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AMCAS Walkthrough: 2. Schools Attended


Watch me as I show you around Section 2 of AMCAS: Schools Attended. Thanks for watching as always :) My previous video: http://

Completing the AMCAS 2017 Application - Harvard Office of Career

Amcas basic coursework tutorial

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Completing the 2018 AMCAS Application - Harvard Office of Career

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The Art of the Developer Resume - Improving the Programmer Resume. Programmer resumes may seem like something of a mundane topic, but after spending the last few weeks wading through resumes from software developers, it is clear to amcas basic tutorial me that most developers need help with their resumes. Csr Essay! This impression is backed up by many past resume reading experiences. While I have come across very few truly awful resumes, the majority of the software developer resumes I have read in the last week have been substandard. Only a few have been what I would call really well done. Does that mean that the majority of the amcas basic coursework tutorial developers represented by these resumes are themselves substandard? Maybe so, but I would like to think not. While I am certain that there is a wide range of skill levels within the pool of available developers, that does not mean that those developers who are not in the top percentiles should be described as substandard.

Not at all. Maybe not all of introduction them are as sophisticated as I might be looking for, and maybe not all of them write the best looking code, but they will undoubtedly make some employer happy. My theory, instead, is that, because the majority of these developers do not understand the art of the resume (and more specifically, the art of the basic coursework developer resume), their resumes may not do them justice. In the paragraphs that follow, my aim is to reveal that art to you, and to give you my perspective as someone who has often been in the position of sifting through resumes and hiring developers. Before getting into narrative, specifics, I would like to amcas basic tutorial emphasize one thing: the goal of your resume is to land you an interview. Period.

If your resume does not get you an interview for a job, then it has failed. Keep this thought in the front of your mind as you think about and work on your resume. (Getting the interview is the first step in a four step process: getting the interview, excelling in the interview, deciding whether you want the job, and closing the deal—but I’ll save those last three steps for future essays.) Put yourself in the shoes of the hiring manager, who is biology as level, likely a senior developer (or formerly was one): she is basic tutorial, sitting there at introduction paragraphs, her desk, with a fairly good idea of what sort of developer she needs to hire (or maybe not), and in amcas coursework tutorial front of her is design coursework, a thick stack of resumes. Tutorial! In a slow job market like we are in at the time of this writing, it might be a huge stack of resumes. I personally know of an narrative essay on childhood, employer who received 240 resumes for a single job posting. You can believe it is not a fun job having to sift through those resumes, and this hiring manager knows it. In fact, they’ve been sitting on amcas basic, her desk for almost a week, because she’s been dreading the task. This hiring manager is introduction thesis, very busy, and only has time to perform a limited number of phone screenings and interviews, so it’s a given that only basic coursework a small percentage of these resumes is going to make it into coursework biology, the keepers pile. The ones that make the keepers pile get a phone call and an interview. The ones that don’t go in the trash.

Given this scenario, it is important to realize three things: First, this hiring manager desperately wants to find a sufficient number of stand-out resumes as soon as possible. Second, the basic coursework best candidates will not get the interviews—the best resumes will. The ideal candidate’s resume may very well end up in the trash. Third, since the majority of the developers out there are not good at writing resumes, if you can make yours shine, it will almost always make it into biology as level, the keepers pile (assuming you are a fit for the position).

So how do you make sure your resume stands out? What follows are my guidelines for winning developer resumes. Disclaimers: Take what you like from basic tutorial, my suggestions and leave what you don’t like. Many people have very specific ideas about how a resume should look and what it should contain, and essay I certainly do not mean to suggest that a resume that does not follow my formula is amcas basic coursework, automatically a bad resume. There is no one-size-fits-all formula. Also, I’m not making any claims that any of these tips and tricks are my own unique creation. My formula is essay, culled from reading several books on job hunting and resume writing, reading hundreds of resumes, frequent tweaking and updating of my own resume, and helping friends with their resumes over the years. In my opinion, the ideal resume length is two to three pages. If you have several years of experience, three pages is ideal. If you have less experience, then two pages is ideal. On the first page, you should have your identifying information at the top; an Objective section (if you decide to basic coursework use one; see below); a Summary of two essays on analytical Qualifications section (see below); followed by the beginning of your Professional Experience section.

The first page should end with the description of your most recent position. Then the next most recent position would appear at the top of the amcas coursework tutorial second page, and so on. If you’re having trouble filling out two essays on analytical two pages, chances are you are not digging deep enough or going into enough detail in your Professional Experience section (see below). If your resume is longer than three pages, chances are you are either providing too much detail, you have extraneous sections, or you are not using creative layout techniques (such as two-column bulleted lists) to make it fit; gigantic amounts of white space is a common flaw leading to overly long resumes. Beware of making your resume go beyond three pages. Remember the basic tutorial harried hiring manager: you want to give enough information to make a strong statement and design and technology a level represent yourself properly, but you don’t want to give so much that you overwhelm or exhaust. In my most recent round of resume shifting, I received several seven and eight page resumes from one agency. Seven and eight pages!

I didn’t read past page three on basic coursework tutorial, a single one of them. If your resume goes beyond three pages, does that mean you are dead in the water? Not necessarily. I called a couple of those developers with the excessively long resumes. I am talking here about the narrative on childhood ideal resume length. Maybe you have a couple decades of experience, multiple certifications, a couple degrees, some honors and awards, and magazine and book publication to your credit. If that is the case, more power to you: make your resume longer than three pages. That said, I stick by my assertion that three pages is plenty for amcas basic, almost any developer’s resume. On 95% of the coursework as level resumes that have an Objective section, the section adds no value whatsoever. I know that all the resume books, and your high school guidance counselor, told you to put this section at the top of your resume, but I personally do not use an Objective section on my resume. Here’s a typical objective: Seeking a rewarding, challenging position with growth potential in a dynamic company.

Well of course you are! Who isn’t? Why waste this precious space on something so bland, generic, and unremarkable? Remember, you want your resume to stand out, to coursework rise above the sea of substandard resumes. On my resume, I want the biology as level first thing that hiring manager reads to make a strong statement about me —to hook the reader, so to speak. The goal of amcas coursework my resume is to sell me, to land that interview. I only have a few moments of the narrative on childhood reader’s attention. I start my resume off with the heading, Summary of Qualifications. (I’ll go into tutorial, more detail on this section below.) Each of the coursework biology as level bullet points at the beginning of coursework tutorial this section makes a strong, specific statement about me, my experience, my skill level, the technologies in which I am proficient, etc. In this way, not only am I making a statement about what kind of candidate I am, my objective is narrative on childhood, implied: I’m looking for amcas, a position that is going to match my skill level and csr essay writing competition experience, using the technologies in which I am an expert, and amcas basic utilizing my leadership skills and paragraphs experience.

If you’ve got something within those parameters, let’s talk. Does that I mean I would never use an Objective section on my resume? Does that mean you should not have an amcas basic, Objective section on your resume? Not necessarily. The Objective section can be useful if you really have some kind of specific situation that you are looking for.

Maybe you only want to work in a specific industry, or on a particular kind of project, or only using bleeding edge technology. Defend A Position Topics! However, for my own resume, unless I really had a strong feeling about one of these criteria, I’d probably leave the Objective section off—especially in amcas basic coursework tutorial a slower job market, because I’d rather have the opportunity to essay on childhood turn a position down than never know it might have been offered to me because of amcas basic tutorial my narrowly stated objective. As I mentioned above, I start my resume off with a section called Summary of Qualifications. The idea is to a level give a kind of executive summary, like you’d see in coursework tutorial a business plan or marketing report. There are a few reasons for this: one, I’m always picturing the harried hiring manager and her huge stack of and technology coursework resumes. Amcas Basic Coursework Tutorial! I want to grab her attention as quickly as possible.

Two, I know from my studies of marketing and journalism that many (if not most) people will never read past the first few sentences or paragraphs of paragraphs thesis anything if they don’t have to. It’s a blow to amcas basic coursework tutorial my ego sometimes, but I know that most people who start reading this essay will never make it this far. The same goes for my resume—maybe even doubly so. For this large percentage of people, I need to on analytical get my point across quickly. So there’s reason number three: even for the people who do read the rest of the resume thoroughly, I want to basic coursework sell them on the idea that I might be their ideal candidate right away, so that they spend the rest of essay their time with my resume seeking support and justification for basic tutorial, that conclusion. In other words, I make bold claims in my Summary of Qualifications section, and then I make sure the information in my Professional Experience section (see below) supports those claims. Like most of my resume, the format of the Summary of Qualifications section is bullet points. I like bullet points because they are easy to read, they don’t look daunting on coursework biology, the page like a thick paragraph does, and they appeal to people’s short attention spans. I start the amcas section off with more general points, and then get more specific. Csr Essay! As I mentioned, I like to amcas basic make bold statements that sell me to the reader. Narrative Essay On Childhood! Here is the first bullet point on my resume:

Daniel Read is a well-rounded professional software developer with over eleven years experience developing and amcas basic tutorial maintaining a wide variety of systems for large international corporations and small businesses. Csr Essay Competition! Daniel’s specialties are working with business experts, designing technical and non-technical solutions to meet the needs of the business, crafting and implementing development processes, and leading teams to deliver software. Amcas Coursework! He is also a skilled programmer. From there I start getting more specific. You should, of course, tailor the narrative boldness of these kinds of statements to match your experience and qualifications.

Don’t make claims you can’t back up. Finally, don’t worry if some of these bullet points are sentence fragments; sentence fragments are permissible in bullet points and on resumes. I end the Summary of Qualifications section with a two-column bulleted list of amcas basic tutorial specific technologies, languages, and tools with which I am proficient. By this point, I have used up at least the first half of the first page. This is where most developers need the most help on their resumes. You can call this section whatever you like, but on design and technology a level, my resume I call it, Professional Experience.

When I read through this section of a job candidate’s resume, I am looking for disqualifiers. Amcas Basic Coursework Tutorial! In other words, I am looking for reasons not to put this resume in the keepers pile. Remember that as the hiring manager I have a huge stack of resumes, and if I don’t use some kind of criteria to trim them down, I’ll never get to go home. What has this developer really done? Does her experience back up her claims of paragraphs what technologies and experience he says he has?

Has he worked on similar projects to what I am looking for? Has she stayed around at basic coursework tutorial, jobs long enough to see her code go into production and through subsequent releases? Does he jump around jobs too frequently? Was his participation in these projects substantial or only peripheral? There are many questions such as these, and every hiring manager has different hot buttons. Knowing this, and knowing I cannot hope to paragraphs thesis please everyone or be the ideal candidate for every job, my goal on my own resume is to simply be as specific as possible (within reason, of amcas tutorial course) and back up the claims I made in csr essay writing my Summary of Qualifications section. My goal is also to continue to sell. What I am selling are my abilities (which are proven by the technologies I have worked on, the coursework types of software I have built) and the positive effect I have had wherever I have been . This latter part is what too many developers miss. Putting it in marketing terms, it’s about selling the benefits. When advertisers promote a car or box of laundry detergent, they don’t just list the two essays on analytical facts about the product—they present the basic tutorial product so that the consumer imagines the benefits of owning the product. On your resume you don’t want to just say, I wrote code.

You want to say, I wrote code, which had the lowest defect rate on narrative on childhood, the team, resulting in a shortened testing cycle. Show the reader of your resume the benefits which past employers have enjoyed from your work, and a prospective employer will be able to imagine himself enjoying those benefits as well. Going back to formatting, what I do is amcas basic tutorial, make sure that the narrative on childhood second half of the first page of my resume contains the entirety of my most recent position. Then I continue with the rest of my positions on the second and third pages. Basic Tutorial! I start each position description with the company name, location, and date ranges of employment. Underneath that, I list my job title, followed by a brief description of the coursework type of amcas basic tutorial company, the project(s) I worked on, and the role I played. Narrative On Childhood! This description should not exceed two sentences. This is basic, a big mistake that I see on many resumes. A Position! Too many people will spend a paragraph or two describing the project and the company, and basic coursework then barely spend any time at all getting specific about what they did . A Level! These developers will go into detail about what type of company it was, what division they worked in, what the purpose of the software was, what technologies were used (whether or not they personally had anything to coursework do with those technologies or not), how many team members there were, etc., etc. Is some of a level this information relevant? Probably—but you have to keep this sort of thing to a bare minimum.

Your resume’s job is to sell you , to land you an amcas basic coursework tutorial, interview. When I encounter this technique on paragraphs thesis, a resume, I am left to amcas basic tutorial conclude that this developer didn’t really do all that much on this project, and is therefore trying to make it look like he worked on a lot of stuff he really didn’t by a position essay topics describing a lot of stuff he was simply associated with . Basic! You can get away with this to a point, depending on the shrewdness of the resume reader, but only if you also follow it up with good specifics about what you did. Another thought regarding this problem: I see this technique often on the resumes of people from coursework biology, other countries besides the United States. I don’t have any facts to prove this, but my sense is that perhaps in some cultures it is considered unseemly to tutorial draw too much attention to oneself; in other words, you worked as part of a team, and it would be disrespectful to introduction the team to amcas tutorial shine a spotlight on coursework, yourself apart from the team. Coursework! If this is coursework biology as level, indeed a cultural difference between the US and amcas basic other countries, then I absolutely respect that. If you live and work in a country besides the competition US, then maybe none of this resume advice of mine applies. I can’t say, because my view is totally provincial to the US job market. That said, if you are from another country or culture, and are seeking a job in amcas the US, then you cannot afford on your resume to be shy. I am not saying you should be boastful, but neither can you afford to narrative essay on childhood be modest.

So after this two-to-three sentences of summary, I launch into bullet points. These bullet points are intended to describe what specific things I did for the company and for the project, what technologies I worked with, and whenever possible, the benefits that my efforts had for the team and for the company. Here are a few random examples from amcas basic, my resume: Designed a large web-based e-commerce application from scratch, including requirements, database design, object/component design, security design, design of defend topics logical and amcas coursework physical tiers, and on analytical user interface design. Wrote a 100+ page design document for basic tutorial, the entire system. And Technology Coursework! Co-wrote a reusable application framework for basic, state machine/unattended execution type applications. This framework cuts two weeks from the construction of these types of applications, which were common for this development shop. Also wrote additional applications using the framework. Designed and wrote, from scratch, a large client/server system with a traditional Visual Basic front end.

This system was very successful for two essays on analytical, the company’s largest client, and consists of thousands of lines of code in over 50 files, plus dozens of stored procedures and tutorial triggers. It was written in a combination of defend a position essay Visual Basic for basic tutorial, the logical front and middle tiers, and T-SQL for the data tier. Wrote, edited, and directed a complete rewrite of all program documentation, converting them from bound books and printed release notes to an electronic hypertext publishing system, resulting in four book-length on-line manuals and a $15-per-unit reduction in csr essay competition deliverables costs. Here are some tips for writing bullet points for your Professional Experience section: Start each bullet with a strong action verb: wrote, designed, researched, compiled, supported, built, led, coordinated, initiated, conceived, etc. Try to avoid using the same verbs over amcas basic and over. Imagine the word I in front of each bullet: I conceived , I wrote , I built , etc.—only leave out the actual word I when you write it. Use the and technology active voice.

You do not want to amcas tutorial sound wishy-washy or passive. Here is passive voice: The system was written in C. And here is active voice: I wrote the system in C. Your resume is selling you , and the passive voice takes you out of the narrative on childhood picture. Be specific about what you did, and be specific about the technologies you used. Don’t try to amcas basic coursework tutorial be clever by mentioning a lot of csr essay writing competition technologies that other people worked on, because you will get busted in amcas tutorial the interview. Be specific about the types of projects you worked on, what parts of them you worked on, and what phase(s) you were involved in. Did you work on GUI elements, the middle tier(s), or the and technology a level database? Did you participate or lead requirements and/or design, or were you involved mainly in the construction? Did you spec out the hardware? Did you assist or lead the deployment of amcas tutorial your software, and csr essay writing competition see it through into the maintenance phase?

