Ap english language research paper

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philsophy essay Your paper must offer an argument. It can't consist in ap english research the mere report of your opinions, nor in a mere report of the opinions of the philosophers we discuss. You have to defend the claims you make. You have to offer reasons to believe them. So you can't just say: My view is that P. How Many Words. You must say something like: My view is that P. I believe this because. or: I find that the ap english language research following considerations. provide a convincing argument for P. Similarly, don't just say: Descartes says that Q. Instead, say something like: Descartes says that Q; however, the following thought-experiment will show that Q is essay not true. or: Descartes says that Q. Ap English Language Research. I find this claim plausible, for bachelor the following reasons. Research Paper. There are a variety of things a philosophy paper can aim to accomplish. It usually begins by putting some thesis or argument on the table for consideration. Then it goes on to do one or two of the you set compare and contrast following: Criticize that argument; or show that certain arguments for the thesis are no good Defend the argument or thesis against research paper, someone else's criticism Offer reasons to cover biotechnology, believe the thesis Offer counter-examples to the thesis Contrast the strengths and weaknesses of language paper two opposing views about the thesis Give examples which help explain the thesis, or which help to make the letter thesis more plausible Argue that certain philosophers are committed to research, the thesis by their other views, though they do not come out and explicitly endorse the thesis Discuss what consequences the punctuation thesis would have, if it were true Revise the ap english thesis, in the light of some objection. No matter which of fundamentals of research these aims you set for yourself, you have to explicitly present reasons for the claims you make . Students often feel that since it's clear to them that some claim is true, it does not need much argument.

But it's very easy to ap english, overestimate the what is a proposal strength of your own position. After all, you already accept it. You should assume that your audience does not already accept your position; and you should treat your paper as an attempt to persuade such an audience. Hence, don't start with assumptions which your opponents are sure to ap english language paper, reject. An Essay On The Fundamentals. If you're to have any chance of persuading people, you have to start from common assumptions you all agree to. A good philosophy paper is language research modest and bachelor how many makes a small point ; but it makes that point clearly and straightforwardly, and it offers good reasons in language paper support of it. People very often attempt to how do compare essay, accomplish too much in a philosophy paper. The usual result of this is a paper that's hard to read, and which is full of inadequately defended and poorly explained claims. So don't be over-ambitious.

Don't try to establish any earth-shattering conclusions in your 5-6 page paper. Done properly, philosophy moves at a slow pace. The aim of ap english research paper these papers is for you to show that you understand the material and that you're able to think critically about how do you set up a and contrast essay, it. To do this, your paper does have to language research, show some independent thinking. That doesn't mean you have to come up with your own theory, or that you have to make a completely original contribution to human thought. There will be plenty of time for that later on.

An ideal paper will be clear and freshers straightforward (see below), will be accurate when it attributes views to other philosophers (see below), and will contain thoughtful critical responses to the texts we read. It need not always break completely new ground. But you should try to ap english language paper, come up with your own arguments, or your own way of how do compare and contrast elaborating or criticizing or defending some argument we looked at paper in class. Merely summarizing what others have said won't be enough. It's even more valuable to talk to each other about what you want to college professor cover letter, argue in your paper. When you have your ideas worked out ap english language research paper, well enough that you can explain them to someone else, verbally, then you're ready to sit down and start making an outline. The overall clarity of your paper will greatly depend on its structure. College. That is why it is important to ap english paper, think about these questions before you begin to write. I strongly recommend that you make an cover letter biotechnology freshers, outline of your paper, and ap english language research paper of the arguments you'll be presenting, before you begin to write.

