Outstanding teacher essay

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Research in Programming Languages. Is there still research to be done in Programming Languages? This essay touches both on the topic of programming languages and on the nature of research work. I am mostly concerned in analyzing this question in outstanding teacher essay the context of Academia, i.e. within the expectations of academic programs and research funding agencies that support research work in the STEM disciplines ( Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics ). This is not the only possible perspective, but it is the writing university, one I am taking here. PLs are dear to essay my heart, and a considerable chunk of my career was made in that area. As a designer, there is something fundamentally interesting in designing a language of any kind.

It’s even more interesting and gratifying when people actually start exercising those languages to create non-trivial software systems. As a user, I love to thesis writing use programming languages that I haven’t used before, even when the teacher essay, languages in question make me curse every other line. But the truth of the matter is college help, that ever since I finished my Ph.D. in the late 90s, and especially since I joined the outstanding essay, ranks of Academia, I have been having a hard time convincing myself that research in PLs is a worthy endeavor. Lined. I feel really bad about my rational arguments against it, though. Hence this essay.

Perhaps by the time I am done with it I will have come to terms with this dilemma. Back in the 50s, 60s and 70s, programming languages were a BigDeal, with large investments, upfront planning, and big drama on standardization committees (Ada was the epitome of that model). Things have changed dramatically during the teacher essay, 80s. Since the 90s, a considerable percentage of new languages that ended up being very popular were designed by lone programmers, some of university of toronto, them kids with no research inclination, some as a side hobby, and without any grand goal other than either making some routine activities easier or for plain hacking fun. Examples: PHP, by Rasmus Lerdorf circa 1994, “originally used for tracking visits to outstanding his online resume, he named the suite of scripts ‘Personal Home Page Tools,’ more frequently referenced as ‘PHP Tools.’ ” [1] PHP is a marvel of how a horrible language can become the foundation of theme, large numbers of outstanding, applications… for a second time! Worse is college application my, Better redux.

According one informal but interesting survey, PHP is now the 4th most popular programming language out there, losing only to C, Java and C++. JavaScript, by Brendan Eich circa 1995, “Plus, I had to be done in essay ten days or something worse than JS would have happened.” [2] According to that same survey, JavaScript is the thesis, 5th most popular language, and I suspect it is outstanding essay, climbing up that rank really fast. It may be #1 by peer tutoring program now. Python, by Guido van Rossum circa 1990, “I was looking for a ‘hobby’ programming project that would keep me occupied during the week around Christmas.” [3] Python comes at outstanding #6, and its strong adoption by scientific computing communities is well know. Ruby, by Yukihiro “Matz” Matsumoto circa 1994, “I wanted a scripting language that was more powerful than Perl, and more object-oriented than Python. That’s why I decided to design my own language.” [4] At #10 in university that survey. Compare this mindset with the context in which the the older well-known programming languages emerged: Fortran, 50s, originally developed by IBM as part of outstanding teacher, their core business in for writing practice computing machines. Cobol, late 50s, designed by outstanding a large committee from the onset, sponsored by the DoD. College Essay. Lisp, late 50s, main project occupying 2 professors at MIT and their students, with the grand goal of outstanding teacher essay, producing an algebraic list processing language for artificial intelligence work, also funded by the DoD. Writing Course. C, early 70s, part of the large investment that Bell Labs was doing in the development of Unix.

Smalltalk, early 70s, part of a large investment that Xerox did in “inventing the essay, future” of tutoring essay, computers. Back then, developing a language processor was, indeed, a very big deal. Computers were slow, didn’t have a lot of memory, the language processors had to be written in low-level assembly languages… it wasn’t something someone would do in their rooms as a hobby, to put it mildly. Outstanding Teacher Essay. Since the 90s, however, with the emergence of PCs and of decent low-level languages like C, developing a language processor is no longer a BigDeal. Hence, languages like PHP and college essay writing, JavaScript. There is a lot of fun in designing new languages, but this fun is not an exclusive right of outstanding teacher essay, researchers with, or working towards, Ph.Ds. Given all the knowledge about programming languages these days, anyone can do it. And many do.

And here’s the first itchy point: there appears to be no correlation between the success of a programming language and its emergence in the form of someone’s doctoral or post-doctoral work. Theme. This bothers me a lot, as an academic. It appears that deep thoughts, consistency, rigor and all other things we value as scientists aren’t that important for essay, mass adoption of programming languages. But then again, I’m not the first to say it. It’s just that this phenomenon is thesis writing of toronto, hard to teacher digest, and if you really grasp it, it has tremendous consequences. If people (the potential users) don’t care about help my, conceptual consistency, why do we keep on trying to achieve that? To be fair, some of those languages designed in the 90s as side projects, as they became important, eventually became more rigorous and consistent, and attracted a fair amount of academic attention and industry investment. For example, the Netscape JavaScript hacks quickly fell on Guy Steele’s lap resulting in the ECMAScript specification. Python was never a hack even if it started as a Christmas hobby. Ruby is teacher, a fun language and quite elegant from the beginning. PHP… well… it’s fun for possibly the wrong reasons.

But the core of the matter is university of toronto, that “the right thing” was not the goal. Outstanding Essay. It seems that a reliable implementation of a language that addresses an important practical need is the key for the popularity of paper, a programming language. But being opportunistic isn’t what research is supposed to be about… (or is it?) Also to be fair, not all languages designed in the 90s and later started as side projects. For example, Java was a relatively large investment by Sun Microsystems. So was .NET later by Microsoft. And, finally, all of teacher, these new languages, even when created over lined paper, a week as someone’s pet project, sit on the shoulders of all things that existed before. Outstanding Teacher Essay. This leads me to the second itch: one striking commonality in thesis of toronto all modern programming languages, especially the popular ones, is how little innovation there is in them ! Without exception, including the languages developed in research groups, they all feel like mashups of concepts that already existed in outstanding teacher programming languages in 5 paragraph essay organizer 1979, wrapped up in their own idiosyncratic syntax. (I lied: exceptions go to aspects and monads both of which came in the 90s)

So one pertinent question is: given that not much seems to teacher essay have emerged since 1979 (that’s 30+ years!), is there still anything to innovate in programming languages? Or have we reached the asymptotic plateau of essay organizer, innovation in this area? I need to make an important detour here on the nature of research. Perhaps I’m completely off; perhaps producing innovative new software is not a goal of outstanding teacher, [STEM] research . Under this approach, any software work is dismissed from STEM pursuits, unless it is tutoring, necessary for some specific goal — like if you want to outstanding teacher essay study some far-off galaxy and you need an lined for writing IT infrastructure to collect the data and teacher, make simulations (S for Science); or if you need some glue code for piecing existing systems together (T for writing, Technology); or if you need to essay improve the application essay writing help, performance of something that already exists (E for Engineering); or if you are a working on some Mathematical model of computation and want to outstanding make your ideas come to life in peer tutoring essay the form of outstanding, a language (M for Mathematics). This is an college extreme submissive view of software systems, one that places software in the back sit of outstanding teacher, STEM and that denies the existence of value in research in/by software itself.

If we want to thesis writing lead something on essay, our own, let’s just… do empirical studies of technology or become biologists/physicists/chemists/mathematicians or make existing things perform better or do theoretical/statistical models of lined for writing practice, universes that already exist or that are created by others. Right? I confess I have a dysfunctional relationship with this idea. Essay. Personally, I can’t be happy without creating software things, but I have been able to lined paper for writing practice make my scientist-self function both as a cold-minded analyst and, at outstanding teacher times, as an expert passenger in someone else’s research project. The design work, for me, has moved to sabbatical time, evenings and weekends; I don’t publish it [much] other than the college writing course, code itself and some informal descriptions. And yet, I loathe this situation. I loathe it because it’s is clear to essay me that software systems are something very, very special. Software revolutionized everything in unexpected ways, including the methods and theme, practices that our esteemed colleagues in the “hard” sciences hold near and dear for a very long time. The evolution of information technology in the past 60 years has been _way_ off from what our colleagues thought they needed. Over and over again, software systems have been created that weren’t part of teacher essay, any scientific project, as such, and that ended up playing a central role in thesis university of toronto Science. Instead of trying to mimic our colleagues’ traditional practices, “computer scientists” ought to essay be showing the way to a new kind of science — maybe that new kind of science or that one or maybe something else.

I dare to suggest that the tutoring program essay, something else is related to the design of things that have software in them. It should not be called Science. It is a bit like Engineering, but it’s not it either because we’re not dealing [just] with physical things. Outstanding Teacher Essay. Technology doesn’t cut it either. It needs a new name, something that denotes “the design of things with software in 5 paragraph online organizer them.” I will call it Design for short, even though that word is so abused that it has lost its meaning.

Let’s assume, then, that it’s acceptable to create/design new things — innovate — in the context of doctoral work. Now comes the real hard question. If anyone — researchers, engineers, talented kids, summer interns — can design and outstanding, implement programming languages, what are the actual hard goals that doctoral research work in 5 paragraph online programming languages seeks that distinguishes it from outstanding teacher essay, what anyone can do? Let me attempt to answer these questions, first, with some well-known goals of language design: Performance — one can always have more of this; certain application domains need it more than others. This usually involves having to come up with interesting data structures and algorithms for the implementation of PLs that weren’t easy to application devise. Human Productivity — one can always want more of this. There is no ending to trying to make development activities easier/faster. Verifiability — in some domains this is important.

There are other goals, but they are second-order. For example, languages may also need to catch up with innovations in hardware design — multi-core comes to mind. This is a second-order goal, the real goal behind it is to increase performance by taking advantage of potentially higher-performing hardware architectures. In other words, someone wanting to do doctoral research work in outstanding teacher programming languages ought to have one or more of these goals in mind, and — very important — ought to be ready to demonstrate how his/her ideas meet those goals . If you tell me that your language makes something run faster, consume less energy, makes some task easier or results in programs with less bugs, the scientist in thesis writing university of toronto me demands that you show me the data that supports such claims. A lot of research activity in programming languages falls under the performance goal, the outstanding, Engineering side of things. Paper Practice. I think everyone in essay our field understands what this entails, and essay help, is able to differentiate good work from bad work under that goal. But a considerable amount of research activities in programming languages invoke the human productivity argument; entire sub-fields have emerged focusing on the engineering of essay, languages that are believed to increase human productivity. So I’m going to focus on the human productivity goal.

The human productivity argument touches on the core of writing, what attracts most of us to creating things: having a direct positive effect on other people. It has been carelessly invoked since the outstanding teacher, beginning of writing course, Computer Science. (I highly recommend this excellent essay by Stefan Hanenberg published at Onward! 2010 with a critique of software science’s neglect of outstanding, human factors) Unfortunately, this argument is the theme, hardest to defend. In fact, I am yet to see the outstanding essay, first study that convincingly demonstrates that a programming language, or a certain feature of programming languages, makes software development a more productive process. The Thesis. If you know of essay, such study, please point me to it. College Essay Course. I have seen many observational studies and teacher essay, controlled experiments that try to theme do it [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, among many]. I think those studies are really important, there ought to be more of them, but they are always very difficult to outstanding essay do [well]. Unfortunately, they always fall short of giving us any definite conclusions because, even when they are done right, correlation does not imply causation. Hence the 5 paragraph essay online, never-ending ping-pong between studies that focus on the same thing and outstanding essay, seem to reach opposite the thesis theme, conclusions, best known in the health sciences. We are starting to teacher see that ping-pong in software science too, for paper for writing, example 7 vs 9. But at essay least these studies show some correlations, or lack thereof, given specific experimental conditions, and paper for writing practice, they open the healthy discussion about outstanding essay, what conditions should be used in order to get meaningful results.

I have seen even more research and informal articles about programming languages that claim benefits to human productivity without providing any evidence for it whatsoever, other than the tutoring, authors’ or the community’s intuition, at best based on rational deductions from abstract beliefs that have never been empirically verified. Here is outstanding, one that surprised me because I have the highest respect for the academic soundness of Haskell. Statements like this “ Haskell programs have fewer bugs because Haskell is: pure […], strongly typed […], high-level […], memory managed […], modular […] […] There just isn’t any room for bugs! ” are nothing but wishful thinking. Without the application essay writing help, data to support this claim, this statement is deceptive; while it can be made informally in a blog post designed to teacher essay evangelize the theme, crowd, it definitely should not be made in the context of doctoral work unless that work provides solid evidence for such a strong statement. That article is not an outlier. Outstanding. The Internets are full of articles claiming improved software development productivity for just about every other language. No evidence is ever provided, the argumentation is tutoring, always either (a) deducted from principles that are supposed to be true but that have never been verified, or (b) extrapolated from ad-hoc, highly biased, severely skewed personal experiences. This is the essay, main reason why I stopped doing research in Programming Languages in any official capacity.

Back when I was one of the main evangelists for AOP I realized at some point that I had crossed the line to saying things for which I had very little evidence. I was simply… evangelizing, i.e. convincing others of an idea that I believed strongly. At some point I felt I needed empirical evidence for what I was saying. But providing evidence for the human productivity argument is damn hard! My scientist self cannot lead doctoral students into that trap, a trap that I know too well. Moreover, designing and college essay writing help my, executing the experiments that lead to uncovering such evidence requires a lot of teacher essay, time and a whole other set of skills that have absolutely nothing to do with the time and skills for actually designing programming languages.

We need to learn the methods that experimental psychologists use. And, in the end of all that work, we will be lucky if we unveil correlations but we will not be able to draw any definite conclusions, which is… depressing. But without empirical evidence of college application essay help, any kind, and from a scientific perspective, unsubstantiated claims pertaining to, say, Haskell or AspectJ (which are mostly developed and used by academics and have been the topic of essay, many PhD dissertations) are as good as unsubstantiated claims pertaining to, say, PHP (which is mostly developed and used by non-academics). The PHP community is actually very honest when it comes to stating the benefits of the thesis, using the language. For example, here is an honest-to-god set of reasons for essay, using PHP.

Notice that there are no claims whatsoever about PHP leading to less bugs or higher programmer productivity (as if anyone would dare to state that!); they’re just pragmatic reasons. (Note also: I’m not implying that Haskell/AspectJ/PHP are “comparables;” they have quite different target domains. I’m just comparing the narratives surrounding those languages, the 5 paragraph essay online organizer, “stories” that the communities tell within themselves and to outstanding essay others) OK, now that I made 823 enemies by pointing out writing course, that the outstanding, claims about human productivity surrounding languages that have emerged in academic communities — and therefore ought to know better — are unsubstantiated, PLUS 865 enemies by saying that empirical user studies are inconclusive and depressing… let me try to turn my argument around. Is the high bar of scientific evidence killing innovation in programming languages? Is this what’s causing the asymptotic behavior? It certainly is what’s keeping me away from that topic, but I’m just a grain of sand. What about the work of 5 paragraph essay online organizer, many who propose intriguing new design ideas that are then shot down in outstanding essay peer-review committees because of the lack of college writing, evidence?

This ties back to my detour on the nature of research. Join Detour Design experimentation vs. Scientific evidence. So, we’re back to outstanding essay whether design innovation per se is an admissible first-order goal of doctoral work or not. And now that question is joined by a counterpart: is the writing course, provision of scientific evidence really required for doctoral work in programming languages? If what we have in hand is not Science, we need to be careful not to blindly adopt methods that work well for Science, because that may kill the outstanding essay, essence of our discipline. Peer Tutoring Program. In my view, that essence has been the radical, fast-paced, off the mark design experimentation enabled by software. Outstanding Teacher Essay. This rush is fairly incompatible with the need to provide scientific evidence for the design “hopes.” I’ll try a parallel: drug design, the modern-day equivalent of alchemy. In terms of college application writing help my, research it is similar to teacher software: partly based on rigor, partly on intuitions, and theme, now also on automated tools that simply perform an enormous amount of logical combinations of molecules and determine some objective function. When it comes to deployment, whoever is driving that work better put in teacher place a plan for actually testing the theoretical expectations in the context of essay organizer, actual people.

Does the drug really do what it is supposed to do without any harmful side effects? We require scientific evidence for the claimed value of experimental drugs. Should we require scientific evidence for the value of experimental software? The parallel diverges significantly with respect to the consequences of outstanding, failure. A failure in drug design experimentation may lead to people dying or getting even more sick. A failure in theme software design experimentation is only a big deal if the experiment had a huge investment from the essay, beginning and/or pertains to safety-critical systems. Peer Program. There are still some projects like that, and for those, seeking solid evidence of their benefits before deploying the production version of the experiment is a good thing. But not all software systems are like that.

Therefore the outstanding teacher, burden of scientific evidence may be too much to bear. It is also often the case that over time, the enormous amount of testing by real use is enough to provide assurances of all kinds. One good example of design experimentation being at odds with scientific evidence is the college writing, proposal that Tim Berners-Lee made to CERN regarding the implementation of the hypertext system that became the teacher essay, Web. College Application Essay Help. Nowhere in that proposal do we find a plan for outstanding teacher essay, verification of claims. That’s just a solid good proposal for college writing course, an intriguing “linked information system.” I can imagine TB-L’s manager thinking: “hmm, ok, this is intriguing, he’s a smart guy, he’s not asking that many resources, let’s have him do it and teacher essay, see what comes of it.

If nothing comes of it, no big deal.” Had TB-L have to devise a scientific or engineering assessment plan for that system beyond “in the second phase, we’ll install it on the thesis, many machines” maybe the world would be very different today, because he might have gotten caught in the black hole of trying to find quantifiable evidence for something that didn’t need that kind of validation. Granted, this was not a doctoral topic proposal; it was a proposal for the design and implementation of outstanding teacher essay, a very concrete system with software in college it, one that (1) clearly identified the problem, (2) built on previous ideas, including the author’s own experience, (3) had some intriguing insights in it, (4) stated expected benefits and essay, potential applications — down to the prediction of search engines and graph-based data analysis. Should a proposal like TB-L’s be rejected if it were to be a doctoral topic proposal? When is an unproven design idea doctoral material and other isn’t? If we are to accept design ideas without validation plans as doctoral material, how do we assess them?

In order to do experimental design research AND be scientifically honest at the same time, one needs to let go of claims altogether. In that dreadful part of a topic proposal where the committee asks the student “what are your claims?” the student should probably answer “none of essay online, interest.” In experimental design research, one can have hopes or expectations about the effects of the system, and outstanding teacher, those must be clearly articulated, but very few certainties will likely come out of such type of thesis writing, work. And that’s ok! It’s very important to be honest. For example, it’s not ok to claim “my language produces bug-free programs” and then defend this with a deductive argument based on unproven assumptions; but it’s ok to state “I expect that my language produces programs with fewer bugs [but I don’t have data to prove it].” TB-L’s proposal was really good at outstanding being honest. Finally, here is an attempt at the thesis establishing a rigorous criteria for design assessment in the context of doctoral and post-doctoral research: Problem : how important and surprising is the problem and how good is its description? The problem space is, perhaps, the teacher, most important component for a piece of design research work.

If the design is not well grounded in an interesting and important problem, then perhaps it’s not worth pursuing as research work. If it’s a old hard problem, it should be formulated in a surprising manner. Paper Practice. Very often, the novelty of a design lies not in the design itself but in essay its designer seeing the problem differently. So — surprise me with the problem. Show me insights on course, the nature of the problem that we don’t already know. Potential : what intriguing possibilities are unveiled by the design? Good design research work should open up doors for new avenues of exploration. Outstanding Teacher. Feasibility : good design research work should be grounded on what is of toronto, possible to do. The ideas should be demonstrated in the form of a working system. Additionally, design research work, like any other research work, needs to be placed in essay a solid context of what already exists. This criteria has two consequences that I really like: first, it substantiates our intuitions about proposals such as TB-L’s “linked information system” being a fine piece of [design] research work; second, it substantiates our intuitions on the difference of languages like Haskell vs. languages like PHP.

I leave that as an exercise to the reader! I would love to bring design back to my daytime activities. I would love to let my students engage in designing new things such as new programming languages and environments — I have lots of ideas for what I would like to do in that area! I believe there is a path to establishing a set of rigorous criteria regarding the lined paper for writing practice, assessment of design that is different from scientific/quantitative validation. All this, however, doesn’t depend on outstanding teacher essay, me alone. Lined Paper. If my students’ papers are going to outstanding teacher essay be shot down in program committees because of the lack of validation, then my wish is lined for writing, a curse for them. If my grant proposals are going to be rejected because they have no validation plan other than “and then we install it in many machines” or “and then we make the software open source and free of outstanding essay, charge” then my wish is a curse for me. We need buy-in from a much larger community — in a way, reverse the trend of placing software research under the auspices of science and engineering [alone] . This, however, should only be done after the community understands what science and scientific methods are all about college my, (the engineering ones — everyone knows about them). At this point there is still a severe lack of understanding of teacher essay, science within the CS community. College Essay Writing Course. Our graduate programs need to cover empirical (and other scientific) methods much better than they currently do.

If we simply continue to teacher essay ignore the workings of science and the burden of scientific proof, we end up continuing to make careless religious statements about thesis, our programming languages and systems that simply will lead nowhere, under the misguided impression that we are scientists because the name says so. Copyright © Crista Videira Lopes. Teacher. All rights reserved. Note: this is a work-in-progress essay. I may update it from time to time.

Feedback welcome. 104 Responses to Research in college application writing help my Programming Languages. Thanks for teacher, the interesting article! I entirely agree with you when you say: “we need to the thesis theme be careful not to blindly adopt methods that. work well for Science, because that may kill the essence. of our discipline” Indeed!

One of my favorite quotes is Einstein’s. “Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted” I think this is especially important to teacher bear in mind when considering PL/Design. (And yes, program committees are terrible at evaluating language designs — partly. because they are very difficult to evaluate! — I have many anecdotes about this, all. quite objective IMO as none of them are about my own papers, but thats another story…) That said, I believe the situation is not as dire as you indicate. As you point out: 1. “…one striking commonality in all modern programming languages, especially the. popular ones, is how little innovation there is in them!”

2. “…there appears to be no correlation between the success of writing university, a programming language. and its emergence in the form of someone’s doctoral or post-doctoral work.” The explanation for this is *not* that all the interesting/innovative PL work was done. in the teacher essay, 70s, and college writing, that the work now is simply too technical etc. Instead, the outstanding teacher, explanation is. that it *takes decades* to really figure out what the truly useful, valuable and. implementable designs/features are, and the best way to integrate them with. “mainstream” languages. In other words, the “tech transfer” process for language. design has proven to be decades long…

So yes, there is little correlation with programming *languages*, but I think the. picture is quite different if you look at *features* not entire languages. Recall that it took GC nearly 50 years to go mainstream! As you point out, there are. few definitive “scientific” studies about university of toronto, why even GC is outstanding, better. Once you move to. things like static typing, I think it becomes an impossible endeavor, for the reasons. Einstein pithily describes. Thus, instead of nifty scientific charts, what we have are. series of anecdotes and narratives built up over a long span (maybe decades), at.

which point the features inch into the mainstream. Every time someone says “there has been no new innovative work in languages” since. so-and-so’s (Turing award) winning work in the 60s, 70s, one simply has to point. to the paper for writing practice, explosion of cleverness in Haskell, much of outstanding teacher essay, which has already. “gone mainstream”. The single most astonishing and course, influential feature is. probably Typeclasses — see Simon Peyton-Jones’ graph. which enabled a slew of other things (monads, FRP, generic programming, quickcheck etc.) I doubt any of outstanding essay, this could be anticipated when typeclasses came out, and indeed there are, to my amazement, those who still question the value of for writing practice, this.

feature. Nevertheless, two-and-a-half decades on, these are all features. (local type inference, lambdas, LINQ,…) seeping into mainstream languages. C# has been particularly progressive in this regard. Other recent examples. that pop to mind are the outstanding essay, early academic work on SELF/OO (designs + optimizations) which are now the peer tutoring program, basis for many of the performance improvements for JS. And of course, there are the many innovations around Scala and F# which.

are greatly informed by deep technical ideas that came out of the academic. So, the outstanding teacher, upshot is the thesis theme, that yes, a lot of work in PL (and SE) is indeed design, which. is difficult if not impossible to evaluate using the usual scientific method. We should be looking for better ways to evaluate them, and outstanding, not nipping ideas. in the online organizer, bud before there is bullet proof “evidence” of merit. Nevertheless, all is not lost. There does appear to be a (rather lengthy) social process, where thanks to.

anecdotal narratives there is a steady stream of academic ideas that eventually. seriously influencing mainstream languages. We should be thinking of outstanding teacher, ways to. shorten this process, and in the meantime, be patient. If nothing else, I’d argue that the most important contribution of PL research is the introduction of concepts that are later assimilated into more popular languages, even if the research languages themselves never see wide acceptance. Python owes its list comprehensions to Haskell (similarly with Rust’s typeclasses), and I’d like to essay help my think that AspectJ had a non-negligible influence on Python’s decorators. For a more extreme example, consider the outstanding teacher, fact (the fact! ) that we will never again see a new programming language that does not feature first-class functions. I like to think that there are countless novel, pragmatic concepts hiding away in obscure programming languages that are merely waiting for their day in the sun.

This is really spot on. I would like to refer you to 5 paragraph essay online organizer a couple of things that come to mind that you might find useful for advancing this line of outstanding, thinking. First, I saw a talk by Jonathan Edwards that was very much along the lines of what you wrote here: http://alarmingdevelopment.org/?p=5. Second, Christopher Alexander’s early work on college course, patterns in architecture and urban design have been referenced quite a bit in computer science, but seldom is his ‘magnum opus’, a four-book series on outstanding teacher, the ‘nature of order’, referenced. These texts move far beyond the early work. You would do well to lined paper for writing practice have a look at teacher the first book, which tries to establish an objective theory of college my, design not based on scientific principles: http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss_1?url=search-alias%3Daps#038;field-keywords=the+nature+of+order#038;x=0#038;y=0. Third, you might be interested to essay read some discussion on the history of music programming languages. Max/MSP and Pd, both dataflow-oriented, offer what I would estimate to be an order of magnitude of productivity gain for certain tasks in building one-off multi-media systems. They’re a bit like a UNIX for real-time multi-media + control signals. This essay reminded me a bit of the anti-academic and organic approach that Miller Puckette took in building them despite being trained as a mathematician and peer program essay, developing them in an academic setting. This serves as a good lesson that successful software isn’t necessarily designed by having good principles, but rather the proper environment , namely, one with energy and a need.

Check out two papers in the Computer Music Journal where this is discussed: 2002. Miller Puckette, “Max at Seventeen”. Computer Music Journal, 26(4) 2002. Eric Lyon, “Dartmouth Symposium on teacher, the Future of Computer Music Software: A Panel Discussion”. Computer Music Journal, 26(4) Generally, computer music is college course, one of the more interesting fields to look at if you’re interested in ascertaining the outstanding teacher, future of HCI, computer science and psychological research since from the beginning they have not been accorded the paper for writing, luxury of forgoing certain constraints, such as that everything must happen in real-time, data must be of a certain resolution (in time and ‘space’) and that non-tech-savvy practitioners from outstanding teacher, other fields (musicians) must be able to essay use the tools as experts. Oh, and I would add that if you are not familiar with Bill Buxton’s career, it may prove interesting reading for you. He began in teacher computer music and is now a strong advocate for of toronto, Design in technology. One insight that he often emphasizes, which I don’t claim is his originally, is that new technologies take 20-30 years to be adopted.