Sell success. Don’t be shy about pointing out the benefits that the basic coursework tutorial team and company accrued from your efforts. Introduction Paragraphs Thesis! Did your project have a successful rollout with a very low bug count? Did the software you worked on amcas coursework, make a lot of money for the company? Did the improvements you made to the software result in reductions to the help desk staff?

Sell that stuff. When selling the benefits of your work, use numbers where possible. Paragraphs! Managers, especially, love numbers. Can you quote a certain percentage of performance gain or reduction in memory usage from your efforts? Can you point to an increase in sales after you added new features to the software? Use relevant buzzwords, but don’t go overboard—and don’t use buzzwords you are not confident you can define and amcas basic discuss. And Technology! Don’t leave out non-coding tasks like documentation, training, support, mentoring, etc. These things demonstrate that you are a well rounded individual. When reading developer resumes, I am always looking for this. As you go from amcas coursework tutorial, position to position on your resume, if you are having trouble keeping within the two or three page limit, you may need to start progressively shortening the section for each position, even getting really old positions down to one bullet point.

How much detail do you really need to go into describing your work with technology that has been virtually obsolete for ten years? Finally, if you have part of your work experience in non-computer-related fields, and do not feel that it is a position, relevant, then just list that period of time as Non IT-Related Employment and put the date range. This is how I sum up my three years of retail management experience immediately after college. The harried hiring manager does not care that right out of college I spent a year and a half at a department store building shelf displays in the middle of the amcas coursework night. So far, I have only described two primary sections, Summary of Qualifications and Professional Experience (plus the optional Objective section). In fact, these two primary sections are the coursework only sections on my resume. What about some other traditional resume sections? I am not necessarily opposed to other sections, but these two sections serve me well all by themselves, and I suspect they will serve most developer’s resumes equally well. Some other sections you might be wondering about:

Education I do not use this section on my resume because I put my single relevant educational fact in my Summary of Qualifications section. I have a Bachelor of Arts degree in coursework tutorial Creative Writing, and have never felt that this one modest fact is enough to defend a position essay warrant a whole section on my resume. Even if I had one or two more degrees, I still don’t think I would create a separate Education section on my resume. Tutorial! The main reason for this is that education is coursework, one of those touchy subjects that people are sensitive to. Many people are insecure about their education level, and this seems to be equally true of people who never went to college as it is of people who have a two Bachelors degrees, a Ph.D., and an MBA. Basic Tutorial! The other reason is that I don’t view education level as a reliable barometer for a developer’s qualifications. I don’t even view a computer science degree as a reliable barometer for a developer’s qualifications. Does this mean you should not put a separate Education section on your resume, or that I would hold it against a resume that did?

Absolutely not. I just don’t like to waste the coursework biology space on my own resume. Training and amcas basic coursework Certification This is paragraphs, another gray area. Some people might lump training and tutorial certification into the Education section, and others like to break it out into on analytical, its own section. I don’t do either. If I had taken some training that I felt was relevant, than I would put it in my Summary of Qualifications section. Amcas! I do the same with certifications. If you’ve taken a large amount of training, have a lot of certifications, or are particularly proud of your efforts in these areas, then by all means, add a section for narrative, it. That said, be aware that there are many people who have very strong negative feelings, even contempt, for certifications. These people are usually fairly irrational about it, in amcas coursework tutorial my experience, and I would not advocate hiding your hard-earned certifications from these narrow minded people.

But that fact might make you reconsider how much attention to on analytical draw to your certification(s), and also whether or not you would want to embed certification logos in your resume. Other Interests I strongly recommend against this kind of section, where well meaning people like to list things like hobbies and outside interests. Some people like to amcas basic coursework tutorial also create Professional Affiliation sections in introduction paragraphs which to list memberships in clubs and associations. The reason I recommend against basic coursework tutorial these kind of as level sections is that I believe in keeping anything potentially controversial in the background, or preferably off the resume altogether. Amcas! Remember that harried hiring managers are looking for disqualifiers on your resume—don’t hand them over on a silver platter. Regardless of whether you add these, or other sections, to your resume, I strongly recommend putting them at the end of your resume, after the Professional Experience section. I won’t be going into a lot of detail regarding resume layout, but I would like to say that layout is extremely important.

Issues such as font choice, margins, white space, and design and technology coursework using small blocks of text that are inviting to amcas the reader are crucial in the construction of biology as level your resume. I wish I had time to tell you about some of the horrid looking resumes I’ve been reading these past few weeks. If desktop publishing, layout, and amcas coursework word processor magic are not your strengths, then by all means get the help of a friend who is good in these areas. There are also many good resume books that contain layout tips and two essays on analytical templates. The bottom line is this: your resume represents you. When I see a developer’s resume that is tutorial, sloppy and unbalanced, then I have to essay assume that his code will look that way too. This is a huge pet peeve of mine. Contracting and placement agencies have this nice habit of taking the perfect resume that you spent hours on and totally making a mess of it. It’s really shameful. I understand that agencies want to cover up the personal contact info at the top of your resume and that they want to put their logo at the top.

I have no problem with that, which is why I leave room at basic coursework, the top of my resume for csr essay writing, them to do this. But too often (most of the time, really) the agency people who are changing these resumes a) don’t have a clue what they are doing, and b) don’t give a damn about how good the layout on your resume looks. Worse yet, many agencies require that all resumes be in the same format, so they retype them into some proprietary software, which usually pumps out amcas basic coursework something that looks like crap, or that comes out seven or eight pages long. I have a policy: before I will let any agency submit my resume for a position, I require final approval on the resume they are going to submit. I play hardball on this one.

If an agency won’t work with me on this, then they don’t get to represent me. If they need a copy of my resume without my personal info and with their logo added, then they can send me the logo graphic, and I’ll be happy to make them one. I have been burned too many times on this: I show up for the interview, get a look at the mess of a resume the agency sent over, and I end up apologizing for the way it looks. Csr Essay Writing Competition! Maybe I’m being silly, but the way I look at it is that until a potential employer meets me and gets to know me and amcas coursework tutorial my work, the resume is me and my work. An often overlooked tidbit: when you have a multi-page resume, make sure you put a footer on csr essay writing, all of the pages after the first one. In the amcas basic tutorial footer, put the page number, your name, and narrative on childhood your phone number and/or e-mail address. The reason for this is that pages get lost and separated and coursework mixed up. Beware of two essays on analytical agency mutilation of basic coursework your footers (see above). Quickly, here are some things to avoid on your resume:

Don’t stretch or otherwise misrepresent the truth. Don’t oversell. Don’t be trivial. By this I mean, don’t include your typing speed and filing skills on your resume, and don’t list every silly third party library or component that you’ve ever worked with. A Position Essay Topics! Trivialities expose or suggest lack of experience. Don’t be negative. Amcas Basic Coursework! This tip applies to defend topics the whole job seeking process.

Don’t put anything negative (such as how you left your last job because your boss didn’t respect you) on your resume. At all costs, avoid misspellings, poor grammar, and technical mistakes on your resume. Coursework Tutorial! Have at least two other people read your resume before you send it out to two essays anyone. No disrespect intended to my beloved international readers, but if English is not your first language and amcas tutorial you are applying for a job in narrative the US, I strongly recommend getting a native English speaker with good writing skills to basic proofread your resume. To wrap this up, let me say that I realize that all of this may seem overwhelming and intimidating if you do not have a great deal of experience or if you are not overflowing with self confidence. Narrative Essay! If you are lacking experience, do not let that discourage you. Everyone starts out tutorial with a lack of experience. Put extra effort into your resume and demonstrate that you are a person who cares about quality, is willing to put in narrative essay on childhood extra effort, has a good attitude, and amcas coursework tutorial has a strong interest in software development as a craft and csr essay writing discipline. If you are lacking experience and are not doing a lot of reading and a lot of self practice, then you are not helping yourself. Amcas! You of course need to on analytical be reading technical materials about your chosen tools, but you also need to be doing a lot of non-technology-specific general software development reading. There are plenty of companies and teams looking to hire less experienced people who have the right attitude, who show a lot of initiative, and who demonstrate dedication to amcas tutorial quality.

I myself have hired less experienced developers many times. Find creative ways to make your resume demonstrate these things about you, and someone will give you a shot at an interview. As for design coursework, lack of self confidence, the best method I know for overcoming that is to fake it. The first place to start faking it is in your resume. Your resume cannot reveal a lack of confidence. If you are unsure about your resume, get a friend, colleague, or mentor that you trust to help you with it. A strong resume that you are proud of is amcas coursework, a great way to make sure that you can walk into an interview feeling confident. Remember where this essay started: most of the resumes you are competing with are crap, and now you know some techniques for and technology a level, making sure yours will stand out.

If you feel like you need more, there is no shortage of resume advice out there. Note: the author made minor changes and updates to this article on amcas tutorial, July 20, 2005. No list sharing of any kind. No special offers from partners. No webinars. No Special Reports. by Robert L. Glass.

All content copyright 2000-2006 by the individual specified authors (and where not specified, copyright by Read Media, LLC). Reprint or redistribute only introduction paragraphs with written permission from the author and/or developer.*.

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4 Tips for Humanizing Your Rejection Letters. No candidate wants to hear that they didn’t get a job after they’ve spent hours applying and interviewing, and no recruiter likes delivering the bad news. After all, recruiters live for the moment of basic signing a candidate and feeling proud of design and technology coursework having matched the tutorial, candidate to introduction thesis the right opportunity. Basic Coursework. And yet, perhaps because no one likes sending them, rejection letters are often cold, robotic, and shrouded in mystery. There’s nothing like a lifeless, templated rejection to bring a candidate way down after having gone through a fantastic interview process with a company. Taking a few extra minutes to inject a human touch into your rejection letters makes the process substantially better for everyone involved. Here are a few of the ways we do so at Lever: Cold: Thank you for applying to the POSITION at on childhood COMPANY. Human: We really appreciate that you took the time to consider us. We know there are a lot of companies out basic there that are hiring.

Of course you’ll thank candidates for applying, but don’t let it sound rote or mechanical. Instead, try to a position topics convey genuine appreciation. At Lever, one way we do that is by basic, acknowledging that there are many companies who are hiring to choose from. It’s a compliment when a candidate chooses to apply and consider us for their next career move, so we want to let them know. Cold: We’ll keep your application on coursework as level file should another position become available. Human: We hope you don't mind if we reach out to you in the future. Many rejection letters vaguely hint at a “future position” or provide a link to a jobs page telling the candidate to “stay informed,” but everyone knows those are just empty words. The former conveys that the basic coursework tutorial, resume is narrative on childhood, going into a black hole, and presumes that the basic coursework tutorial, candidate will be eager to narrative essay start a conversation again if the company ever wants to. The latter implies that the company couldn’t really be bothered if the candidate re-applies or not.

Sometimes, companies genuinely want to basic reopen the conversation at biology as level a later date. Saying, “We hope you don't mind if we reach out to you in the future,” is a good place to start. Amcas Tutorial. This way, you don’t say anything you don’t mean, and by essay on childhood, asking for their permission, you’re considerate of the fact that the candidate’s circumstances might be different later on. 3. Try to provide a satisfying explanation. Cold: Your candidacy is not a good fit at this time. Human: We're currently focusing on amcas coursework tutorial hiring more senior engineers, one for infrastructure, and one who can be a tech lead for our full-stack engineering. It’s understandably frustrating when candidates make it to the interview stage, get rejected, and don’t receive an explanation why. They’ve invested their time, energy, and hope into your company, and deserve more than a platitude.

If you went with another candidate, tell them why the other candidate was more qualified. If they’re underqualified, explain why. It’s easier for candidates to accept that they’ve been turned down when you help them understand your company’s needs and the type of candidate who can best fulfill those needs. Cold: We were impressed with your experience, but. Human: The team was really impressed with your ability to get things done — even with limited experience — such as when you built out the entire ecommerce and payment solution at [previous company]. If nothing else, follow this one guideline: identify a strength. Writing something complimentary about a candidate’s skills or experience can greatly cushion the blow of receiving a rejection.

If you’ve interviewed someone for even 20 minutes, you should be able to think of one nice thing to say to them at the very least. Stay away from generic statements like that could apply to anyone and scream “template!” and offer something specific to the candidate. By acknowledging specific strengths, you remind candidates of their worth at exactly the a position topics, moment they could be doubting themselves most. Candidates will always feel disappointed when they get a rejection letter, but what they shouldn’t feel is devalued or diminished. At Lever, the basic tutorial, guidelines we follow are simple: be warm, be forthcoming, and writing, add at amcas tutorial least one specific touch. Take a few minutes to do those things, and you’ll make delivering bad news just a little bit better. Feel like you should jump on the phone to defend essay topics break the news to candidates who are further along in your process?

We compiled 7 examples of how to amcas coursework tutorial do it. How to Hire Talent Successfully in competition the Entertainment Industry. Basic. Most recruiters know what it’s like to get hit with a hiring fire drill. Whether you suddenly have to scale due to ambitious revenue goals or a demanding new project, those intense hiring pushes are frenzied - but ideally, they're ideally temporary. The . Narrative Essay. Lever's Talent Innovation Summit 2017: What to Expect. On September 18th, exactly 54 days from now, hundreds of recruiting leaders, recruiters and amcas coursework tutorial, other talent community members will gather in downtown San Francisco for csr essay writing competition the kickoff of Lever’s second. 6 Exit Interview Questions to Aid Recruiting. Coursework. An exit interview helps organizations learn why employees are leaving, and biology, how they can improve to amcas coursework become a better workplace—but it has many recruiting applications as well. The feedback your organization receives can be used to more . Get monthly updates about design and technology recruiting. We believe recruiting is everyone's responsibility. We're proud to basic coursework be helping over 1,000 companies scale hiring through effortless collaboration.

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chemical essay An Online Research Center on the History and Theory of Anarchism. #147;The Problem of Chemicals In Food#148. Within the past few decades, tremendous quantities of chemicals have been introduced into the cultivation and processing of food products in the United States. The annual production of bread alone is estimated to involve the coursework, addition of about 10,000,000 pounds of chemical emulsifiers by thousands of bakers throughout the country.

During the essay on childhood, six-year period since the end of the war, at least 700 to 800 chemicals have been discovered for amcas tutorial use in American food products. These substances cover nearly every aspect of narrative essay, production: from fertilizers and pesticides to substitutes for organic nutrients, preservatives, flavouring and colouring matter, and a legion of processing agents. There are some foods on the market that are almost entirely synthetic; the chemical content in a certain instances has been increased in piece-meal fashion to such an extent that these foods no longer contain the organic contents from which they were originally derived. This is the coursework, ad absurdum of two essays, chemicals in food; a natural product is converted by the continual addition of amcas basic, chemical materials into a synthetic or near-synthetic product. Often, from the two essays, standpoint of public health, no satisfactory reason can be adduced by either the manufacturer or food technologist. The principal motives for amcas tutorial chemicals in food arise from reasons of profit and industrial competition.

The use of design, chemicals in tutorial, food has, in a position, fact, become so extensive and reckless that mass poisoning is now a real danger to the American population. Tutorial? Instances of acute toxic effects have already approached the point of national disasters. In one case, a marketed drug, #145;Elixir of Sulphanilamide#146;, killed over a hundred people before it was tracked down by governmental agencies. In another case, frozen peaches were confiscated which contained a large amount of thiourea. When these peaches were fed to experimental rats by writing competition, the Food and Drug Administration, the coursework, rats died overnight. Paragraphs? Yet neither governmental legislation nor scientific experimentation has proved adequate to this type of problem. The burden of basic coursework, proof for deleterious chemicals often rests not with the food manufacturer but with the Food and Drug Administration. The government is usually required to show that a chemical is definitely harmful rather than unnecessary for health and narrative essay on childhood nutrition before it can be prohibited in basic coursework, food production.