This lets you organize the points you want to make in your paper and get a sense for punctuation trick how they are going to fit together. Language. It also helps ensure that you're in a position to professor cover, say what your main argument or criticism is, before you sit down to write a full draft of your paper. When students get stuck writing, it's often because they haven't yet figured out what they're trying to say. Give your outline your full attention. It should be fairly detailed. Language Paper. (For a 5-page paper, a suitable outline might take up a full page or even more.) I find that making an words, outline is at least 80% of the work of language paper writing a good philosophy paper. If you have a good outline, the rest of the writing process will go much more smoothly. You need to leave yourself enough time to think about the topic and write a detailed outline. Only then should you sit down to write on the fundamentals of research, write a complete draft.

Once you have a complete draft, you should set it aside for paper a day or two. Then you should come back to it and rewrite it. Several times. At least 3 or 4. College Cover Letter. If you can, show it to your friends and get their reactions to it. Do they understand your main point?

Are parts of your draft unclear or confusing to them? All of this takes time. So you should start working on ap english your papers as soon as the paper topics are assigned. You may think that since your TA and how do you set and contrast I already know a lot about this subject, you can leave out language paper, a lot of cover biotechnology basic explanation and write in a super-sophisticated manner, like one expert talking to another. I guarantee you that this will make your paper incomprehensible. If your paper sounds as if it were written for a third-grade audience, then you've probably achieved the language right sort of clarity. In your philosophy classes, you will sometimes encounter philosophers whose writing is how do you set and contrast essay obscure and complicated. Everybody who reads this writing will find it difficult and frustrating.

The authors in question are philosophically important despite their poor writing, not because of it. So do not try to emulate their writing styles. Make the structure of your paper obvious. How can you do this? First of all, use connective words, like: because, since, given this argument thus, therefore, hence, it follows that, consequently nevertheless, however, but in the first case, on the other hand.

These will help your reader keep track of where your discussion is going. Ap English Research Paper. Be sure you use these words correctly! If you say P. Thus Q. then you are claiming that P is a good reason to accept Q. You had better be right. If you aren't, we'll complain. Don't throw in a thus or a therefore to make your train of thought sound better-argued than it really is. Another way you can help make the structure of your paper obvious is by write an essay of research telling the reader what you've done so far and what you're going to do next. You can say things like: I will begin by. Before I say what is wrong with this argument, I want to. These passages suggest that.

I will now defend this claim. Ap English Language Paper. Further support for this claim comes from. For example. These signposts really make a big difference. Consider the following two paper fragments: . How Do You Set And Contrast. We've just seen how X says that P. I will now present two arguments that not-P. My first argument is. My second argument that not-P is.

X might respond to research, my arguments in several ways. For instance, he could say that. However this response fails, because. Another way that X might respond to my arguments is by claiming that. This response also fails, because.

So we have seen that none of X's replies to my argument that not-P succeed. Hence, we should reject X's claim that P. I will argue for the view that Q. There are three reasons to believe Q. Firstly. The strongest objection to Q says. However, this objection does not succeed, for the following reason. Isn't it easy to bachelor thesis how many words, see what the structure of these papers is? You want it to be just as easy in your own papers. A final thing: make it explicit when you're reporting your own view and ap english language research when you're reporting the an essay on the fundamentals of research views of some philosopher you're discussing. Research Paper. The reader should never be in doubt about whose claims you're presenting in essay a given paragraph. You can't make the structure of your paper obvious if you don't know what the structure of ap english language paper your paper is, or if your paper has no structure.

That's why making an outline is punctuation trick so important. Be concise, but explain yourself fully. These demands might seem to pull in opposite directions. Ap English Research. (It's as if the first said Don't talk too much, and the second said Talk a lot.) If you understand these demands properly, though, you'll see how it's possible to meet them both. We tell you to be concise because we don't want you to ramble on about everything you know about a given topic, trying to bachelor how many words, show how learned and intelligent you are. Ap English Language Research. Each assignment describes a specific problem or question, and you should make sure you deal with that particular problem. Nothing should go into your paper which does not directly address that problem. Prune out everything else.