According to this view, new ideas in outstanding essay software design should expect to lie dormant for at least 20 years, echoing what @Ben wrote above. I fully agree with your viewpoint re. human productivity. I watch commercial Java progamming taking place and for writing, I see productivity no better than COBOL and probably a lot worse given how much more is expected of outstanding teacher, software now. I suspect most step change improvements in productivity have to come from better adaption to the task, i.e. from languages that are to a greater or lesser degree domain-specific. There is an old but fairly well-known and scientific paper by Verner Tate on comparison between COBOL and a 4GL. The 4GL was. 5x more productive. 5 Paragraph Essay Organizer. Of course most of the 4GLs were arguably domain-specific languages for outstanding teacher, database-centric enterprise software. The paper is available via IEEE but I don’t find any public copy. The title is program essay, “estimating size and effort in fourth-generation development”.

If you have Bob Glass’s book Software Conflict it’s highlighted on p.98, something I was amused to find recently as I used to work with and on the 4GL technology in outstanding question 20 years ago. Of course the commercial 4GLs were largely killed off by a combination of factors including the Web and the rise of open source, but we did lose something there. That. 5x productivity is eyecatching but it’s consistent with my personal experience with the technology. The Thesis Theme. Those who do not study history, etc.

– comprehensions didn’t originate in haskell (probably not even from outstanding essay, Miranda, as they were available in the thesis theme smalltalk, and probably that was taken from outstanding, somewhere else) – aspect oriented programming didn’t start with aspectJ. I think Kiczales started his experiments using common lisp. at least the early papers on aop used that. other than that, I think you have a good point. There will be a day when the programming universe accepts the 5 paragraph essay, fact that LISP is by far the best programming language in the world, a language that can actually “think” and make decisions, logical decisions. The shortest path algorithm can be written in LISP in teacher a few lines – I challenge any programmer out there to do it in program essay a few pages in C, without using any dependencies. LISP has been underestimated for quite so long, and outstanding teacher, it’s nice to see that someone (like you) acknowledges the contributions that LISP has on the programing ecosystem.

u might want to essay add sml languages to your list of essay, developments. College. also check out mythryl and other ports of essay, ocaml/sml languages. Very interesting. I’m in the industry developing software. I’m not sure what to think about the 3 goals you state: for performance, we have grids, clusters, GPUs, it seems there is more and more hardware so that even if the language itself is program essay, not “fast”, the teacher essay, grid will compensate (as an aside, I’m seeing horrible uses of grids from a resource point of view: people don’t care about writing efficient software, because they know they can have 1,000 more nodes on the grid anyway…) ; for productivity, what I’m seeing everyday is that: either the peer essay, problem is (partially) solved by the use of libraries, or what’s really getting you is the environment, such mundane things as repositories, build systems, deployments (just a matter of organization, more than science, I guess)… and testing – I think each day of coding results in 2 or 3 days of testing, that testing being a kind of “proof” that the system is not going to… crash and make you lost money. In other words, in my practice, writing code is definitely not what takes the essay, most time. Reducing the amount of college writing course, testing we have to do, or reducing the possibilities of bugs would in the end be the outstanding teacher essay, most useful (to me), and I’m constantly looking for automated proving tools, but those are not forthcoming for C++ or Java.

I would like to echo Frank’s comment. I work in a 50 person team all working on the same codebase. Essay. The ratio of writing production code to writing unit, integration and acceptance tests is similar. There is nothing in C# that assists us perform this testing. The challenges and complexity for us lie in building a continuous integration environment that detects problems, identifies the developer responsible informs them of the problem quickly so that they can fix the issue. Teacher Essay. When a developer commits bad code like a failing test we ideally need for this to be isolated so that productivity of the 5 paragraph, remaining team is not affected. This last requirement is proving particularly tricky. I was doing my phd in PL and felt the same way about AOP.

I’m relieved someone involved with it ginally said agreed. Another goal of PL research ought to be discovering more primitive forms of computation, e.g. continuations, closures, type theories. Concurrency is still a mess and could use some innovation. Also distributed programming, reliable systems, and module systems. Outstanding Teacher Essay. None of the application writing help, popular languages have anything to offer for these problems. I have been using and advocating literate software for a decade. I claim that it improves software due to essay three effects:

1) the developer has to explain the code and, as a side-effect, discovered. corner cases, missed cases, bad design, etc. before submission to lined paper for writing practice review. 2) the team reviewer have text that explains the outstanding teacher essay, design decisions and the. rationale behind the code. they are able to critique the design as well as. the code. They will better understand the code which leads to better. review which leads to higher quality. 3) the code “lives” because it is peer program essay, embedding in human-to-human.

communication. Teacher Essay. There are over 100,000 dead piles of code on Sourceforge. because the author left and nobody has a clue about how to maintain and. modify the code. I have been trying to find a researcher at a University interested in. creating studies to confirm or deny the above assertions which are. based only on my experience. Claim 2, for instance, could be tested by thesis writing of toronto taking previously published. software (e.g. cryptographic software).

Give one group the outstanding teacher essay, book. “Implementing Cryptographic Software” which contains the the thesis theme, actual. source code. Outstanding. Give a second group just the source code from the book. Have a group review and post-review test. See which group has a. better understanding of the code, e.g. why some constant has the. We need studies like this to “put some science” behind the opinions. Literate programming is a fundamentally important technology but. nobody will touch it unless we do the studies. If this would be of interest to you, contact me. The premise on which Don Knuth created the concepts for LP was the idea to create documentation and program code from just one source.

This premise has become obsolete many years ago, with tools like Javadoc or Doxygen. These latter tools also come with a big advantage, as they don’t require a pre-source code version of 5 paragraph, your programs, and therefore can directly interoperate with any developer tool of your choice. LP however greatly inhibits that choice, as the ‘WEB’ code isn’t well suited to interoperate with many modern tools involving version control or team development. LP was a great concept 30 years ago, when there was no way to create source code and documentation from a single source, in the same way TeX was a good idea when there was no WYSIWIG. These times are past now. I liked this article because of how it tried to get people to think out outstanding essay, of the box, and stop follwing well-trodden paths. 5 Paragraph Online. I don’t think going down a 30 year old path will lead to any new insights. Putting documentation and source code in one place is outstanding, not the purpose of literate programing.

The main merit of essay course, literate programming is to outstanding teacher essay rearrange the code in what best for human mind to follow. TeX is still a good idea now. The current WYSIWIG sucks. What I like to see is an theme editor that build for dual monitors where you edit TeX on one screen and teacher essay, have the rendered output on the other display. The insistence of program essay, Don Knuth on maintaining TeX has been preventing this to happen. I have acquired many of Don Knuth’s books and generally consider myself one of his fans. Teacher Essay. From his literate programming, I take the merits of being able to paper for writing arrange code and take forms in outstanding teacher what best for human reading, rather than computer parsing. And often, what is best for human reading is university of toronto, what best for human writing. However, I am not big fan of documentations. Outstanding Teacher Essay. Writing papers to defend one’s idea are difficult and paper for writing practice, not fun except when that is the purpose. Essay. It has its merit in academics, but in practical situations of programing, we are trying to get things done rather than to college application my propagate an idea.

And the current very reason that we need documentation is because current languages are still oriented toward machines, rather than expressing human ideas. What I want to see in essay the direction of programming research is a system that takes in online what is intuitive for humans and translate them into what is ready for outstanding teacher essay, machines. This system should be restrictive on the machine side so optimizations can happen, and flexible on the human side because that is how our mind operate. Most important that I want to see is emphasis that the programming system not to force machine concepts upon theme, us. If the programmer want certain concepts in OOP, he could write that part in outstanding teacher OOP, or functional, or any domain specific form. However, the language system should not force the programmer to think everything in OOP or functional or any domain specific way. Once we can really express our ideas in most natural ways that we can unambiguously read and understand, then we shouldn’t need much additional documenting. Please post this also at http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/ I’d do it for you, but you may have your own reasons for thesis writing university of toronto, not wanting to.

Please do! I guess I’m not used to posting stuff there, although I like that site very much. BTW, we had this same argument at the WGLD meeting last week in London. It is teacher, nice to see a very well thought out argument in this blog post. Nearly 30 years without fundamental progress in programming languages shows that we’ve reached a trashold to a completely new domain of programming languages. Maybe the next step are natural languages maybe its some synthesis of various programming principles. My biggest constraint about theme, current languages (or programming envionments) is that you need a zoo different languages to make an enterprise running: front end (HTM, CSS, …), middle tier (Java, c#, standard components, …), backend (PL/SQL, System’s API, Libraries, …), deployment (shell, scheduling tools, server configuration, …), organization (versioning tools, CI server, …). My dream is to have an all-in-one language I can use to talk with the computer about all of theses domains. I am sorry to have to break this to you, but UNIX, C, and C++ were also small “personal” developments. Essay. Ken Thompson started UNIX in 1969 and slowly brought others in on its development. Dennis Richie started C in 1969, it was many years before he expanded the lined for writing, scope of work to include any other developers.

Bjarne Stroustrup not only started C++ by outstanding teacher essay himself (in 1979), but even now he remains the primary definer of the tutoring program, language. ATT’s funding of UNIX was so limited that in outstanding teacher essay 1971 they could barely afford a PDP 11/20. Instead of trying to mimic our colleagues’ traditional practices, “computer scientists” ought to be showing the way to a new kind of science — maybe that new kind of science or that one or maybe something else. I dare to suggest that the something else is related to essay writing my the design of things that have software in them. It should not be called Science. It is a bit like Engineering, but it’s not it either because we’re not dealing [just] with physical things. Technology doesn’t cut it either. It needs a new name, something that denotes “the design of things with software in outstanding them.” I will call it Design for the thesis, short, even though that word is so abused that it has lost its meaning. I think it’s fascinating that you’ve come up with this, because I’ve seen a very, very similar idea come up in the real-time and embedded systems community. The name they use is “cyber-physical systems” (CPS) which you can read about on Wikipedia.

Basically, CPS is mainly used as a way to structure funding opportunities and seems to have been popularized largely from outstanding teacher, that source. There’s a lot of skepticism about tutoring program essay, whether it’s a “real thing” or just a fad of language. And I’ve heard it described in outstanding essay many different ways (some clearly better than others). The best way I’ve heard it described is thus (you can imagine I’m giving a spiel at a conference, trying to sell you on the idea): Engineers used to build things. Now, engineers build things connected or composed of computer networks and computer code. Thesis Writing University. This enables a vast increase in outstanding teacher complexity of the system (a good thing) but makes building and program, verifying the system much more complex. Outstanding Teacher. A good example is thesis writing university of toronto, a modern passenger aircraft (think Airbus 380, Dreamliner) or automobile (which sometimes can have 100 “ECUs”, or embedded computers, most of which are connected by a bus). This is a very, very important research area, because in teacher the future, everything will be like this – buildings, complex robotic systems, medicine, etc.

Although sometimes I am skeptical of CPS, when put that way, I really think the approach makes a lot of sense. Anyway, just wanted to college essay express my excitement at seeing this bubble up in outstanding teacher another place, point you in that direction in case you want to explore it. I found your blog from Hacker News and practice, I’m not that familiar with your background, so apologies if I’m preaching to outstanding essay the choir here. Hope you see the connection I’m trying to make. I consider CSP concurrency very useful and innovative. Important languages with their publication dates are Squeak(1985), Newsqueak(1990), Alef(1995), Limbo(2000), Go(2009). This doesn’t seem “no innovation” to me. Same for Pi-calculus(1992), Join-calculus(1996), JoCaml(1999), C omega(2003), and college, so on. In general, we learned a lot about how to do concurrency in teacher essay programming languages, and paper for writing practice, we are reaping benefits (Go, C#). You seem to consider mashup non-innovative, but I consider languages integrating OOP and FP type systems pretty innovative.

OCaml(1996), Scala(2003), F sharp(2005), and so on. Other examples I can think of are lazy evaluation, delimited continuation, dataflow programming, metaprogramming. Most of advances in lazy evaluation are post-1980, especially how to implement it. The Implementation of Functional Programming Languages is from 1987. Shift/Reset delimited continuation appeared in 1990 and we learned a lot more about it since. For dataflow programming, SISAL is from teacher essay, 1983, Oz is from 1991. For metaprogramming, the first widely used language with hygienic macro, R5RS, appeared in 1998! Both MetaOCaml and Template Haskell postdate 2000! Is there still anything to innovate in 5 paragraph essay organizer programming languages?

Yes, there are *a lot* to innovate in outstanding essay programming languages. Interesting essay … And it’s about time the question of “does PL design make for application writing help my, doctoral work?” and “if yes, how do we evaluate?” gets asked. I wonder whether mathematics would be an appropriate analogy here, with core ideas such as monads being analogous to outstanding teacher mathematics, and PLs that support monads being analogous to mathematical notation. We’ve certainly had influential mathematical notation that captured concepts so well that one might say they’ve become fused in the minds of people. Paper For Writing. Examples such as the place value system, algebra, vector notation, notations for ordinary calculus, vector calculus, exterior calculus, Feynman diagrams and molecular formulae come to outstanding essay mind. Broadly, though good notations have been influential in communicating mathematical ideas and using them, nobody’s gotten an PhD in math for inventing a notation afaik. At best, these inventions come in the form of online organizer, a paper or a note.

By analogy, PL design sans new concepts (like new math), to outstanding essay me, seems inadequate for tutoring program, doctoral work. This criterion rules out outstanding essay, purely syntactic contributions and I think that’s a valid criterion – unless one wishes to study Whorfian issues like impact of syntax on cognition. I’ll stop here lest my response itself turn into an essay Thanks for raising these questions. – “C, part of lined paper for writing, a large investment in Unix”… doesn’t match the history I know – Unix was initially created as an undeground project (Bell thinking they were funding a text processing system), and C was the underground’s underground as it was a demand of Unix. AlsoC didn’t seem to have significant up-front design; it was derived from previous languages and iterated with the OS project’s needs. – Today’s top-5 popular languages, as listed by the Tiobe index (not a great methodology but the teacher essay, best we have and updated monthly), are Java, C, C#, C++ and Objective-C. All these languages were created by top PL/compiler experts (BTW, Java too fell into Guy Steele’s lap). So I wouldn’t say that languages hacked together in tutoring a week by amateurs, are anything close to the norm. Outstanding Teacher Essay. Even in the bleeding edge, you’ll find that most “hot” languages are once again created by experts like Odersky, Rich Hickey, Bracha, etc. – Notice also that the creators of those hacked languages are often not classic PL researchers, but they are always brilliant and well-educated developers.

Example: Larry Wall had a BS in “natural and peer program essay, artificial languages” and followed with graduate studies in human linguistics–this mix, with the stronger focus in the human languages, easily explains his approach with Perl. Larry’s classic article “Wherefore Art, Thou?” is essential for this discussion: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2070. – Languages are expensive tools; the switch to a new language is outstanding teacher essay, a huge investment, from each developer’s learning curve to the enormous weight of the thesis theme, legacy code and the wide and deep ecosystem of supporting toolchain and outstanding essay, libraries. This cuses the frustrating delay for academic innovation to college application essay writing help my trickle down to mainstream languages, a process that often takes multiple generations of languages (if not human generations). “Universal” platforms, from Microsoft’s .NET/CLI to essay modern Java and now HTML5, have reduced the barrier to college essay writing entry with common frameworks and runtime technology; but really, they are mostly modern replacements for essay, Unix/POSIX: a common base that provides all core APIs, and core services like I/O and memory management, that any language would need, and does that in for writing practice a portable way. So, these virtual platforms mostly compensate for the new needs of outstanding essay, post-C/Unix languages such as garbage collection, and for the failure of POSIX to become a unversal system interface so application-level libraries would need porting to Win32, Cocoa etc. – Because languages are tools, their success is the result of adoption by millions of lined practice, rank-and-file professionals, 90% of those as unable to outstanding teacher distinguish the qualities of “properly-designed” PLs as I am unable to distinguish a $1000 champagne from the thesis theme, a $20 sparkling wine.

This is critically different from most academic work, e.g. in mathematics o theoretical physics, which is only consumed/judged/adopter by other academics with roughly the same level of education and the same focus and values. Well, it’s not that simple because the first stage of adoption is typically driven by some kind of elite, still the language eventually needs to scale to Joe Developer, which never happened and will never happen with languages like Haskell, regardless of its significant adoption some years ago and very mature implementation. Thanks for all these comments! I’d love to think that many new things were proposed after 1979, but history doesn’t seem to support that view. Here are some concepts mentioned in teacher essay this discussion: – Dataflow programming: late 60s. – Actors: early 70s by Carl Hewitt. – CSP: late 70s by Hoare. – Pi-calculus: not terribly different from earlier work on CCS.

The CCS book was published in 1980, the work was done before that. – Lazy evaluation: early 70s within work in lambda calculus. – Metaprogramming: early 70s. – Continuations: mid 60s. I agree that many *improvements* came after this, particularly with respect to implementing these things efficiently (engineering), but also in maturing the concepts themselves.

Improvements are important too, and they have the paper, wonderful property that it’s really easy to assess their value. But it seems that the *innovations* (i.e. the outstanding teacher, new concepts) have pretty much stagnated, exceptions not withstanding. I’d love to be proven wrong. “But it takes 20 years for design ideas to peer tutoring essay come to the masses.” Maybe, maybe not. Some innovations have a really rapid mass-adoption (certain machine learning methods come to mind), others never get mass-adopted.

In any case, we should be seeing stuff proposed in essay the early 90s come out to the masses now. Peer Tutoring. Where is it? I only see stuff that’s been created before 1979 (again, exceptions not withstanding). You know when you go to PL conferences and those old timers stand up and say “but insert vintage language had that back in 1975…”? I used to find it really annoying. But they’re right, for outstanding, the most part. I think it’s time that we accept that they’re right, and reflect on university of toronto, the reasons for this state of affairs.

Thanks also for those who point out that C was an underdog project. I’ll update the essay one of these days. I guess the point should be that before the PC era, this kind of teacher essay, work was exclusive of the very few lucky ones who had access to theme very expensive computers — and that tended to happen only in University labs and teacher, Industrial Research labs. Once PCs came upon tutoring essay, us, that situation changed, and this kind of outstanding teacher essay, work started happening in essay writing course a lot more places by a lot more people. Design of things with software in them was democratized. Hi Crista — I don’t have time to take apart your essay, but I’d like to add a couple of. 1. All disciplines go through periods of teacher essay, exciting activity and steady-state work. See. Thomas Kuhn’s short book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.” Even if you do. not accept his judgement (on paradigm shifts), you should read it for the collection.

of historical work on the evolution of disciplines. It is good for researchers to reflect on their discipline and its relationship to the world. It is dangerous to think our own discipline is facing unique problems, and it is even more dangerous not to know the history and philosophy of science. [[Example: I agree with you that continuations and delimited continuations. — as I proposed them at POPL ’88 after working them out for 4 years — fall straight into program, the steady-state part of PL research. Indeed, as you say, Stoy had a similar idea in the 1970s for his OS work, though I do claim what. prompt and control/c/callcc did was much more. Teacher. Nevertheless, it’s small. potatoes and yet, I enjoyed working on delimited continuations for years, and I enjoyed it even more getting them just right in a production system.

a few years back (ICFP). It is fun when you see all the pieces fall into place.]] 2. You are plain wrong when it comes to writing university of toronto the evaluation of programming languages. When IBM switched to Java whole-sale, it had gathered a large amount of data on. the productivity of programming in Java (with memory safety, type safety) vs C++ (lack of both). It had started with the San Francisco project run by Kathy Boherer, with a dozen or so large companies contributing some 120 software architects.

These. people determined that Java improved the productivity of average programmers by. a factor of 3 or more. As someone mentioned, PLs are a major infrastructure investment. and switching infrastructure is expensive.

Hence when a major, large company does. switch, we should pay attention. Sadly, we also need to accept that they perceive such. data as a competitive advantage and will therefore not release it. 3. As far as ‘design’ is concerned, I agree with you. Standard PL conferences — perhaps. with the exception of OOPSLA — give way too little credit to design. When they do, including OOPSLA, it is in a strange fashion. Find 20 people to run a symposium on PL. design. I’ll attend.

4. I have heard the lament about hobbyists designing PLs many times now, and I have. formulated it myself in outstanding essay semi-public spaces since 2000. I have found myself to be wrong. 4a. College Help My. These languages tend to inject one or two new ideas into the discussion. Outstanding Teacher. In addition, unlike PLs designed by academic researchers at universities and labs, the break-thru.

languages address dire needs of practical work and 5 paragraph essay, design — immediately and on the spot. Javascripts evolution — as a Scheme turned into a language without parentheses, now! — is a classic example. Outstanding. Brendan Eich should write it down for history’s sake, and peer program, not just the sanitized version that leaves his superiors blameless. 4b. Outstanding Essay. These languages pose interesting and exciting new problems for college writing, PL researchers.

I have worked on adding types to untyped languages for 20 years; since the web placed. languages such as Python and Javascript into teacher essay, the center of new software designs (1998ish. latest), this work has become tremendously relevant. I am actually pretty sure that it. will evolve into a nearly-big idea that people will pay attention to. 5. Last but not least, don’t escape.

If you find other areas more challenging, do pursue problems there. But if you believe that our own discipline needs serious change, work for change as a researcher who sets new standards and for writing practice, creates new ways of essay, working in our world. I didn’t escape At some point I felt the need to the thesis go and explore other parts of town to see what’s all about and how things are done there. I visited a few places, and teacher, I ended up spending more time in the data mining / IR neighborhood; that is really cool too. Great for doctoral work, because it’s all very quantitative and the benefits are very tangible. My design addiction went back to distributed systems; I’ve been doing a lot of work there, but it’s all mostly unpublished, if one considers having a user base of 5,000 people “unpublished work.” I think these 2 extremes — data mining = research papers + research funding; and online organizer, OpenSimulator = design fun with a large user base — are a very big part of these reflections on design as doctoral work. These observations are not just for PLs, btw; I think they apply to software systems in general. Languages are particularly good to reflect upon. Hope to continue this conversation with you some time!

As for this essay, please do break it apart if you have time. Maybe then it can become a real paper… heheh. This post had been sitting on my blog under password protection for teacher, a few months, unfinished, unpolished. Some students started asking for it, so I freed it from the password. Re: what Matthias says about “our own discipline … facing unique. problems”. Indeed, see this (and comments) for related soul searching in other CS disciplines. On another note, I think there is essay organizer, rather too much cultural emphasis on. “innovation” in essay the sense that Crista describes here (“big ideas”). After.

all taken to college writing help my the extreme, *everything* boils down to the lambda calculus. or state machines, so by this logic, we might as well have called it a day. by the end of the 1930s. One extremely negative consequence (or cousin?) of this emphasis, is the need to outstanding teacher essay find single herculean figures who cause. Sure, that might happen once in a while, rather more rarely than you think.

In reality progress is theme, rather more bottom up, in fits and starts with lots. of “little ideas” cancelling or building up on each other, lots of dead. ends (with, sadly, the final “credit” not going to the person who. “discovered” an idea, but with the person after whom the idea “stayed. There needs to be *far* more importance placed on the critical “steady.

state” work that Matthias refers to that is needed to refine/improve/fix. some idea till the point the “pieces to fall into outstanding teacher essay, place”. This might be. especially true in PL because there are so many different moving parts. that need to be reconciled. And so, I have rather less patience for the “old timers”.

(Of course, like all other disciplines, we also have some wheel reinvention, but thats another matter altogether…) ps: as phrased, this question appears impossible to application essay help my answer: “Where is it? I only see stuff that’s been created before 1979 (again, exceptions not withstanding).” I bet you in 10 years, we’ll have turned a full circle, and the above date will be updated. to 1989, and thats how we move forward #128521; I think your conclusion about the quote regarding Haskell is incorrect.

Statements like this “Haskell programs have fewer bugs because Haskell is: pure […], strongly typed […], high-level […], memory managed […], modular […] […] There just isn’t any room for bugs!” are nothing but wishful thinking. Without the data to outstanding support this claim, this statement is deceptive; True, if you read the sentence “There just isn’t any room for bugs!” as globally scoped and interpret it as “You can’t have bugs in Haskell programs.”, this would certainly be a silly claim. Online. And even though I don’t believe that this is the intent of the sentence, I think it would be better to either drop the outstanding, sentence altogether or at least qualify it and say that there is no room for certain kinds of errors (such as type errors or memory errors). However, if we focus on the first sentence, then it is not at all wishful thinking. More importantly, it doesn’t require any data or experiments to support that observation, because it expresses a logical conclusion. And therein lies the peer tutoring program, importance of the claim, namely that a type checker proves the absence of a whole class of errors.

So it is essay, a simple fact — an analytical, non-empirical fact — that, e.g., type-correct programs contain fewer errors than arbitrary programs. Empirical validation is a requirement in Science. Sometimes the claims are hard to prove empirically, so you have to thesis university wait many years before empirical validation is possible (e.g. Teacher Essay. Physics). That doesn’t seem to be the case here; the data for whether Haskell programs have more or less bugs than non-Haskell programs (or whatever claim you want to formulate) is not that hard to thesis writing get as compared to, say, particle physics experiments where millions of dollars need to be spent in outstanding essay building large infrastructures. Essay. So if whoever made that claim about Haskell wants to call themselves a Scientist, they better be sure that the logic holds in the presence of empirical data. Outstanding Teacher Essay. Or change the tutoring essay, claim to teacher essay something less ambitious like “type checkers eliminate a whole class of errors; Haskell has a type checker, therefore, a whole class of errors is eliminated.” Indeed, that’s what they’re designed to do, so making this be true is as simple as making a correct implementation of said type checker. Haskell programs, however, like all others, are written by people, and people make all sorts of mistakes. So if you want to prove that Haskell programs [written by thesis writing people] have less bugs than non-Haskell programs [written by teacher people] you need to compare empirically.

You may be unpleasantly surprised with the results; or you may come out a winner, in which case the whole world will be convinced that type checkers are an absolute must-have in lined paper for writing every programming language. Without empirical validation the claim “Haskell programs have less bugs” is just a conjecture. You seem to present a dichotomy: empirically validated claims without innovation, or innovation without empirical validation. I do wonder if these are the only alternatives? Even if they were, languages – along with tools, methodologies, nearly everything in the vicinity of software – are so much in the latter camp today, it would seem that a little more emphasis on empiricism – that which in most disciplines earns the term “science” – couldn’t hurt. I am entirely unconvinced that “It is also often the case that over time, the enormous amount of testing by real use is enough to essay provide assurances of all kinds.” Indeed, the help, frequent stampedes of software developers in outstanding teacher the direction of lined for writing, new, shiny things assure us of very little except that recent religious converts are quite zealous. I take your assertion as more of a sigh. Your thesis, that academic research in programming languages may be of diminishing value and, in essay any case, is hardly science, is well-taken. A few proofreading notes: “innovate new software” – you probably meant “innovative”. “we have in hands” – I think the idiom should be “we have in thesis hand” and not match number unless you wish to essay write “we have on our hands”. Crista, just in case it isn’t clear, I really meant what I wrote in my post: IBM people claimed data-driven validation of “Java is better than C++ for large projects”.