Even this task may require fairly long judicial proceedings by essay, an agency that is understaffed and has access to amcas basic limited funds. Moreover, scientific standards of toxicity are frequently open to doubt. Agene, for example, was used for coursework decades in bleaching flour. It was adjudged by chemists and physiologists as harmless until British scientists recently found that dogs fed a diet of 80 per cent. white bread acquired #145;running fits#146;. An equally interesting case is the amcas, variance of on analytical, scientific opinion on thiourea as a preparation which prevents the browning of certain sliced fruits. As late as 1943 this chemical was described as harmless to man. Further study, however, revealed that thiourea acts upon amcas basic coursework tutorial, the thyroid gland to inhibit the formation of thyroxin, and and technology a level coursework may result in the development of thyroid adenomata and tumours of the liver. Finally, one of the most remarkable disputes centers around the use of basic, monochloracetic acid.

This acid was first described in a French patent as a useful food preservative more than eighteen years ago. After extensive pharmacologic tests, the use of design and technology a level coursework, monochloracetic acid was regarded as harmless #145;even in continued daily ingestion by infants#146;. Only after the acid came into fairly widespread usage did reports indicate that this substance irritates the gastrointestinal tract, causing nausea and vomiting. Yet Dr. Franklin C. Bing, an eminent authority on nutrition and basic coursework food chemistry, testified that one of the food scientists who originally characterized monochloracetic acid as harmless to human beings, #145;still holds that monochloracetic acid is perfectly harmless and ought to be used#146;. Dr.

Bing recounts the story of a food manufacturer #145;who wanted to submit a product for paragraphs thesis consideration by our council [American Medical Association]. He had a little monochloracetic acid in his product as a preservative, and my duty as secretary of the council was to amcas coursework tutorial ask him what evidence he had as to its harmlessness, and biology as level he brought that in, and I told him I did not think that the council would accept it, and the council did not. And I remember vividly getting a couple of telephone calls from basic coursework tutorial, outstanding pharmacologists of this country saying that they thought we were wrong in not giving approval to design coursework that particular product#146;. But by far the amcas, most fundamental problem of chemicals in food is the danger of chronic toxicity. Within very recent years, especially during the last decade, chemicals without an immediate toxic effect have found their way into food products. These chemicals may, in the long run, produce incalculable damage to public health.

For damage of this sort, scientific experimentation is csr essay extremely complex and woefully inadequate, even if the amcas tutorial, best intentions are kept in on analytical, mind. Proper control, in such instances, cannot end with tests on individual experimental animals; they must cover entire generations over fairly long periods of time and at basic, considerable financial expense. More must be learned of animal physiology than is to-day even faintly suspected by coursework, the most eminent biologists in basic coursework tutorial, the United States. #145;I have spoken to students many times about the newer knowledge of nutrition,#146; declared Dr. Bing in his testimony to the House Select Committee to Investigate the Use of Chemicals in Food Products (U.S. Introduction? Congress), #145;and I use the term somewhat glibly, but in the final analysis, I think I would have to admit that we know very little compared to what remains to be found out. #145;Some of the coursework tutorial, things that we do know are that the introduction paragraphs thesis, body has mechanisms by which it can handle substances commonly or naturally found in amcas coursework tutorial, food materials, and it may have some difficulty in handling substances which are not naturally found in foods, even though they differ only slightly in design and technology a level coursework, chemical configuration. So I should think that any foreign substance, any substance which is amcas basic coursework tutorial not found to a fair extent in foods, is open to some suspicion when you take it into the body. In the meantime, the two essays, use of tutorial, chemicals in food #150; tested, for the most part, only for two essays acute toxicity, and this often with extreme superficiality #150; has increased by leaps and bounds. Amcas Basic Coursework Tutorial? Dr. Bing observes: #145;You can pick up almost any issue of the technical magazines which come to the attention of the chemists in the food industries, and find some little advertisement in them about new emulsifying agents, or something that is a plasticizer, or food improver, as they sometimes call them.

That is a good term, too, which, well, it is written up so that you are intrigued by it. Writing? And it seems that just as human beings like to take a pill to relieve their illnesses or their lack of sense of well-being, so it seems to be typical of a man in the food industry when something comes along, some problem in technology, he likes to have chemical aids to solve it. That seems to be inherent in amcas coursework, human nature, perhaps. So this problem to-day is essay on childhood much bigger and broader than it was fiver years ago, and certainly tremendously increased over what it was ten years ago.#146; Chemical Fertilizers in Agriculture. The danger of amcas basic coursework tutorial, chronic toxicity, to-day, arises at a fairly remote point from the industrial processor and consumer. It beings in agriculture and cattle-breeding, with a vast array of fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, fruit colouring matter, hormones and growth stimuli. These chemicals (some of which are little understood by industrial chemists, still less by physiologists) are allowed to enter into great natural cycles whose ramifications touch upon the processes of topics, life itself. Basic Coursework? Since natural processes are intricately tied together, an isolated view of the effect that any single chemical has upon life and nature is scarcely a basis for knowing how several of these chemicals will react together.

For example, grazing animals, which have received hormones to increase their weight may leave behind chemical traces in manure long after they have been slaughtered and essay on childhood consumed. Amcas Basic Coursework? How the soil, as well as the public, is affected is little known. If, as often happens, the coursework biology, same area of land is amcas basic treated with chemical fertilizers and sprayed with insecticides, these substances may very well combine to produce a totally unpredictable effect. The dangers inherent in this problem cannot be overestimated. Instances are already known where insecticides have so completely saturated the top-soil that cultivation must be restricted to only certain kinds of food.

It is often maintained that insects, not insecticides, and soil exhaustion due to increased population, not chemical fertilizers, are ultimately responsible for the difficulties created by chemicals in food. This may be regarded as a spurious treatment of a very serious social question. More fundamental are the ecological disturbances that profit-minded businessmen have produced throughout the American countryside. For decades, lumber companies and railroads were permitted a free-hand in destroying valuable forest lands and wild life. The attendant results are widespread erosion and the removal of many natural enemies of insect life. The normal balances that were responsible for soil preservation and insect control are no longer present in many parts of the United States. At the same time that irreplaceable top-soil is essay washed into the rivers of the country, it is accompanied by amcas basic tutorial, industrial wastes that probably abet the multiplication of csr essay writing competition, insects and diseases detrimental to crops.

An equally important social reason for chemical substances in agriculture is the historical shift from small- to large-scale farming. For centuries, as far back as the threshold of history, food cultivation remained in the hands of coursework, small rural families. The individual farmer who worked the land, whether he was a serf, peasant or yeoman, brought a certain amount of personal interest to agriculture. The care of crops usually fell within the coursework, horizon of an individual, who felt himself more implicated in the quality of agricultural food than large-scale absentee land-owners. Even when social oppression underlay agriculture, the individual farmer who performed the work could not escape the amcas coursework tutorial, responsibility for the crops he produced. Much attention, interest and concern were involved in earlier agricultural practices, and the farmer usually took great pride in essay on childhood, the quality or food output. Amcas Coursework Tutorial? Fairs, local markets, contests, and finally a real sense of responsibility to the surrounding community often induced the farmer to bring his best efforts to food cultivation. Agriculture in past eras depended upon a material technique that had not changed in many respects for thousands of narrative essay on childhood, years. Labour was arduous and famine remained a continual threat.

But the basic tutorial, farmer had the satisfaction of knowing that drought, insects and crop diseases were seldom the result of man-made difficulties. Nor has modern science removed many of the biology, natural disturbances that entered into amcas earlier food cultivation. The greatest difficulties of the past were solved when machines or knowledge of ecology, not synthetic chemicals, were brought to the farm. The advances made in soil chemistry and crop rotation during the eighteenth century were based entirely on organic and natural resources. Charles Townshend, for example, taught the English farmer the on analytical, four-course rotation of wheat, turnip, barley and clover. Bakewell formulated the pragmatic orientation toward the selection and breeding of cattle.

There is no better description of the agricultural advances of the eighteenth than the world #145;husbandry#146;. The rule-of-thumb researches of the period were intent on coursework, garnering, rather than substituting for, the forces of nature. The #145;conquest of nature#146; meant a rational use of natural resources, not a disruption of the biological processes around man. It can never be too strongly emphasized that every tract of soil and every area of coursework, countryside compromises a relatively unique ecological situation. Just as climate, land, vegetation and wild-life may very greatly from one part of the amcas tutorial, country to narrative another, so every square mile presents in some degree a distinctive balance of natural forces. Food cultivation by man, which must be regarded as a form of botanical #145;domestication#146; imposed on what was originally virgin and wild land, always threatens to upset this balance. In many cases, of course, uniform conditions completely outweigh ecological differences, and tutorial large-scale farming is not only feasible but even necessary. For the most part, however, successful agriculture depends upon how the farmer adapts himself to the small differences he is essay on childhood likely to find. He must understand not only gross variations in soil, but particularly his own soul as it is affected by the local vegetation, insect and animal life it supports. He must ask himself how far he can interfere in his given situation without causing irreparable damage. This can only come with personal familiarity, with fairly extended experience and understanding.

The farmer must bring not only insight to the specific characteristics of his land, but also sympathy, interest, and a socially-responsible attitude. With the shift to large-scale farming, the emphasis of agriculture changed from the quality to the quantity of food cultivation. This meant that the land was to be exploited like any other resource under capitalism #150; in a drastic and one-sided manner. Tutorial? The #145;success#146; of large-scale, quantitative farming depended upon a uniformity of resources, and #145;average#146; in the agricultural situation. Since nature never presents uniformities or averages in such simple terms, they had to be created. To a large degree this task devolved upon chemicals. Thus fertilizers were used to compensate for differences in coursework biology as level, soil; chemical hormones were employed to standardize the size of crops; and growth stimuli were discovered to replace the results of coursework tutorial, variations in climate. The most elementary lessons of narrative essay, man#146;s relationships to basic coursework the soil and nature have since been abandoned for #145;synthesis#146; #150; for artificiality not only in on analytical, agriculture but also in nature. In short, #145;husbandry#146; has been replaced by #145;chemistry#146;.

But just as capitalist farming has #145;created#146; an #145;average#146; agriculture, so it has created an #145;average#146; farm worker. Wherever the farmer has been dispossessed by huge corporate growers, he has also been replaced by amcas coursework, rural labourers who view the intimate problems of crop management with complete indifference. On large estates to-day, #145;farmers#146; often include aviators who spray insecticides, tractor drivers and sales#146; agents; not to mention harvesters who never sow and sowers who never harvest. The division of labour in large-scale farming often precludes a total view of the agricultural situation. Even the on analytical, agricultural technician, who can provide an basic coursework tutorial over-all view, must change his orientation to meet the needs of #145;average#146; farming. As a result, the complex requirements of co-operation with nature and natural processes are fractured into numerous, unintegrated tasks.

Management is often supplied #150; at csr essay, least in motivation #150; from remote heights above, by business interests which include little appreciation for the problems of the soil. Demands imposed upon the land are shaped neither by the needs of the public nor by the limits of nature, but by the exigencies of profit and competition. All the gaps in the picture #150; from the variations of the land to the indifference of coursework tutorial, farm labourers #150; are filled by chemicals. Fertilization by organic and inorganic (chemical) fertilizers plays a decisive part in a level, altering various soils for #145;average#146; farming. In making these alterations, a number of tutorial, very important principles are involved. Under natural conditions, the fertilization of land by organic materials is a process in the course of which complex substances are broken down into simpler plant nutrients. For example, nitrogen in two essays on analytical, proper quantities is indispensable for plant nourishment. Ordinarily, this element is provided through the well-known #145;nitrogen cycle#146;. Amcas Basic Tutorial? When proteins decay, they are eventually reduced to carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and free nitrogen.

Soil-dwelling bacteria act upon ammonia to produce nitrate compounds that are suitable for writing plant nourishment. Amcas Basic Coursework? When excessive nitrogenous compounds exist in the soil, denitrifying bacteria may reverse the process to produce a suitable balance. Narrative Essay On Childhood? Excesses of this sort are no longer a serious issue because animal proteins play a very small part in supplying the land with nitrogen. Coursework? Burial conventions require that a human body shall not be used to further the cultivation of food, and the human body, in turn, consumes the proteins of cattle that once eventually reached the soil. But other means exist.

Leguminous plants like beans, peas, clover, and alfalfa support nitrogen-fixing bacteria that use free nitrogen in the atmosphere. Furthermore, the fecal deposits of many living animals (including man) are also rich in nitrogen. In the past, and to-day to a great extent in the Orient, these resources have been carefully husbanded and a position topics restored to the land. The major principle behind chemical fertilization is to introduce these simpler nutrients directly, often without intermediate steps through bacteria. By industrially combining atmosphere nitrogen with lime or soda ash, the nitrogen-fixation process is coursework tutorial performed in the factory instead of in the soil. Phosphates are usually obtained commercially for agriculture by treating phosphate rock with sulphuric acid. In fact the acidulation technique has a wide variety of narrative essay on childhood, uses in preparing chemical fertilizers. It often not only supplants the work of bacteria but also brings to the soil a bewildering number of chemicals that are not always necessary for agriculture. The added chemicals often play no role whatever in soil fertility. They either represent residual substances that cannot be avoided because of the acidulation technique itself, or at amcas coursework, best they are added to render inorganic fertilizers soluble or absorbable. Often, they remain in csr essay competition, the soil where they do nothing for plant nourishment as such, accumulating over the years to serve no special purpose for agriculture.

Do these new accretions harm the soil? Do they play any role in human health? Generally speaking, is enough known of the effect of chemical fertilizers have on the soil or on the human body to lend inorganic fertilization to adequate controls? Behind each of these questions are even more obscure problems. During the hearings of the basic tutorial, Select House Committee, for example, Mr. J. I. Rodale of the #145;Soil and Health Foundation#146; suggested the complexities that are introduced by two essays on analytical, inorganic fertilizers as part of his objections to such fertilizers. #145;In some cases they (chemical fertilizers) are caustic. They actually have a burning quality that will kill bacteria. In other cases they are too soluble.

It is as if an individual were forced to amcas coursework tutorial eat when he were not hungry. Defend Essay Topics? It forces itself on the plant, crowding out basic coursework important trace mineral elements. #145;The most important reason why some chemical fertilizers are harmful,#146; continued Rodale, #145;is because they contain more than one element. The one element that they need to feed the plant in order to make it soluble is tied in as level, with some other element which gives it that solubility and which is there practically only for that purpose. #145;An example is a very common fertilizer called superphosphate. What they are after is to feed the plant phosphate. But is it mixed with sulphuric acid to give it that solubility. The plant takes up a great deal of phosphate but very little of the sulphur.

When sulphur piles up in the soil there are certain kinds of bacteria, called sulphur-reducing bacteria, which begin to multiply to coursework work down that sulphur. As they work they have to feed. It so happens that those sulphate-reducing bacteria feed on a very important soil organism, which is needed to break down organic matter. Therefore when you have a lot of sulphur piling up in narrative essay, the soil there are bacteria multiplying which are killing off certain organisms which the farmer needs to break down organic matter.#146; This problem, which was first introduced because of the acidulation technique, reaches even further back. #145;When you grow a crop of anything,#146; concludes Rodale, #145;that root that remains in the soil must break down for the next crop. The roots are very valuable. The roots of the preceding crops give nourishment to the next. If the soil does not contain enough of this breakdown bacteria it will not be able to furnish the food in time for the next crop.#146; Rodale#146;s testimony may be regarded as a very unorthodox view in the United States. It was opposed at amcas coursework, the hearings by a battery of #145;experts#146; who vehemently argued for chemical fertilizers, #145;judiciously#146; mixed with organic substances.

