From The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War . Ed. Charles Townshend. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997. Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press.