Their evaluation method uses dollars-spent, i.e., it is an accounting method from the business school that answers the the thesis theme, question in a positive sense. Matthias, that is something that big, responsible companies, when faced with a technological decision, do, so I would be surprised if they had *not* made a cost/benefit analysis with real, hard data. I’m less inclined to accept IBM’s business decision as empirical evidence for the benefits of Java vs. C++, in general, unless they open up their data and methodology to scrutiny. Teacher Essay. That would be very interesting to lined paper for writing practice see! In any case, CS academics should take note of such data-driven practices. To me, “macro is an innovation but hygienic macro is just an improvement” sounds as absurd as “electricity is an innovation but alternating current is just an improvement”. Ditto for continuation/delimited continuation, lazy evaluation in teacher lambda calculus/lazy evaluation, etc. I also consider “without empirical validation the claim “Haskell programs have less bugs” is just a conjecture” a weird claim.

It is a conjecture, but it would be a *mathematically informed conjecture* not *just* a conjecture. For theoretical physics, theories that avoid producing infinity — renormalization — is for writing practice, considered better than other theories. Outstanding Teacher. Why not apply same for type safety? Henry Ford said that if he had asked people what they wanted, then it would have been a faster horse that ate less and required less grooming. PL research stuck in that space, dreaming up of flying horses. There are basically two issues to consider:

1. Abstraction: FORTRAN, COBOL, APL because successful because they addressed a specific domain and peer program essay, programming in those languages required less effort than in outstanding teacher assembler. 2. Notations: the “wars” between proponents of different programming languages typically boils down to arguing over syntax and more rarely semantics. The future “instructing computers to writing do to our bidding” comes from ever more powerful domain specific languages using notations that are “intuitive” to those domain experts. Model based software engineering and generative programming techniques form the foundations to support such a vision. There is essay, far more work done in those areas than most programmers realize. The companies being successful with such projects keep it as “their secret sauce” and don’t advertise their breakthroughs. are there any researches on rule based techniques for GUI programming. I would be interested in that.

Yes, the new paradigm of using iPad like internet access devices and essay, using touch and drag boxes of language structures to write programs for teacher essay, software agents will define new PLs. Tutoring. There are academic efforts on so called visual programming languages and I think, the major revolutionary jump would have had come, if Steve Jobs had remained alive. The research of programming languages that you miss, can be find at the following link. Speaking as the teacher essay, developer of an aggressively non-academic language (Objective-C), I’d like to suggest a project for some like-minded individual. We’re in 5 paragraph online organizer the midst of a cloud-hype bubble, especially in government circles (DoD). Teacher Essay. Doing that the old (current) way, each and every application handles identity management (authentication) and access control (authorization) itself, so that who can access what is under the control of the administrator for college, that application. So there’s a lot of attention being devoted to doing that in some more centralized way; basing access control on explicit policy instead of outstanding essay, each administrator’s whims. The current/only way of making policy explicit is an Oasis standard called “XACML”.

XACML is lined paper, nothing more or less than a simple functional language for specifying whether a specified subject can perform a specified action on a specified resource in a specified context (environment). So far so good. Teacher. What’s not so good is that its XML-based, which leads to the most god-awful syntax you can possibly imagine; full of XML barbed wire that makes your eyes bleed. No imagine putting XACML into practice, encoding government access policy into access control specs, convincing themselves (and their managers) that the resulting XACML is doing what its supposed to. So here’s my proposal. Develop a new language that replaces XACML’s syntax with some intuitive alternative, perhaps based on lined paper for writing, other functional languages out there. Scala is one good candidate. Only the syntax is changed; the teacher essay, new language must retain XACML semantics precisely.

A cheap way of ensuring that is to have the parser build the writing course, same tree that JAXB (or OpenSAML) generates from the XACML schema. Thus JAXB could be used to serialize the result into real XACML XML files, the XACML compiler (see http://bradjcox.blogspot.com) could be used to turn it into outstanding teacher essay, java for runtime, or Sun’s XACML interpreter could be used to interpret it on the fly. All that changes is the syntax; everything else works unchanged. I’ve made some initial exploration of this notion with a small Antlr parser, but doubt I’ll have the thesis university, time to really drive this home. If some one does, drop me a line. Does Jeeves (a Scala DSL) come close to meeting your criteria? It wasn’t designed to comply with XACML, and it’s described as enforcing “privacy policies” rather than “access policies”, but overall the outstanding teacher essay, intent sounds quite similar unless I’m misunderstanding XACML. A Scala DSL is the obvious place to tutoring program start.

Have done some initial exploration there myself. I’ve not looked at Jeeves. Thanks for the pointer to Jeeves. Teacher. Just had a look. Writing University. Its targeted at privacy, not access control. What I had in outstanding teacher mind was far simpler, a straight/simple translation from a friendly syntax into XML or Java (or Scala etc) with an college writing course emphasis on raw execution speed and teacher essay, strict compliance with OASIS-defined semantics. 5 Paragraph Essay Online Organizer. Jeeves seems to go far beyond XACML compliance. Didn’t spend enough time on it to tell if it could be used in a way that strictly complies. Those are first impressions based on a quick skim, so easily wrong. I agree with Joe. There seems to be an teacher inability to accept the empirical evidence in the ‘cool stuff’ graph and move on to new ways of of toronto, doing things.

So much for science. Also I am rather surprised that the research by essay Capers Jones about university of toronto, productivity of essay, programming languages is not acknowledged. He claims he has examined the productivity of thousands of peer program, software projects – doesn’t that qualify as sufficiently ‘scientific’? BTW you may all be shocked to see what ranks high on his list. This discussion reminds me of what Joseph Wizenbaum said about the teacher, AI researchers in the 60’s – that they said the breakthrough is the thesis theme, just around the corner, but we are still waiting. I am sorry, but I think a lot more has to teacher be done rather than devise new syntax, forms, libraries, etc. I work in an environment where we have a very large and complex business application in which the rate and volume of change is very high. Essay Online. Productivity is very important to teacher us – the lined paper for writing practice, PLs do not deliver enough so we have to augment them with all sorts of outstanding teacher essay, home grown tools – the college essay course, main ones being software management, metadata management, test environment generation and code generation. But we need more, and we should not have to do this ourselves. I think there are two sides to a programming language.

The hardware side and the human side. Before 1979, hardware side is more expensive than the human side and after that, it shifts to the other way. The hardware side is to be easily modeled with mathematics, and as a result, computing science was mostly a branch of mathematics. Expensive hardware, abstract models, and a narrow base of experts restricts the language design to teacher essay be a “serious” activity. We had many progresses because we already accomplished a solid mathematical background. Afterwards, especially after 1990s, hardware side is application essay writing, no longer critical, so the attention shifts to the human side, which is more of a cognitive science. It is outstanding teacher essay, hard for paper for writing, academic rigor but easy for outstanding essay, intuitive insights. FORTRAN, COBOL, C, LISP, all emphasize on 5 paragraph essay, the hardware efficiency. LISP goes to the extreme of making the language itself a data structure. PHP, Python, Ruby, JavaScript, none of them concerns with hardware efficiency, they are concerned with human intuitions.

The problem we have little academic progress on programming languages is because human side of science is outstanding teacher, very difficult and thesis, we haven’t achieved much yet. Once that branch of science reaches certain stage of rigor, I think we should expect another leap of progress in programming languages, and progresses in many other things as well. I am working on a drastically different approach to programming languages. https://github.com/hzhou/MyDef, I appreciate any feed-backs. I agree with the poster that most new languages today appear to be mash-ups of existing concepts and teacher, languages. In fact, practically all of the new languages I have come across all look like some variation of C# or Java. That being said, unless new processors are going to offer radically different approaches to how they process instructions and what they are capable of processing, programming languages are not going to the thesis theme change all that much since they will be limited by what they can actually do within the processor.

If you use a well developed, general, compiled language like BASIC, Pascal, C#, or Java, you are going to pretty much have everything you require to develop most applications including games. The dynamic languages such as Python, though a good example of a well developed dynamic language, similar to outstanding essay their compiled counter-parts all do the same thing but with a different style. Should research continue into programming languages? In my view yes but not at essay the expense of saturating an already crowded field of good existing languages. In this vein choice is outstanding, not being offered but merely additional confusion. Application Essay Writing. A good example of this are the new “fringe” languages such as Scala and Ruby.

With the exception of some different functionality (functional programming in Scala and dynamic generation in outstanding teacher Ruby) you are really not getting all that much for 5 paragraph essay online organizer, efforts made into teacher, adopting these languages unless you like living on the periphery of the programming world. The Thesis Theme. Again, all these languages offer the same functionality that existing languages already have. One of the really innovative languages to come out in outstanding teacher the past 30 years or so was Prolog. It promoted a completely different type of design paradigm for development but it was only viable for essay, expert systems development for which there are only teacher approximately 2000 different applications to which the language can be applied. Prolog was extended after its initial introduction to include OOP concepts but it was still difficult to develop large-scale applications as a result of its nature. However, one place where Prolog may be able to shine is the thesis, game development where built-in rule systems would not require game developers to outstanding teacher re-develop a bit of the internal AI paradigms. * Nice discussion — now you can go back and separate some of the issues.

* Who’s the college application essay writing my, audience for your research? Yourself? Other academic PL researchers? Programmers in outstanding essay industry? Funding agencies? Not always an organizer easy question. * What criteria are used to evaluate papers in POPL, PLDI, ICFP, etc? What criteria are used to evaluate DOD or NSF grant proposals?

* It’s nice to try to figure out why some languages succeed and others don’t. There are multiple forces involved, and their relative strengths can vary with time. (I lied: exceptions go to teacher essay aspects and monads both of which came in the 90s) I beg to differ. Aspects : were pretty much well known in the LISP community using Programmable Interactive Environments (see e.g., a 1978 paper by Erik Sandewall on this matter, section on “Advising and the thesis theme, Insertive programming”). Monads : were certainly known under a different name in the 80s (see 1980s paper by Simon Thompson, I think. Essay. The 1988 book “Elements of FP” by Reade mentions it around page 299), as a “programmable” semicolon. Lined Paper. The last one was invented by Peter Landin in the 60s, I believe.

See http://okmij.org/ftp/Computation/IO-monad-history.html. There is nothing new on earth, really… This is the goal of Language Design. Outstanding Teacher Essay. Everything can be derived from this. Human Productivity depends on better tools, environments and maintainability. The latter depends upon course, readability, presentation, abstraction and ease of composition – this influences syntax and support for outstanding, extensional metaprogramming (i.e. “Growing a Language” through the specification of pattern transformation rules). Computer Productivity depends on optimising performance to get results quicker for the human user and to boost the overall productivity of the tutoring essay, system of which it is a part. This can make ‘Live Programming’ environments possible, where the program is a mix of interpreted and compiled modules – where the latter may be selectively ‘unfrozen’ for rapid prototyping of new features. These results would be counter-productive if incorrect – hence: Verifiability. All work on separation of outstanding teacher essay, concerns, constraints, equational reasoning, type theory and dynamic manipulation control interfaces that avoid weaving independent aspects into a stateful model aid comprehension, testing and the thesis, state-of-the-art proof techniques.

Produtivity is also linked with domain and concepts, jargon and methods used in that domain. Current languages are inadequate in outstanding many of the recent state of art sciences like DNA analysis, drug and polymer design, financial analysis, web searching etc. I jotted down some additional thoughts here: Hi Vivek, thanks for the comments! I don’t think companies find it profitable to develop programming languages at the rate that they used to. Now it is the universities which develop these languages, and that too mostly for academic interest. Thank you for application, writing this.

As a software practitioner without formal education in computer science, and a programming language design enthusiast with a stupid hobby project in the works, it’s heartwarming to know that somebody in outstanding essay academia shares my sense of the thesis, how to go about what I’m doing. So it’s fundamentally a methods issue. “What is a rigorous programming language or piece of PL research?” In recent times this has been answered with more and more static analysis and formal reasoning work. But, as I understand your essay, you’re pointing out that we need some discipline of Design, to discover and outstanding teacher, build the things for reasoning about. “Necessity is the mother of invention.” So, what is lined paper practice, it really that we NEED from our programming languages? In PL we definitely have a Sapir-Whorf problem: without a programming language in which to outstanding teacher formally express something, we can only grasp about in college application essay help my the air at outstanding what we want to say. MapReduce could not exist without map() and reduce() themselves, which could not exist without first-class functions. So I would posit this as the peer program essay, fundamental question of Design in PL: “What can your language express that others can’t?” “But, as I understand your essay, you’re pointing out that we need some discipline of Design, to discover and build the things for reasoning about.” Yes!

Pretty much! I’m not the first one to suggest this, btw. I think Herbert Simon had a similar thing in outstanding mind with his “Sciences of the essay online organizer, Artificial” ideas, although the choice of the word “Science” there sends everyone down the wrong path. In any case, my reflection here, unlike Simon’s analysis, is very much grounded on the tangible effects of *not* having such discipline in Academia: design papers get rejected (for the most part), design proposals go unfunded (for the most part). Essay. I’m not lamenting it, I’m just making this observation. It’s easy to understand why they get rejected: because the community doesn’t know how to assess them. They’re neither Science nor Technology nor Engineering nor Mathematics, so no one knows how to deal with them.

Venture Capitalists know how to deal with those ideas, but their goal is to maximize profit, and not so much enlighten human understanding. I’d say that patterns are an indicator of wanting to say something but not having the linguistic tools to say it directly. This is where I whine that FORTH is the one and only true language. FORTH is another language that was written by a single person, Chuck Moore. With most languages (I’m unfamiliar with some of the languages mentioned, but) the syntax is writing, fixed. Outstanding Essay. Control structures are predefined. Course. Basically all you can do is create new functions. FORTH lets you (if you know how) extend the syntax of the outstanding teacher essay, interpreter/compiler dynamically.

You bend the language to the application, not the writing university of toronto, application to the language. Essay. Being a stack based language it has been stuck with word sizes (16, 32, …). It lets you intermix high level code with low level and college application essay writing my, is a wonderful language for teacher, embedded applications. But I feel it has potential if rewritten for this object oriented age. I hope to someday such a version is created. This might just be the peer essay, best blog post I’ve ever read. Thanks very much!

I enjoyed every word. I think part of the difficulty of PL design these days is essay, that the greatest bottleneck to human productivity isn’t language anymore. Peer Tutoring Program Essay. Library availability and quality is probably the most important deciding factor in using a language: that is, it’s more about teacher, what work you can *avoid* doing, and these days, you can avoid a whole lot. Now, there are many language features that I consider huge productivity boosts: garbage collection, closures, objects, dynamic typing, etc. But as you pile up language features, you get to a point of diminishing returns. Application Essay Writing. Macros are great, continuations as well, but the essay, productivity gains are marginal compared to other features. The best one can expect from developing new language features is to inspire improvements to a new or existing popular language, but the magnitude of the actual impact is essay, far from clear. I mean, concretely speaking, something like arbitrary precision integers probably yields greater productivity gains than powerful tools almost nobody understands (continuations, monads). Still, personally, I see potential in outstanding essay a few avenues: importing capability from computer algebra systems (e.g. automatic differentiation, simplification); expansive annotation systems (annotating associativity, that two functions (are supposed to) do the same thing, and so forth, to facilitate optimization and debugging); integrating some machine learning (e.g. you could define a measure M, like the time taken for the program to thesis writing run, and tag variables as “to optimize with respect to outstanding essay M”, leaving it to a JIT to figure out optimal values for performance, memory usage or a criterion of the programmer’s choosing); probably others I haven’t thought of. One reason I don’t like to application essay writing adopt new programming languages: every language designer feels bound to invent a new library, even for the simple things like finding a substring. This is really tiresome.

The best PL work nowadays is being done (again) by Alan Kay and the VPRI crowd. I disagree with Lopes … sounds like a touch of world weariness to me and maybe she should take a nice vacation. The simple reason why we can have languages programmed by designers is because of the rigor of the underlying stack. An alternative example, would be HTML5. Just look at the insanity that is HTML5 which basically says that we will take all the anachronistic parsing behavior that is common across browsers and make that ‘the standard’ (btw thats trollish of me, but I hope everyone understands) … its a race to essay the bottom but its underpinned by essay writing course the fact that lower abstractions have a solid foundation. I maybe wrong but I very much doubt an assembly language designed by designers would do much of anything, certainly not in a way where you could build higher level abstractions on top of it.

Lopes is not recognizing the fact that programming (and software) is emerging from its ‘hobbyist’ phase and teacher, that today’s developer are much less likely to choose proper programming languages (after all software is psychology in the end). An analogy is program, with the auto industry … there was a time where we could all maintain our cars and do significant amount of work and customization to them. The 50’s and 60’s even up till the outstanding essay, 80’s was the auto industry ‘hobbyist’ phase … pop open a hood today and most of us don’t want to get involved. The same is happening with computers in general … to the benefit of commercial concerns. Back to the real problem which I believe is two fold … firstly education is a problem in that parts of academia is tutoring program essay, still catching up with industry but this is changing … almost to the point where many of the best bits of software incubate in a university somewhere to be commercialized by students leaving. But more importantly (and subtly) we need to give up on this idea that any single programming language is essay, going to be applicable to all things. Its a fundamentally western ideal to pose battles between programming languages as a ‘winner takes all’ exercise. The fact is that there are efficiencies in lined paper having a ‘lingua franca’ but we also lose some precision along the way for dealing with exactly the right tool for the right job. We need to embrace heterogeneity and apply principles of convergence judiciously … not just bet on programming ‘horses’ and blindly espouse their benefits. Having been a programmer for so long I have seen my various pet languages go through the adoption curve … I cringe when I see the essay, computer media obsessed with ‘memifying’ everything creating hype which in turn forces people to use any specific tech far beyond its original intent which is followed by the eventual backlash where people say ‘INSERT HERE is dead’ and 5 paragraph organizer, actually the technology goes on to live for outstanding teacher, another 20, 30 years. I love lisp (20 yrs on emacs) but its never going to gain wide adoption, I love xslt, xquery both which are functional languages but developers I know have a ‘marmite’ reaction either hating or loving it.

Teaching these languages shows that people have issues with basic programming idioms irregardless of paradigm in effect. Like any actor, musician who wants to play to an audience or mother who wants the world to know of theme, their child’s genius or even a soldier who wants to get a chance to illustrate their devotion to duty … its understandable that all the hard work that Lopes does results in how she feels. But this is teacher essay, very common in science where hard work and graft support and underpin each little micro step which eventually leads to future breakthroughs … its highly annoying that ‘crowd think’ results in us doing unholy things with javascript but I’m not going to paper practice worry about essay, it anymore, think back far enough and thesis writing of toronto, things were much worst in computers (and if javascript killed flash thats enough for me). my thoughts only, Jim Fuller. Nice post!

I’m also an academic, in experimental particle physics however. Students only outstanding essay get Ph.D.’s going after physics results – measuring physical constants, etc. Which I love doing. However, I’ve always had a side hobby playing with new ways of essay online organizer, doing our analysis (we have a giant data-mining problem in essay this field). Some of these ideas I’ve always thought could really make what we do faster and peer, more “fun” (i.e. Essay. less fighting with our huge C++ codebase – many 100’s of thousands of objects and source and config files). But I can never put a student on that for some of the theme, reasons you state above. I am glad you’ve found something that interests you. Outstanding Teacher. This is the lined, key to outstanding teacher the problem, you have to application essay have something that you both like and the community will give you credit for. For me, my side hobby ends up as talks and posters at outstanding a large conference on computers in particle physics – in a small side parallel session for the about 10 of us that are interested in theme this stuff. As far as programming language design and outstanding teacher, “is it dead”… Haven’t they said that several times about science?

Watching new stuff steadily flow into the mainstream (I’m a heavy user of C++, C#, and python – C++ is paper practice, just *too* slow on the uptake!), I can’t help but wonder what else is out there. Research has to be done not only to come up with new techniques, but also how to essay integrate them into languages that are practical (vs. pure). We are constantly pushing the boundaries of abstract math – I can’t help but think that would have an impact on writing university, language design and generalization of outstanding, concepts. But there must be some fairly cool constructs that already exist in academic languages that can be translated to the more mainstream languages. 5 Paragraph Online. Simlification… At anyrate, good luck. And don’t stop pushing the boundaries. Teacher. There are millions of interesting problems out there. I hope you continue to find ones that are interesting to both you and your journal editors!

Speaking from lined practice, 30 years of teacher, experience in college writing using different PL(s) in essay the business environment, I have watched the ratio of time between defining application specifications, development, and testing significantly change. Development time has shrunk as newer languages and essay my, richer libraries have become available. Development is fairly quick once the specification is known given that the developer has some experience with his/her PL. From the essay, limited viewpoint of “would a new PL reduce the development time”, I think that any improvement in organizer a new or revised PL would be of little benefit to reducing development time. If I were directing research in PLs, research would be directed toward determining how the choice of a PL affects specification and validation effort. I feel compelled to essay point something out. I feel that the commercial success and ease of use and the ease of learning of a computer depended on it’s programming language.

The personality of the computer depended on the programing language. I would say the language was the program, computer. One example of ease of use I would argue, and commercial success based on language I would argue was the zx spectrum. I argue we should do better and have the essay, modern equivalent. I’m impressed with the integrated software from framework from Ashton Tate and it’s programming language that integrated with documents and outlines. I’m impressed with lisp and emacs. I’m impressed with smalltalk. Maybe I’m impressed with scratch visual programming language to a degree. But nothing was so simple as zx Sinclair tokenized basic with a token per key and good syntax error detection. And the language is the computer and commercial succes I believe or was in college essay course the 80’s. I don’t think much of teacher, java.

I love unix / Linux. But the feeling of a language being a computer is thesis, maybe only framework or emacs besides the zx spectrum. Another interesting computer was the Jupiter ace a forth computer. Back then you turned the computer on and that was it. We could have had a lisp computer. Maybe with ssd’s we will have instant on languages. Things like the iPad are cripplelled as far as programming language potential.

I think it’s a big deal that the programming language is the computer. So having a good one is important. I like the concepts of go. I thought programming languages would have evolved in different ways when I was a kid in the 80’s. Music is interesting in outstanding that it is a parallel language has loops and is real time. I was very impressed with framework implementing programming languages in outlines, spreadsheets and documents, a very powerful combination, easy to understand and very productive, think of it as emacs with outlines and spreadsheets instead of just buffers.

Hope my insights are useful. Did the writing of toronto, programming language stop being the computer in the 80’s? Or making or breaking it’s success or making it easy to learn and understand for the future programmer hacker. I second every sentiment you expressed. Most programming languages are boring after learning M (MUMPS) and its $Order() function. i think adoption of the outstanding, scienctific discovery is a totally wrong meausure for significance of it. there are many factors in choosing a programming languages, many of college application help my, them are irrational, others are non-technical.one fine examples is list of benefits of PHP. most of the reasons are legal and financial. others are technichal support and essay, rich set of libraries, at last comes the writing university of toronto, learning curve. Essay. nothing is said about lined for writing, productivity, reliabality or even performance. scietific research is discovery of outstanding teacher, problems and practice, solutions for them. Teacher. tools are only the thesis made to teacher faciliate the research. there are still many problems like multicore, performance and memory management that are open for research. College Writing. but once you have your solution you need to wait 30 years for someone to outstanding teacher essay use them, or make a a spin-off company and sell tools made with that idea.

what bothers me is having to use outdated tools and lined paper, hacked languages for my everyday use (C++ and Ruby) i am writing my own language hoping that i t will be useful for myself. Essay. i do it partly to have creative outlet but mostly out of of toronto, frustration. C++ does not scale in complexity and Ruby does not scale in performance. i would be lucky if i can put all the innovations from PL research. my final thought is that, programming laguages are like human languages. Outstanding Essay. they are a culture. it is the language programmers speak. one idea that i have in my language is to write a language framework, ship it with a parser generator and thesis writing university of toronto, let the programmer put their favorite language syntax there. in conclusion, the stall of PL research is because they are solving the wrong problem. Well said. Teacher. As a fellow academic, I also find the situation distressing.

I’d like to add one point, using Perl (“interpreted line noise,” somone once quipped) as the example. Reliability of 3-rd party modules is college essay writing help, a huge incentive to use a language that one might otherwise avoid like the plague. Outstanding Teacher Essay. I’ve no scientific study to backup my own very pleasant experience with contributed Perl modules, which is writing university of toronto, why I use the language a lot despite my many reservations about outstanding essay, it. Totally agree, and I was going to make the same point if no one else did. Perl has been around a long time and college application essay help my, I’ve never had any trouble finding a library that couldn’t do the job, and outstanding essay, in on tenth the time of the C#/C++/VB’s of the of toronto, world. My only outstanding essay problem is the dependency nightmare (a kind of DLL Hell) that you get when you pull the string on the jumper that is a library in Perl. I finished a PhD doing research in distributed systems / databases.

This essay applies equally well there, at least if you replace the names of various programming languages with names of paper for writing practice, systems. Part of what has driven me out of teacher, academia is the fact that the essay, kind of work I like to do (design a system, then build it to explore if/how it is useful) is not well rewarded in academia. It could be that the focus on publishing papers is actually the right one, since industry seems to do a reasonable job of building interesting systems in my field, at outstanding essay least at the moment (see the explosion of peer tutoring program, various distributed databases that are now available). However, it certainly isn’t the right one for me. The discussion has been interesting but I feel that one major point has been overlooked. All the languages discussed are text based languages. Teacher. They rely on tools that convert series of characters into 5 paragraph, computer actions. Essay. Where is the research into theme, using motion based languages (Kinect) or music based languages into computer actions? Another part of the problem is outstanding teacher essay, that computer languages have two very different purposes: a. make the computer do something.

b. allow another human being to understand what is being asked of the computer to the thesis theme do and to be able to modify that. In many cases, this second purpose is the more important. “Write only” languages have very limited application (see APL or Forth). Thus, research into programming languages is partly a research into human behaviors and perceptions. Historically, it has been very difficult to get solid scientific data on human perceptions especially when dealing with large objects such as computer systems design. It would be interesting to use a language like latex where the symbols mean something, no reason not to repent the things with symbols, like summation, everybody has bit mapped graphics, not just text, the languages could be more readable by having real math notation. Thank you so much for writing this article!

As a young academic this article is speaking from my heart. Outstanding Teacher. I quickly learned that success as an academic in CS requires to pretend you’re following a scientific approach in papers while actually sticking to open-ended experimentation for your own work. I had the luck to do my PhD with a supervisor who never asked me for a proposal and even the college essay writing course, less for a topic. I had no PhD topic for essay, more than four of of my five years! He just trusted that gathering the smartest people possible and delegating all, yes all, responsibility to college writing course them will lead to great results (and great failures). Now as I am working at an American institution though I can see how the outstanding essay, more formal American system with proposals, committees and (are you kidding me?) even classes for PhD students does not as easily allow to fake the system. I am currently at a point where I have given myself another year to find a position that let’s me fake the system again or I’ll leave to industry. I had been working in industry before so I know pretty much what to expect there, it’s not all sunshine either but at least it pays well #128521; Thanks, Adrian.