Although the #145;experts#146; freely acknowledged that organics keep the soil friable, easy to work and introduction paragraphs permeable to water, they pointed up transport difficulties and, in amcas tutorial, fact, the entire arrangement of modern society as objections to supplying the land with enough organic materials for agriculture. #145;It is neither economically feasible nor physically possible to rely upon organic manures exclusively in our present-day agriculture,#146; observed Dr. Richard Bradfield of Cornell University, who particularly tried to place inorganic fertilizers in perspective from the specialist#146;s standpoint. #145;Organic gardeners make a great deal of what they call the #147;law of returns#148;, by which they mean the and technology coursework, return to tutorial the soil of all the elements which the crop removes from it. Such a system is narrative essay feasible in a primitive, sparsely populated area in which practically the entire population is engaged in farming, and in which there is a high proportion of the amcas coursework tutorial, population which can collect and transport city wastes to the farms which feed the cities. If we stopped to think for a minute, it would become apparent how difficult it would be to two essays on analytical apply this law literally in the United States at the present time.#146; In support of inorganic fertilizers, Bradfield insisted that such fertilizers supply elements in the same form that they are released by organic substances. In fact he found organic fertilizers of very limited value because #145;the organic matter which is generally available for coursework tutorial use on soils does not contain these elements in the proportions in which they are needed to give the best growth of crops on design a level, most soils.#146; Now we may reserve the social problems raised by the exclusive use of organics for later discussion. But Bradfield#146;s unfavourable comparison of organic with inorganic fertilizers may be regarded as resting on entirely spurious premises.

Dr. A. F. Camp, Vice Director in charge of the University of Florida Citrus Experimental Station makes the observation that #145;the difference between trees fertilized with organic fertilizers and those fertilized with chemical fertilizers lay primarily not in the field of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and calcium but in the lack of the so-called minor or secondary elements such as magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, and boron which were present as impurities in the organic materials but not present in appreciable amounts in amcas, the chemical materials. Thus, in the case of bonemeal which was credited with containing only introduction paragraphs thesis nitrogen, phosphorous, and calcium, it was found that one of the tutorial, most important elements it supplied was magnesium which is universally deficient in Florida citrus soils and for which citrus trees have a very high requirement. Superphosphate contained only traces of magnesium and when substituted for bonemeal resulted in trees that were acutely deficient in magnesium. All of these so-called minor elements which are actually as necessary to the development of citrus as the so-called major elements were found as sizable impurities in the natural organic materials because, just as in citrus, they were necessary to the growth or development of the organisms from which these organic materials were derived#146;. Indeed, it hardly tells us much to criticize the efficacy or proportions of introduction, organic fertilizers that are #145;generally available#146;. What is #145;available#146; has a very restricted meaning in the lexicon of experts to-day.

To the average farmer, organic fertilizers are almost completely represented by manures, which are admittedly a limited source of soil fertility. Even if we include the best composts in use to-day (and this being exceptionally generous) the term #145;organic fertilizer#146;, as it is currently employed, would ignore a wide range of potentially valuable substances which could be brought to the soil. Curiously enough, the #145;experts#146; carry the greatest responsibility for this situation. They have almost completely evaded, and directed attention away from, research into new and better organics. Indeed, the basic, current emphasis on inorganic fertilizers in agricultural laboratories and projects has reduced organic substances to an #145;indispensable#146; but entirely ancillary position in food cultivation. Bradfield went on to deny that #145;valid evidence exists#146; to show that #145;crops grown with chemical fertilizer are more attractive and nutritious to insects and plant pathogens#146;. Csr Essay Writing? This too will be discussed elsewhere.

His denial, however, that evidence exists as to whether #145;crops grown with chemical fertilizers are less nutritious to men than those grown with organic fertilizers#146; is extremely questionable. Slowly and in the face of extreme hostility from the #145;experts#146;, a number of amcas, soil scientists and practical farmers are producing evidence that inorganic fertilizers may seriously reduce the quality of defend essay, crops. The discussion is still being cast in a strictly adaptive framework, as part of a general reconciliation to the use of chemicals. It is widely accepted that the contemporary social scene renders the use of amcas basic, inorganics necessary and few are willing to abandon chemical fertilizers as such. But, as Dr. K. C. Beeson pointed out, #145;Fertilization with large quantities of nitrogen can also result in some lowering of narrative on childhood, certain nutritive constituents in the plant. For example, in some experiments with turnip greens, applications of nitrogen reduced the percentage of calcium in the greens in twenty-four to amcas basic tutorial thirty experiments. Fertilization with the on analytical, ammonium salts of nitrogen has resulted in a reduction of coursework, vitamin C in plants, but fertilization with the nitrates under the same conditions did not affect vitamin C. The reasons for the difference are unknown.#146; Perhaps the most strongly emphasized point made by thesis, all the #145;experts#146; in favour of amcas coursework tutorial, inorganic fertilizers is the conclusion that chemicals increase crop yield. Essay Topics? #145;The most important reason for the use of fertilizers,#146; said Bradfield, #145;is that they increase the yield of practically all crops on amcas basic, all but our most fertile soils. This point is so generally appreciated that detailed elaboration is unnecessary#146;.

Very well, then #150; let us elaborate! By leaning on poorly-evaluated experimental facts, the #145;expert#146; generally knows that the narrative, addition of certain chemicals to the soil can increase the size of crops. Although impressive yields can be produced, more and amcas coursework more evidence has appeared to on analytical show that these yields often drain the soil of valuable substances. Dr. Coursework? William A. Albrecht of the University of Missouri astutely observed at the Hearings that #145;a fertilizer balancing the supply of nutrients in the soil is biology as level merely a help to take all the other things out faster. So if you fertilize a soil with nitrogen, which is deficient, and grow a bigger crop, you merely have taken all the other things out faster and by virtue of that observation people will say, #147;Oh, yes, fertilizers ruin your soil#148;. Well, they have just helped you wear it out faster. That is all.#146;

But is that all? #145;We have built up the lime, the phosphorous, the potash,#146; continues Albrecht, later in his testimony. #145;Now we come along and shove under the nitrogen and that is very demonstrative for the first year or second year until we pull the other things down. We had the same thing with limestone. The moment we build up the one thing that is amcas coursework deficient, we get a glorious effect until something comes in as a deficiency, and then we are in trouble. . On Childhood? . . Lime is a necessity but like alone is not enough. Many years ago the farmer, who did not know any chemistry, gave us a very interesting jingle which is very true: #147;Lime and lime without manure make father richer but son poorer.#148; #145;A very find old truth, very fine, because when you lime, the calcium next to the hydrogen serves to basic coursework push the other things out. So when you lime, a crop gets greener and a crop gets bigger, but not because the lime did that in the crop but because it pushed out other things and balanced up the thing to help it.#146; Before chemicals can replace organic substances without leading to disaster, more must be known of the factors which enter into soil composition, of the soil itself and finally of plant and animal nutrition; in two essays on analytical, short, of a stupendous natural process concerning which agronomists know surprisingly little.

The soil, as Dr. Beeson has put it, is #145;a highly complex dynamic system of basic coursework tutorial, minerals, inorganic chemical compounds, organic compounds, living organisms, air and a position water#146;. Yet soil cannot be synthesized in the laboratory; and amcas basic coursework entire areas of plant nutrition, including photosynthesis, remain a complete mystery. Csr Essay? In fact, as Beeson tells us, #145;There is no known laboratory method or group of methods by which all the nutritive constituents in food can be measured and evaluated in terms of the nutrition of amcas basic coursework, man or animals. Consequently, there is no single unique value that can be assigned to design and technology coursework a food to express its nutritive quality. All of the constituents contributing to nutritive quality have probably not yet been recognized, and there are no adequate methods for quantitative measurement of many constituents that we do recognize. Therefore, no measurement of the over-all nutritive quality of a food has ever been made#146;.

In some cases, soil scientists have even discovered that an element which is unnecessary for plant growth (but which is derived from the consumption of plants) is indispensable to proper animal nutrition. Soil deficiencies of cobalt, for example, have resulted in nutritional disturbances in cattle and sheep. Basic Coursework Tutorial? Other of these so-called trace elements are probably even less understood. The point is introduction paragraphs that whereas the #145;experts#146; tend to break up, simplify and crudely manipulate the agricultural situation, supporters of organic farming usually predicate themselves on the complexity and far-reaching character of food cultivation. There is more than a difference in technique. Amcas Tutorial? It is writing a basic antagonism in coursework, outlooks toward natural phenomena. The organic farmer essentially argues that man can know and design and technology a level husband nature, but he cannot replace natural processes without serious detriment to himself and society. Insects, Insecticides and the #145;Human Bug#146; If the rejection of chemical fertilizers rests on the complexity and amcas basic obscurity of the agricultural situation, there are very direct reasons for regarding other chemicals in agriculture as detrimental to human health.

Perhaps the csr essay writing competition, most significant category of chemicals suspected of being dangerous to man are insecticides and pesticides. The problem that these substances presents is very simple: All are poisonous to one or several forms of amcas basic coursework, lower life. They are employed on the principle that they either do not remain in foods that finally reach the defend topics, consumer market or that the human body finds them harmless in the amounts that do remain. Both #145;principles#146; are now open to grave doubts by physiologists and biochemists. The extensive application of insecticides to crops in the United States reaches back before 1870 with the use of Paris Green for the control of the Colorado potato beetle. Afterwards, a number of extremely toxic chemicals came into use. Amcas? Lead arsenate, for example, was widely employed against the codling moth in apple and pear orchards. It is introduction paragraphs still used to-day, although it has been regarded by many health workers as a danger to agricultural labourers and the public since the first World War. The use of insecticides has now grown to incredible dimensions. With the passage of the amcas basic, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and as level Rodenticide Act of 1947, about 16,000 brands of insecticide preparations have been registered with the government. These brands range from coursework, poisons absolutely deadly to man to very questionable #145;hormone#146; herbicides like 2, 4-D dichloro phenoxy acetic acid. #145;One of the writing competition, disturbing things about the amcas basic tutorial, recent advance in insecticides, in the discovery of new insecticides,#146; said Dr.

Dunbar to writing the Select Committee, #145;has been that a great many very potent and valuable insecticides have been developed on which very little is known, either about their chronic or acute toxicity or about their fate after they are applied to food. #145;In many cases we do not know whether the insecticide after application is absorbed into the body of the coursework tutorial, food, whether it is destroyed on design, weathering, were even insecticides put out for which no chemical method of basic coursework tutorial, identification or analysis is known.#146; Many insecticides and pesticides are known in some way to affect higher animal organisms, including man. Hydrogen cyanide, a fumigant commonly used on grains and cereal foods, is described by a Food and Drug official as #145;moderately to extremely poisonous; however, under normal conditions of use the fumigant volatilizes so that no significant [ ! #150; L.H.] residue remains on narrative on childhood, the food products and no hazard results to the consumer. An exception [ ! #150; L.H.] occurred several years ago when a large shipment of raisins on the docks in one of the seaport cities was repeatedly fumigated with liquid hydrogen cyanide under conditions which prevented volatilization of the fumigant.

These raisins were distributed and basic coursework tutorial resulted in numerous illnesses to consumers#146;. We may very well wonder how many digestive illnesses reported to doctors throughout the country are due to and technology unsuspected poisons in food that were not discovered by the Food and Drug Administration. It is maintained by may #145;experts#146;, that when insecticides are produced from simple compounds they can be washed away and kept from directly affecting the public. This, however, is by no means universally accepted; on the contrary, it is believed that residues usually remain or are absorbed by the crops. According to Dr. Francis E. Tutorial? Ray, Director of the Cancer Research Laboratory (University of Florida), arsenic #145;in the form of copper arsenate or lead arsenate is as level commonly used as an agricultural insecticide and coursework tutorial fungicide. It has been known for many years that exposure to arsenicals produces a certain type of two essays on analytical, cancer of the skin. More recent evidence is basic that inhalation of arsenic dust #150; and sprays #150; may cause cancer of the lung. It is possible that other types of internal cancer may be caused by the long-continued ingestion of so-called non-toxic doses of arsenicals. It is suspected that the arsenicals used in growing tobacco contribute to the high incidence of lung cancer among heavy smokers. Arsenical sprays on tobacco and food should be prohibited#146;.

Another #145;simple#146; chemical (indeed, an element) that has come into widespread use against insects is selenium. Experimental study by narrative on childhood, the Food and Drug Administration indicates that selenium and its compounds #145;are highly toxic and are capable of producing insidious poisoning. When as little as three parts of selenium (in the form of selenized corn) was added to each million parts of the diet of amcas, rats, it produced liver disease (cirrhosis) in the majority of the animals within a year. On Analytical? Higher concentrations eventually produce liver tumours in some of the animals. All these factors combine to make selenium extremely dangerous as a food contaminant. Minute amounts of it (at least in animals) can initiate a sequence of pathologic changes, the earliest of which are symptomless and pass unnoticed, while the later stages are irreparable and ultimately fatal. These facts combined with our conviction that the use of selenium-containing sprays could be avoided, have been the basis of basic coursework, our reluctance to two essays on analytical set any tolerance whatever for selenium residues on fruit#146;. In 1942, the Food and Drug Administration initiated a series of experiments and studies to ascertain the extent to which ordinary packing house washing removed selenium from oranges, and the degree to which this substance accumulated in the soil after repeated usage. The conclusions of this study, which covered a period of several years, is remarkable. #145;Washing as ordinarily practiced removed little or none of the selenium,#146; dryly observes a memorandum of the agency to the Select Committee. #145;Soil in basic, groves with a history of repeated spraying showed a selenium level ten or more times that of unsprayed groves, and the flesh of oranges grown on the soil showed the same selenium level as above, even though no spray had been applied to this crop.#146; As of the hearings, however, the defend, Food and Drug Administration has not been able to remove this substance from the market. Even State agencies, with whom the basic coursework tutorial, Administration discussed the insecticide on 17th January, 1950, were of the opinion that a selenium product was #145;necessary under certain conditions to control mites#146;. As the development of insecticides continues, ever greater dangers to public health are being produced.

Perhaps one of the a position essay topics, gravest hazards arises from recent insecticides developed around hydrocarbons #150; the organic insecticides like the chlorinated hydrocarbons (chlorinated camphene, etc.), the organic phosphates (parathion, etc.), and so on. Since these insecticides are fat soluble and chemically stable, they are readily retained in body fat. The human body can acquire parathion, DDT and basic tutorial similar hydrocarbons from any number of paragraphs thesis, vegetables, fruits, milk, and even the flesh of sprayed fowl and amcas tutorial cattle. Narrative? No limit has been agreed upon by the #145;experts#146; on how much of these substances can accumulate in amcas coursework, the fat of the two essays on analytical, organism. Indeed, aside from the fact that insecticides can be intrinsically harmful, it may be supposed that the hydrocarbons are especially dangerous because they may enter the blood steam in larger quantities precisely during illness, when stored fat is being released by the body to amcas basic tutorial resist infection and disease. According to an article by W. A. Brittin, head of the food laboratory of the Beech-Nut Packing Co.: #145;These organic insecticides reached the market for general use before adequate information was available on design, the acute or chronic toxicity of the chemicals involved#133; with the exception of one or two insecticides, methods of analysis were lacking which were specific for these various organic spray residues.#146; When chlordane was introduced for use in agriculture, for example, one manufacturer described the insecticide as being half as toxic as DDT.

Afterwards, the belief was expressed in sales literature that chlordane #145;is among the safest of all available organic insecticides#146;. According to Dr. Miller, one of the members of the Select Committee, chlordane sprays were even available in drug stores for household use. If we are to accept the opinion of basic coursework, Dr. Lehman of the essay, Food and amcas Drug Administration, however, the truth appears to be that #145;chlordane is csr essay writing one of the most toxic insecticides we have to amcas basic tutorial deal with#133; First of all, it penetrates the skin very readily. Therefore, anyone handling it could be poisoned. Or of thesis, it is used as a household spray, the potential hazard to living in these houses is quite great because of the amcas tutorial, ability of chlordane to penetrate the writing competition, skin and because of the amcas basic tutorial, volatility of the insecticide and the possibility of poisoning by inhalation.

More to the point is that it is coursework biology very toxic to basic coursework the liver and kidneys of an individual. As an over-all picture, to use DDT as a yardstick, I would put chlordane four to five times more poisonous than DDT.#146; Yet at the time that the Food and as level Drug Administration conferred with a manufacturer of amcas coursework tutorial, this substance, (23rd September, 1947) it was reported that 700,000 pounds of chlordane had been sold, and another company had sold approximately 300,000 pounds. On Childhood? When Lehman was asked if chlordane was employed extensively as an insecticide he replied that #145;based on poundage it must have been quite widely used#146;. Thus far, to the knowledge of this writer, the Food and tutorial Drug Administration has not been able to prevent its continued sale to food growers. Parathion is paragraphs another organic insecticide that came into wide use fairly recently. It has already caused the death of some nine people, one of whom was spraying tobacco and basic coursework tutorial another citrus fruit. Although Dr. Lehman believes that this insecticide is #145;quite safe for as level use#146; and that no #145;evidence#146; exists to amcas coursework show it is harmful to consumers eating foods sprayed with parathion, he was obliged to make the biology as level, following judgement: #145;Parathion is basic tutorial a liquid.

It penetrates the skin. It is very poisonous. Very small amounts will produce fatal poisoning.#146; This order of opinion #150; that a substance is #145;very poisonous#146; but no #145;evidence#146; exists to show that it will harm consumers when used on crops #150; is often the most favourable response that can be elicited from governmental agencies like the Food and Drug Administration. But some biochemists and health workers who are not obliged to defend topics maintain an acute sensitivity to amcas coursework the pressure of two essays, industry allow themselves less restrained opinions. Dr.

Franklin C. Bing, in conjunction with a committee on food and nutrition, has made the more sweeping observation that, #145;Contrary to previous beliefs, it now seem likely that a substance which is poisonous to one form of life is very apt to be found to amcas coursework tutorial some degree toxic for other animals, including man#146;. This observation appears to have received its most striking confirmation with the use of design and technology coursework, DDT, an insecticide which for years was heralded as completely harmless to man and extremely effective against insects. A considerable literature has fostered the belief that DDT is so free of any hazards to human beings that is may be sprayed directly on the body for protection against such parasites as lice. The contrast between these claims and the results of amcas tutorial, recent research led to a very lively controversy before the Select Committee. Possibly hundreds of pages of testimony were devoted to the merits as against the dangers of this widely used insecticide.

It is interesting to note that few experts were prepared to maintain that DDT is completely harmless; the dispute actually centred for csr essay writing the most part, on whether DDT, once regarded as without any hazard whatever, is amcas to-day responsible for an epidemic of nervous and design and technology a level coursework physical disorders! This controversy reached its most acute point in the testimony of Dr. Morton S. Biskind, who has devoted himself to extensive research into the pathological symptoms of amcas tutorial, DDT poisoning. According to on analytical Dr. Biskind: #145;The introduction for coursework uncontrolled general use by the public of the insecticide DDT, or chlorophenothane, and the series of even more deadly substances that followed has no previous counterpart in history. Beyond question, no other substance known to man was ever before developed so rapidly and spread indiscriminately over so large a portion of the earth in writing, so short a time. This is the more surprising as, at the time DDT was released for public use, a large amount of data was already available in amcas basic coursework, the medical literature showing that this agent was extremely toxic for many different species of animals, that it was cumulatively stored in the body fat and that it appeared in a level, the milk. At this time a few cases of DDT poisoning human beings had also been reported. These observations were almost completely ignored or misinterpreted#133; DDT is as lethal in repeated small doses as in larger single doses. In low-grade chronic poisoning in animals, growth is impaired, and coursework tutorial the implication of this observation for the growth of children should be given serious consideration.

In rats, tumours in the liver have been produced by low-grade continuous poisoning with DDT. DDT is two essays on analytical stored in the body fat and is excreted in amcas tutorial, the milk of dogs, rats, goats, and biology as level cattle as we have shown, in that of amcas basic coursework, humans, too. Virtually all of and technology a level, these effects have also repeatedly been observed in known DDT poisonings in human beings. The other agents of the DDT group, chlordane, benzene hexachloride, chlorinated camphene, and methoxychlor, so far as these have been reported, also produce serious tissue changes varying in site and degree with the compound. Chlordane is an especially dangerous nerve poison and animals who have received toxic amounts rarely recover even though bodily changes prior to death do not seem at all alarming. Fortunately in my own limited experience with chlordane poisoning in man, I can report that with stringent avoidance of basic coursework tutorial, further exposure and intensive nutritional therapy to csr essay writing competition help repair the tissue damage, recovery does occur, though this may not be complete. Benzene hexachloride changes the chromosomes of plants and probably, too, those of animals. The possibility that this agent may adversely effect the basic coursework, heredity of human beings must be taken into defend topics consideration. Already in one report from Europe, seedlings treated with benzene hexachloride were so altered in their heredity that it was suggested that nondegenerated stocks be used for seed subsequently#133; We are dealing with double-edged swords, for the very substances now promoted to increase the size of our crops in the long run turn out to be detrimental to agriculture itself. All these substances and basic coursework the fantastically toxic parathion, too, inhibit the growth of certain plants, and compounds of the DDT group also persistently poison the soil, so far as present evidence goes, for csr essay writing five or six years and possibly indefinitely.#146;

In the course of his testimony, Dr. Biskind carefully elaborated the symptomology of DDT poisoning. A comparison of these symptoms with alleged #145;virus#146; epidemics in basic coursework tutorial, many American communities has suggested to him that many of these epidemics may actually result from mass DDT poisoning. Biskind#146;s experience with individual patients suggests that this belief is by and technology coursework, no means as reckless as it first appears. He cites the case (an example among many) of basic coursework tutorial, a patient who apparently suffered severe nervous disorders. After repeated examinations and tests for two-and-a-half years, he was finally referred to Dr. Biskind for treatment. #145;When I saw this patient,#146; observes Dr. Biskind, #145;he had an enlarged tender liver, sings of nutritional impairment, reduced ability to feel vibration in his legs and a reduction in his pulse pressure. Under ordinary circumstances none of these signs, nor all together, could account for his symptoms. When he was advised to give up his job as seek less toxic employment, to remove all traces of defend a position essay, DDT and basic coursework chlordane from his environment, was given nutritional therapy to alleviate the liver damage and put on a diet low in insecticide residues, he showed prompt improvement within a week.

Four months later he was almost free of symptoms. He was then unknowingly exposed to DDT in defend a position, a restaurant kitchen which has just previously been aerosoled with DDT. Within half-an-hour the entire syndrome returned and required more than a week to subside.#146; It may be noted that Dr. Biskind claims to be familiar with entire families who exhibit the syndrome of this patient because of DDT. Experimental evidence favourable to DDT ordinarily rests on situations where a group of people are voluntarily exposed to a few repeatedly large doses of the insecticide. Amcas Basic Coursework Tutorial? Since no acute pathological findings are reported by these #145;experiments#146;, it is assumed that DDT is harmless to human beings except in cases of individual sensitivity.

Thus the tendency is to regard all admitted cases of DDT poisoning as exceptional, where an individual rather than a public reaction is at paragraphs, stake. This approach is slowly being reversed by a number of researchers. The public, mass hazards of DDT are now being seriously considered because of new and more complete experimental evidence. A considerable amount of information of DDT has been supplied by the Texas Research Foundation, an independent non-profit institution supported entirely by private business interests. According to Mr. John M. Dendy, head of the analytical division of the foundation: #145;1. Basic? All processed milk and meat samples (tested by biology as level, the Division for evidence of insecticides) were found to be contaminated with DDT. #145;2. The degree of contamination ranged from 3.10 parts per million of DDT in amcas basic coursework, lean meat to 68.55 parts per million in fat meat. Narrative On Childhood? In milk the contamination ranged from less than 0.5 parts of DDT per million in 13.83 parts per million. #145;3.

Both corn and sunflowers sprayed with insecticides were found to absorb the chlorinated hydrocarbons in unchanged form. #145;4. The rate of absorption was found to be cumulative, the degree of amcas basic tutorial, contamination increasing with each spraying. The extent of design and technology a level, absorption in corn ranged from zero parts per million where there was no spraying to amcas tutorial 8.11 parts per million after two sprayings with insecticide. Coursework As Level? Contamination of the sunflowers ranged from basic tutorial, zero for no spraying to 3.72 parts of insecticide per million after one spraying and 7.40 parts per narrative essay on childhood million after two sprayings.#146; Mr. Dendy concludes as follows: #145;#133; one of these insecticides [a reference to several organic insecticides tested by the Division, including DDT], when sprayed on amcas coursework tutorial, a crop such as corn is absorbed by the corn.

The dairy cow or beef cow which feeds on the corn in turn absorbs a portion of the chemical in its fat, and the insecticide is passed on to the human being who consumes milk or beef from the animal. In experiments in the laboratories of A. J. A Position Essay? Lehman, M. I. Smith, and amcas basic coursework H. J. Welch, it has already been shown what concentration of DDT will produce death in test animals. We know, too, that DDT is absorbed into plant and animal tissues cumulatively. On Analytical? Therefore, we can only basic coursework conclude that the continued indiscriminate use of DDT and other chlorine hydrocarbons holds an ever-increasing hazard to two essays on analytical the public health.#146; Later in his testimony, Mr. Dendy points out that, #145;Milk containing small concentrations of DDT has been found by most of the investigators in the field.

Even though the intake is small, the fatty accumulation in coursework, the tissues as the result is magnified as high as thirty-four times the original intake. In other words, with a diet of ten parts per million you could expect, in some instances, 340 parts per biology as level million in the fat#146;. Basic Tutorial? It is interesting to note that Dendy flatly refuses to paragraphs acknowledge the adequacy of the tests which either support the harmfulness or the harmlessness of amcas, DDT to human beings. #145;As I see it, in this particular field,#146; he observes, #145;we exposed almost everything to the indoctrination of DDT. As most of you know, in the service we used DDT for everything, and we got home and used DDT with no thought as to its possible effect on and technology a level coursework, the individuals. Yet, as I say, there is no one that has established a truly detrimental effect on the human being to basic coursework my satisfaction yet. There has been no elaborate human test made yet.

Someone has to authorize, delegate and carry on such experiment, to ascertain whether or not all this wealth of information is going in the wrong direction. We are showing a possibility of mass contamination, but we do not know its effect. We know it has an effect on test animals, we can show that, but we do not know its human effect.#146; Perhaps we have misunderstood Mr. Dendy, but this is the same acme of the positivist method: animals are known to respond adversely, but since no test has been made on man, Dendy is not satisfied that DDT is design and technology detrimental to tutorial human beings! The real point seems to be that no adequate test has been made to support the harmlessness of the insecticide to the public. In the paragraphs, meantime, DDT is ubiquitous. Amcas? A recent experiment on the insecticide could proceed only with the greatest difficulty because the control rats, which were supposed to be checked against those given DDT, were also found to have acquired the insecticide from their normal environment.

Organic insecticides have been found not only in essay on childhood, the fodder, fat, milk and eggs of animals consumed by man but in the brains as well. The dangers of DDT to coursework tutorial public health have been echoed in the reports of Dr. A Position Essay? Lehman, who acknowledges under questioning by the Select Committee #145;that the potential hazard of DDT has been underestimated#133;#146; But few remarks sum up the meaning of DDT to the public health more vividly than the amcas basic coursework tutorial, following quotation from csr essay writing, a British food journal (cited by Dr. Biskind): #145;Atomic bombs and DDT will be regarded by many as the amcas basic coursework, two most notable scientific developments of the war. They have now been brought together in a more direct and scientific sense by recent British research carried out by defend a position essay topics, the Pest Infestation Laboratory. Radioactive isotopes produced as the Harwell Atomic Pile have been used to study the biological movement of amcas basic coursework tutorial, DDT residues#133;#146; After reporting that an insecticide almost identical to DDT has been found in the #145;gizzard, the liver and essay the kidney, the tissues of the heart and brain, and the sciatic nerve fibre#146; of test hens, the quotation concludes: #145;These new results give strong confirmation for the view that DDT is amcas basic a hazardous contaminant of animal and human foodstuffs.

Though in themselves the residues from DDT application may be small, it is clear that they are considerably retained after ingestion. Toxic effects of a harmful if not lethal nature could arise from the cumulative absorption of DDT residues.#146; Actually, the coupling of design and technology a level, atomic bombs with organic insecticides as the most noted scientific developments of the war is coursework not a helpful amalgam. Atomic bombs have proved to be very effective in snuffing out human life. It is by no means, assured, however, that insecticides perform a similar function with respect to insects. Thesis? If we are to accept a number of amcas basic coursework, very remarkable facts brought out before the Select Committee, it would appear that not only do insecticides often fail to provide a long range solution against insects, but they may even result in the widespread appearance of new pests.

It is ironic but apparently true that the use of narrative on childhood, many insecticides leads to the development of resistant varieties of insects, while producing new pests by destroying their natural enemies. #145;The New York Times last April (1950),#146; claims Dr. Biskind, #145;carried items indicating that because the wheat crop was threatened by green bugs and red spiders, more than 200,000 acres has been sprayed with parathion by airplane. What was omitted from the news dispatch was that the amcas basic tutorial, crop was threatened only because prior use of DDT had killed off the normal predators of these two resistant insects, permitting them to flourish uncontrolled. Apparently the narrative essay, remedy for too much poison is still more.#146; A similar situation has been reported by leading entomologists like Dr. Charles E. Palm of coursework, Cornell University. #145;As far as the same number of insects,#146; declares Dr. Palm, #145;we probably has most of thesis, them before, but we have cases in our own experience where we have some minor pests that have become of major importance #150; I say possibly #150; through the amcas basic, use of insecticides, I think of the defend a position topics, red-banded leaf roller on fruit. It was always a minor problem, and amcas as long as we used lead arsenate for coursework control of the codling moth, it was no particular problem to the commercial fruit grower. But there is the possibility that DDT has reduced the parasites of the red-banded leaf roller as a problem that we have to contend with because we still have to control the codling moth with DDT.

We cannot go back to lead because we cannot do it economically from the viewpoint of codling moth control. Basic Coursework? So this thing gets a little tighter all the while and the importance increases.#146; This type of problem has become so acute in recent years that there is on analytical a tendency for #145;experts#146; to juggle the effectiveness of an insecticide against the natural predators of other pests which may also be destroyed. Dr. Amcas Tutorial? V. B. Wigglesworth, of the Agricultural Research Council in Cambridge, England, was obliged to suggest that #145;an insecticide which kills 50 per cent. of the pest insect, and none of its predators or parasites, may be far more valuable than one which kills 95 per two essays cent. of the pests, but at the same time eliminates its natural enemies.

Perhaps this is amcas tutorial where the narrative, future of chemical insecticides lies, not as a substitute for, but as a complement, to the more subtle and more remunerative methods of coursework tutorial, biology#146;. Introduction Thesis? The entire meaning of amcas basic tutorial, insect control by two essays, insecticides threatens to be upset by the very consequences of tutorial, insecticides. In an article, appropriately called #145;The Philosophy of Orchard Control#146;, A. Essay? D. Pickett of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory in Nova Scotia writes #145;that when a chemical is used for some specific purpose, such as the control of coursework tutorial, a fungus disease, it may increase the survival potential of csr essay competition, one or more pests which were unimportant before the spray was applied. An example of this is the increase in coursework, population of oyster shell scale and csr essay competition European red mite following applications of elemental sulphur#146;. The British have tried to show some moderation in the use of insecticides; the Americans, however, work on the principle that the bug must be bludgeoned#133; or else! The difference in national attitudes reflects itself in the fact that while British #145;experts#146; are thinking of reducing insecticides and, in some measure, getting nature to work with them, the American #145;experts#146; continually increase the dose of an insecticide as the pest grows more and more resistant, until complete resistance has been achieved. At the same time, the coursework tutorial, increased dosage adds to the contamination of csr essay competition, food and tends to complete the destruction of natural enemies, including not only other insects which are helpful to man but also wild life and birds. Insects, to-day, destroy more than $4,000,000,000 worth of crops a year. The problem of basic tutorial, controlling them, as Dr. Palm admitted, has become more acute and expensive that it ever was in the past.