I know that the college writing course, questions raised here, and the directions that the community takes, are much more important for the next generation of academics (like you) than they are for me. Two comments, somewhat different from each other, which I will try to keep brief! 1. I often compare programming languages research on outstanding teacher, “academic” programming languages to university genetics research on fruit flies. Fruit flies themselves are not hugely economically important (except, I guess, to fruit growers and vendors), but they have certain properties (such as quick turnaround of generations and low maintenance) that allow us to essay use them to explore concepts that are fundamental to all life. Similarly, functional and logic programming languages don’t have a huge impact on the practice of programming (except in certain application areas), but they have certain properties (such as ease of writing, parsing and absence of side-effects) that allow us to outstanding essay use them to explore concepts that are fundamental to all programming languages. Wide adoption of essay writing course, these research languages is not a realistic research goal, unless you want to become embittered. A less embittering research goal is to contribute to the understanding of fundamental concepts that can be picked up as needed later.

2. Here’s a parachute-haystack-and-pitchfork story. Java was created as a language that used dynamic types and teacher essay, garbage collection; that was a good thing. However, it didn’t have any parameterized types; that was a bad thing. Tutoring Program Essay. It was especially unfortunate because there had been research for many years on parameterized types, research that was rendered virtually unusable by outstanding teacher essay the building of college, a large codebase using Java data structures with non-parameterized types. But then along came Odersky, Wadler et al. and created Pizza and GJ, a heroic and brilliant effort to harmonize classic parameterized types with an existing non-parameterized codebase (“making the future safe for the past” indeed); that was a good thing, and outstanding teacher, thankfully Sun recognized it as such. The point of all this is 5 paragraph essay online, that Java parameterized types would not have been able to teacher be made possible without Odersky, Wadler et al.’s deep understanding of parameterized type systems.

That deep understanding came from many years of exploration of college essay writing, those systems, involving a chain of researchers and teachers extending back to Church but certainly involving a lot of academic research work on languages like ML in the 1970s, 1980s and outstanding teacher, 1990s. College Essay Writing. Every innovative concept in a PL research paper, however small, has a chance to deepen someone’s understanding of an important topic. Enough deepening, and you suddenly get dramatic bursts of usefulness in widely-used languages. Generics are great!… in my opinion. I love monads too. But how should my opinion count wrt studies like this one: Is this a case of giving Perls to outstanding teacher undeserving developers? How can we find out if the number of programming errors / headaches was effectively reduced by the introduction of generics in Java? Or were developers doing just fine without generics?

These are the kinds of 5 paragraph online organizer, questions that I asked myself regarding AOP, too, so this is not just about other people’s language designs. We all know that certain people, like Wadler, are great language designers. What is it about essay, their designs that make them “better” than Rasmus Lerdorf’s designs? Are we going answer this last question only a-posteriori by studies such as the theme, one above? How do we identify a fantastic design before wide deployment? — by the credentials of the designer?… I have a lot more questions than answers, and the main purpose of this essay is to ask all those questions. Parameterized types are great, but even I would not be crazy enough to outstanding teacher try to convert a Java codebase using non-parameterized types into one using parameterized types (the process that the Microsoft paper was apparently studying). The whole point of the Odersky/Wadler work was actually to thesis writing of toronto make it possible for those codebases to remain exactly the same, while permitting programmers to introduce parameterized types as the fancy took them. I love parameterized types, but don’t share your (and Wadler’s) enthusiasm for monads. (I consider them to be, at best, a good solution to an ugly problem endemic to functional languages.) I would rather recognize outstanding papers one by outstanding essay one than to bestow upon anyone the crown of “world’s greatest language designer”.

Thank you! You’ve expressed very clearly the thoughts and frustrations I’ve been experiencing as an academic myself. Like you, I’ve often used Tim Berners-Lee as an college essay help example of someone who probably wouldn’t have been able to obtain a PhD thesis or get a journal paper accepted for his design of the web browser (Ward Cunningham, the outstanding teacher essay, inventor of Wiki Wiki, is another example of someone who got his glory in avenues other than academic ones). Like you, I’ve had to move away from designing software systems just so I could get some publications out. Paper. Almost like you, I found that applied machine learning provided me with the kind of domain that I still could enjoy working in and in outstanding teacher essay which it is 5 paragraph online, easier to publish work following the scientific method. Outstanding Teacher Essay. So, yes, I can definitely play the game so I can get published and promoted! #128521; But I still find that my best work is in designing software systems. My best work has mostly gone unpublished so far (or at least not for a wide enough audience), because it doesn’t fit in the nice grid of traditional criteria that lazy/tired/risk-averse reviewers can use to course assess it. It’s not the end of the world for me, as I can still publish other work, but obviously something is wrong here… Does this new language/system allow me to think differently (i.e. is it introducing a useful new paradigm)?

Does it allow me to do things I couldn’t do before? Or does it at least allow me to do certain things more easily than before? These questions are hard to assess using typical quantitative analysis. Teacher. Like Christopher Alexander would say, we’re looking at “the quality without a name”. How subjective! How difficult to assess! So what can we do? One solution would be to do like the tutoring program essay, Design Patterns evangelists did, and form our own community (our own conference and journal), with our own set of rules and criteria (you have already listed some in your essay. That’s a good starting point.).

We need some reputed and risk-taking leaders. We need them coming from diverse backgrounds. Teacher. We need them to have an open mind, and yet to be endowed with intellectual honesty and rigor. In any case, thanks for giving us frustrated, software-designing, academics a voice! This article is very well written, but it seems to writing course be based on mixing up science with engineering, and then wondering how the teacher essay, engineering activity of design fits into 5 paragraph essay, the resulting mixture. Let me try and disentangle a few things, because I think Crista already knows the answer but just hasn’t laid the parts out clearly enough to make that answer obvious. While I cannot claim to have discussed the philosophy of our discipline in my old department (which combined EE and outstanding essay, CompSci), I don’t recall any faculty member ever having confused their engineering activities with their scientific ones, and we certainly were involved in both. Science and engineering are completely distinct and separable even when both are being done together, because they have completely different modus operandi (MO) and purposes. The purpose of science is to understand something that is not currently understood, and it does so through application of its one and only MO, the extremely well known and very formal Scientific Method.

Very briefly, it has two halves, a theoretical half in which mathematical theories are devised and testable hypotheses extrapolated, and thesis writing university of toronto, an empirical half in which observations of the unexplained behavior are made and the measurements compared against the predictions in order to disprove the hypotheses. If after countless such cycles of the MO nobody around the world can disprove any of the predictions derived from a theory, then it gains credence in teacher the scientific community as tentatively valid in college essay writing help the domain tested within the bounds of experimental error, despite no positive proof being possible through this MO. Engineering is completely different. Its purpose is to create something useful by outstanding combining established techniques and, near its bleeding edge, also by applying new understanding obtained from thesis writing, science. Its MO is also completely different from that of science, involving the equally well known but less formal process of discovering requirements, evaluating alternative approaches, designing solutions, implementing and testing prototypes, and in teacher the case of peer, commercial production, devising the production systems as well. This MO varies quite a lot depending on the engineering discipline, but it almost always has this general form.

None of outstanding essay, this is in dispute in the science and engineering communities, as their purpose and MO has not changed for many decades coming up to centuries, although the lined paper for writing practice, language used to describe them has changed somewhat. Of course, “Computer Science” is a relatively new kid on outstanding teacher essay, the block, but even in CompSci nobody I know confuses their science with their engineering, nor with their mathematics. CompSci embraces all three disciplines, but they are completely distinct at any given time, and I expect that every computer scientist is application help, aware that the label “Computer Science” is a poor reflection of what they actually do. Most CompSci activity is very down-to-earth engineering because it has the purpose and uses the MO of an engineering discipline to make things. Theoretical CompSci is a branch of outstanding essay, mathematics, and quite rightly has its own label because its domain is so specific. Writing. And finally, only teacher very rarely is the paper for writing, MO of science applied to outstanding teacher essay investigate an as-yet unexplained phenomenon in CompSci — the computer scientist is then doing Science. These three activities cannot be confused even when all three are being applied simultaneously. They fit together perfectly and each subdiscipline plays its part in whatever the computer scientist is essay online, doing. So now we get to the crux of the outstanding, alleged difficulty, which I don’t think actually exists. Thesis University Of Toronto. “Is creating a new programming language in outstanding teacher a CompSci research department actually science?” If it uses the Scientific Method then it is, and if it doesn’t use the the thesis theme, Scientific Method then it is not. This is *by definition*.

THERE CAN BE NO AMBIGUITY on this score, although of course it is essay, possible that the MO of science is applied poorly by college essay writing my a computer scientist who is teacher, only a half-hearted or slipshod scientist. Even then however, whether the MO of online organizer, science is being used or not is outstanding teacher essay, pretty clear. Program. In virtually all cases the answer will be ‘No’, science is not being done because the outstanding teacher, MO of science is not being used, although the possibility of an paper practice exception cannot be excluded. There is a second question that arises from the above: “If science is not being done because the MO of science is outstanding teacher, not being used, does this invalidate the CompSci work?” No, of course not! CompSci involves 3 subdisciplines, and if the MO of science is not being used then the work could still be doing excellent engineering or very deep and original mathematics of essay, computation. Getting hung up on “evidence” (which is not a term generally used in the MO of outstanding teacher, science anyway, observation and measurement being far more specific and tutoring program essay, appropriate) is quite wrong, when two of the major subdisciplines of CompSci do not involve science at all. Note also that both science and engineering employ measurement as a very important tool, but for different purposes, which is another reason why focusing on “evidence” is essay, not an effective way of determining whether science is being done.

And so finally to Crista’s declared wish: “I would love to bring design back to my daytime activities.” Do it! Don’t get hung up on “scientific/quantitative validation” when you’re doing design. Design is not science, it’s within the college application essay my, engineering subdiscipline of CompSci, easily recognized by outstanding teacher essay any engineer through its distinctive purpose and MO. The same would apply if you were doing theoretical computer science: your domain of peer tutoring program, mathematics would require rigorous theoretical proofs if done formally, but as its name implies it is a theoretical subdiscipline and not science because the outstanding, observational half of the MO of university of toronto, science is not present and not appropriate. Try applying this acid test of “Is the MO of science being used?” to all the outstanding teacher essay, CompSci activities you can think of, and you’ll see how rapidly any doubts about the thesis theme, what is going on evaporate. Even when you’re using *mathematics* to *design* an teacher instrument to measure *unexplained* behavior in a computer system, all three subdisciplines can readily be identified. They truly are orthogonal in practice, and can be combined without confusion. Of course, the world is far from perfect, especially research funding committees, but that’s nothing new.

Human imperfection aside, the alleged conceptual problem concerning design of PLs doesn’t really exist from my experience of research faculty. Computer scientists usually know which subdiscipline they’re using at lined paper for writing practice any given time, at least those with an engineering background, and they employ the MO that is appropriate for outstanding essay, that subdiscipline. Good essay though, provided much food for thought. PS. Extending the topic of the essay a bit, while the 5 paragraph organizer, MO of essay, science is college essay course, not appropriate when doing engineering, surely the MO of teacher, engineering is extremely appropriate. Paper Practice. Yet, most software developers treat their MO almost with contempt. It’s no surprise to essay anyone that the bridges of the software profession collapse millions of times a day across the world. Thesis Writing. There used to be a term for outstanding essay, this, ‘The Software Crisis’.

Nowadays the college application help my, word for outstanding teacher, it is ‘Normal’. Hi Morgaine! I’m having a serious personality disorder right now Virtual Worlds and Programming Languages sit in completely separate parts of my brain! Thanks for 5 paragraph, the comments, though. Well Opensim (Crista mentioned Virtual Worlds, and OpenSimulator is an open source toolkit for VWs in which we share a common interest) is outstanding, a perfect example of an engineering project, and quite an ambitious one. Nobody would ever suggest though that what they’re doing is application essay writing help my, science when they’re designing and implementing it, even if their contribution were being done as part of a CompSci research project, because the MO of science — the Scientific Method — is not being used, nor appropriate. Any science that they might be doing would be using Opensim as a tool (for example, writing simulator modules for 3D visualization of some scientific data), and their design and implementation work is engineering, even if completely original, because it has the outstanding teacher, purpose of engineering and uses the the thesis, MO of engineering within their project. These aspects of what a computer scientist is outstanding, doing are completely separable. Below, Ant [March 8, 2012 at 2:51 pm] elaborates further on this separability of disciplines by college writing their respective MOs. Outstanding Essay. It’s a powerful tool for determining what a computer scientist is doing at any point in time. I agree with comments by Richard and lined for writing, Joe that we can still gain.

(major) improvements with domain-specific languages as then the language fits. better to outstanding the job we are solving. The challenge is then still how to study if a. particular language works better: Companies who develop their in-house. languages often do not have time to do that, albeit some exceptions exist (e.g. Perhaps one interesting area for the language research (programming. or modeling) is then to the thesis study the fit to the task. 1) There is outstanding teacher essay, no external incentive. Moore’s law (the hardware industry) took charge of the advancement of computing. Society do not differentiate software from hardware and perceives that computing advances. So it does not perceive that software is not advancing. There is no need of software to writing university of toronto advance.

There is essay, no need of the the thesis theme, software industry to advance. There is no need of CS to outstanding advance in software. There is for writing practice, no need of teacher, PL research. 2) There is lined for writing practice, no internal incentive. Academic research is outstanding teacher essay, driven by fashion and career advancement.

PL faded as fashion since the 70s. Academic PL research is middle term to long term research. Above 5 years, with a decade being normal. PL is essay writing, long term. It is a professional suicide. The field is composed by vocacional researchers and enthusiast mostly. 3) Interdisciplinary and pure.

Interdisciplinary research is fashion and get the teacher, funds. Is more fashionable than “pure reserach” and “PL research” so it is quite more fashionable than “pure PL research”. Interdisciplinary funds attract non-CS to relabel their research. projects as computational simulations, so CS is theme, full of outstanding essay, research for the sake of other fields. The computational non-CS fields advance greatly. Pure CS advance slowly. For instance bioinformatics.

In other words, the subdisciplines of CS that advances are. the ones that serves other disciplines. CS does not have the aim of producing scientific knowledge. of its own discipline for its own purposes. Sarcastically “CS is theme, just the outstanding teacher essay, tech support of the rest of the sciences”. For instance a PL research project will get funds. for GPU computing support PL features. 4) Applied and basic.

Replace the word “Interdisciplinary” with “Applied”, and “pure” with “basic” in the section above. … it is more quite fashionable than “basic PL research” … 5) Academia is conservative. Even with the for writing practice, multicore challenge craving for a paradim shift. PL reserarch groups do not take big risks. and play safe bets with short term projects. Projects that start from scratch ignoring. pre 90s concurrent PL research. 6) Polishing and Cocktail. PLs are created constantly. The usual methodology employed by a PL designer.

is to take his/her favorite PL and essay, add some features from other PLs. Essentially it polishes a PL, it completes what is missing. More knowledgeable PL designers prefer to 5 paragraph online organizer base their new PL. on many PLs so just put them all in a blender and synthesize a cocktail PL. The nature of the teacher, methodology employed implies that no new. PL paradigm will be created.

The resulting PL will be of the same paradigm of the original PLs. The features of the thesis theme, PLs are memes. 7) Language scale and Paradigm scale. The Academic PL design field can be analyzed at teacher essay the language level. or at the paradigm level. So it would be convenient to consider the innovation of PL paradigm research. along the innovation of PL language research posed by Crista. Imperative paradigm 1842 (Ada Byron, Charles Babbage) Functional paradigm 1930s (Alonso Church) 1958 (LISP McCarthy) OO paradigm 1963 (Simula 63 Nygaard Dahl) Logic paradigm 1972 (Prolog Colmerauer)

Relational paradigm 1972 (Prolog Colmerauer) 1970 (Codd) 1976 (Chen) The last profoundly new paradigm appeared in college essay writing course 1972 with Prolog, a language of the logic and relational paradigms. From the PL paradigm scale perspective: … “that not much seems to have emerged since 1979” … is related to the question of: In order to something new to emerge are new PL paradigms necessary? In this case the word paradigm would correspond exactly. to the sense it is teacher, used in Thomas Kuhn “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” (mentioned previously by Felleisen). So applying the Kuhn’s perspective to the PL scenario the exploration ended.

in the college application essay, 70s and it will not be unlocked until the next paradigm revolution. 8) The scientific method. The study of the scientific method is done by outstanding teacher the philosophy of writing course, science. Epistemologically the success of the outstanding teacher essay, industrial society rests in paper practice the availability of technology. Technology is produced by outstanding teacher essay engineering. Epistemologically the discipline of engineering is the solution of problems. by the application of science and mathematics. Science lets engineers understand and predict their solutions. Mathematics lets engineers express their solutions and calculate (parameters, predictions, etc.).

Epistemologically science and math are disciplines that study objects, so their aim is to produce theories, i.e. scientific or mathematical knowledge about. The object of study of a science is concrete, i.e. it exists in the natural physical reality. The object of study of mathematics is abstract. It is a pattern that manifest in the reality. The nature of the object of study determines the methodology. The methodology of science is experimental verification. The scientific theory should correspond to the natural physical reality (experiments). The methodology of mathematics is essay writing help my, proving theorems. Epistemologically software engineering is not an outstanding teacher engineering, it is a craftsmanship because there is no science of software. There is writing, no theory of software in CS. Suppose that a scientific theory of sofware of the kind needed by.

software engineers exist, then their would be widespread adoption. and use by the software development community. As Parnas points out in his article “Really Rethinking Formal Methods”, it didn’t happened yet. The rest of the engineerings are successful because they count with the. sciences and mathematics that they need, so they can.

understand and predict the behaviour of their systems. We software developers cannot understand even less predict. the behaviour of our systems and the corpus of knowledge of CS and SE. does not aid in to getting the profession close to the rest of the engineerings. 9) Back to the PL and Crista blog. Some questions that arise contrasting the brief epistemological framework with Crista’s blog. Crista’s blog considers that academic PL research has industrial and outstanding teacher, applied aims. Most academic PL research so far was restricted to industrial and theme, applied aims.

Her viewpoint as most PL reasearchers in outstanding essay academia restric to industrial and applied aims. Should academic PL research be restricted to industrial research and produce technology? Is this restriction what stops PL research of thesis writing of toronto, evolving? The restriction of focusing on teacher, doing doctoral work that produces technological results. More specifically in Crista’s blog it refers to widespread adoption of a PL language. The success of an industrial PL should be judged by this criteria.

But should a research PL language be judged by the same criteria? The aim of PL research should be to produce technology. and satisfy the college writing, needs of the industry? or to outstanding teacher produce theories of PL, scientific knowledge that lets us. understand PL better and more deeply? 10) Academic PL research does not have an exploratory agenda since the 70s. The agenda was dictated by the hardware evolution through the. demands of continual adaptation of the thesis, PL to succesive new generations. So far the continual patching of PLs worked and was enough.

Hardware evolution is still insufficient incentive for further. exploratory PL research. Exploratory research is conducted marginally as a hobby. For instance in an academically unrespectable site like. Cat’s Eye Technologies page about esoteric PLs. PL names like brainfuck or funge will shun many. academic PL researchers.

11) Academic PL research never had a (epistemologically) scientific agenda. One that is not restricted by industrial or applied aims. But this is part of a general situation, that CS research never had a scientific agenda or producing scientific. knowledge about software. A discipline uninterested in producing a theory of software following. the scientific method will not produce a theory of PL. Just because CS has the word science in it does not make it.

a science in the epistemological sense. In Crista’s blog the word scientific is outstanding, used in “scientific evidence”, but it is not scientific in theme the epistemological sense. In Crista’s blog the purpose of a doctoral work is to produce technology. So the evidence is about technological success, its effectivenes. Epistemologically a scientific evidence validates experimentally. a scientific theory or some piece of it. 12) In other sciences there is an internal agenda of the discipline. and an external agenda.

The internal agenda is to outstanding teacher essay advance the state of theme, scientific. knowledge of the discipline and the external agenda. is to outstanding teacher apply its results in benefit of the tutoring, society. CS does not have an internal agenda in outstanding essay general. Specifically in PL research there is no internal agenda. In Crista’s blog the agenda is external and the thesis, it is about doctoral proposals.

fitting in ths STEM goal. The lack of outstanding, internal agenda means that epistemologically. CS does not have scientific goals and the thesis theme, CS does not follow the scientific method. Perhaps it is natural in Crista’s words “that not much seems to have emerged. In the essay, most mature sciences (epistemologically) like physics. most scientists are devoted to produce or verify scientific knowledge. and a minority to apply it and produce technology.

On the other hand CS is devoted to produce techniques. or technologies but not scientific knowledge (about computers, or software or PL). In the theoretical side, theoretical CS is essay organizer, pure mathematics. They are mathematicians that write theorems and follow. the mathematical method: theoretical CS prove theorems. So theoretical CS is teacher essay, not producing scientific theories. On the other hand the most mature sciences and theme, engineering. took centuries to outstanding teacher develop. CS and SE have about half a century.

But the regard or disregard of the scientific method by CS. determines it to be a protoscience or pseudoscience. And the regard or disregard of the engineering method by SE. determines it to be a protoengineering or pseudoengineering. This final post of lined for writing, yours, number 12, is accurate, well reasoned, and to essay the point.

However, I rather doubt that CompSci is peer program essay, a proto — or budding — discipline of any specific kind. It’s a composite discipline, and in 4 decades of essay, involvement I haven’t detected any evolution towards it becoming anything other than what it already is. As has always been the case, it comprises engineering, mathematics, and far less commonly, also science when investigating unexplained phenomena by applying the MO of science. Theoretical CompSci continues to be a specific branch of mathematics, and Software Engineering continues to be engineering, despite the term SE coming into college essay writing, disuse in recent times. You’re right that the vast majority of people just don’t take engineering seriously when creating software.

Your term ‘pseudoengineering’ is harsh, but accurate. The saddest part of this for me is that one might sensibly expect computer scientists to outstanding essay have a strong interest in placing their engineering subdiscipline on college application essay writing help my, a more formal footing, but such activity is almost non-existent in the ranks. Outstanding Teacher. This has resulted in the standing of computer science professionals being abysmal outside of pure academia, and rightly so because their ability to perform quality engineering has no solid footing in 5 paragraph essay their discipline. CompSci has really missed the boat on this one. Hopefully one day CompSci will wake up and realize that it has failed to feed one of its babies, and give it the attention it deserves. Software bridges may then start collapsing less frequently, and being a professional in software engineering may then actually mean something. There is no sign of it yet though. I restricted to present the idealistic perspective. Fortunately you presented the outstanding essay, realistic perspective. So it can provide a wider and more balanced panorama. The idealistic position is about what CS SE should be.

The realistic position is about what CS SE is actually. The expectations of society and the scientific and engineering. communities are expressed in the idealistic position. On the other hand you need to know who you are, where you are and thesis writing university of toronto, what are you doing. so the outstanding essay, realistic position is peer tutoring essay, necessary as well.

Certainly the discipline in its actual form comprises all M.O. I hope some day CS SE gets closer to the rest of the sciences. and engineering but it will take time. It took centuries for the most mature disciplines to develop. to its current state. A simple analogy I consider is about a craftsman, a mechanic and an engineering. A craftsman understand the item he makes.

He understand it enought to make it work. A mechanic understands an engine so he can diagnose and repair it. But their understandings are partial and superficial. A mechanic lacks a complete view of the engine as a system. and its subsystems. He doesn’t know why each part has the dimension it has.

Nor he has a knowledge about the forces and torques implied. Nor the mechanics of the fluids and essay, gases involved, or the combustion process and the thermal dissipation, etc. On the 5 paragraph essay organizer, other hand, the essay, scientific knowledge possessed by an engineer let him understand an engine in a complete and profound way. A mechanic cannot devise an engine. An engineer can. Engineers are happy learning tons of science and college writing, math. to make the impossible possible or to improve their creations. The situation of a software engineer is closer to the craftsman and to the mechanic.

A SE understands the essay, software enough to writing help make it work, like a craftsman. A SE understands the software enough to debug it like a mechanic. But this understanding is partial and superficial. The completeness, breadth and outstanding teacher essay, depth of understanding of a system that characterizes mature engineerings are still light years away of thesis university, SE. And CS still did not produce the sort of outstanding teacher, scientific knowledge needed. The question is what languages have enough depth to build a massive, complex, real-time, distributed and embedded system, complete with any sorts of essay online, I/O (and slick user interfaces), and in the process have enough depth to create all of the other language’s to boot. I can think of only three, Assembler because of outstanding, it a necessity, C/C++ because of its proliferation, and Ada because of college application essay, its expressive power.

Most of the outstanding, other languages that have appeared over the years have brought very few earth shattering features or concepts to light that cannot be reduced to a mere library. If you what to know my theory of why we have so many languages today, read Genesis 11:5-9. “Unfortunately, this argument is the hardest to defend. In fact, I am yet to see the college essay course, first study that convincingly demonstrates that a programming language, or a certain feature of teacher, programming languages, makes software development a more productive process.” It sounds like a copout. You seem to be biased in that any study around that has good results won’t be good enough for you. Well, let’s make one then.

We’ll use 30 people minimum for 5 paragraph online organizer, statistical significance. Get 30 people that know C and PHP. Tell them to teacher write a web app where the user types in a sentence the app returns both a list of words in the sentence the application my, number. Teacher Essay. Measure how quickly each app is produced and how many lines of code it takes. If your view is correct, PHP will provide no advantage due to either it’s dynamic, scripting nature or ability to peer easily mix HTML server-side script. Experiment 2. Outstanding. Take another dual set of 30. Application Essay Writing Help. Half will use Java to outstanding code an enterprise web app. Thesis University Of Toronto. The other half will use Sun’s DASL language and toolkit.

Measure time taken, lines of code, etc. If your position is correct, then the DASL people won’t finish way ahead of the Java guys with much less code. (Illustrated: an app of around 8-10k DASL compiles to 200k+ lines of Java, XML, SQL other stuff.) Experiment 3. Outstanding Teacher Essay. Have a set of people write an app with certain safety requirements. One group uses C one group uses SPARK Ada. Compare believability of correctness arguments, time to produce/test arguments, time to build application, size. Do a similar comparison against Escher’s Perfect language with auto-generation of C++, Java or Ada. Experiment 4: Two teams design a batch processing app that consumes possibly malicious data performs complex operations on it. It must have high performance and no observed reliability/security issues over a year.

One team uses C++ and one uses Ocaml. Compare the time to college writing course produce the app, app size, annual no. of crashes, annual no. of outstanding teacher, security flaws, and general bug count over the year. If your position is 5 paragraph essay organizer, correct, Ocaml’s superior design will provide no advantages. Experiment 5: Two teams design an application for processing log files producing a report about them. One team uses Pascal and one uses Perl. If your position is correct, Perl’s dynamic nature powerful built-in regular expressions shouldn’t get the job done faster. Anyone thinking that’s not fair can do a similar competition with both languages for a standard console app that doesn’t rely on either language’s specialties. Perl developers will still finish first. Experiment 6: Two teams design a SCM. Outstanding Teacher Essay. One uses Java with a good IDE one uses Allegro Common LISP with it’s platform.

Measure time to produce, compile times, lines of code, ease of database integration where needed, and ease of modifying the application. Allegro CL should provide no benefits from dynamic nature w/ optional static performance typing, AllegroCache OODBMS built-in, and incremental compilation. Experiment 7: Two teams do system administration tasks, a business app and essay, a web app using no fancy auto-gen extra tools, although web frameworks are allowed for either. One team uses C++ and one uses Python. Measure time to completion, lines of code, bugs/crashes over a year, cost of IDE’s and time to train developers to achieve this. I’m betting on Python. Extreme example: Compare assembler to C/C++ for most apps. Outstanding Essay. There’s no features that the latter language has over the former that aids the lined practice, software development process? Codasys vs SQL? Prolog vs Mercury? Gypsy vs Coq?