The one possibility of reducing insect predators, namely by improving plant nutrition, has received very little attention by soil scientists. Yet it is an area of investigation that some of the most interesting facts and results have been brought to light. On Analytical? During the Select Committee hearings, the American novelist and practical farmer, Mr. Louis Bromfield, frankly stated his belief that the basic coursework tutorial, #145;increasing attack by insects and diseases upon our agriculture and horticulture has arisen largely through poor and greedy agricultural methods, through the steady deterioration of soils and the steady loss of organic material with which nitrogen is closely affiliated, and the increasing unavailability of the narrative essay, natural elements though the loss and destruction of soil structures and coursework content. Thesis? In other words, a sick soil produces a sick and weakened plants which are immediately subject to disease and insect attack. In properly managed soils the necessity for amcas basic using poisonous preparations injurious to animals and people is greatly diminished and in many cases disappears altogether. The general deterioration of most soils in the United States since the first plough entered them is closely related to the increasing attack of design, disease and insects and amcas tutorial the consequent short-cut use of poisonous dusts and sprays later consumed by humans.#146; Falling back on his extensive experience in farming, Bromfield went on to say: #145;I myself farmed and gardened in France, on land that has been in use for 1,200 years, for narrative essay seventeen years without every using a dust or spray. It was wholly unnecessary because during that time the soil had been properly handled.#146;

According to Mr. Bromfield, the University of Missouri #145;has found that sufficient amounts of the element nitrogen will control the amcas coursework, attack of chinch bugs on corn. As Level? They found that corn not suffering from tutorial, nitrogen starvation was simply not attacked by biology, the pests#146;. Similar experiences have been obtained #145;in related to the attack of the green bug on wheat#146; in Kansas. #145;The green bug,#146; observed Mr. Bromfield, #145;does not start on one side of the of the field and coursework tutorial work his way across. They always go to work on two essays, the yellowish spot in the field and they work out in a circle. This yellowish spot is where there is a strong nitrogen deficiency, because they will not attack the deep-green wheat.#146; Bromfield#146;s remarks are a matter of amcas basic coursework tutorial, record in the scientific journals and have even received confirmation from workers in the field who still regard the use of insecticides as indispensable to agriculture. Chemicals substances are not only introduced into the soil and sprayed on crops, but they are also injected on an ever-increasing scale into cattle and fowl. An extraordinary example was cited by Dr. Clive McCay. #145;As you are aware,#146; Dr. Competition? McCay told the committee, #145;some producers of basic tutorial, chickens are introducing under the skin into the neck of the chicken diethylstilbestrol.

Such procedures produce more pounds of chicken from a hundred pounds of feed and increase profits. When these chickens are slaughtered the design a level coursework, necks are cut off and may be fed to foxes and mink. Some of these farms have reported substantial failure in breeding. Basic Coursework? Now the question arises whether enough of this compound finds its way into the flesh to affect the as level, person who consumes the chicken. #145;The same type of amcas basic coursework, problem arises when meat-producing animals are fed compounds to injure the thyroid so that the basal metabolism of the defend a position essay topics, pig or steer will be lowered and coursework tutorial more meat will result from coursework biology as level, each pound of feed. Does enough of the compound fed the animal remain in amcas basic coursework, the meat so that the consumer will be injured?#146; Despite a furious attempt by manufacturers of writing, cattle hormones to prove the contrary, some of the most eminent endocrinologists in the United States no longer regard stilbestrol as a #145;problem#146; to be decided upon either favourably or unfavourably. In their opinion, these hormones, and especially stilbestrol, are a great hazard to amcas the public health.

According to Dr. Robert K. Enders, chairman of the Department of Zoology in on analytical, Swarthmore College, #145;it is against the public interest to permit its [stilbestrol#146;s] use and sale under present conditions#146;. The supporters of the use of diethylstilbestrol,#146; observes Enders, who experimented with the hormone for three years, #145;always cite that the drug is used in amcas basic coursework tutorial, medicine with inference that it is, therefore, harmless. They point out the fact that large doses have been given patients without disaster although they may produce vomiting. They never mention the fact that small amounts, even minute amounts, given over a longer period may give results that differ from those where large dosages are given under the supervision of a physician. Yet the literature shows that extremely minute doses can effectively sterilize and injure laboratory animals where larger doses have no long-range effect (Roberts and Nature). These small doses do not produce vomiting. Nor do the supporters quote a leading endocrinologist who says: #147;#145; In women there is two essays on analytical evidence that oestrogens are concerned in the etiology of mammary cancer. Not only does the clinical evidence point to such a conclusion, but now, with the lapse of time, cases are being reported in amcas coursework tutorial, which cancer of the breast has followed prolonged treatment with oestrogens.#148; #145;Supporters of the use of diethylstilbestrol always say that #147;in properly treated fowl#148; there is no residue or if there is biology it is discarded with the head or that there is no effect of the drug detectable on humans. Apparently the definition of what constitutes a #147;properly treated#148; fowl and fowl as they reach the market are far from the same thing. Having examined the amcas basic, heads of poultry that has been killed for market, I can assure the committee that a considerable number of csr essay competition, chickens contained unabsorbed portions of pellets of the drug#133; What can and does happen is well illustrated by an examination of caponettes, as sold on the open market.

An expert examined fifty heads from one well-regulated packing house. He found pellets in twenty-six of the amcas coursework, heads. Csr Essay? Eight of the heads showed that pellets had been absorbed, three heads had the appearance of normal cockerels but no evidence of a pellet or injection site could be found in amcas coursework, eight birds. This means that in 16 per cent. of the chickens sold the a position essay, site of implantation was in such a place that it was sold with the meat. Even if only had of these had a residue of diethylstilbestrol left, 8 per cent. of the chickens contained large amounts of the chemical which is not destroyed in normal cooking. #145;The reluctance of the amcas basic coursework tutorial, trade to use animal charcoal to mix with the pellet to mark the site of the injection may be due to the fact that the site of introduction paragraphs, injection may be included in the sale of the fowl.#146; Commenting on damage that stilbestrol can inflict, Dr. Enders warned that #145;one two-hundredth of the dose, that is of a maximum dose, given regularly over a period of time will kill the (experimental) animal.

Now while two one-hundredths of coursework tutorial, a milligram given over a period of a time will kill the animal, as much as two milligrams given over the same period of time to an animal of the a position topics, same weight will not kill him. To me that can only mean one thing, that small doses are much more toxic than large doses#146;. Enders observes that mink fed with stilbestrol #145;were the poorest mink I have ever seen that were still breathing. That is, they lost their hair, they were fat and puffy, you could put your finger in the skin and dimple it and the skin would not come back, there were scales around the external orifices because something was wrong with the urine, and, as I say, the few survivors were the most miserable animals I have ever seen for animals that were still breathing#146;. The testimony of Enders indicates that large enough doses of amcas coursework tutorial, stilbestrol will stop ovulation in women, profoundly alter the biology as level, blood picture in chickens and cause changes in the reproductive tracts of experimental animals fed on poultry waste shudders at this prospect. Cystic ovaries, paper-thin uterine walls, dead and resorbing embryos follow such use. Amcas Coursework? The drug should not be available except to experimenters and the physician.#146; Dr. Carl G. Hartman, a venerable leader in endocrinological research, gave testimony bearing out csr essay writing some of basic coursework tutorial, Dr.

Enders#146; opinions before the Select Committee. #145;Whenever you tamper with one gland you tamper with all the essay topics, others,#146; he warned. #145;When the ovaries or the tests are removed, the physiological effect is coursework profound in the organism. If you give too much thyroid, you injure the ovary or the testes. We have to think of the body as a whole, and when you have an excess of one hormone over another you get effects which reverberate with the entire organism.#146; Hartman#146;s testimony was centred around synthetic chemicals that have estrogenic effects, of which #145;stilbestrol is the queen of them all#146;. On Analytical? These estrogenic chemicals not only find their way into meat but also into the cosmetics and homes of millions of women throughout the tutorial, United States. When Hartman was asked if the estrogenic chemicals destroy the fibrin and fibrinogin in on childhood, the blood, he replied: #145;I would not be able to say as to that, but I do know in the dog, for example, estrogen causes profound changes in amcas basic, the bone marrow where the red blood cells are made. A dog, in three months, will die of asphyxia because it does not have red blood cells enough to go around. In the chicken likewise the blood-forming organs are profoundly effected.#146; Although it is reported that the Canadian government plans to prohibit the use of stilbestrol in poultry, the use of this chemical has increased enormously in the United States over the past two years. Narrative On Childhood? #145;The acceptance of the hormonized, or chemically treated birds, by the public has reached national proportions,#146; reports Dr.

Arthur D. Goldhaft, a director of basic, a poultry laboratory that manufactures and distributes stilbestrol. #145;The major markets in American report a substantial increase of sale of this type of poultry meat with an increasing demand for this product. The reaction of the New York City Live Poultry Terminal Market is characteristic. This market records a phenomenal gain in chemically treated birds in 1950; in and technology a level coursework, fact, the amcas, hormonized birds have practically sounded the death knell of the legions of defend a position topics, cross broilers that have been such a standby in the market for the past ten years. Tutorial? In the defend a position essay topics, first ten months of amcas coursework tutorial, 1950 they have gone from a low of 0.46 per cent. of total receipts #150; less, turkeys, ducks, and geese #150; in January to 25.77 per cent. in October.#146; We may, perhaps, compare these remarks with the reaction of Dr. Miler, a member of the Select Committee, to the report of Dr. Enders: #145;Dr.

Miller. I read your paper last night and I had to take an aspirin after dinner last night, I could not sleep. It disturbed me for a while. It was disturbing to think what it may do to the human race. Dr. Enders. Essay On Childhood? That is what I say, the vegetarians may inherit the earth.#146; Dr. Enders expressed agreement #145;with those endocrinologists who say that the use of the drug to fatten poultry is an coursework tutorial economic fraud. Chicken feed is not saved; it is merely turned into fat instead of protein. Fat is abundant in the American diet so more is undesirable.

Protein is what one wants from poultry. By their own admission it is the two essays on analytical, improvement in appearance and increase in fat that makes it more profitable to amcas basic coursework tutorial the poultryman to use the design, drug. Amcas Coursework? This fat is of very doubtful value and csr essay competition is in no way the dietary equal to the protein that the consumer thinks he is paying for#146;. The truth is that even more is involved. The use of hormones in cattle and fowl, including thyroid depressants like thiourea (a drug that was already prohibited by the government for one purpose, only to reappear again for another), suggests a new emphasis on animal weight over animal reproduction. Dr. Albrecht, noting the tendency to ignore the mineral quality of amcas coursework, cattle feeds for the carbohydrate and fat content, remarks that the #145;business of fattening cattle and pigs, more than reproducing and growing them, has been the much heralded agricultural success with livestock. In Missouri, the pig crop that goes to market is only 60 per cent. of that delivered by the sow in the litters of pigs at their birth. Dairy calves at weaning time are only 60 per cent. of the total conceptions. Diseases of the udder, of the reproductive organs, and others of the dairy cow #150; so baffling to veterinary science as to call for legislation #150; threatening to kill the very animals, are rampant#146;. It seems fairly apparent that the essay on childhood, extension of hormones from face creams and amcas basic tutorial cosmetics to stock-breeding and poultry will only coursework biology as level serve to coursework reinforce the trend toward carbohydrates which was begun with the improper feeding of cattle.

The use of hormones in this connection is still relatively new. Coursework? But the public may well imagine seven-league strides toward sweeping applications of synthesized pituitary, thyroid and basic coursework tutorial sex hormones if makers of these products have their way. Since the invention of the atomic bomb (and, we may add, DDT), the wits of our time are continually conjecturing on how man will destroy himself. We feel justified in believing that if modern social relations continue, this will occur in stages rather than by design a level coursework, a single blow. Basic? The meat eaters will probably perish first, assuming anyone survives the application of insecticides to csr essay writing agriculture. After the vegetarians take over, most of them will probably die from #145;improvements#146; in new and better insecticides. Those who survive will undoubtedly kill themselves with the atomic bomb and, finally, to complete irony by irony#133;the insects will inherit the earth. Thus far we have examined the function and #145;possibilities#146; of chemicals in agriculture and stock-breeding. Now, we shall attempt to accompany our product #150; sprayed by poisons and injected with hormones #150; to the next great stage: the processing of food products for the market. Amcas Basic? Before, we were occupied with agriculture; now, we are concerned with industry.

But since agriculture simply reflects industry to-day, since both are thus oriented toward quantity instead of quality, the reader will not be surprised to introduction learn that the prevalence of commercial over nutritive ends originates in the processing of basic coursework tutorial, foods. In this connection, Dr. McCay assures us, we are guided by narrative on childhood, a great tradition. #145;Since very early times, in the interests of making more profits, men have attempted to introduce chemicals into foods in order to make a cheaper product appear like a better one.#146; In accord with great traditions, let us take the fate of bread. Ecclesiastical literature describes bread as the #145;staff of life#146;.

So profoundly has the importance of bread been etched on coursework, human civilization that our great divines often contrast the paragraphs, body with the spirit by basic, saying: #145;Man does not live by bread alone.#146; At the very least, this implies that man also cannot live without bread. The implication was true until fairly recently. It is now an design and technology open question whether the amcas tutorial, product which currently passes for on analytical bread in coursework, the United States is any longer the csr essay writing competition, same food that inspired many earlier sermons, aspirations, dreams #150; indeed, vast historical movements. #145;Bread traditionally was made from flour, yeast and salt,#146; profoundly avers Dr. William B. Bradley of the American Institute of Baking, #145;and that is what it is made from in most countries other than this one.#146; These are memorable words. They may well comprise the last, faint descriptions of the few scholars who still see bread. Indeed, bread seems to be traveling on coursework tutorial, the road toward extinction, for in this country, at least, it is narrative being made with the addition of many synthetic substances and chemicals. Do these chemicals mark any improvement? Do they serve any beneficial function? Perhaps we may answer these questions by contrasting trends in the improvement of bread with the substances out of coursework, which many #145;breads#146; are now made in the United States.

We know what enters into #145;traditional#146; bread. Now a better, more nutritive bread is one to which has been added milk, eggs and or/butter. In the mental and old-age institutions of New York State, for example, a minimum of six per cent. fluid milk and two per cent. wheat germ is required for an acceptable bread. This bread, according to Dr. McCay, #145;costs only a half-cent more than the worst#146;. Yet despite the small difference in price, a growing tendency among bakers has favoured the replacement of valuable natural and csr essay dairy nutrients by chemical substances that may either be harmful to the public health or may at the very least contain less or none of the nutritive values in the foods they have supplanted. Amcas Coursework Tutorial? A bad, although commonly used bread, for example, is defend a position topics likely to include bleached flour, softeners or emulsifiers, increased quantities of water, yeast and salt. Dairy products will have been #145;successfully#146; removed.

They way in which wheat is refined and bleached to-day has radically altered the nutritive weight of bread in the modern diet. Amcas Basic Coursework Tutorial? Research shows that a greater proportion of thesis, mineral richness in wheat is to be found in the outer layers of the berry. Amcas? Yet it is usually this part that is removed for the baking of bread and cake, while the less valuable endosperm is retained. It is perhaps even more interesting to coursework as level note that natural wheat is not as fattening as is ordinarily supposed. Amcas Coursework Tutorial? A pound of red winter wheat has about 1,471 calories.

As a result of milling, however, a pound of extraction flour yields 1,618 calories, an increase of more than 200 calories per pound. A Position? For every eight pounds of white bread consumed, the caloric equivalent of a pound of natural wheat is unnecessarily added to amcas basic coursework tutorial the diet. Design A Level Coursework? The outer layer goes as offal to farm animals; the inner layer is amcas tutorial sent off for man. The first contains a higher ratio of minerals to carbohydrates than the second. In short, farm animals receive the best portion of the grain while man is stuffed with substances that make for increased carbohydrates and the concomitant physical disorders of a burdened, over-weighted body.

The bread industry in the United States has tended to become a modern Circe: turning men into swine #150; in appearance if not in habits. But the problem does not end at coursework, this point. The remaining berry is often bleached until it is rendered suitable for coursework the production of white bread. To-day this may mean that the berry is subjected to oxides of nitrogen, chlorine, potassium bromate, bitrosyle chloride, benzoyl peroxide or any #145;permitted#146; combination of two essays, these chemicals. Are these chemicals harmful?

Will we have to wait for close on half a century (as with agene) to learn that they create disorders of some sort in experimental animals? A number of countries have already answered these questions by simply prohibiting the bleaching of flour. Indeed, it is unnecessary in any case to bleach flour in order to make white bread. When flour is stored and permitted to age, it will turn white naturally. The use of chemical #145;maturing#146; agents arises principally because storage facilities are too expensive, insects have increased as a problem for stored foods generally and contemporary methods of distribution favour quick processing as against traditional techniques. Amcas Basic Coursework Tutorial? Naturally-white flour is essay simply unprofitable and difficult to handle in amcas basic coursework, the present social set-up. Another #145;development#146; in bread is the introduction of emulsifying or softening agents. The typical method for determining whether bread is fresh or not is by essay on childhood, feeling it, by #145;playing the piano#146; (as the industry puts it) on the bread rack in retail stores. Until recently, the softness of bread and cake products was a good index of how long a product had been away from the oven. For the most part, the degree of softness depends upon basic coursework tutorial, the rapidity with which a cereal loses its moisture.

Surface-active materials like natural fats, lecithin in egg yolk, and design a level some plant substances which are in themselves valuable to coursework tutorial the body will retain air and moisture in grain foods and thus keep these products soft without necessarily keeping them #145;fresh#146;. On Analytical? In this case, the consumer gains in food value what he may have lost in freshness. While this method of basic coursework tutorial, keeping bread and cake soft benefits the public, it is expensive and unprofitable to the bread industry. #145;Naturally#146;, a #145;way out#146; of the #145;horrible#146; dilemma had to be found. On Analytical? Naturally. During the #145;thirties, enterprising researches discovered that chemical surface-active agents like the mono- and diglycerides and polyoxyethylene monostearates could achieve the desired end. At first, this discovery did not quite revolutionize the baking industry. At the time that emulsifiers were first put forward, observes Mr. George T. Carlin of Swift and Company, #145;the bread-softness vogue had not become as pronounced as to-day and we never thought in terms of softness in 1937. In fact, we tried to patent their (emulsifiers) use as staling retarders but found our usage patent application had been anticipated by at least ten years#146;.

During the war, however, the emulsifier industry prepared an extensive sales campaign for the baking industry until the idea finally began to bear #145;fruit#146;. At this writing, the public how has little choice between breads which contain emulsifiers and amcas basic tutorial those which do not. Defend A Position Essay? According to basic coursework G.F. Gauger of the Purity Baking Company, an defend topics estimated 75 per cent. of the bakers in the United States use emulsifiers in bread. The possibilities which emulsifiers have are nothing less than extraordinary. Carlin advises the Committee, for example, that it is possible to reduce the fat in a cake mix from a high of basic coursework tutorial, 14 per cent. to zero.

The Swift Laboratories #145;have made suitable mixes with 0 per cent. shortening content with the synthetic emulsifier#146;. Not only could the competition, fat content be manipulated at will but #145;the reduction would make a cake that would be perhaps more appealing#146;. Mr. Carlin adds #145;that the egg content of basic coursework, a cake mix parallels the fat content. Fat makes a cake tender, eggs make it tough.

In other words, the eggs, the coagulation of the eggs will offset the tendering influence of two essays on analytical, fat, so when you reduce fat, you may also simultaneously reduce the eggs#146;. #145;Mr. Keefe (Representative from Wisconsin): You would almost have to, would you not?#146; #145;Mr. Carlin: Unless you wished a tough, rubbery cake, you would.#146; If we are to accept the amcas coursework tutorial, opinion of a number of food specialists, however, the principal danger of on childhood, certain emulsifiers comes from the amcas basic, physical damage they have produced in experimental animals. Recently, the Swift laboratories subjected some emulsifiers and allied substances to toxicological and nutritional evaluation. The experiments centred on paragraphs thesis, the effect which #145;Myrj 45#146; and #145;Sta-Soft#146; (polyoxyethylene monostearate) have on rats, hamsters and coursework rabbits. The results obtained were summarized by Dr. Edward Eagle as follows: #145;. . .Single doses (20 milliliter) of Sta-Soft of Myrj 45 in rabbits changed the normally cloudy, alkaline urine containing varying amounts of white crystalline precipitate to a clear, acid, precipitate-free urine containing 5.9 to 6.5 milligrams polyoxyethylene glycol per milliliter.

#145;The rats fed Sta-Soft showed occult blood in the feces#133; the Sta-Soft rats showed no unusual gross pathology; microscopically, however, they manifested unusual gastric, lymphoid, renal, and testicular involvement.#146; The level used in these experiments were five, ten, fifteen and twenty-five times the amount recommended for use in biology as level, break and cake. According to Dr. Eagle, this represents a fraction of the test levels which the amcas basic, Food and Drug Administration advises for chemical substances used in food. #145;Furthermore,#146; observes Dr. Eagle, #145;the Food and Drug Administration states in writing, in scientific journals, that in on analytical, order to prove the non-toxicity of any substance, it has to be fed to animals at amcas tutorial, a level of 5 per cent. with no harmful effects. These materials cannot be fed to design a level coursework animals at 5 per cent. with no harmful effects#133; There are some people who feed a small dose to a rat, for example, and say that since man, a 70-kilo man weighs 350 times as much as a 200-gram rat, then man can take 350 times as much as a rat can take.

That is very poor reasoning. #145;The best example I think you can give for that is aspirin. The LD-50 (lethal dose which will kill half the number of animals to which the basic, dose is administered) for aspirin is 1,300 milligrams per kilogram. Writing? That means about five 5-gram aspirin tablets represents the basic tutorial, LD-50 dose for the rat and kills half the animals. If a man weighs 350 times the weight of that rat, then 350 times 5 aspirin tablets is 1,750 aspirin tablets, and no one would ever say that a man can take 1,750 aspirin tablets and survive#133;. If you can cause harm to any animal with anything, that material is two essays on analytical not good for man, and that is the reasoning behind a good many of the discussions with Food and Drug people. Man is the most sensitive of animals #150; at least, they regard him so #150; so that any material which is toxic to a rat or a hamster or a rabbit is amcas coursework tutorial unsafe for man.#146; Independent experiments by on childhood, Dr. B. S. Schweigert of the University of Chicago essentially confirm the amcas basic coursework, results obtained by Dr. Eagle.

Schweigert submits the following summary: #145;The effects of feeding 5 or 15 per cent. of two polyoxyethylene monostearates (trade names Myrj and Sta-Soft) in biology, the diet of weanling hamsters was investigated. Thirty-three animals were used in each group and the growth rate, food utilization, general appearance, gross pathology and basic histological abnormalities were noted and compared to those observed for comparable groups fed 5 or 15 per cent. prime stead lard. The basal diet was designed to essay on childhood be adequate in all known nutrients. The animals were kept on experiment for ten weeks, at which time all remaining animals in each group were sacrificed. #145;A significant reduction in the rate of gain was observed for the groups fed either 5 or 15 per cent. Myrj or Sta-Soft as compared to the groups fed lard. A decrease in food utilization was also noted when Myrj or Sta-Soft was fed. Marked changes in the intestinal tract occurred and severe diarrhea also were observed for the animals fed Myrj or Sta-Soft. Tutorial? Mortality data, data on organ weights and gross pathology, also indicated that the narrative essay, ingestion of these compounds in these amounts was deleterious to the hamster as compared to the data obtained for animals fed lard. #145;Animals fed 5 or 15 per cent.

Myrj, Sta-Soft, or lard were sacrificed after two, four, six, eight, and ten weeks on experiment for histological study. Sections of the ileum, duodenum, rectum, liver, and kidney were examined for any histological abnormalities by Dr. Wang, chief of the division of histology of the amcas, American Meat Institute Foundation. In addition, sections of the bone marrow and design of testes were taken from some of the tutorial, animals. Marked changes were observed in the duodenum, ileum, liver, kidney, and testis of hamsters fed 5 to 15 per cent. Two Essays? Myrj or Sta-Soft after two to amcas coursework ten weeks on experiment. The changes in the duodenum and ileum consisted of coursework biology as level, a severe erosion of the mucosa. Necrosis of the liver, decreased spermatogenetic activity of the testis, and tubular degeneration of the kidney were also observed.#146; The fate of bread is only part of an entire industrial and amcas coursework tutorial profit-mad pattern. Even the dairy products that are recommended for bread have become suspect because of the chemicals employed.

Butter, for example, was relatively pure food until recently. To-day it is common to dye this food a sickly-yellow colour. The problem grows in dimensions when we recognize that the testing standards among pathologists are improving while those of industrial chemists often lag far behind. A large portion of chemicals employed in food products has been insufficiently investigated for carcinogenic (cancer-causing) properties. They have been tested primarily for and technology acute toxicity. Another portion either has been or is basic tutorial being used which is introduction paragraphs allied to know carcinogens. Still others are poisonous under some conditions and #145;less toxic#146; under other circumstances. #145;Butter yellow,#146; notes a memorandum from the basic tutorial, Food and Drug Administration, is a colouring matter that was #145;used for a long time before it was discovered to be carcinogenic, at least in animals.#146; It belongs to an entire class of chemicals known as the design and technology a level, AZO compounds which have been found to produce cancer in amcas tutorial, mice. Oil orange E, another dye #145;in general use#146;, according to Dr. Francis E. Ray, Director of the Cancer Research Laboratory with the University of Florida, #145;caused tumours in seven out of seventeen mice, fourteen months after the start of the experiment #150; fourteen months is about half the paragraphs, life of a healthy mouse. An eighth mouse showed extensive liver damage#146;.

According to a list prepared by the Food and Drug Administration, over 800 chemicals #145;have been used or are proposed for use in or on foods, or in such a manner as to constitute potential food contaminants#146;. Many of these chemicals have crept into foods for extremely obscure purposes. The public, for example, does not have the faintest idea that phenyl alpha naphthylamine is an anti-oxidant that is known to have been used in coursework tutorial, chewing gum. Csr Essay? Yet this chemical is regarded by the Food and Drug Administration as toxic and #145;not suitable for food use generally#146;. Some substances, like potassium iodide, are used as nutritive supplements in #145;iodized salt#146;. #145;However, potassium iodide per se is a poisonous substance. Morever, its use in even relatively small quantities may lead to amcas coursework adverse effects in the case of persons suffering from tuberculosis and possibly other disease.#146; Sometimes, a chemical like saccharic acid, which is considered to be #145;harmless#146; in pure form, is rendered toxic in commercial form because of impurities.

Chemicals, which are apparently harmless, may break down into substances that have toxic effects. Dulcin (alias Sucrol and Valzin), for paragraphs example, is a synthetic sweetening agent that is chemically known as paraphenetyl urea. It is about 200 times as sweet as cane sugar and does not produce the after-taste found in saccharine. According to Dr. A. J. Lehman, Director of the Division of Pharmacology of the Food and Drug Administration: #145;Although it has been available for over fifty years no investigation of its possible adverse affects when consumed daily in small amounts over a long period of amcas coursework, time was made until a few years ago when the Food and Drug Administration studied the problem. Previous toxicity studies had been content to as level show that no immediate ill effects were noted in either man or animals from quantities such as would be used for sweetening foods. The fact that several workers had reported that Dulcin could break down to para amino phenol in the body us suspicious of it. Para amino phenol is basic coursework also formed from acetanilid and is responsible for coursework biology as level that drug#146;s poisonous effect on the blood. Our study of the chronic toxicity of amcas, Dulcin was begun in essay, the fall of 1947 and extended over a two-year period.

It consisted of incorporating Dulcin or one of three other synthetic sweetening agents into the diet of rats and observing the effects on growth and survival throughout their lifetime. After death the various organs were examined throughout their lifetime. After death the various organs were examined microscopically to amcas basic coursework tutorial see what pathological changes had taken place. As the experiment progressed it became increasingly evident that the toxic properties of Dulcin make it unsuitable for narrative use in food. As soon as the scientific evidence permitted such a conclusion a statement of policy was published in the Federal Register (19th January, 1950) announcing that we regarded Dulcin and P-4000 (another synthetic sweetener) as poisonous substances which have no place in food.#146; Dulcin, it may be noted, was used in food products for sufferers of diabetes mellitus.

Anyone who is familiar with the characteristics of amcas basic, this disease may well know the extraordinary danger that toxins #150; especially blood toxins #150; present to diabetics. On 9th February, 1949, the Food and Drug Administration undertook to advise a large manufacturer of diabetic food products that incomplete studies indicated the essay, toxic properties of Dulcin. After an exchange of letters and oral views that continued into September of the same year a representative of the Food and amcas coursework Drug Administration observed that #145;we were somewhat surprised to learn that your company had continued to use Dulcin although fully aware of the fact that studies that were under way were indicative of the probably toxicity of Dulcin#146;. The Company finally discontinued the design and technology, use of this substance. The Food and Drug Administration, it may further be noted, also learned that Dulcin not only inhibits growth and affects the blood adversely, but that it also produces#133; liver tumours! While few companies, to-day, are prepated to make the protracted tests that finally revealed the toxic effects of Dulcin, the use of toxic, #145;near#146; toxic, #145;probably#146; toxic, and toxic but #145;harmless#146; chemicals (all of basic coursework tutorial, these categories are frequently established in food chemistry) can be multiplied almost indefinitely. They have grown with entirely new classes of synthetic substances for entirely new types of meaningless or obscure uses. Coursework? Alkyl aryl sulfanates are #145;wetting agents#146;, the basic coursework tutorial, toxicity and side effects of which #145;require careful study#146; according to the Food and Drug Administration.

But what, if you please, is a #145;wetting agent#146;? Is the public familiar with its function or its need? A Food and Drug Administration list faintly hints that this type of substance is employed for washing fruits and vegetables. Or else one discovers that there are wax coatings, resins, plasticizers and other ingredients of packaging materials. Phenol-formaldehyde resins, for example, are a number of defend essay topics, such substances that have been used for coating tin cans. Some of these resins are explicitly regarded by the Food and amcas basic coursework tutorial Drug Administration as deleterious; others are believed to be #145;relatively#146; safe. The hazards to the consumer depend upon #145;whether the material would be transferred to the foods with which it might come in contact either by direct solution or leaching, volatilization, abrasion, or other methods#146;. The problems, in short, are legion and the possibilities for endangering the public health depend not only upon csr essay competition, primary or secondary effects, but reach back into tertiary stages of nutrition. They grow with a one-sided over-complication of society, with a distortion of man#146;s relationship to basic tutorial natural forces and his bodily needs. Within recent years, the rise of little known and even unknown infectious diseases, the increase of degenerative illnesses and, finally, the high incidence of cancer suggests come connection between the growing use of biology, chemicals in food and amcas basic coursework human diseases. There are, of course, many diseases that have been with man for immemorial ages.

Little is known of why these diseases are acquired by topics, some individuals while other individuals are immune. Investigation is slowly (and all too slowly) moving toward the study of immunity, of resistance factors which depend partly upon amcas tutorial, heredity but also upon the level of two essays on analytical, nutrition. Now, chemicals in food products may well play a very important role in these problems. Much has to be learned of the amcas basic, primary, secondary and tertiary effects individual chemical substances, their derivatives and combinations play in reducing immunity. Something is already known of the lower nutritive level that has already been produced by many chemical substitutes in design coursework, food. The toxins produced by bacteria, however, remain the direct agents of death from infectious disease. In this connection, an entirely new field of research is being opened. It is known, for example, that species of bacteria are no longer as stable as was once assumed. Apparently harmless bacteria may undergo mutation or enter into an environment that suddenly renders them dangerous to human health. Amcas Tutorial? The question is: are chemicals in food products responsible for any of these changes and new environmental conditions?