Certain language features and design points definitely help in both general and specific cases. It’s beyond obvious. If there isn’t a good study proving it yet, then that just shows how poorly academics are doing their studies on the topic these days. Version: GnuPG v1.4.10 (GNU/Linux) As a professional mechanic for six years before attending college, your analogies follow the line of outstanding, “a tool for every job”. Or what carpenters would say, “when all you have is thesis writing university of toronto, a hammer, everything looks like a nail”. My job is writing code for deeply embedded products. Essay. The kind of stuff where if it works, no one ever knows that it even exists. Writing University Of Toronto. It is all (with the outstanding, exception of very few lines of asm) written in the thesis theme C. The tools I use to work with my code, are primarily written in Perl, though some are written in Python. The build tools are a combination of ‘make’ (and the assorted autogen) and Python (SCons).

Configuration is through XML. Documentation is through plain vanilla html/css. And there are a dozen small bash scripts that automate life for me as well. I think that gets to the heart of your comment. If your only tool is outstanding teacher essay, PHP, everything looks like a Web Page.

You’ve certainly struck a nerve in help the PL community. As a reformed academic, I would agree with you that the most successful programming languages are completely uninteresting from teacher, a research perspective. As you say, they are all mashups of object-orientation, (usually) dynamic memory management, and application essay writing help my, algol syntax. We’re still working with a dominant paradigm developed in the 70s. As a software business person, these languages are interesting not because of the language itself, but because of the frameworks and target markets that they co-evolve with. Ruby would be just another language without the high productivity Rails framework, and PHP and Javascript would never have happened except that we needed “good enough” languages to build applications for the web. Academics tend to essay dismiss this as “worse is better”, but software business people would rephrase this as “good enough today is better”, and would recognize this as a trivial corollary of the axiom that “time is money.” So I agree that in order to do credible programming systems research, you would have to peer tutoring essay accompany it with controlled experiments that showed efficacy in teacher the form of thesis writing university of toronto, programmer productivity improvements and better runtime performance.

Unfortunately this kind of work tends to be prohibitively expensive to do in academia, and rarely of interest in the business world.

Why Recruiters Are Bad For Your Career. At some point or another, every technical person will conduct a job search. Outstanding Essay! And either by design or accident, they will encounter the nemesis of job searching: The Recruiter. Application Essay Writing Help My! These individuals are employed by teacher, companies whose sole purpose is to serve as an intermediary between job seekers and potential employers. Their marketing literature will say that they match you to potential jobs, and since they spend their days looking around for potential job openings, they have a better grasp of whats out lined paper practice there than you do. Outstanding! It’s their claim, anyway. The big problem with recruiters is application essay writing help my, that they are typically paid based on two criteria: the salary of the outstanding jobs they put people in, and how many people they place. This might sound like a win-win, but really, it’s a win for the recruiter and paper for writing practice a loss for essay the job candidate. What common strategies do recruiters use to lure job applicants, and why are they bad for you? Let’s take a look…

The Uninvited Solicitation. Anyone in the technology industry will eventually be solicited by a recruiter who found their contact information somewhere and decided to contact them about an open position, out of the blue. The conversation (either via email or telephone) usually starts off with some praise (like “I reviewed your resume and I think you have some fantastic technical skills that could apply to this position I have open”) and then a pitch for paper practice a job that they’re trying to essay, fill. This is often a flattering proposition: someone found YOU, and decided that YOUR skills would match THEIR job. But it’s a scam.

How can you tell it’s a scam? There will often be tell-tale signs, some more subtle than others. Obvious ones include a recruiter who emails you, praising your skills as a match for this job, and for writing then proceeds to describe a job in a completely different field from outstanding, your background. That recruiter is bullshitting you, and is really not interested in finding “the best fit.” They just want to collect the lined commission. Other signs include jobs that are somewhat in your field, but not necessarily fitted to your skill set.

Most of the time, if a recruiter says “I have a client who…” they’re lying. Most recruiters don’t have exclusive locks on jobs; they get their jobs the teacher same way you do, they just happen to know who the hiring manager is and thus can make more direct contact. Submitting your resume the old fashioned way still gets it seen by the same person. The Vague, Rewritten Job Posting. As previously mentioned, most recruiters working for staffing companies don’t have exclusive contracts to offer a job, actually screen candidates or are otherwise directly involved in the hiring process. 5 Paragraph! Their role is largely self-defined, where they match candidates to a job posting; their success is outstanding essay, dependent upon their network of contacts and essay their ability to get their candidates directly in front of the hiring manager.

As a result, most recruiters are pretty vague about the company they’re posting for when they write a job posting. They’ll usually write something along the outstanding lines of “My client…” or “We have a client who…” They won’t post any identifying information about the company in the ad, and for good reason: if you knew what company was hiring, you could go apply for thesis the job yourself! Recruiters will often post job descriptions that are vague, and outstanding teacher more often than not, rewritten from the original. Recruiters are aiming to get the widest possible number of people interested in the posting, since that increases the paper for writing practice applicant pool and increases the chances they’ll win a commission by making a placement. The result is that they will rewrite the job description, often adding keywords that they think might be related, and end up posting a job description that is vague, keyword-filled, and really useless for knowing what job they’re actually trying to find a candidate to fill. This is bad for teacher you because it means that you cannot target yourself to a particular position as easily.

Most hiring managers want to know how you’re going to satisfy their needs, and the thesis theme a shotgun approach to providing such satisfaction will turn them off. If they’re looking for essay someone with Postgres experience they don’t probably care that you worked with MySQL, Oracle, and tutoring program essay SQL Server, for example. Speaking of rewriting… The Rewriting Of The Candidate’s Resume. Recruiters will often ask candidates to outstanding teacher, send them a resume in theme Word format. Essay! This is often for 5 paragraph essay organizer two reasons: first, because there is no contract in place between the company and the recruiter, the recruiter doesn’t want to have the company be able to hire the applicant directly, thus bypassing the recruiter and outstanding teacher essay his commission. The Word-based resume allows them to remove the contact information of the candidate before sending the information along. But second, and more dubious, many times recruiters rewrite resumes. That’s right: they’ll rewrite your resume to “match” the job description. The reasons this is bad for lined paper practice you should be obvious: lying on outstanding your resume is college application essay help my, typically grounds for automatic rejection or termination, regardless of who was responsible (most employers won’t take “the recruiter rewrote it!” as an outstanding teacher essay, excuse).

In addition, most recruiters are not technical but are convinced that keywords sell job candidates, so they’ll load up resumes with tons of bullshit terms, trying to match the resume to paper, the job description to improve their chances of success. Finally, it’s possible you may not see the outstanding teacher essay finished product, meaning you could get asked about lined practice something on your resume you’ve never even seen or heard of (that one is awkward). The Pre-Interview Interview At The Recruiter’s Office. Car salesmen like to outstanding teacher essay, get people into peer, the showroom. They know that if they can get people into the showroom, to teacher essay, make the investment of time in coming to the showroom, the theme sale becomes much easier. Recruiters are often car salesmen in outstanding better clothing, and practice the same philosophy.

In recruiter world, this often takes the form of a pre-interview interview. It serves two purposes, both bad for the candidate. First and foremost, it causes you to make an investment in 5 paragraph online organizer the position you’re applying for. You’ve invested the time to dress up, keep an appointment, and essay answer questions. Recruiters will tell you the purpose of the interview is to make sure you’re sane and qualified, but I’m firmly convinced that it’s really designed to have you make an investment of your time and energy in the recruiter and lined practice the role. The second (and often more dubious) reason is to get you to fill out paperwork for the recruiter. Teacher Essay! Remembering that the lined for writing recruiter has no contract with the companies they’re trying to recruit for, many try and end run around this by making you sign paperwork (usually as part of teacher a “job application”) promising not to accept a position with any company they put you in college essay contact with, unless that offer comes through them. The goal here is to get one of the two parties in a situation where the recruiter can almost be guaranteed their commission; this has nothing to do with protecting the interests of the candidate, and teacher essay everything to do with protecting the interests of the recruiter. Now that the candidate is under contract, it’s time for the recruiter’s next trick…

The Unprompted Blasting Of Your Resume All Over Town. You applied for essay online a single position. You sent the recruiter a copy of your resume in Word, came down to his office, spent a couple hours being “interviewed” and signed a piece of paper promising to inform the recruiter if you got a job thanks to their efforts. Turns out the role you wanted either got filled or you weren’t a good match for. Essay! You move on to your next job prospect.

And then the 5 paragraph worst thing in the world happens. The next company refuse to call you in for an interview because they’ve already seen your resume. Seems that your recruiter sent it to them last week, but the company you’ve applied to essay, doesn’t want to pay a 25% commission to thesis university, hire someone. They know you’re under contract not to take their job if they don’t pay the commission. And so they aren’t able to work with you at this time. Now that the recruiter has you under contract, he’s free to outstanding essay, do whatever he wants with your information. This is a curse upon college application essay, your house. Every place the outstanding teacher recruiter now sends your information is off-limits to you if they decide the other candidate is lined practice, cheaper. You’ve just lost control of teacher your job search. Sure, you can ask your recruiter to stop, but the damage has probably already been done. Lined Paper! A recruiter’s success at teacher essay, their job depends on their ability to know pretty much everything going on online in a given job field, which means there’s a chance everyone hiring for your field within 50 miles has gotten your resume and now can’t hire you.

Think this can’t happen to you? This is exactly what happened to teacher, me once upon a time. In fact, I had contacted two recruiters, and they had both submitted me for the same job. I had even interviewed for that job, but when they realized that two recruiters had submitted me, they pulled out of the process, out of fear that one of them would sue if the thesis university other got the commission. The Complete Disregard For Your Preferences.

By now we’ve established what recruiters are after in the process. This often leads to essay, recruiters putting you up for a job that you have no interest in winning. The vagueness of the job posting, as well as the vagueness of most recruiters, means that you may not have a good understanding of what job you’re interviewing for. For example, I had gone through the whole pre-interview interview (while avoiding signing paperwork) with a recruiter. I had spent a whole two hours in their office, expressing my preferences, likes, and dislikes. I had explicitly stated that I didn’t want to essay writing course, interview for outstanding teacher essay Drupal-heavy jobs. They scheduled a call with a hiring manager, that ended up being rescheduled. I had made a major investment of time and effort in thesis this interview by this point. In the first five minutes, the teacher hiring manager described the 5 paragraph essay online organizer position as being “primarily a Drupal developer with a few legacy applications that will eventually be moved to Drupal.” I was furious. Here I had wasted more than two hours in their office, plus travel time, plus scheduling and rescheduling the interview, plus actually having the outstanding teacher essay interview, only to find out I had no interest in the job. I could have found that out in theme five minutes if they had simply been up front and saved all of us a lot of time and energy.

But recruiters are typically selfish and don’t care about your preferences – they care about their commissions! And this focus on commissions leads to the last recruiter strategy that hurts developers… Playing Mr. Positive Until They Don’t Need You Anymore. If you ever had a girlfriend who broke up with you after you wrecked your really nice car, causing you to realize it was the car and not you that she loved, you’ll understand how a recruiter behaves when you tell them you’re not interested in the job they have open. They’ll drop you like a hot potato.

Oh, it’s not personal. It’s just that you’re not useful to essay, them anymore. They’re after a commission, after all. They’re not social workers, they’re capitalists. Their product is you, and you suddenly have no value to the goal they’re trying to achieve.

And so, they’ll stop returning calls. Until they need you again, that is. Recruiters are not really interested in taking a candidate, finding the online best position for them, placing them in that position and teacher essay making sure they’re happy. Lined Practice! If they were, they would work with a candidate to essay, find them a role that fit their experience and the thesis preferences, and go the extra mile. To date, I’ve never seen it. Telling You Things To Boost Your Ego, But Being Full Of Lies.

A recruiter will tell you lots of things, aimed at outstanding, boosting your ego and also convincing you to work with the recruiter. They’ll tell you things like “I want to help you get the of toronto highest salary possible” or “I’m working on essay this for application essay writing you.” All lies. Outstanding Essay! Recruiters’ commissions are based on salary, so of course they want to the thesis theme, get you the teacher essay highest salary possible – for 5 paragraph essay their own benefit. But remember: the commission a company pays to hire you will inevitably reduce the available cash for a given position, reducing your salary offer. Teacher! And since a starting salary is often the place companies start from when giving raises, you will permanently reduce your lifetime earnings.

As for a recruiter “working on this for for writing practice you” that’s bullshit too. The recruiter is working on teacher essay it for themselves. They’ve been tasked with filling that job. They don’t care if it’s you that fills it or the next guy who applies; they just want to get the job out of their portfolio. Working with recruiters is also a lot of bad news. Recruiters have three lines that they like to give candidates after interviews. The first is “the company has decided not to hire for writing this role at essay, this time.” The second is “the company has already filled the position.” And the third is “the company has decided you’re not a good fit for the role.”

The first line is the biggest amount of bullshit of the three. Application Essay Writing Help My! The company never decides not to teacher, hire; they decide the commission would be too expensive and so that’s what they tell the recruiter they’ve decided. Either the course recruiter is too stupid to outstanding teacher, know he’s being lied to or doesn’t care; that’s what he tells you. The second line, about lined paper for writing filling the position, may well be true. It may also be a knee-jerk reaction of the company to being contacted by a recruiter. Most companies will bite on a recruiter if the resume they get is top notch, but since recruiters take a shotgun approach to getting folks hired, most of the time this is not the outstanding teacher essay case (you may well be the finest resume he has; but then again, if he’s rewritten it, maybe it sucks now). Either way, working with a recruiter is going to feel a lot like always being late to the party. Finally, and the most honest of the lines, is the company talking with you and program essay then deciding to go an entirely different direction. Outstanding Teacher Essay! This happens often, and at least you find out, but be prepared for this to happen more often with a recruiter. The company knows that they’re going to have to pay you the same as other candidates but they’ll also tack on online an extra 25% for the recruiter, so if they’ve got qualified candidates who aren’t tied to a recruiter, you’re going to get this line from them almost instantly.

What’s the upshot of outstanding all this? I strongly recommend you avoid recruiters at all costs. While many people find jobs every day using a recruiter, the reality of the job market for developers is that good developers don’t need recruiters to find good positions. Tutoring Program Essay! Recruiters do nothing but make it harder for you to find work, and their commission (which is based on essay your salary on hire) often drags down your pay package. College! Finding a job without a recruiter may take a bit longer, or be a bit more stressful, but is more rewarding, provides more flexibility, and ultimately improves the teacher odds of getting hired in a great position without strings attached.

Are there any honest recruiters? Of course! Sadly they are few and far between. Peer Tutoring Essay! However, it is possible to find a job with the right recruiter. Lonnie Brown is outstanding, one such honest recruiter; give him a shout if you’re in the PHP job market! Frustrated with your company’s development practices? You don't have to be! No matter what the essay writing course issues are, they can be fixed.

You can begin to outstanding teacher essay, shed light on these issues with my handy checklist. Plus, I'll help you with strategies to paper practice, approach the issues at the organization level and teacher essay punch above your weight. Great! We#x27;ll be updating you soon on best practices for your team! It’s really sad that 99% of the recruiters out there are like this. In my recent (is. 6 months recent?) experience, there’s a few diamonds in thesis university the rough out there. There’s ones that genuinely want to see you put in the right spot and will work with you through several different opportunities. Unfortunately, there’s the “ambulance chasers” of the recruiting world and they make a bad name for the rest. My personal favorites is what I call “The Five Minute Callback” (recruiters out there that do this, you know who you are) and teacher the “Recruiters en Masse” where a single job post is broadcast across multiple recruiters and they *all* call within an lined, hour of each other. Essay! Sure, they have no way of knowing they’re doing this but it feels a little “eight different bosses, Bob” Office Space-y.

I agree with Brandon – it’s unfortunate, but there’s just too many of the “get you in, I get out” sort of mentality among recruiters out there. Most of them come off like the sleezy used car salesmen they really are. Sounds all too familiar. Organizer! As someone who has been on the other side, the job offering side, i can relate. Ive seen recruiters falsely claim i had hired them to fill a job opening, luring in a candidate with an opening that the outstanding recruiter just found on our website. They would then send me this candidate’s resume (anonymously) and tell me how they are exclusively working with a super developer to land them a job and how foolish would I be to turn it down. They often just search openings, resumes and paper for writing practice try to ‘match’ them, claiming to outstanding teacher essay, both parties that they are ‘working for’ the other party.

I’ve also indeed seen resumes that were altered etc. Sometimes they screw up so bad that its actually damaging: I once got an anonymous resume from a recruiter and in the resume I could see that the guy was actually already working for me but apparently was looking to switch jobs. 5 Paragraph! By sending that resume to me (I assume by accident) they did not only outstanding teacher, cause me to blacklist the recruiter, they actually harmed the privacy of the developer. Ever since, I have a no recruiter policy. Not to defend recruiters, but it’s actually possible for the thesis theme “the company has decided not to hire for this role at teacher, this time” to lined for writing, be correct. On more than one occasion after going through the interview process, I have declined to outstanding teacher essay, hire anyone for the open position. Lined Paper For Writing! Generally, this happens when I get an especially lousy round of resumes and the one or two good candidates we can’t hire for whatever reason. The position’s still open, but unfilled, until a few months later when I have the time and outstanding essay energy to go through an employee search again. I’d rather wait and find another good candidate to hire, than hire just anyone just to have a warm body. Great Post Brandon!

This reminds me of 5 paragraph online my recent experiences as well – “The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly”, which I blogged about at http://neal-anders.com/blog/archives/391. @Ivo: One thing I’ve always heard from people is that you should always be looking and/or attending an outstanding, interview on a regular (say, every six months) basis. Keeping your resume up to date and keeping your interview skills fresh is important, even if you’re not ready to move on. That being said, it’s pretty classless for a recruiter to send a person’s resume to their employer. No employer should ever be faced with questions about 5 paragraph essay online organizer whether their developer is loyal, and no developer should ever be canned for teacher simply doing what they should be doing – ensuring their professional development is up to par. I have, however, been called before by a recruiter who, after finding my resume on the thesis my blog, offered me a job opportunity at my own company.

That one was fun. While you are correct that there are lots of scummy recruiters out there, there are a few diamonds that make it worthwhile. For a developer that is good but not connected (or known) in the community, a good recruiter is a huge asset. Like it or not, you state one of the outstanding main reasons they’re handy: “A recruiter’s success at application, their job depends on essay their ability to the thesis, know pretty much everything going on in a given job field” A good recruiter will know about companies and positions that aren’t advertised elsewhere. I’ve pulled lots of teacher companies into DCPHP as a result of writing university hearing about their groups through recruiters. Outstanding Essay! Prior to writing, that, they were completely disconnected. And companies decide not to essay, hire for essay a position all the time. John notes one scenario, but another is a project they expected to win not coming through. Or a department budget being cut.

Or a re-org. Or the decision makers are tied up with other responsibilities. Or miscommunication within their organization. Essay! I’ve witnessed all of these and been a victim of a couple. One of the things that has been lacking in the AustinPHP community so far is the job openings. They’re there, but few know about them. College! A professional community needs a pipeline for jobs. So what are the qualities that make a recruiter *worth* working with?

Excellent article, and completely true as far as I’ve seen in teacher essay the last 10+ yrs of 5 paragraph essay online my experience. And thanks Brandon for showing me the “behind the scenes” reasons for why recruiters sometimes act so strangely, or why companies just flat out refuse to hire you when you’ve got a recruiter in teacher the mix. Brandon, I can totally relate to essay, your story as my profile is used and abused by so many recruiters in my area. But, don’t forget they contacted you and you can refuse to outstanding teacher, agree on thesis writing university of toronto their terms giving your own terms in exchange. Outstanding! This allows you to stipulate that they can only the thesis, use your profile for that one customer (and they have to give you the name) and that this contract you sign with them has an expiration date of outstanding essay six months or less. When you finally get to meet the customer, leave your business card there in case you don’t get the job in college essay writing the first place.

After the expiration date, you call them up saying you no longer are tied to the recruiting agency and outstanding teacher are still available for them to work directly. The recruitment business is dirty and if you’re not careful the can screw you over. But, the same goes for you. If you’re in the position of college application writing help having a very much “wanted” profile, let them play by your terms. Hm…what inspired this post? ;) Brandon excellent post. I’m searching now and it’s been a total headache. Some of outstanding teacher these recruiters are pretty gangster. Program! I recently had one send me a job description and requested that if I was interested in the position to reply back to his email with a copy of my most recent resume, home number, and SSN.

Yea, send my SSN via email to a stranger. That’s crazy… I wonder how many people he got with that one? Thanks again for the post, I enjoyed it. The staffing industry is worthless in general, but it exists because dumb ass clients commoditize the business and outstanding establish vendor lists and low rate structures. The Thesis Theme! It is sad, but it’s like any position….you get what you pay for.

When rates and margins are so low for these staffing companies, they hire entry level recruiters, pay them shit, and make most of their compensation purely commission. That’s just a recipe for disaster. I still think there are plenty of teacher good recruiters; ask around and you’ll find them. They can be a great source of knowledge for a job seeker. Essay Course! But obviously, there are far more shady recruiters than good ones.

As a long time recruiter, I just hate to see these articles, but I see them often. Wow… there always are bottom feeders out there! Excellent post, reminding that hell is full of teacher essay nice intentions… I do get tired of some of their bullshitting, just because they want to convince me to change jobs. I will keep silent on the most outrageous excuse I heard.

Great reading and thanks. The whole ‘sending your resume to tutoring essay, your current employer’ thing can also come down to recruiters having stumbled upon an old version of your resume and then blasted that out. Outstanding! Presently there are several recruiters here in the UK that think that I am a Java developer despite it being more than 3 years since I touched it. Also I am now a Flash developer, which is news to me :( Don’t forget the lazy HR department at the corporation. There are many companies that create a list of acceptable vendors (recruiters). Resumes not coming from the ‘approved vendor list’ are not considered or, in some cases, accepted. I believe HR departments do this to keep the submissions to online, a minimum, and in the hope that the recruiting firm is doing a pre-screen. A relatively new habit I’ve noticed is agents trying to get me to add them as contacts via linkedin. Outstanding Essay! ‘XYZ claims they’re somebody you’ve done business with at lined for writing practice, ABC before’ – no, no I don’t think so, I’ve never heard of them. They’ll claim it’s for outstanding teacher my own benefit, that it’ll make contact with me more easy and reliable. Not that I’ve noticed them having any difficulty filling up my inbox every day with the most random, ill fitting job specs or cold calling my mobile while I’m on a client site.

Anybody else have that special ‘agent call’ look/nod between developers.. I’m suspicious over linkedin, could it be to get at my contacts rather than help me out? after all I’m already in the system. If you do a Google search youll find lots of agent software used to scan CVs for keyword/skill matches and bulk-mail the for writing hits. This is why when you call an outstanding teacher, agent back over a job, they ‘personally’ mailed to you, it means spending the next fifteen minutes trying to pin down which job it’s about. College Essay Writing Course! You cant simply say ‘the one you just emailed me about’. Outstanding Essay! They’ll have bulk mailed a few hundred if not fully unsolicited, often inopportune and poorly matched jobs. I often find myself muttering RTFCV!

The other damage they do is hidden in the percentage cut they take, 30% for writing university of toronto feeding your CV into outstanding teacher, a mass mailer and a couple of essay online organizer phone calls isn’t acceptable. Not for essay smaller companies in particular, who’ll often have a blanket no agents policy. The saddest thing is as technical folk we could fix what is a broken, painful, inefficient process for both candidates and recruiters and college application writing my yet we put up with the status quo. Why? Another thing that should be mentioned, is that for contracting positions, I have found that a recruiter is very much needed. As an teacher, independent contractor, I have been using recruiters for the last couple of years to get gigs of thesis writing university all kinds. I have found that the recruiters in this space tend to be better than the ones that I have dealt with for finding full time work. I am not sure the reason, but I have worked with quite a few that are really good in the consulting world. Also I have not found many businesses that will contract with a developer directly.

There are a few here and outstanding essay there, but the majority want you want you to be through a contracting firm, and thus through the firm’s recruiter. Some months back, I too wrote about the difficulties recruiters can pose, from a British perspective. Thankfully recruiters here don’t seem to have started the practise of inviting candidates into their offices, which of course is a great deal more time-consuming than endless rounds of writing office-hours telephone calls before location/employer information is outstanding, released. As far as I am aware, recruiters here also don’t generally expect candidates to sign an college application essay writing help my, agreement regarding offers received through the recruiter. Ergo, if a candidate receives information about an availability through a recruiter *and* via direct means, there is no onus on the candidate or the essay employer to involve the recruitment agency.

My recent experience in switching jobs has highlighted two specific problems with recruitment agencies. Peer Tutoring Essay! Firstly, “CV Hoovering”, which is the practise of obtaining CVs through any means – including re-advertising positions that have already been filled – in order to expand an agency’s seeker database. (Side node: I am not sure whether this phrase translates well on the other side of the pond – American readers might prefer “Resume Vacuuming” instead!). Second, what I’ve termed the “Rogue Agency Consideration” is outstanding, a circular dependency in application my which a genuine candidate suspects an advertisement of existing solely to carry out CV Hoovering. With that in mind, they call the teacher recruiter to ask some preliminary questions about the nature of the role, without submitting a CV first. Meanwhile, the agency suspects the candidate of being another agency in disguise, hoping to steal the position and essay course offer a successful placement to the employer at a lower price. Hence, a barrier has been positioned between the employer and the potential candidate. Our data protection here is a bit better than the American model, however, which may be why recruiters here don’t tend to ‘blast all over town’ with every CV they receive. My CV going to client without my express permission has only outstanding teacher, happened once or twice, and these days I’d feel pretty confident about complaining about thesis writing of toronto a recruiter who did this.

In fact, reputable agencies state up-front that they ask for outstanding permission *every time* they send a CV to college essay, an employer. So, yes, I too am generally not a fan of recruiters – perhaps with one or two exceptions where an individual has really aided my search. That said, part of the dependency of the IT market on recruiters is outstanding essay, that most employers – certainly for British IT positions – use recruiters. So, the advice to lined for writing, avoid recruiters if possible is valid, but often job-seekers don’t have a choice. If a move away from agencies is to be made, recruiting managers need to be persuaded to try non-agency methods of advertising first, and to do their own CV filtering. One thing I noticed, is teacher, that if you want to change the direction of your career, don’t use recruiters. Same goes for if you are a student who is just graduating. If you don’t fall neatly into what they are looking for, they could care less about thesis university you.

Oh, and I’ve had recruiters finally contact me years after I had applied to their firms. I had applied to these places after I graduated college and they are getting back to me now? What gives? I couldn’t agree more with you if I tried. I’ve experienced all of the outstanding teacher essay points that you mentioned and I feel your frustration. College Application Essay Writing My! I remember one time, early during my time in the Uk, that one recruiter, of questionable quality, rang me up in a rather abrupt and outstanding teacher curt tone, attempting to 5 paragraph essay, get me to send over my CV straight-away for a role which he claimed to have that “fit me perfectly”. When I then asked him what the role was about, he said, “I can’t tell you until I’ve seen your latest CV and you agree to an interview with ‘my client'”.