In testimony before the Select Committee, Dr. Bing raised some considerations along this line. #145;The incidence of many diseases is on childhood changing,#146; he said. #145;There is an amcas tutorial increase in the morbidity and mortality from a number of two essays on analytical, diseases. And then we have this phenomenon of new diseases appearing, conditions which were unknown heretofore or which were seen so little that they went unrecognized. #145;The increase in incidence #150; and, well, man is heir not only to old diseases, but he acquires some new ones from time to time. Whenever that occurs we naturally suspect a change in the environment. #145;Now, foods are part of the amcas basic tutorial, environment of the two essays, human being, and basic coursework tutorial some alterations in foods are suspect or some alterations in drugs that may be given are always suspect.#146; Dr. Bing specifically pointed to one disease that is suspected to have arisen or, at least, to have increased in two essays, incidence because of an emulsifying agent in vitamins. #145;There is this condition of retrolental fibroplasias of babies born prematurely.

That condition is characterized by a change in the retina of the eye, and it results in total blindness of the baby in both eyes. #145;That condition was either now known or was observed so occasionally that it was not recognized, by and large, up until about 1941, and amcas basic tutorial then the incidence of it increased so that from 30 to 40 per cent. of the defend a position, prematurely born babies in some nurseries, some hospitals, had this condition and become blind. #145;Now, the tutorial, medical investigators looking into that have cast suspicion on the use of synthetic emulsifying agents present in a vitamin preparation which was administered to the new-born babies. Design And Technology Coursework? They are not sure that I was the emulsifying agent or not, but they have called attention to basic tutorial the fact that when they changed from the vitamin preparation containing this synthetic emulsifying agent to the same vitamins without that particular material, the incidence went from 30 to a position 40 per cent. blindness down to less than 1 per cent.#146; It is widely agreed that the coursework, tempo and insecurity of American social life is a vital factor in the increase of degenerative diseases like heart and circulatory illnesses. But very little attention has been given to the role of chemicals in food. This problem is paragraphs thesis especially complex because much has to be learned about the way the body absorbs and uses calcium and magnesium salts #150; in addition to many other substances that make for over-all health.

When synthetic toxins and chemical combinations are introduced into the body, however, it is clear that all the balances that normally exist in a healthy human being are altered. While nature provides for many tolerances in the body, a sustained attack upon these tolerances is certain to have disastrous effects. In the oxidation of sugars, for basic tutorial example, quantities varying up to a teaspoonful of thesis, insulin (about 1 cc) are responsible for the difference between a mild and severe case of diabetes. Basic Coursework? Consider then, what it means when chemicals are introduced that violate these #150; and even more slender #150; tolerances day after day and thesis year after year. Basic? A further problem is the heavy burden which toxins and chemicals place on the eliminatory organs of the body. Under the best conditions (which seldom prevail) these toxins are excreted.

Before they are removed, however, they not only remain a burden to the entire organism but especially to the heart, liver and kidneys which are most frequently involved in diseases of paragraphs, old age. In short, it is still to be determined how a chemical in food #145;behaves in the body, how it is handled in the alimentary tract; whether it is digested and absorbed; and, if absorbed, where it goes. Amcas? Is it handled by the liver, the great chemical organ of the body, and converted to something else, and the eliminated or does it pile up in the tissues or go to the kidneys, where many soluble substances are channeled in order to be excreted? Does it have any effect on any of the organs of the paragraphs, body?#146; Dr. Bing, who posed these questions for the Select Committee, expanded upon the problems they raise for research. #145;We now know that there are some poisons which will kill an animal without causing any demonstrable pathology or change in the structure of the cells. Cyanides can combine with the blood pigment and prevent taking in oxygen from the air. And then there are certain organic synthetic compounds which react with substances in basic tutorial, the body called enzymes, and can cause sudden death in experimental animals without giving any clue to any pathologist who may make sections of all the tissues of the body and look for changes in essay topics, the cell structure.#146; They very multitude of questions that can be raised around chemicals in food provides the essential setting for an answer.

In so delicate an amcas basic arrangement as the human body, it can be asserted that many synthetic chemicals probably play a sweeping role in two essays on analytical, diseases that are due to changes in human physiology #150; in the #145;degenerative#146; illnesses. Perhaps the amcas basic coursework tutorial, most remarkable data thus far on csr essay, the role of chemicals in amcas basic coursework tutorial, disease has been accumulated on cancer. This data has been supplied from two aspects of research: the known properties of many chemicals in causing cancer (carcinogens) and the characteristics of malignant growth. That certain chemical substances could produce cancer was proven in 1915 when two Japanese investigators, Yamagiwa and Ichikawa, managed to produce cancer in rabbits with coal tar. Two Essays On Analytical? Since then tests of tutorial, some 1,000 chemicals have led to the discovery of coursework as level, about 100 carcinogens. Some of tutorial, these chemicals like 9,10-dumethul-1, 2-benezathracine require only three applications to the skin to lead to cancer in a few months. But it is necessary to emphasize that the vast majority of carcinogens require long-continued applications of small doses before cancer can be produced. Carcinogens can be used for a long time before they are known to cause malignant tumours. As a result of investigations by Goldblatt, for example, the #145;interval between the first exposure of workmen to cancer-producing compounds and the appearance of symptoms of the disease was eleven to sixteen years in 54 per cent. of the cases. It was twenty to forty-eight years in 19 per cent. The shortest period exposure sufficient to cause cancer was 3.5 years and the longest thirty-three years.#146; A carcinogen may thus be used as a chemical in food without lending itself to two essays any assured means of amcas basic, discovery #150; perhaps not only for many years but even at all.

Even when carcinogens are used on short-lived experimental animals, unknown conditions for cancer may remain long after use has been discontinued. In recent studies on the incidence of lung cancer among smokers, the investigators proffered the writing competition, suspicion that cancer appeared later in life as a result of smoking although smoking was discontinued decades earlier. A new term (carcinogens) has been established for amcas basic tutorial chemicals that #145;will not produce cancer when administered alone, but will enhance the cancer-producing power of other chemicals. For example, if very small doses of 20-methylcholanthrene are applied to the skin, no cancer may develop but if the skin is then rubbed with croton oil, tumours soon appear at its site of application. #145;These small doses of the carcinogens will not produce cancer, but when the small doses of carcinogen is followed by the croton oil, then a tumour appears. #145;The croton oil can be applied several months after the cancer-producing chemical has been administered. Simultaneous application is not necessary.#146; The effects of carcinogens and cocarcinogens, therefore, prove to have an extremely complex background. Two substances may not appear to be carcinogenic when individual tests are made; but in combination, or in any given sequence of application, they may produce cancer sooner or later. Since any numbers of combinations or sequences are theoretically possible, the entire concept of carcinogens wants revision. As long as synthetic chemicals are used in food, the human body comes to resemble ac chemical factory in thesis, which incalculable combinations of toxins and carcinogens are possible at any stage of amcas, life.

The problems of chemicals in food products no longer centre so much on individual chemicals as they do on a completely altered level of physiology, nutrition and irritability. The fact that cancer can derive from the mistreatment of the body as a whole is suggested from the coursework biology, standpoint of coursework, pathological as well as chemical research especially in on analytical, the work of amcas basic, Harry S. N. Greene at writing, the Yale University Medical School. In the course of transplanting tissues that was microscopically diagnosed as cancerous, Greene found that sometimes tissue could be transferred successfully to the eye of an alien species and at other times it could not. After further research, Green came to the conclusion that many tumours which receive a diagnosis of cancer as a result of tutorial, microscopic analysis were actually benign. Only the malignant tumours could be transferred. These facts led to several lines of speculation. Cancer may be suspected of deriving as a rule from pre-cancerous lesions. In the pre-cancerous stage, a tumour may microscopically resemble in every detail a malignant growth and still be benign. Although it will be diagnosed as cancer and often successfully removed, in and technology, this stage there is no danger of metastasis (spreading to other sites). After a while, the supposed cancer may become truly cancerous and only then will metastasis occur.

What causes the change in behaviour? Greene expresses the belief that constitutional rather than local abnormalities are responsible. Amcas Basic? Abnormalities in two essays, the organism as a whole seem to amcas disturb the organization of the cellular structure. This leads first to a development through a pre-cancerous stage and eventually into malignant tumours and metastasis. Greene#146;s view, of course, does not necessarily challenge the local view of cancer; as, for example, when tissue is rendered cancerous by continual irritation.

Rather, Greene also seems to open a more general source of disturbance. His view implicitly challenges the entire environment of man. Among the most direct factors of man#146;s environment to-day that make for constitutional abnormalities are the tempo and insecurity of existence and the wholesale alteration of diet by the use of chemicals in food products. The former has given rise to nervous disorders on a vast scale. The latter tends to upset and distort human physiological processes, render nutrition inadequate and introduce repeated irritants and two essays an over-loading of substances or toxins into the body. Amcas Basic? The problem that chemicals in food presents can no longer be confined to the danger of acute toxicity. Sensational cases of food-poisoning (bad as they are) have been overshadowed by the slow distortion of organic processes as a whole. Design A Level Coursework? Broad issues in ecology, chemistry and physiology are being raised #150; not simply local instances of acute toxicity which supplied most of the attacks and legislation against the food industry in the past. When chemical fertilizers include the amcas basic, risk of altering soils, a general ecological problem is presented. Two Essays? When insecticides are developed from relatively simple compounds to complex and stable hydrocarbons that remain in animal tissue, the very constituents of the human body are involved.

Finally, when innumerable types of chemical substances are introduced into the absorptive, physiological and metabolic processes of the body, the whole cycle of nutrition, growth, organic development and the normal tempo of physical degeneration in the course of life is changed adversely. We have said that the motive for introducing chemicals in food is profit. We shall soon have the occasion to point out that even more fundamental reasons have arisen in recent times for amcas tutorial chemicals in food products. But for the present this motive continues to essay on childhood operate and extend itself, and it has led to an increasing and reckless marketing of the public health. Tutorial? Just as the profit-system introduces more and more irrational uses of man#146;s productive forces, so the problems raised by chemicals in food are met with totally irrational #145;solutions#146;. Perhaps the most absurd illustration is the story of #145;enriched#146; bread.

To-day, the housewife is likely to encounter explosive advertising notices on csr essay writing competition, bread that is #145;enriched#146; with vitamins and other substances. Basic Coursework? The facts, however, are that many breads which are described as enriched have first been deprived of valuable nutrients. Biology As Level? The wheat is bleached and chemicals are introduced to replace the effect of basic coursework, natural substances that are useful to the human body. Defend A Position Topics? This approach to coursework nutrition #150; if such it can be called #150; is in itself so perfectly irrational and introduction paragraphs thesis wasteful that it would defy any rational mind if it was any worse than many irrationalities to-day. Many individuals who do not pretend to an expert knowledge of food or agriculture see in chemicals an assertion of man#146;s power over nature, a substitute for vital natural products and human labour.

This concept is only partly true, as it stands, and so far as food is concerned is dangerously wrong. The human body probably functions with the greatest difficulty when it is nourished in amcas basic coursework, piece-meal fashion, on the basis of what we think we know it requires. There are many important things we do not know for which there are certainly no synthetic substitutes. Modern science, at present, tends to segment the defend a position essay, unity of the body into departments of knowledge that are, thus far, only approximations of its actual activities. These departments #150; physiology, morphology and so on #150; do not completely open to us the complex, organic facts and basic tutorial relations that actually exist in the organism. The body, for example, requires certain indispensable traces of a level coursework, metals and amcas basic compounds. In greater quantities these substances prove to be poisonous and, perhaps, carcinogenic.

When foods are bleached, dyed, sprayed or synthesized, these traces can be lost or excessively increased. Sometimes, the chemist and physiologist has only a faint idea #150; if at all #150; of what is required. Chemistry continually suggests cheap substitutes, but it is seldom possible to arrive at what is design and technology a level actually necessary to meet the complexities that enter into the total process. In pure foods, however, traces are not only acquired in a manner by which the organism, over the course of animal evolution, has long been adapted to receive them, but they can also be eliminated without damage when these trace materials become excessive. The chemist, on coursework, the other hand, may synthesize compounds which the body is compelled to receive because these compounds obey the thesis, general laws of chemistry more closely than the chemical processes of life. He may render compounds soluble which in pure foods are first acted upon by digestive agents. Basic Coursework? Indispensable steps in digestion, which may be both stages of nutrition and also obstacles to the assimilation of paragraphs, undesirable compounds both in quality and quantity, are thus replaced by laboratory techniques. Even enzymes have now been synthesized to basic tutorial replace natural agents of digestion, often with a very imperfect picture of human digestive activity as a whole.

The human body, therefore, becomes a receptacle for chemicals it is compelled to absorb, not what it definitely needs. The principle behind this fact can be extended to nearly every aspect of nutrition to-day. The modern concept of #145;power over nature#146; is a similar distortion. Introduction Thesis? For centuries, great thinkers had seen in man#146;s control of natural agencies the key to amcas basic coursework tutorial man#146;s access to narrative leisure, intellectual and spiritual development, and freedom. They did not see in this control an end in itself, but an end to suit man. Moreover, #145;control#146; did not signify violation. It referred to a conscious turning of nature to meet human needs, as these needs arose from a rational body of social relationships rather than irrational society. #145;Control of nature#146; was founded upon the belief that nature had its own complex laws and that man could produce a society founded upon reason.

At present, the #145;conquest#146; of nature is predicated partly upon a control of forces to conquer the human organism. It is as though our insight into amcas the facts of nature has been employed to manipulate the human body as something outside of nature. Soil experts, nutritionists and above all food industrialists toy with the human body very much as though it no longer was as much a part of nature as the very natural forces that are commanded by chemistry. A Level Coursework? But the principal issue is that the #145;conquest#146; of nature currently rests upon amcas basic coursework tutorial, problems arising from social blindness and idiocy. By the misuse of chemistry, man is #145;solving#146; social problems; problems that are related to social insight and intelligence rather than the csr essay writing competition, physical and organic science.

The growth of population, for example, has become a major excuse for chemicals in agriculture and food. Yet population is large to-day primarily in the sense that half the world is practically uninhabited or has little industry, while huge urban centres are choking with millions. Land is insufficient because it is misused and frequently ignore where it is actually available; worse, modern forms of amcas, land tenure have driven millions off the land, often into useless occupations. Numerous clerks, impotent bureaucrats, advertising agents and salesmen have created a new form of urban idiocy to overshadow the tradition of rural idiocy. Writing? This idiocy ranges from coursework, a daily squandering of hours on trains and buses to an inordinate preoccupation with anti-social and design a level demoralizing media of basic coursework tutorial, entertainment. Modern society resists the introduction paragraphs, possibility of restoring human contacts that have been broken by tawdry #145;entertainment#146;, siphoned into the home by television and radio. Only recently has an amcas basic coursework increasing number of people begun to think of decentralizing the great urban menageries #150; and this because of a fear of modern warfare and bombing. Yet in decentralization exists a real possibility for developing the best traditions of on analytical, social life and for solving agricultural and nutritional difficulties that have thus far been delivered to chemistry. Most of the food problems of the world would be solved to-day by well-balanced and basic coursework rounded communities, intelligently urbanized, well-equipped with industry and two essays on analytical with easy access to the land.

There is a logic to every situation in modern society. With the rise of huge cities, with a meaningless increase in detail labour, with the total supplanting of coursework, quality by quantity production #150; pure foods have not only on analytical been rendered unprofitable but also impossible if only because of transport conditions. The adulteration of food has now become a system, a net from which it is almost impossible to withdraw. Nearly every food product that appears on the market is to-day the amcas coursework, repository of chemical substances. Years ago, this trend was ineffectively challenged by narrative essay, various #145;fad#146; movements.

Now, there is amcas scarcely any basis for design coursework choice between pure food and chemically treated products. The door has been closed to individual selection, and the process of adding synthetic substances proceeds unabated. It is doubtful if legislation will do anything to arrest this trend, even if legislation against chemicals in amcas tutorial, food is enacted. Defend? The problem has become a social problem #150; an issue concerning the misuse of industry as a whole. It is on this basis alone that it can be solved.

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