I told him that I, naturally, would need to know what the outstanding essay role was before going any further. The tone of the conversation at this point, from his perspective, became even more abrupt and writing rude. He, begrudgingly, started reading to me what he claimed were the outstanding teacher specs of the role. Part way through this, I interrupted asking him why he was just reading my CV to me. I was completely stunned someone would be this professionally deficient. I knew my CV nearly word-for-word because I’d spent a lot of time on 5 paragraph essay online it and had sent it out a number of times prior to this call. He said he wasn’t doing this and I corrected him saying that I knew my own CV and I didn’t appreciate what he was doing.

At that point he grumbled something about me never getting a role in the Uk and hung-up. Now I’m not saying that all recruiters are this unprofessional, but in discussions over outstanding teacher essay, drinks, in casual conversations with friends and writing generally at outstanding teacher essay, any time, the attitude towards them is rarely positive. I’m sure, however, that there must be some diamonds in 5 paragraph essay online the rough. Probability and human-nature mandates this to be so. However the trouble I have is teacher essay, determining which are the paper genuinely good ones and teacher which are those that just have a smoother/slicker style. I’ve personally had one or two that I like to believe were genuine and they’ve displayed a level of professionalism I sincerely wish was displayed much more. Unfortunately, they’re the application essay writing exception and not the rule. Recruiters have been a God-send for outstanding teacher me. When I was a nobody starting out in the web dev industry with only paper practice, freelance experience they negotiated $20/hr for a 3 month job. My next job through one was $27/hr.

Then recruiters got me into essay, Microsoft who is writing, constantly hiring contractors but will only work through recruiting agencies. My agency hooked me up with more then I could imagine but just getting me into the door at Microsoft has been the greatest value to me. Furthermore, I appreciate not having to do the work, I hate looking for work. I’m 100% content working with recruiters. I am a recruiter and we’re not all bad. Teacher Essay! Sometimes we do have clients and sometimes our clients don’t give us very detailed job descriptions. My comission is 1%. We want to maintain a good relationship with our clients and never submit people who we know are unqualified. Yes, we reach out to you, you who post your resumes on job boards. The Thesis! Sorry for that, we will no longer use the resources dedicated solely to finding candidates and for teacher canidates to find jobs.

How about the people who stalk us? We want to college application essay writing my, help you find work. Outstanding! If we call and talk about a position that you aren’t qualified for, let us know then maybe explain to us what we’re looking for. Help out your peers that way instead of ranting on the internet. Honestly, I don’t know how recruiters earn a living. I’ve never had any luck with them. Thesis Writing Of Toronto! But I have to teacher, disagree with the comment about re-writing your resume to match the job description. That’s actually a no-brainer. 5 Paragraph! Most of us don’t do it because it’s just too time consuming and outstanding teacher tedious.

But there’s no doubt that the larger the organization the more they insist on you being a perfectly square peg to fit their perfectly square hole. If they want A-B-C-D-E-F-G in their job description, you’ll go to the top of the lined for writing practice pile if you parrot those skills back exactly as requested — and beware of offering much more than that, you could appear to be overqualified. Most big firms now require you fill out an online application anyway, so don’t bother giving them a resume. You risk having inconsistencies between the two documents, and by requiring an outstanding teacher essay, app they’ve already disclosed they’re too lazy to essay, read a resume, so why make more work for yourself. I couldn’t agree more with this article. I particularly agree with the part about what it means when recruiters want you to teacher essay, meet them in thesis person (which always seems to mean *you* coming to see *them* on your own time and at teacher essay, their convenience). For technical positions, what you look like doesn’t have a whole hell of a lot to do with how well you know your stuff. College Application Essay! Such in-person meet-ups are therefore always a complete waste of your time: always. A recruiter behaving in this way invariably means one of two things: 1) That they’re recruiting for an employer who thinks so little of the role they’re recruiting for that they don’t feel it’s even worth investing their own time and effort in.

So, they send some lackey who doesn’t even *work* for the company to ‘screen’ you instead. 2) Less often, it means that the recruiter doesn’t have any type of outstanding teacher essay relationship with the client at all, and are merely trying to ‘get you on college writing their books’ so they can blast your CV off without permission to teacher, every role they hear about, no matter how profoundly-inappropriate to your actual skills, experience or interests those roles may be. Stick to only meeting employers who realise that recruitment is a two-way street, and who consequently bother to actually meet you for the first interview, so that they can present their opportunity to you at the same time as you’re presenting your skills and the thesis theme experience to them. Employers who instead send in the clowns first and expect you to run a gauntlet of their unskilled and ill-informed lackeys before they will even deign to outstanding, meet you simply aren’t worth bothering with. I must say that I have had a wonderful relationship with recruiters till I ran into the recruiter from online organizer, hell… I had a phone screen with Broadridge a financial consulting firm in Jersey City then I had an in teacher person interview the next day.

The commute was 1.5 hours both ways for a total of a 3 hours round trip from Harlem. Later on I get offered the gig but decided to only accept it with the following conditions: • That I be able to telecommute part of the theme time. • That I be able to leave early if my wife is in outstanding teacher essay court and I have to look after my son. • That I be able to come in after 9am due to the commute and having to look after my son in the morning.

The recruitment manager then gets back to me with this: I work with Mahwish Ali and the rest of the East West Systems Recruiting. I’m following up my voice message from earlier this afternoon, and application essay help my with your. interview at Broadridge yesterday afternoon. The hiring manager at Broadridge, Imran Siddiqui, was favorably impressed. with the way you presented yourself. What really impresses me, though, is how you married an outstanding essay, attorney, and 5 paragraph had a. child, within 24 hours of the interview. That’s fast work: congratulations!

I’m making this assumption, OD, based on outstanding essay your e-mail message to my team. below. Based on help your professional skills and background, there’d be no way. you’d keep the information about your home office, your school-age child, and your attorney wife a secret until after the in-person interview, right? That’d make you look bad, and stain your reputation, as word gets out about. this. I’m sure you’re too smart for that. If you really wish to essay, work remotely, as part of this opportunity, there’s a. very smart, very clever, and very professional way to writing, have this presented,

to put you in the best possible light. Feel free to contact me (my. information is at the bottom of this message), and I’ll be happy to outstanding, share. with you EXACTLY how to do this. So, basically he insults me and thesis writing of toronto my family then threatens to outstanding teacher essay, ruin my reputation if I did not accept the gig. I didn’t know I was required to reveal my personal life before an interview or before even being offered anything which I am pretty sure breaks labor laws.

The only reason I brought up my personal concerns was because I got offered and I have a right to negotiate on my terms.

20+ Tips for Writing A Remarkable Resume in teacher Today#8217;s Creative World. Posted by tutoring program Assaf Avni on Oct 22, 2011 in Best of outstanding essay | Comments Off on 20+ Tips for Writing A Remarkable Resume in Today#8217;s Creative World. The Thesis? The title of outstanding teacher essay this post suggests that today#8217;s world is somewhat different from yesterday#8217;s world, and that it is more creative. Before we explore this notion, lets look at the definition of the word creativity. Essay Writing Course? Most dictionaries or academic researchers of teacher creativity will agree creativity is the process of generating ideas , that are both (a) novel (new) and (b) useful for (c) solving problem s. To be remarkable (i.e. worth making a remark about) your resume should be somewhat different from everyone else. If you aspire to be remarkable, you have to be different (i.e. novel) and your resume must be useful (for the person reading it) and college essay writing course, solve a problem (i.e. you getting that amazing job).

While most people think about art when it comes to being creative, this post will follow the teacher essay traditional definition of for writing practice creativity (novel, useful, solving a problem) to make you shine brighter and your resume, a star. If on the other hand, you don#8217;t think today#8217;s world is outstanding any different than yesterday#8217;s world and that your resume should follow traditional (may I say old-school?) resume-writing-advices you once got from an HR director or a career counselor, watch the following video: Before we start with actual tips, let me suggest a possibility, that every piece of advice you ever got about how to write a resume (or about college writing anything else really) could be 100% true and 100% false at the same time. What I mean is, for the person who came up with that advice, it might have been a great one. For you, on the other hand, this advice might be a really bad one. Why you ask? (1) They may be different people than you are, (2) working in a different environment or industry, (3) they may be more concerned with practicality (like how your resume will be scanned) vs. likability or remarkability. Tip #1 Don#8217;t Listen To Every Advice You Get (including this one): As a rule of thumb, when someone gives me advice, I always ask why? (as in, #8220;why is essay that a good advice?#8221;). If their explanation makes sense to me sure, I#8217;ll follow their advice. Theme? But many times, the outstanding essay original reasons for that advice may not apply to application, me or may be irrelevant, outdated or serve someone else#8217;s benefit rather than mine. Be a critical thinker. Always ask why.

If the explanation doesn#8217;t make sense to you, don#8217;t follow that advice. Tip #2 Rethink The Purpose of a Resume: Most people think the purpose of a resume is to teacher, get you a job. For Writing Practice? Wrong; the purpose of a resume is to get you an interview. Similarly, most people think the purpose of an interview is to teacher, get you the job. Online? Wrong again. The purpose of an outstanding teacher, interview is to connect with a human being (i.e. the interviewer) on a personal level and leave a remarkable impression on them. Essay Organizer? Personal connection, remarkable impression and teacher, likability will get you a dream job, not the resume or the interview. Read Seth Godin#8217;s little blurb about peer program essay superpowers and outstanding teacher, tell me what#8217;s your superpower? What#8217;s yor USP (Unique Selling Proposition)?

Come up with that one amazing idea that will make you unforgettable. Essay? It’s hard not to essay, hire someone you can’t get off your mind. Peer Tutoring? The first thing on your resume should be your name (dash) your brand. BIG. BOLD.

Job titles can be sort of a branding statement (e.g. John Doe Copywriter) but a smarter branding statement would be to actually brand the teacher essay essence of who you are (in regards to what they need from you, of course). Think values and skills rather than job titles. Art Director is a title Visual Thinker is a skill. Account Planner is a title Cultural Curious or Cultural Maven is a value. People are more likely to hire you for your skills and values, rather than for your title.

Plus, you#8217;re communicating that you are creative, unique, and passionate about these values/skills. Instead of trying to theme, convey you#8217;re good at everything, emphasize a few areas where you#8217;ve accomplished the outstanding teacher essay most. Tip #4 Leave Something For The Second Date: Most people believe they should write as much information about themselves as possible in a resume. They don#8217;t want to omit anything, thinking #8216;more is better#8217;. If you agree with tip #2, that the purpose of a resume is to get you an interview rather than a job, then you might want to think of a resume as a first-date.

We#8217;ve all been there a horrifying first date, where the other side just won#8217;t stop talking about themselves; and the more they talk, the more you don#8217;t want to see them again. 5 Paragraph Organizer? On the other hand, we#8217;ve all experienced an amazing first date, which left us wanting to know more about the other person. Similarly, if the purpose of a resume is to get you a second date (an interview) rather than marriage (long-term career), you want to leave the other side curious and wanting to know more about you. In addition, the more information you have on your resume, the more likely you are to decrease the value of outstanding brand YOU (by saying something they don#8217;t want to hear, something they don#8217;t care about, in a way they don#8217;t like, etc). Application Writing My? If you include very little information about yourself, on the other hand, they might not get the essence of brand YOU, which isn#8217;t a good thing either. The solution: Your resume should have the least amount of information that will make you a star. The same goes for essay, a Portfolio, by the way (adverting, design, etc).

If I see three amazing campaigns in your portfolio, I#8217;ll think you#8217;re a star. But if I see three amazing campaign, plus two just-ok ones and program essay, one bad one, I#8217;d think you#8217;re just ok. Essay? Don#8217;t tell me what your objectives or aspirations are, tell me who you are. I often see people (especially students) add an tutoring program essay, #8216;objective#8217; paragraph to their resume (e.g. #8216;OBJECTIVE: to find a job as a Jr. Art Director#8217;). Some take it to the next level and outstanding, use the word #8216;aspiring#8217; (e.g. #8216;John Doe Aspiring Art Director#8217;). Thesis? I don#8217;t want to hire someone who#8217;s objective or aspiration is to become something they are not yet. Teacher? I want to writing, hire someone who has the confidence to see themselves as their brand, even if they don#8217;t have 20 years of experience in teacher that profession. When I#8217;ll read your resume, I#8217;m likely to see that you don#8217;t have the 20 years experience, but I#8217;ll also perceive you as a passionate person who knows where you#8217;re going.

I#8217;ll know you are determined and focused and paper for writing practice, that#8217;s the kind of person I want to hire. The metaphor I like to use comes from the world of personal relationships. It#8217;s Friday night, you go out and meet an interesting guy/gal. What would you think of them, if they came to you and essay, said: #8216;yeah, um, I think I#8217;m ok in relationships#8217; or #8216;well#8230; I kinda#8217; wanna be great in writing relationships#8217;#8230; rather than them presenting themselves as someone who#8217;s great in #8216;relating#8217; to other people? You might not know them yet, you#8217;re definitely not in a relationship with them yet, but you#8217;re more likely to go out with them if you#8217;d get the sense their most important value/skill is their ability to #8216;relate#8217; to people. HR people might tell you #8216;objectives#8217; are important on outstanding teacher, a resume but that#8217;s only because their job is to file your resume in the right box or put it on essay help my, the right desk.

What if you find a way for your resume to reach the right desk without HR? HR is not your target audience; avoid them as much as possible. If you want to be an outstanding, art director or a copywriter, the college essay course creative director or the creative recruiter are your target audience. If you want to be an account planner, the essay group account planner is application writing help my your target audience. Find out who#8217;s making the final hiring decision, not who#8217;s in charge of filtering, and outstanding, target your resume to them. With that said, the cover letter is a great place to clarify what position you#8217;re applying for. If your resume starts with the headline #8220;John Doe Cultural Geek,#8221; make sure your cover letter clearly states that you#8217;re interested in that Jr. Account Planning position. Tip #7 The FedEx Rule When You Absolutely, Positively Have to Be There on Time: Online sources claim employers spend an average of 20 seconds on each resume they read. Essay Writing Help? I don#8217;t know if this is teacher essay based on an actual study, but from the thesis theme, my experience, if you get more than 30 seconds, consider yourself lucky. I#8217;m pretty sure they spend more time reviewing your resume in details before you come to outstanding teacher essay, the interview, but during the 5 paragraph filtering process, 10-30 seconds sounds about outstanding right to me.

I would go further and say most people don#8217;t even #8216;read#8217; your resume;. #8216;skimming through#8217; would be more like it. Now, what do you do when you skim through a textbook? You read the headlines, the bullet points, right? Well, what if your resume had only headlines and lined paper, bullet points? Boom boom boom, straight to the point, easy to read, creative, quick, etc. If you make your resume skimmable, it doesn#8217;t have to outstanding teacher essay, be readable. Make it easy for them to get all the information by skimming through your resume. One-liners are best. Think twitter every new bit of information is 140 character or less.

Tip #8 Tell Me First or Last I#8217;ll Remember it Better: Teachers, professional presenters or speech writers, will all tell you people remember best what you present to them first and then what you present to them last; They least remember everything in the middle. That#8217;s why they call it #8216;first impression#8217; or #8216;last impression#8217; but not #8216;middle impression#8217;. The most important element of your resume (the one which makes you shine brighter) should go first (creating a remarkable first impression). The second most important element should go last (leaving the reader impressed, curious and wanting to tutoring program, know more). Outstanding Teacher? Everything else should go anywhere in between. People are more likely to remember the first thing and the last things they hear/read about you. Writing University Of Toronto? If you want to have the least amount of information that will make you shine brighter, the structure of outstanding teacher essay your resume should be super simple and skimmable. I#8217;d recommend having only thesis of toronto four main categories: Education , Experience , Skills , and Life . If your #8216;education#8217; section is more impressive than your #8216;experience#8217; section, put it first, and outstanding teacher, vice versa.

In the creative sector (any job focused on generating new ideas), awards are sometimes more important than education. If you won impressive awards, honors or other forms of recognition, which are directly related to the position you#8217;re applying for, I#8217;d add an tutoring essay, #8216;Awards#8217; section before education or experience. If the awards are not directly related to the position, but are worth mentioning, I#8217;d put them under the #8216;Life#8217; section. If you agree with the previous tip, that first and last impressions are more important than anything in teacher the middle, a good structure to follow is: What What did you do? (job title, position, etc) Where When Where when did you do it? (name of the company or institution and time frame) Why (in bullet points) Why should I care? That is to essay online organizer, say, what did you do for them, that you can do for me?

If you agree that a simple and quick structure will help your resume be more skimmable, there#8217;s an easy way to outstanding teacher, do it visually. English is read from top-left to bottom-right. Structuring your information in 5 paragraph stairs-like shape will help the reader find the information they need, while still being able to skim through it. Essay? A good visual structure for every section of your resume will look like this: * Note: the theme actual lines on the left example are to show you the essay indentation; I wouldn#8217;t actually have them in my resume. Following the previous tip, a good structure for your education section might look like this: BA in Marketing. California State University, Fullerton, May 2014. GPA 3.9 President of the Marketing Association Captain of the football team. My assumption is that if you#8217;re applying for a position in marketing, the fact that you have a BA in marketing is more important than where you got it from or when.

The first line in the example above is the #8216;what#8217;, the second is the #8216;where when#8217; and the 3 bullet points are the #8216;why#8217;. GPA below 3.5 doesn#8217;t make you a star; don#8217;t put it on your resume. Instead, if your #8216;GPA in lined Major#8217; is teacher 3.5 or above, put that one. If you have (or getting) a BA/BS from application, a university, don#8217;t list past associate degree or community college education (unless they make you shine brighter than your university education). Same goes for high school.

Phrases like: #8220;Expected Graduation Date#8221; or #8220;Graduated in#8221; are redundant. If you write #8220;May 2014#8221; and outstanding essay, we#8217;re in 2011, I#8217;ll know you#8217;re still a student. Vice versa, if you write #8220;May 2009#8221;, I#8217;ll know you already graduated. Similarly, spelling out #8220;Bachelor of Arts#8221; is a long way of saying BA. Instead of listing #8216;relevant coursework#8217; under education, list the skills you gained from these courses under the #8216;Skills#8217; sections. I#8217;m not interested in knowing you took a typography class; I want to know you master typography. Don#8217;t tell me only your previous job titles. I can#8217;t learn much about lined practice you or your skills from your job titles.

Identify and quantify your past accomplishments instead of listing a general job descriptions. Teacher? In other words: Tell me what you did for paper for writing practice, them, that you can do for me. Be specific and quantify as much as you can. For example, instead of writing: Cashier and outstanding teacher essay, Shift Manager. Starbucks, Los Angeles, 2001-2006. Was in thesis writing charge of the cash-register Opened and closed the store daily Served customers. Cashier and teacher essay, Shift Manager. Starbucks, Los Angeles, 2001-2006. Managed a weekly budget of $25,000 Opened the store on time and the thesis theme, always stayed until the last happy customer left Served 0ver 50 happy customers daily without a single complaint for 5 years.

See the outstanding teacher essay difference? The second example communicates so much more about you than the the thesis theme first one. It tells me you are trustworthy, have a positive attitude, approachable, likable, etc. Most people will write attributes like these under their #8216;Skills#8217; section without even giving examples. By writing them under the essay #8216;Why#8217; section of each experience, instead of under the #8216;Skills#8217; section, you are demonstrating your skills rather than just saying you have them. Leave me curious and wanting to know more about online organizer those skills and outstanding teacher, how you achieved them. Life experiences are great, even if you didn#8217;t get paid for them. That#8217;s why I suggested the title #8216;Experience#8217; for this category, and not #8216;Work Experience#8217;. If you volunteered for a summer camp, for example, you might be great at multi-tasking, solving problems, dealing with demanding customers (kids in writing this example, but still customers). All of these are great skills I would love to know about.

For each experience listed, add one, two, or maximum three things you did for them, that you can do for essay, me (the Why). Bullet point style, one line for essay help my, each. If you list three, put the most impressive first, the second most impressive last, and outstanding, the least impressive in the middle. Tip #13 Use Light Humor to 5 paragraph essay, Engage Your Reader: There#8217;s an essay, old-school belief, that a resume must be serious at the thesis, all times; I#8217;d like to challenge that belief. If you haven#8217;t Netflix it today! It#8217;s a masterpiece.

In any case, the movie was the first ever to present the Holocaust and the Nazi regime in a light and outstanding, funny way. It wasn#8217;t trying to joke about the Holocaust or to program essay, diminish its serious and horrific results. It was attempting to portray the outstanding essay history of paper events in more humanistic eyes. Not only was the movie not criticized for using humor, it won a gazillion awards and I personally haven#8217;t met anyone who saw it and didn#8217;t like it. Here#8217;s another example: Washington Mutual was among the first banks ever (if not the outstanding essay first) to 5 paragraph organizer, use humor in their ads: Before WaMu, advertisers thought banking is a serious business and outstanding teacher essay, no one would like a bank to joke around when it comes to financial services. Again, wrong assumption.

After the success of WaMu#8217;s campaign, many banks followed with their own humorous campaigns. These examples are a testimony that as human beings, we connect better when humor is used. And if you subscribe to tip #2, that the 5 paragraph online purpose of a resume is not necessarily to present information, but rather to outstanding teacher, get people to like you enough to invite you for a second date, humor can definitely make you remarkable. Back to paper for writing practice, the resume instead of just having a #8216;What#8217;: Instead of just having a #8216;What#8217;: These can lead to great conversations during your interview and will present you in a positive way, while communicating the #8216;what you did for them that you can do for outstanding essay, me#8217;. College Application Writing Help My? IMPORTANT NOTE: You don#8217;t want to come out as a joker, so keep the outstanding humor light and the language professional. In general, skills can be divided into three groups: Skills related to tutoring, knowledge or intellect, like knowledge of a language, computer software, etc. Skills related to ability or intelligence (that is, putting knowledge into use), like design, negotiation, editing, etc, and Skills related to personality traits, like analytical skills, listening skills, etc. Whichever category it is, you want to make sure:

All skills listed on your resume should be useful and relevant to the position you#8217;re applying for. That means, if you#8217;re applying for a number of positions, each version of your resume should only include the relevant skills. Why? Remember tip #4 the least amount of information that makes you a star. Microsoft Office or Excel are not a skill; They are software anyone is teacher essay expected to master these days.

Personally, I#8217;d be embarrassed to list them unless I#8217;m applying for a secretarial position. More advanced software (if relevant to the position you#8217;re applying for) should be listed, but again, they are not a skill. You mastering them is a skill. I only want to know about the peer skills that make you a star. If you feel you know Photoshop well enough to teacher essay, talk about tutoring program it during an interview, tell me you master it. Telling me you#8217;re a beginner doesn#8217;t make you a star. General human skills such as communication skills, multi-tasking skills, etc are inflated these days. Too many people add these to outstanding teacher, their resume, making you just like everyone else if you do too. Instead of just telling me you have a certain skill, give me an example of an achievement celebrating that skill. For example: instead of writing: Communication As the membership director of the students association, I#8217;ve presented to 100+ participants weekly.

That tells me so much more about college essay writing help your capabilities, and more important, it tells me what you did for them that you can do for outstanding teacher essay, me. Essay Online Organizer? This is the one section of your resume where you don#8217;t want to use bullet-pointed-one-liners. Located at the bottom of the page, this section is your opportunity to leave a remarkable last impression. Remember what we said at the beginning of this guide? Personal connection, remarkable impression and teacher, likability will get you a dream job , not the 5 paragraph essay interview. This section should be one or two paragraphs, in teacher essay the format of story-telling. Tutoring Essay? People connect with good stories and outstanding teacher, this is for writing practice your chance to show you#8217;re a human being and not just another paper resume. You can talk about outstanding teacher essay your hobbies, countries you#8217;ve visited, languages you speak (although if relevant to the position, these can also go under skills), anything really, but once again be remarkable. 5 Paragraph? If you tell me you beat anyone you know in outstanding teacher Guitar Hero, I might conclude from this you are passionate, goal oriented, enjoy challenges, etc. If you tell me you perform at poetry slam open mic gigs every third Tuesday of the month, I might conclude you are a great communicator, a story teller, can present in thesis writing of toronto front of outstanding teacher a large audience, risk taker, not afraid of peer tutoring failure, etc.

While this section ends your resume, it should provide a great conversation-starter for your interviewer. Remember: your goal is to make it easier for them to connect with you on a personal level. Some people add a list of teacher references at writing help my, the end of their resume or write #8220;References available upon request#8221;. If you ask any HR director or a recruiting agent about the process of hiring they will tell you that only after a candidate is teacher seriously being considered for a job, they call references. Calling references is the very last step in for writing a long filtering process. Adding references to you resume is like brining your mom on outstanding, a first date. Let#8217;s get to know each other first before we meet the the thesis parents. It#8217;s redundant to list references early in the process and it adds a bunch of information that does not make you a star. With that said, keep a list of outstanding essay references on application essay, a nicely printed sheet of paper and bring it with you to outstanding teacher essay, the interview in case they ask for it. College Help? And a little secret if you hear from outstanding teacher essay, your references (after the interview), that they called them to ask about you, there#8217;s pretty good chance you got job.

Most of the time HR will call references to cover their ass and make sure you#8217;re not a criminal. Tutoring Program? Tip #17 Copywrite and Art Direct your resume: You might want to say a lot of teacher essay things about yourself on the thesis, your resume (e.g. you#8217;re creative, you#8217;re trustworthy, you#8217;re goal oriented, etc) and you should, but the outstanding teacher most important aspect on your resume should be your brand. Whether you#8217;re a copywriter or not copywrite every aspect of paper practice your resume. Choose every word carefully, edit, re-edit and re-edit again, and again, and then, again. Essay? Ask a designer or an art director buddy to writing, help you with the layout, visuals, typography, etc. Unless you#8217;re a designer or an art director, no one is expecting you to master these, but in the business of communications, they do expect you to outstanding teacher, care for how your resume look. Whether you#8217;re an art director or not art direct your resume. Art direction doesn#8217;t mean adding art; it means designing a beautiful and attractive resume. Much like any other brand, your resume can either increase or decrease the value of brand YOU with every word, comma, line or color you add. Before you add any visual element, you should ask yourself: why should it be there?

Is there a reason? Does it make a remarkable point? Does it make me remarkable? Am I/can I/should I communicate some of my skills/values visually rather than using words? Learn the basics of Typography, know the difference between Serif and Sans Serif. College? Use Georgia instead of Times New Roman it#8217;s designed to teacher, look better on screen and it#8217;s available on most computers. Join the #8216;Ban Comic Sans Movement#8216; don#8217;t use it! Don#8217;t use font-size 12; most printed materials (books, newspapers) use font-size 9-11 (depending on the font). Instead, adjust the leading (line spacing) to 120% if the font size.

Clean Up Your Mess will help you apply the principles of good design to your resume. Watch Simon Sinek#8217;s TED on 5 paragraph organizer, How Great Leaders Inspire Action and tell me what#8217;s your personal #8216;WHY?#8217; Tell me something about how you see the world, about who you are as a human being, not just as an teacher, employee. 99% of resumes don#8217;t tell much about the person#8217;s attitude, quickness, humor, curiosity, personal manner, what makes them tick, and lined practice, a few dozen other really important traits. Most people assume these will be revealed at the interview but the teacher essay truth is I am more likely to call you for an interview if I perceive you as the human being I#8217;d like to the thesis theme, connect with. In advertising, we call this #8216;Why#8217; Unique Selling Proposition (USP). What#8217;s your USP? I t#8217;s always better to demonstrate/show your USP rather than telling/writing about it. Essay? If you think you#8217;re a great writer, for example, your resume should be a written testimony (instead of peer program writing: #8220;Great writing skills#8221; under the #8220;Skills#8221; section). Similarly, if your USP is outstanding teacher essay a personality trait show it to me using examples rather than telling me about it.

So often I see redundancy in resumes, and college essay writing my, it#8217;s usually in teacher the small details. We talked earlier about making you resume skimmable and a big part of that is getting rid of any word that#8217;s really not needed. Some examples: Writing #8220;Address:#8221; just before your mailing address (as if I don#8217;t know it#8217;s an address), or #8216;Email:#8217;, or #8221;Phone:#8217;, or #8216;Degree:#8217; or, ok, you got the point. In fact, listing a mailing address at all is pretty much redundant these days. All I get in the mail in the last 5 years are bills and peer tutoring, I doubt you#8217;ll get any letter of acceptance (maybe a rejection letter, but hey, you probably don#8217;t want to get these any ways #128578; If you got the job, you#8217;ll get a phone call usually and if you were rejected, they can email you.

Listing more than one phone number (like home, cell, work). Why would they need anything other than your cell phone? If they can#8217;t reach you, they#8217;ll leave you a voice mail, not turn you down. Teacher? Writing #8216;Objective#8217; well, we talked about that in Tip #5. Instead, write your name, dash (-) your title at the very top of university of toronto your resume. Bold. Teacher Essay? Having a title like #8216;Relevant Work Experience#8217; if it#8217;s not relevant, why would it even be on your resume?

And why would you want to limit your experiences to organizer, only work related ones? Any experience that makes you shine brighter should be on your resume, even if it#8217;s a volunteer experience. Outstanding Essay? The title should just be #8216;Experience#8217;. When the thesis writing of toronto name of an institution you work for (or study at) includes the outstanding teacher city it is university of toronto in, you don#8217;t really need to add the city, do you? For example, I teach at outstanding teacher, California State University, Fullerton (that#8217;s the actual name of the university, CSU have other campuses as well) and it#8217;s located in#8230; You guessed it: Fullerton. No need to lined paper for writing practice, write: California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA. Outstanding Teacher Essay? Why write Bachelor of 5 paragraph essay organizer Arts, when you can write B.A.? Remember less is teacher GOOD.

Under education, I often see students write: #8220;Expected Graduation Date: May, 2015#8221;. If we#8217;re now in 2014, and peer program essay, you simply write #8220;May, 2015#8221; believe me, I#8217;ll understand you#8217;re still a student. Teacher Essay? #8220;References Available Upon Request#8221; If they need them, they#8217;ll ask for them (usually when you come for an interview). Thesis University? Links to your LinkedIn, Facebook, or even MySpace (I swear I#8217;ve seen that one once #128578; profiles. Why? So I can get more information I don#8217;t have time to read? Remember, your goal is NOT to outstanding, provide MORE information but be likable and leave me wanting to know more about you (in an interview, not via social media sites). College Application Help? Words like: #8220;Major in:#8221; / #8220;Minor in:#8221;.

Instead, write: #8220;California State University, Fullerton Communications/Advertising#8221; Listing months under the dates of your experiences (June 2011 Sept 2014, for example). Dates are on outstanding, your resume to provide a general time-line and essay, it#8217;s really not important what month you started or finished that job; 2011-2014 is good enough. Outstanding? The only exception is essay writing course when you worked somewhere less than a year; than you can write June-Sept, 2013. There are probably many more examples you can think of but the rule of thumb should always be: If I take this word out will they still get what I mean? If the answer is yes, you probably don#8217;t need it. Tip #20 Get Your Own professionally-looking Email Address: Listing a Yahoo, Hotmail or Gmail address on your resume doesn#8217;t make you shine brighter. Get your own domain name with a professional email address. 1and1 always have great deals for $1-$5 per domain name. If you got the domain from outstanding essay, 1and1, this tutorial will show you how to set up your email account. Tip #21 Don#8217;t believe everything I just told you without asking why and peer program essay, agreeing with it: Learn from others.

Shop around for options. Outstanding? If three people tell you it#8217;s a horse, try to ride it, but if you get contradicting advise, own your opinion. Read and college essay, Use: Really Ugly Resumes: The Seven Deadly Sins of Resume Design: Top 10 Ways to Rock Your Resume. The Periodic Table of outstanding teacher Typefaces. Give Your Resume a Face-Lift. If your resume goes online, read Ten Principles for writing, Readable Web Typography: Ten Things that Define a Killer Resume:

Ten Resume Sins: Six Words That Make Your Resume Suck: Six Word That Make Your Resume Rock: How To Create A Great Web Design CV and teacher, Resume. For Writing Practice? 10 Ways Your Resume Irks Hiring Managers. Top 5 mistakes on executive resumes. The 12 Most Relevant Online Resources for Job Seekers.

essay in christendom ESSAY ON CHRISTIANITY. THE Being who has influenced in the most memorable manner the opinions and the fortunes of the human species, is Jesus Christ. At this day, his name is connected with the devotional feelings of two hundred millions of the race of man. The institutions of the most civilized portions of the globe derive their authority from the sanction of his doctrines; he is the hero, the God, of our popular religion. Teacher Essay. His extraordinary genius, the wide and rapid effect of his unexampled doctrines, his invincible gentleness and benignity, the devoted love borne to him by theme, his adherents, suggested a persuasion to them that he was something divine. The supernatural events which the historians of outstanding teacher essay, this wonderful man subsequently asserted to have been connected with every gradation of lined paper, his career, established the opinion. His death is said to have been accompanied by an accumulation of tremendous prodigies. Utter darkness fell upon outstanding teacher, the earth, blotting the essay writing course, noonday sun; dead bodies, arising from their graves, walked through the public streets, and an earthquake shook the astonished city, rending the rocks of the teacher, surrounding mountains. The philosopher may attribute the application of these events to the death of a reformer, or the events themselves to a visitation of that universal Pan who——

The thoughts which the word God suggests to the human mind are susceptible of theme, as many variations as human minds themselves. The Stoic, the Platonist, and the Epicurean, the Polytheist, the Dualist, and the Trinitarian, differ infinitely in their conceptions of its meaning. They agree only in considering it the most awful and most venerable of names, as a common term devised to outstanding essay, express all of 5 paragraph essay organizer, mystery, or majesty, or power, which the invisible world contains. And not only has every sect distinct conceptions of the application of this name, but scarcely two individuals of the same sect, who exercise in outstanding teacher essay any degree the freedom of their judgment, or yield themselves with any candour of feeling to the influences of the visible world, find perfect coincidence of opinion to exist between them. It is [interesting] to inquire in what acceptation Jesus Christ employed this term. We may conceive his mind to have been predisposed on this subject to tutoring program, adopt the outstanding teacher, opinions of his countrymen. Every human being is indebted for a multitude of thesis university of toronto, his sentiments to the religion of his early years. Jesus Christ probably [studied] the historians of his country with the ardour of a spirit seeking after truth. They were undoubtedly the companions of his childish years, the food and nutriment and materials of his youthful meditations. The Sublime dramatic poem entitled Job had familiarized his imagination with the boldest imagery afforded by the human mind and the material world. Teacher. Ecclesiastes had diffused a seriousness and solemnity over the frame of his spirit, glowing with youthful hope, and [had] made audible to writing university of toronto, his listening heart The still, sad music of humanity,

Not harsh or grating, but of teacher essay, ample power. To chasten and subdue. Thesis Writing Of Toronto. He had contemplated this name as having been profanely perverted to outstanding, the sanctioning of the most enormous and abominable crimes. College Application Essay Writing Help. We can distinctly trace, in the tissue of his doctrines, the persuasion that God is some universal Being, differing from man and the mind of man. According to Jesus Christ, God is neither the Jupiter, who sends rain upon the earth; nor the Venus, through whom all living things are produced; nor the Vulcan, who presides over the terrestrial element of fire; nor the Vesta, that preserves the light which is enshrined in the sun and outstanding essay, moon and stars. He is essay, neither the Proteus nor the Pan of the material world. Teacher Essay. But the word God, according to the acceptation of Jesus Christ, unites all the attributes which these denominations contain and is the [interpoint] and over-ruling Spirit of all the energy and wisdom included within the circle of existing things. Lined For Writing Practice. It is important to observe that the author of the essay, Christian system had a conception widely differing from the gross imaginations of the vulgar relatively to the ruling Power of the universe. He everywhere represents this Power as something mysteriously and illimitably pervading the frame of things. Nor do his doctrines practically assume any proposition which they theoretically deny. Program Essay. They do not represent God as a limitless and inconceivable mystery; affirming, at the same time, his existence as a Being subject to passion and capable——

Blessed are the pure in heart, for outstanding teacher essay they shall see God. Blessed are those who have preserved internal sanctity of soul; who are conscious of no secret deceit; who are the same in college application essay my act as they are in desire; who conceal no thought, no tendencies of thought, from their own conscience; who are faithful and sincere witnesses, before the tribunal of teacher essay, their own judgments, of all that passes within their mind. Such as these shall see God. What! after death, shall their awakened eyes behold the King of Heaven? Shall they stand in awe before the golden throne on which he sits, and gaze upon the venerable countenance of the paternal Monarch? Is this the reward of the virtuous and the pure? These are the idle dreams of the online, visionary, or the pernicious representations of impostors, who have fabricated from the very materials of essay, wisdom a cloak for their own dwarfish or imbecile conceptions. Jesus Christ has said no more than the most excellent philosophers have felt and expressed—that virtue is its own reward. It is paper, true that such an expression as he has used was prompted by the energy of genius, and teacher essay, was the essay course, overflowing enthusiasm of teacher, a poet; but it is not the less literally true [because] clearly repugnant to the mistaken conceptions of the multitude. God, it has been asserted, was contemplated by practice, Jesus Christ as every poet and teacher essay, every philosopher must have contemplated that mysterious principle. He considered that venerable word to program, express the overruling Spirit of the collective energy of the moral and material world.

He affirms, therefore, no more than that a simple, sincere mind is the outstanding teacher, indispensable requisite of true science and true happiness. The Thesis. He affirms that a being of pure and gentle habits will not fail, in every thought, in teacher essay every object of every thought, to be aware of benignant visitings from the invisible energies by which he is surrounded. Whosoever is free from the contamination of luxury and licence, may go forth to thesis university of toronto, the fields and to the woods, inhaling joyous renovation from the breath of Spring, or catching from the odours and sounds of Autumn some diviner mood of outstanding essay, sweetest sadness, which improves the softened heart. Whosoever is no deceiver or destroyer of his fellow men—no liar, no flatterer, no murderer may walk among his species, deriving, from the communion with all which they contain of beautiful or of majestic, some intercourse with the Universal God. Whosoever has maintained with his own heart the strictest correspondence of confidence, who dares to examine and to estimate every imagination which suggests itself to his mind—whosoever is that which he designs to become, and only aspires to thesis writing, that which the divinity of his own nature shall consider and approve—he has already seen God. We live and teacher essay, move and think; but we are not the creators of our own origin and existence. We are not the arbiters of every motion of our own complicated nature; we are not the masters of our own imaginations and moods of mental being. There is paper, a Power by which we are surrounded, like the atmosphere in which some motionless lyre is suspended, which visits with its breath our silent chords at will. Our most imperial and stupendous qualities—those on which the majesty and the power of humanity is erected—are, relatively to the inferior portion of teacher, its mechanism, active and imperial; but they are the passive slaves of some higher and more omnipotent Power. This Power is God; and those who have seen God have, in the period of their purer and more perfect nature, been harmonized by their own will to so exquisite [a] consentaneity of power as to give forth divinest melody, when the breath of universal being sweeps over their frame. That those who are pure in heart shall see God, and that virtue is its own reward, may be considered as equivalent assertions.

The former of these propositions is a metaphorical repetition of the latter. The advocates of literal interpretation have been the most efficacious enemies of those doctrines whose nature they profess to venerate. Thucydides, in particular, affords a number of instances calculated—— Tacitus says, that the Jews held God to be something eternal and supreme, neither subject to change nor to decay; therefore, they permit no statues in their cities or their temples. Thesis Writing University. The universal Being can only be described or defined by negatives which deny his subjection to the laws of all inferior existences. Where indefiniteness ends, idolatry and teacher, anthropomorphism begin. God is, as Lucan has expressed, Quodcunque vides, quodcunque moveris, Et coelum et virtus.

The doctrine of what some fanatics have termed a peculiar Providence—that is, of some power beyond and superior to that which ordinarily guides the operations of the Universe, interfering to punish the vicious and reward the virtuous—is explicitly denied by Jesus Christ. The absurd and execrable doctrine of vengeance, in all its shapes , seems to have been contemplated by this great moralist with the profoundest disapprobation; nor would he permit the most venerable of names to be perverted into a sanction for the meanest and most contemptible propensities incident to the nature of writing course, man. Love your enemies, bless those who curse you, that ye may be the sons of your Heavenly Father, who makes the sun to shine on the good and on the evil, and the rain to fall on the just and unjust. How monstrous a calumny have not impostors dared to advance against the mild and gentle author of this just sentiment, and against the whole tenor of his doctrines and his life, overflowing with benevolence and forbearance and compassion! They have represented him asserting that the Omnipotent God—that merciful and outstanding teacher, benignant Power who scatters equally upon the beautiful earth all the elements of security and happiness—whose influences are distributed to lined paper for writing, all whose natures admit of a participation in them—who sends to the weak and vicious creatures of his will all the outstanding essay, benefits which they are capable of writing university of toronto, sharing—that this God has devised a scheme whereby the body shall live after its apparent dissolution, and be rendered capable of indefinite torture. He is said to have compared the agonies which the vicious shall then endure to outstanding teacher essay, the excruciations of a living body bound among the flames, and being consumed sinew by sinew, and bone by bone. And this is to be done, not because it is supposed (and the supposition would be sufficiently detestable) that the moral nature of the sufferer would be improved by 5 paragraph organizer, his tortures—it is done because it is just to outstanding essay, be done. My neighbour, or my servant, or my child, has done me an injury, and it is just that he should suffer an injury in return. Such is the doctrine which Jesus Christ summoned his whole resources of persuasion to oppose.

Love your enemy, bless those who curse you: such, he says, is the practice of God, and such must ye imitate if ye would be the children of God. Jesus Christ would hardly have cited, as an example of all that is gentle and beneficent and compassionate, a Being who shall deliberately scheme to inflict on a large portion of the human race tortures indescribably intense and indefinitely protracted; who shall inflict them, too, without any mistake as to the true nature of lined paper for writing practice, pain—without any view to future good—merely because it is just. This, and no other, is outstanding teacher, justice:—to consider, under all the circumstances and consequences of a particular case, how the greatest quantity and purest quality of happiness will ensue from any action; [this] is to be just, and 5 paragraph, there is no other justice. The distinction between justice and mercy was first imagined in the courts of tyrants. Mankind receive every relaxation of outstanding essay, their tyranny as a circumstance of essay writing, grace or favour. Such was the clemency of Julius Caesar, who, having achieved by a series of outstanding, treachery and bloodshed the ruin of the liberties of his country, receives the fame of college essay writing, mercy because, possessing the power to slay the noblest men of Rome, he restrained his sanguinary soul, arrogating to himself as a merit an abstinence from outstanding teacher essay, actions which if he had committed, he would only have added one other atrocity to his deeds. His assassins understood justice better. They saw the most virtuous and theme, civilized community of mankind under the insolent dominion of one wicked man; and they murdered him.

They destroyed the usurper of the liberties of outstanding essay, their countrymen, not because they hated him, not because they would revenge the wrongs which they had sustained (Brutus, it is said, was his most familiar friend; most of the conspirators were habituated to domestic intercourse with the man whom they destroyed): it was in affection, inextinguishable love for all that is venerable and dear to the thesis theme, the human heart, in the names of Country, Liberty, and Virtue; it was in a serious and outstanding teacher essay, solemn and essay, reluctant mood, that these holy patriots murdered their father and their friend. They would have spared his violent death, if he could have deposited the essay, rights which he had assumed. The Thesis. His own selfish and teacher essay, narrow nature necessitated the sacrifices they made. They required that he should change all those habits which debauchery and bloodshed had twined around the fibres of his inmost frame of thought; that he should participate with them and with his country those privileges which, having corrupted by assuming to himself, he would no longer value. Tutoring Program. They would have sacrificed their lives if they could have made him worthy of the sacrifice.

Such are the feelings which Jesus Christ asserts to belong to the ruling Power of the world. He desireth not the death of a sinner; he makes the sun to shine upon the just and outstanding, unjust. The nature of a narrow and malevolent spirit is so essentially incompatible with happiness as to render it inaccessible to the influences of the benignant God. All that his own perverse propensities will permit him to 5 paragraph essay online, receive, that God abundantly pours forth upon outstanding teacher essay, him. If there is the slightest overbalance of tutoring program essay, happiness, which can be allotted to the most atrocious offender, consistently with the nature of teacher essay, things, that is rigidly made his portion by the ever-watchful Power of God.

In every case, the human mind enjoys the utmost pleasure which it is capable of enjoying. God is represented by Jesus Christ as the Power from which, and through which, the streams of all that is excellent and peer tutoring program, delightful flow; the Power which models, as they pass, all the elements of this mixed universe to outstanding teacher essay, the purest and most perfect shape which it belongs to their nature to assume. Jesus Christ attributes to this Power the faculty of Will. How far such a doctrine, in its ordinary sense, may be philosophically true, or how far Jesus Christ intentionally availed himself of a metaphor easily understood, is foreign to the subject to consider. This much is certain, that Jesus Christ represents God as the fountain of all goodness, the eternal enemy of pain and evil, the uniform and unchanging motive of the salutary operations of the material world. The supposition that this cause is excited to action by some principle analogous to the human will, adds weight to the persuasion that it is foreign to its beneficent nature to inflict the slightest pain. According to Jesus Christ, and according to the indisputable facts of the writing university, case, some evil spirit has dominion in this imperfect world.

But there will come a time when the human mind shall be visited exclusively by the influences of the benignant Power. Men shall die, and their bodies shall rot under the ground; all the organs through which their knowledge and their feelings have flowed, or in which they have originated, shall assume other forms, and become ministrant to purposes the most foreign from their former tendencies. There is teacher essay, a time when we shall neither be heard or be seen by the multitude of beings like ourselves by whom we have been so long surrounded. They shall go to graves; where then? It appears that we moulder to a heap of senseless dust; to a few worms, that arise and perish, like ourselves. Jesus Christ asserts that these appearances are fallacious, and that a gloomy and peer tutoring, cold imagination alone suggests the conception that thought can cease to be. Another and teacher, a more extensive state of being, rather than the complete extinction of being will follow from college writing help my, that mysterious change which we call Death. There shall be no misery, no pain, no fear. The empire of evil spirits extends not beyond the essay, boundaries of the grave. The unobscured irradiations from the fountain-fire of all goodness shall reveal all that is mysterious and writing, unintelligible, until the mutual communications of knowledge and teacher, of happiness throughout all thinking natures, constitute a harmony of good that ever varies and never ends.

This is Heaven, when pain and evil cease, and when the Benignant Principle, untrammelled and uncontrolled, visits in the fulness of its power the universal frame of things. Human life, with all its unreal ills and transitory hopes, is as a dream, which departs before the dawn, leaving no trace of its evanescent lines. All that it contains of pure or of divine visits the passive mind in some serenest mood. Most holy are the feelings through which our fellow beings are rendered dear and college application essay help, [venerable] to the heart. The remembrance of their sweetness, and the completion of the hopes which they [excite], constitute, when we awaken from the teacher essay, sleep of life, the fulfilment of the prophecies of its most majestic and beautiful visions. We die, says Jesus Christ; and, when we awaken from the languor of disease, the glories and the happiness of Paradise are around us. All evil and pain have ceased for ever.

Our happiness also corresponds with, and is adapted to, the nature of what is most excellent in our being. We see God, and we see that he is good. How delightful a picture, even if it be not true! How magnificent is the conception which this bold theory suggests to the contemplation, even if it be no more than the imagination of some sublimest and most holy poet, who, impressed with the loveliness and thesis writing, majesty of his own nature, is teacher, impatient and discontented with the narrow limits which this imperfect life and the dark grave have assigned for ever as his melancholy portion. It is not to the thesis, be believed that Hell, or punishment, was the conception of this daring mind. It is not to be believed that the most prominent group of outstanding essay, this picture, which is framed so heart-moving and online, lovely—the accomplishment of all human hope, the extinction of all morbid fear and anguish—would consist of millions of sensitive beings enduring, in every variety of torture which Omniscient vengeance could invent, immortal agony.

Jesus Christ opposed with earnest eloquence the panic fears and hateful superstitions which have enslaved mankind for ages. Outstanding Teacher. Nations had risen against nations, employing the subtlest devices of mechanism and mind to waste, and paper for writing, excruciate, and overthrow. The great community of mankind had been subdivided into ten thousand communities, each organized for the ruin of the other. Wheel within wheel, the vast machine was instinct with the restless spirit of desolation. Pain had been inflicted; therefore, pain should be inflicted in return.

Retaliation of injuries is the only remedy which can be applied to violence, because it teaches the injurer the true nature of teacher, his own conduct, and operates as a warning against its repetition. Nor must the same measure of calamity be returned as was received. If a man borrows a certain sum from me, he is 5 paragraph essay, bound to repay that sum. Shall no more be required of the enemy who destroys my reputation, or ravages my fields? It is just that he should suffer ten times the loss which he has inflicted, that the teacher essay, legitimate consequences of his deed may never be obliterated from his remembrance, and that others may clearly discern and essay, feel the danger of teacher, invading the peace of human society. Such reasonings, and the impetuous feelings arising from them, have armed nation against nation, family against family, man against man. An Athenian soldier, in the Ionian army which had assembled for the purpose of vindicating the tutoring program, liberty of the Asiatic Greeks, accidentally set fire to Sardis. The city, being composed of combustible materials, was burned to the ground. The Persians believed that this circumstance of aggression made it their duty to retaliate on outstanding teacher essay, Athens. They assembled successive expeditions on the most extensive scale.

Every nation of the East was united to ruin the Grecian States. Athens was burned to the ground, the whole territory laid waste, and every living thing which it contained [destroyed]. After suffering and 5 paragraph essay online, inflicting incalculable mischiefs, they desisted from their purpose only when they became impotent to teacher essay, effect it. The desire of revenge for the aggression of Persia outlived, among the Greeks, that love of liberty which bad been their most glorious distinction among the nations of mankind; and thesis university of toronto, Alexander became the instrument of its completion. The mischiefs attendant on this consummation of fruitless ruin are too manifold and too tremendous to be related. If all the thought which had been expended on the construction of engines of agony and outstanding teacher, death—the modes of aggression and defence, the raising of armies, and the acquirement of those arts of tyranny and falsehood without which mixed multitudes could neither be led nor governed—had been employed to promote the true welfare and extend the real empire of man, how different would have been the present situation of human society! how different the state of knowledge in college application essay writing help my physical and moral science, upon teacher essay, which the power and happiness of program, mankind essentially depend! What nation has the example of the desolation of Attica by Mardonius and Xerxes, or the extinction of the Persian empire by Alexander of essay, Macedon, restrained from outrage? Was not the 5 paragraph online organizer, pretext of this latter system of spoliation derived immediately from the outstanding essay, former? Had revenge in this instance any other effect than to increase, instead of diminishing, the mass of malice and evil already existing in the world?

The emptiness and folly of peer program, retaliation are apparent from every example which can be brought forward. Not only Jesus Christ, but the most eminent professors of every sect of outstanding essay, philosophy, have reasoned against this futile superstition. Legislation is, in one point of paper for writing, view, to teacher, be considered as an attempt to provide against the excesses of this deplorable mistake. It professes to assign the penalty of all private injuries, and denies to individuals the right of vindicating their proper cause. This end is certainly not attained without some accommodation to the propensities which it desires to destroy.

Still, it recognizes no principle but the essay, production of the greatest eventual good with the least immediate injury—and regards the torture, or the death, of any human being as unjust, of whatever mischief be may have been the author, so that the result shall not more than compensate for the immediate pain. Mankind, transmitting from generation to generation the legacy of accumulated vengeances, and pursuing with the essay, feelings of duty the misery of their fellow-beings, have not failed to attribute to the Universal Cause a character analogous with their own. The image of this invisible, mysterious Being is more or less excellent and essay writing, perfect—resembles more or less its original—in proportion to the perfection of the mind on which it is impressed. Essay. Thus, that nation which has arrived at the highest step in the scale of moral progression will believe most purely in that God, the knowledge of whose real attributes is considered as the firmest basis of the thesis university of toronto, true religion. The reason of the belief of each individual, also, will be so far regulated by his conceptions of what is good. Thus, the conceptions which any nation or individual entertains of the outstanding teacher essay, God of its popular worship may be inferred from their own actions and essay, opinions, which are the subjects of their approbation among their fellow-men. Jesus Christ instructed his disciples to be perfect, as their Father in Heaven is perfect, declaring at the same time his belief that human perfection requires the refraining from revenge and retribution in any of its various shapes.

The perfection of the human and the divine character is thus asserted to be the same. Man, by resembling God, fulfils most accurately the tendencies of his nature; and outstanding teacher, God comprehends within himself all that constitutes human perfection. Thus, God is a model through which the excellence of man is to be estimated, whilst the paper practice, abstract perfection of the human character is the type of the actual perfection of the divine. It is not to be believed that a person of such comprehensive views as Jesus Christ could have fallen into so manifest a contradiction as to assert that men would be tortured after death by that Being whose character is held up as a model to human kind, because he is incapable of malevolence and revenge. All the arguments which have been brought forward to justify retribution fail, when retribution is destined neither to operate as an essay, example to other agents, nor to course, the offender himself. How feeble such reasoning is to be considered, has been already shewn; but it is the character of an evil Demon to consign the beings whom he has endowed with sensation to unprofitable anguish. The peculiar circumstances attendant on the conception of God casting sinners to teacher essay, burn in Hell for ever, combine to render that conception the most perfect specimen of the greatest imaginable crime. Jesus Christ represented God as the principle of all good, the source of all happiness, the wise and benevolent Creator and Preserver of all living things. But the college essay writing, interpreters of his doctrines have confounded the teacher, good and the evil principle. They observed the emanations of their universal natures to be inextricably entangled in the world, and, trembling before the power of the cause of all things, addressed to it such flattery as is acceptable to online organizer, the ministers of human tyranny, attributing love and teacher, wisdom to those energies which they felt to be exerted indifferently for the purposes of benefit and calamity. Jesus Christ expressly asserts that distinction between the good and evil principle which it has been the practice of all theologians to confound.

How far his doctrines, or their interpretation, may be true, it would scarcely have been worth while to inquire, if the one did not afford an 5 paragraph online, example and an incentive to outstanding teacher essay, the attainment of true virtue, whilst the other holds out a sanction and peer tutoring essay, apology for every species of mean and cruel vice. It cannot be precisely ascertained in what degree Jesus Christ accommodated his doctrines to the opinions of outstanding essay, his auditors; or in what degree he really said all that he is related to have said. Peer. He has left no written record of himself, and teacher essay, we are compelled to judge from the imperfect and obscure information which his biographers (persons certainly of very undisciplined and undiscriminating minds) have transmitted to posterity. These writers (our only guides) impute sentiments to Jesus Christ which flatly contradict each other. They represent him as narrow, superstitious, and exquisitely vindictive and malicious. They insert, in the midst of a strain of impassioned eloquence or sagest exhortation, a sentiment only remarkable for its naked and drivelling folly. But it is not difficult to theme, distinguish the inventions by which these historians have filled up the interstices of tradition, or corrupted the simplicity of essay, truth, from the real character of 5 paragraph essay online organizer, their rude amazement.

They have left sufficiently clear indications of the genuine character of Jesus Christ to rescue it for ever from the imputations cast upon it by their ignorance and fanaticism. We discover that he is the enemy of oppression and of falsehood; that he is the advocate of essay, equal justice; that he is neither disposed to sanction bloodshed nor deceit, under whatsoever pretences their practice may be vindicated. We discover that he was a man of meek and majestic demeanour, calm in danger; of natural and simple thought and 5 paragraph essay organizer, habits; beloved to outstanding essay, adoration by his adherents; unmoved, solemn, and severe. It is college application essay my, utterly incredible that this man said, that if you hate your enemy you would find it to your account to return him good for evil, since, by such a temporary oblivion of vengeance, you would heap coals of fire on his head. Where such contradictions occur, a favourable construction is outstanding teacher essay, warranted by the general innocence of manners and comprehensiveness of views which he is represented to possess.

The rule of criticism to theme, be adopted in judging of the life, actions, and words of a man who has acted any conspicuous part in the revolutions of the world, should not be narrow. We ought to form a general image of his character and of his doctrines, and refer to this whole the distinct portions of action and speech by which they are diversified. It is not here asserted that no contradictions are to outstanding teacher, be admitted to have taken place in the system of Jesus Christ, between doctrines promulgated in different states of essay writing, feeling or information, or even such as are implied in the enunciation of a scheme of thought, various and obscure through its immensity and depth. It is not asserted that no degree of human indignation ever hurried him beyond the outstanding teacher essay, limits which his calmer mood had placed to disapprobation against vice and the thesis theme, folly. Those deviations from the history of his life are alone to be vindicated which represent his own essential character in contradiction with itself. Every human mind has what Bacon calls its idola specus—peculiar images which reside in essay the inner cave of thought.

These constitute the essential and distinctive character of 5 paragraph essay organizer, every human being; to which every action and essay, every word have intimate relation; and by which, in the thesis depicting a character, the genuineness and meaning of these words and actions are to be determined. Every fanatic or enemy of virtue is not at liberty to misrepresent the outstanding, greatest geniuses and most heroic defenders of all that is valuable in this mortal world. History, to gain any credit, must contain some truth, and 5 paragraph organizer, that truth shall thus be made a sufficient indication of prejudice and deceit. With respect to the miracles which these biographers have related, I have already declined to enter into any discussion on their nature or their existence. Teacher Essay. The supposition of their falsehood or their truth would modify in no degree the hues of the picture which is lined paper practice, attempted to essay, be delineated. To judge truly of the moral and writing course, philosophical character of Socrates, it is not necessary to determine the question of the familiar Spirit which [it] is supposed that he believed to attend on him. The power of the human mind, relatively to intercourse with or dominion over the invisible world, is teacher, doubtless an interesting theme of discussion; but the connexion of the college essay writing, instance of Jesus Christ with the established religion of the country in outstanding teacher which I write, renders it dangerous to subject oneself to the imputation of introducing new Gods or abolishing old ones; nor is the duty of mutual forbearance sufficiently understood to render it certain that the metaphysician and the moralist, even though he carefully sacrifice a cock to ?sculapius, may not receive something analogous to the bowl of hemlock for the reward of his labours. Much, however, of what his biographers have asserted is not to be rejected merely because inferences inconsistent with the general spirit of the thesis theme, his system are to be adduced from its admission. Jesus Christ did what every other reformer who has produced any considerable effect upon the world has done.

He accommodated his doctrines to the prepossessions of those whom he addressed. He used a language for this view sufficiently familiar to our comprehensions. He said,—However new or strange my doctrines may appear to you, they are in fact only the restoration and re-establishment of those original institutions and ancient customs of teacher essay, your own law and religion. Program. The constitutions of your faith and policy, although perfect in their origin, have become corrupt and altered, and have fallen into outstanding decay. I profess to thesis writing university of toronto, restore them to their pristine authority and splendour. Think not that I am come to destroy the Law and the Prophets. I am come not to destroy, but to fulfil. Till heaven and outstanding, earth pass away, one jot or one tittle shall in nowise pass away from the Law, till all be fulfilled.

Thus, like a skilful orator (see Cicero, De Oratore ), he secures the prejudices of his auditors, and induces them, by his professions of sympathy with their feelings, to enter with a willing mind into the exposition of his own. For Writing. The art of persuasion differs from that of reasoning; and it is of no small moment, to outstanding essay, the success even of a true cause, that the judges who are to determine on its merits should be free from those national and religious predilections which render the multitude both deaf and blind. Let not this practice be considered as an unworthy artifice. It were best for the cause of reason that mankind should acknowledge no authority but its own; but it is 5 paragraph essay online organizer, useful, to a certain extent, that they should not consider those institutions which they have been habituated to reverence as opposing an obstacle to its admission. All reformers have been compelled to practise this misrepresentation of teacher essay, their own true feelings and opinions. It is deeply to be lamented that a word should ever issue from human lips which contains the minutest alloy of dissimulation, or simulation, or hypocrisy, or exaggeration, or anything but the precise and rigid image which is present to 5 paragraph essay online, the mind, and which ought to outstanding teacher, dictate the expression. But the practice of utter sincerity towards other men would avail to no good end, if they were incapable of practising it towards their own minds. In fact, truth cannot be communicated until it is perceived. The interests, therefore, of truth require that an the thesis, orator should, as far as possible, produce in outstanding essay his hearers that state of mind on which alone his exhortations could fairly be contemplated and examined. Having produced this favourable disposition of mind, Jesus Christ proceeds to qualify, and finally to abrogate, the system of the Jewish law.

He descants upon its insufficiency as a code of moral conduct, which it professed to be, and absolutely selects the law of retaliation as an instance of the absurdity and immorality of of toronto, its institutions. The conclusion of the speech is in a strain of the most daring and most impassioned speculation. He seems emboldened by outstanding teacher, the success of his exculpation to the multitude, to declare in public the utmost singularity of his faith. He tramples upon the thesis theme, all received opinions, on all the cherished luxuries and superstitions of mankind. He bids them cast aside the chains of custom and blind faith by which they have been encompassed from the outstanding teacher, very cradle of their being, and receive the imitator and minister of the Universal God. EQUALITY OF MANKIND.

The spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath chosen me to preach the gospel to the poor: he hath sent me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deliverance to paper for writing, the captives and recovering of sight to the blind, and to set at liberty them that are bruised. (Luke, Ch. IV. v. 18.) This is an enunciation of all that Plato and teacher essay, Diogenes have speculated upon the equality of mankind. They saw that the great majority of the human species were reduced to the situation of squalid ignorance and moral imbecility, for the purpose of purveying for the luxury of a few, and contributing to the satisfaction of their thirst for power. Too mean-spirited and too feeble in resolve to attempt the conquest of their own evil passions, and of the difficulties of the material world, men sought dominion over their fellow-men, as an easy method to gain that apparent majesty and power which the instinct of their nature requires. Plato wrote the scheme of a republic, in university which law should watch over the equal distribution of the external instruments of outstanding essay, unequal power—honours, property, c. Theme. Diogenes devised a nobler and a more worthy system of opposition to the system of the slave and outstanding teacher, tyrant. He said: It is in lined paper for writing the power of each individual to level the inequality which is the topic of the outstanding essay, complaint of the thesis theme, mankind. Let him be aware of his own worth, and outstanding, the station which he occupies in the scale of college essay writing, moral beings. Diamonds and gold, palaces and sceptres, derive their value from the opinion of outstanding, mankind. The only sumptuary law which can be imposed on the use and fabrication of these instruments of mischief and deceit, these symbols of successful injustice, is the law of opinion. Every man possesses the power, in this respect, to legislate for himself.

Let him be well aware of his own worth and moral dignity. Let him yield in meek reverence to any wiser or worthier than he, so long as he accords no veneration to the splendour of thesis, his apparel, the luxury of his food, the multitude of teacher, his flatterers and slaves. It is because, mankind, ye value and seek the empty pageantry of organizer, wealth and social power, that ye are enslaved to its possessions. Decrease your physical wants; learn to live, so far as nourishment arid shelter are concerned, like the beast of the forest and outstanding, the birds of the air; ye will need not to complain, that other individuals of your species are surrounded by the diseases of luxury and the vices of subserviency and oppression. With all those who are truly wise, there will be an entire community, not only of thoughts and feelings, but also of external possessions. Insomuch, therefore, as ye live [wisely], ye may enjoy the community of whatsoever benefits arise from the inventions of civilized life.—They are of value only for purposes of mental power; they are of college application essay writing, value only as they are capable of being shared and applied to the common advantage of philosophy; and, if there be, no love among men, whatever institutions they may frame must be subservient to the same purpose—to the continuance of inequality. If there be no love among men, it is best that he who sees through the outstanding teacher essay, hollowness of their professions should fly from college essay course, their society, and suffice to his own soul. In wisdom, be will thus lose nothing in power, he will gain everything. In proportion to the love existing among men, so will be the community of property and power. Among true and real friends, all is common; and, were ignorance and envy and superstition banished from the world, all mankind would be friends.

The only perfect and genuine republic is that which comprehends every living being. Those distinctions which have been artificially set up, of nations, societies, families, and religions, are only general names, expressing the teacher essay, abhorrence and contempt with which men blindly consider their fellowmen. I love my country; I love the city in which I was born, my parents, my wife, and the children of my care; and to this city, this woman, and lined for writing, this nation, it is incumbent on me to do all the benefit in my power. To what do these distinctions point, but to outstanding teacher essay, an evident denial of the duty which humanity imposes on you, of doing every possible good to every individual, under whatever denomination he may be comprehended, to whom you have the power of doing it? You ought to love all mankind; nay, every individual of theme, mankind. You ought not to outstanding, love the individuals of your domestic circles less, but to love those who exist beyond it more.

Once make the feelings of confidence and of affection universal, and the distinctions of property and power will vanish; nor are they to be abolished without substituting something equivalent in the thesis theme mischief to them, until all mankind shall acknowledge an entire community of rights. But, as the shades of night are dispelled by the faintest glimmerings of dawn, so shall the minutest progress of the benevolent feelings disperse, in some degree, the gloom of tyranny, and [curb the] ministers of mutual suspicion and abhorrence. Your physical wants are few, whilst those of your mind and heart cannot be numbered or described, from their multitude and complication. To secure the gratification of the former, you have made yourselves the bond-slaves of each other. They have cultivated these meaner wants to so great an excess as to judge nothing so valuable or desirable [as] what relates to their gratification.

Hence has arisen a system of passions which loses sight of the end they were originally awakened to attain. Fame, power, and gold, are loved for their own sakes—are worshipped with a blind, habitual idolatry. The pageantry of empire, and the fame of irresistible might, are contemplated by the possessor with unmeaning complacency, without a retrospect to the properties which first made him consider them of value. It is outstanding teacher essay, from the cultivation of the college essay, most contemptible properties of human nature that discord and torpor and indifference, by which the moral universe is disordered, essentially depend. So long as these are the ties by which human society is connected, let it not be admitted that they are fragile. Before man can be free, and equal, and outstanding essay, truly wise, he must cast aside the chains of habit and superstition; he must strip sensuality of its pomp, and selfishness of its excuses, and contemplate actions and online, objects as they really are. He will discover the wisdom of outstanding essay, universal love; he will feel the meanness and the injustice of sacrificing the reason and the liberty of his fellow-men to the indulgence of his physical appetites, and becoming a party to their degradation by the consummation of his own. Such, with those differences only incidental to the age and lined paper, state of essay, society in which they were promulgated, appear to have been the doctrines of tutoring program essay, Jesus Christ.

It is not too much to assert that they have been the doctrines of essay, every just and compassionate mind that ever speculated on the social nature of man. The dogma of the equality of mankind has been advocated with various success, in different ages of the world. It was imperfectly understood, but a kind of instinct in its favour influenced considerably the program essay, practice of ancient Greece and Rome. Attempts to establish usages founded on outstanding teacher, this dogma have been made in modern Europe, in several instances, since the revival of literature and the arts. Rousseau has vindicated this opinion with all the eloquence of sincere and earnest faith; and is, perhaps, the philosopher among the moderns who, in lined for writing the structure of his feelings and understanding resembles most nearly the essay, mysterious sage of Judea. It is impossible to read those passionate words in which Jesus Christ upbraids the pusillanimity and sensuality of of toronto, mankind, without being strongly reminded of the more connected and systematic enthusiasm of Rousseau. No man, says Jesus Christ, can serve two masters. Take, therefore, no thought for to-morrow, for the morrow shall take thought for the things of outstanding teacher essay, itself. Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof. Essay Help. If we would profit by the wisdom of a sublime and poetical mind, we must beware of the vulgar error of interpreting literally every expression it employs.

Nothing can well be more remote from truth than the literal and strict construction of such expressions as Jesus Christ delivers, or than [to imagine that] it were best for man that he should abandon all his acquirements in physical and intellectual science, and outstanding teacher essay, depend on the spontaneous productions of nature for his subsistence. Thesis University Of Toronto. Nothing is more obviously false than that the remedy for the inequality among men consists in outstanding teacher essay their return to the condition of savages and beasts. Philosophy will never be understood if we approach the study of its mysteries with so narrow and illiberal conceptions of its universality. Rousseau certainly did not mean to persuade the application writing help, immense population of his country to abandon all the teacher, arts of life, destroy their habitations and their temples, and become the inhabitants of the lined, woods. He addressed the most enlightened of essay, his compatriots, and endeavoured to persuade them to peer tutoring program essay, set the example of a pure and simple life, by placing in the strongest point of view his conceptions of the calamitous and diseased aspect which, overgrown as it is with the vices of sensuality and teacher, selfishness, is exhibited by civilized society. Nor can it be believed that Jesus Christ endeavoured to prevail on the inhabitants of Jerusalem neither to for writing, till their fields, nor to frame a shelter against the sky, nor to provide food for the morrow. He simply exposes, with the passionate rhetoric of enthusiastic love towards all human beings, the miseries and mischiefs of that system which makes all things subservient to teacher essay, the subsistence of the material frame of man. He warns them that no man can serve two masters—God and Mammon; that it is impossible at once to be highminded and just and wise, and to college writing, comply with the accustomed forms of human society, seek power, wealth, or empire, either from the teacher, idolatry of habit, or as the direct instruments of sensual gratification.

He instructs them that clothing and food and shelter are not, as they suppose, the true end of human life, but only peer program essay certain means, to be valued in proportion to their subserviency to that end. These means it is the right of every human being to possess, and that in the same degree. In this respect, the fowls of the air and outstanding teacher, the lilies of the college application writing my, field are examples for the imitation of mankind. They are clothed and fed by outstanding teacher essay, the Universal God. Permit, therefore, the Spirit of this benignant Principle to visit your intellectual frame, or, in other words, become just and pure.

When you understand the the thesis theme, degree of attention which the requisitions of your physical nature demand, you will perceive how little labour suffices for their satisfaction. Your Heavenly Father knoweth you have need of outstanding, these things. The universal Harmony, or Reason, which makes your passive frame of thought its dwelling, in proportion to the purity and majesty of its nature will instruct you, if ye are willing to attain that exalted condition, in what manner to possess all the objects necessary for your material subsistence. All men are [impelled] to become thus pure and happy. All men are called to participate in the community of Nature's gifts. For Writing Practice. The man who has fewest bodily wants approaches nearest to the Divine Nature. Satisfy these wants at the cheapest rate, and expend the remaining energies of your nature in the attainment of virtue and knowledge. The mighty frame of the wonderful and outstanding teacher, lovely world is the practice, food of outstanding teacher essay, your contemplation, and living beings who resemble your own nature, and lined paper, are bound to you by similarity of sensations, are destined to be the teacher essay, nutriment of your affection; united, they are the consummation of the widest hopes your mind can contain. Ye can expend thus no labour on mechanism consecrated to application help my, luxury and pride.

How abundant will not be your progress in all that truly ennobles and teacher, extends human nature! By rendering yourselves thus worthy, ye will be as free in your imaginations as the swift and many-coloured fowls of the air, and as beautiful in pure simplicity as the lilies of the field. In proportion as mankind becomes wise—yes, in thesis of toronto exact proportion to that wisdom—should be the extinction of the unequal system under which they now subsist. Government is, in teacher fact, the peer essay, mere badge of their depravity. They are so little aware of the inestimable benefits of mutual love as to indulge, without thought, and almost without motive, in the worst excesses of selfishness and malice. Hence, without graduating human society into a scale of empire and subjection, its very existence has become impossible. Teacher Essay. It is necessary that universal benevolence should supersede the regulations of precedent and prescription, before these regulations can safely be abolished. Meanwhile, their very subsistence depends on the system of injustice and violence, which they have been devised to palliate. They suppose men endowed with the power of deliberating and determining for their equals; whilst these men, as frail and as ignorant as the multitude whom they rule, possess, as a practical consequence of this power, the right which they of necessity exercise to prevent (together with their own) the physical and moral and intellectual nature, of all mankind. It is the object of 5 paragraph organizer, wisdom to equalize the distinctions on which this power depends, by exhibiting in their proper worthlessness the objects, a contention concerning which renders its existence a necessary evil.

The evil, in outstanding fact, is virtually abolished wherever justice is practised; and it is abolished in precise proportion to the prevalence of true virtue. The whole frame of human things is infected by an insidious poison. Hence it is that man is blind in his understanding, corrupt in his moral sense, and diseased in program his physical functions. Teacher Essay. The wisest and most sublime of the ancient poets saw this truth, and embodied their conception of the thesis, its value in retrospect to the earliest ages of mankind. They represented equality as the reign of Saturn, and taught that mankind had gradually degenerated from the virtue which enabled them to enjoy or maintain this happy state.

Their doctrine was philosophically false. Later and more correct observations have instructed us that uncivilized man is the most pernicious and outstanding teacher essay, miserable of the thesis theme, beings, and that the violence and injustice, which are the genuine indications of real inequality, obtain in teacher essay the society of these beings without palliation. Their imaginations of a happier state of human society were referred, in truth, to application essay help, the Saturnian period; they ministered, indeed, to thoughts of despondency and sorrow. Outstanding Essay. But they were the children of airy hope—the prophets and parents of man's futurity. Program Essay. Alan was once as a wild beast; he has become a moralist, a metaphysician, a poet, and an astronomer. Lueretius or Viril might have referred the comparison to themselves and, as a proof of the progress of the nature of man, challenged a comparison with the cannibals of Scythia. Teacher. The experience of the ages which have intervened between the present period and that in essay which Jesus Christ taught, tends to prove his doctrine, and to teacher essay, illustrate theirs. There is theme, more equality because there is more justice, and there is more justice because there is more universal knowledge. To the accomplishment of such mighty hopes were the views of Jesus Christ extended; such did he believe to be the teacher essay, tendency of his doctrines—the abolition of artificial distinctions among mankind, so far as the love which it becomes all human beings to paper for writing practice, bear towards each other, and the knowledge of truth from which that love will never fail to be produced, avail to their destruction. A young man came to outstanding essay, Jesus Christ, struck by the miraculous dignity and simplicity of his character, and attracted by the words of power which he uttered. He demanded to be considered as one of the followers of college application essay help my, his creed.

Sell all that thou hast, replied the philosopher; give it to the poor, and teacher, follow me. But the young man had large possessions, and he went away sorrowing. The system of equality was attempted, after Jesus Christ's death, to thesis writing university of toronto, be carried into effect by his followers. Outstanding Teacher Essay. They that believed had all things in common; they sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need; and they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart. ( Acts , Ch. II.) The practical application of the university of toronto, doctrines of strict justice to a state of society established in its contempt, was such as might have been expected.

After the transitory glow of enthusiasm had faded from the minds of men, precedent and habit resumed their empire; they broke like an universal deluge on outstanding, one shrinking and solitary island. Men to whom birth had allotted ample possession looked with complacency on sumptuous apartments and luxurious food, and those ceremonials of delusive majesty which surround the throne of power and the court of wealth. Men, from whom these things were withheld by their condition, began again to gaze with stupid envy on pernicious splendour; and, by desiring the false greatness of another's state, to sacrifice the intrinsic dignity of their own. The demagogues of the infant republic of the lined for writing practice, Christian sect, attaining through eloquence or artifice, to influence amongst its members, first violated (under the pretence of watching over their integrity) the institutions established for essay the common and equal benefit of all. Peer Tutoring. These demagogues artfully silenced the voice of the moral sense among them by engaging them to attend, not so much to the cultivation of a virtuous and happy life in this mortal scene, as to the attainment of a fortunate condition after death; not so much to the consideration of those means by which the state of man is adorned and improved, as an outstanding teacher essay, inquiry into the secrets of the connexion between God and the world—things which, they well knew, were not to be explained, or even to be conceived. The system of equality which they established necessarily fell to tutoring program, the ground, because it is a system that must result from, rather than precede, the moral improvement of outstanding teacher, human kind. It was a circumstance of no moment that the first adherents of the system of Jesus Christ cast their property into a common stock. The same degree of real community of property could have subsisted without this formality, which served only to extend a temptation of dishonesty to writing course, the treasurers of outstanding teacher essay, so considerable a patrimony. Every man, in proportion to his virtue, considers himself, with respect to the great community of mankind, as the steward and guardian of their interests in the property which he chances to possess. Every man, in proportion to his wisdom, sees the manner in which it is his duty to employ the resources which the consent of mankind has intrusted to his discretion.

Such is the [annihilation] of the unjust inequality of powers and conditions. existing in the world; and so gradually and inevitably is the progress of equality accommodated to the progress of wisdom and of virtue among mankind. Meanwhile, some benefit has not failed to flow from the imperfect attempts which have been made to erect a system of equal rights to property and power upon the basis of arbitrary institutions. They have undoubtedly, in every case, from the instability of their foundation, failed. Still, they constitute a record of those epochs at which a trite sense of justice suggested itself to the understandings of men, so that they consented to forego all the cherished delights of luxury, all the habitual gratifications arising out of the possession or the expectation of power, all the superstitions with which the accumulated authority of ages had made them dear and venerable. They are so many trophies erected in the enemy's land, to mark the limits of the victorious progress of truth and justice. No mistake is more to be deplored than the conception that a system of organizer, morals and religion should derive any portion of its authority either from the circumstance of its novelty or its antiquity, that it should be judged excellent, not because it is reasonable or true, but because no person has ever thought of outstanding teacher, it before, or because it has been thought of from the beginning of time. The vulgar mind delights to [abstract?] from the most useful maxims or institutions the trite reasons of their preferableness, and to accommodate to the loose inductions of practice, their own indisciplinable minds. Thus mankind is governed by precedents for actions which were never, or are no longer, useful and deluded by the pretensions of any bold impostor. Such has been, most unfortunately, the process of the human mind relatively to the doctrines of outstanding teacher essay, Jesus Christ. Their original promulgation was authorized by college essay, an appeal to the antiquity of the institutions of Judaea; and in vindication of superstitious professing to be founded on them, it is asserted that nothing analogous to their tenor was ever before produced. The doctrines of Jesus Christ have scarcely the smallest resemblance to the Jewish law: nor have wisdom and benevolence and pity failed in whatsoever age of the world to generate such persuasions as those which are the basis of the moral system he announced.

The most eminent philosophers of essay, Greece had long been familiarized to the boldest and most sublime speculations on God, on the visible world, and on the moral and intellectual Nature of Man. The universality and unity of God, the omnipotence of the mind of man, the university, equality of teacher, human beings and the duty of internal purity, is program, either asserted by Pythagoras, Plato, Diogenes, Zeno, and their followers, or may be directly inferred from teacher, their assertions. Nothing would be gained by the establishment of the originality of Jesus Christ's doctrines but the casting a suspicion upon thesis writing university, its practicability. Let us beware therefore what we admit lest, as some have made a trade of its imagined mysteries, we lose the inestimable advantages of its simplicity. Let us beware, if we love liberty and truth, if we loathe tyranny and imposture, if, imperfect ourselves, we still aspire to the freedom of internal purity, and cherish the elevated hope that mankind may not be everlastingly condemned to the bondage of their own passions and the passions of their fellow beings, let us beware. Teacher Essay. An established religion turns to deathlike apathy the sublimest ebullitions of tutoring essay, most exalted genius, and the spirit-stirring truths of a mind inflamed with the desire of benefiting mankind. It is the characteristic of a cold and tame spirit to imagine that such doctrines as Jesus Christ promulgated are destined to follow the fortunes and share the extinction of a popular religion. Forman's Editorial Preface: The Essay on Christianity was first given by Lady Shelley, in the Shelley Memorials (1859), where it is accompanied by the following note:—The reader will observe some unfinished sentences in the course of this Essay; but it has been thought advisable to print it exactly as it was found, with the outstanding essay, exception of a few conjectural words inserted between brackets. In this and other respects the text of the Memorials is here followed; but I have added from the writing course, St.

James's Magazine for March, 1876, what appears to be a part of a recapitulation and conclusion. It is reasonable to outstanding teacher essay, think that this would have been further developed; but the final sentences are peculiarly weighty, and likely to be the conclusion of the whole matter. Peer Program Essay. Mr. Rossetti assigns this Essay, not very confidently, to the year 1815: if that be not the date, I should incline to place it a little later rather than earlier.—H.B.F. calculated——: It seems likely that it was a part of the scheme of this Essay to examine and illustrate the outstanding teacher essay, Beatitudes seriatim . The passage now printed as the college essay writing, conclusion of the Essay occupies a page and a half of a sheet of foolscap paper: on essay, the other leaf of the sheet, and not continuously with the rest are written and cancelled the following passages:— I, the Redeemer of mankind; I who dare to. Lament no more ye meek and gentle beings: bear on against the oppressions of the hard and unfeeling world—with resolute and tranquil mind; for in the calmness of your own spirit shall be your reward, and the.

him: See Note on this subject, Vol. III, p. 312. Scythia: Jesus Christ foresaw what the poets retrospectively imagined. [Shelley's Note.] Jesus Christ did not. It is at this point that the Essay ends in the Shelley Memorials . The rest is from the St. James's Magazine . superstitions professing. Cancelled reading, a system professing to be founded on these doctrines . produced: Cancelled reading, Let us proceed to vindicate . law: There is another erasure here, The Philosophers of Greece, and their imitators, the the thesis, Romans, bear. The: Cancelled reading, The doctrines were speculations of the most eminent, c.

Plato: In the MS., The Platonists and Stoics is here struck out. practicability: Cancelled passage, It promises , and again, would persuade man not to be tyrant of man . liberty and truth: In the MS., our fellow men is here struck out in favour of liberty and truth . It is the characteristic. Cancelled reading, It is a cold and palsying tame thought . follow the fortunes: In the MS. the words share the fate originally stood here.