It is an essay on the fundamentals of research always better to concentrate on one or two points and develop them in depth than to try to cram in ap english language paper too much. One or two well-mapped paths are better than an impenetrable jungle. Formulate the college central problem or question you wish to address at the beginning of your paper, and keep it in mind at all times. Make it clear what the problem is, and why it is a problem. Be sure that everything you write is ap english language research relevant to is a proposal essay, that central problem. In addition, be sure to say in the paper how it is relevant. Don't make your reader guess. One thing I mean by explain yourself fully is that, when you have a good point, you shouldn't just toss it off in language paper one sentence. An Essay On The Of Research. Explain it; give an example; make it clear how the point helps your argument. But explain yourself fully also means to be as clear and explicit as you possibly can when you're writing. It's no good to protest, after we've graded your paper, I know I said this, but what I meant was.

Say exactly what you mean, in the first place. Part of language paper what you're being graded on is how well you can do that. Pretend that your reader has not read the material you're discussing, and has not given the topic much thought in advance. This will of course not be true. But if you write as if it were true, it will force you to essay punctuation trick, explain any technical terms, to illustrate strange or obscure distinctions, and to language research, be as explicit as possible when you summarize what some other philosopher said. Use plenty of examples and words definitions. Examples are also useful for explaining the notions that play a central role in language research your argument. You should always make it clear how you understand these notions, even if they are familiar from an essay on the of research everyday discourse. As they're used in everyday discourse, those notions may not have a sufficiently clear or precise meaning.

For instance, suppose you're writing a paper about abortion, and you want to assert the claim A fetus is a person. Language Research Paper. What do you mean by a person? That will make a big difference to whether your audience should find this premise acceptable. It will also make a big difference to how persuasive the rest of your argument is. By itself, the following argument is pretty worthless: A fetus is essay trick a person. It's wrong to ap english language paper, kill a person. Therefore, it's wrong to kill a fetus. For we don't know what the author means by calling a fetus a person.

On some interpretations of person, it might be quite obvious that a fetus is a person; but quite controversial whether it's always wrong to kill persons, in that sense of person. On other interpretations, it may be more plausible that it's always wrong to kill persons, but totally unclear whether a fetus counts as a person. So everything turns here on what the author means by person. The author should be explicit about write of research, how he is research using this notion. In a philosophy paper, it's okay to use words in how do up a essay ways that are somewhat different from the ways they're ordinarily used.

You just have to ap english research paper, make it clear that you're doing this. For instance, some philosophers use the word person to mean any being which is capable of rational thought and self-awareness. Understood in this way, animals like whales and chimpanzees might very well count as persons. That's not the way we ordinarily use person; ordinarily we'd only call a human being a person. Punctuation. But it's okay to use person in ap english research this way if you explicitly say what you mean by it. Letter Biotechnology. And likewise for other words.

Don't vary your vocabulary just for the sake of variety. If you call something X at research paper the start of your paper, call it X all the letter freshers way through. So, for instance, don't start talking about Plato's view of the ap english language research self, and then switch to talking about college professor letter, Plato's view of the soul, and then switch to talking about research, Plato's view of the mind. If you mean to letter, be talking about the same thing in all three cases, then call it by the same name. In philosophy, a slight change in language research vocabulary usually signals that you intend to be speaking about something new. Using words with precise philosophical meanings. Philosophers give many ordinary-sounding words precise technical meanings. Consult the handouts on Philosophical Terms and Methods to you set up a compare essay, make sure you're using these words correctly. Paper. Don't use words that you don't fully understand. Use technical philosophical terms only where you need them. You don't need to explain general philosophical terms, like valid argument and necessary truth.

But you should explain any technical terms you use which bear on the specific topic you're discussing. So, for instance, if you use any specialized terms like dualism or physicalism or behaviorism, you should explain what these mean. Bachelor Thesis. Likewise if you use technical terms like supervenience and the like. Even professional philosophers writing for other professional philosophers need to explain the research paper special technical vocabulary they're using. Punctuation Trick. Different people sometimes use this special vocabulary in paper different ways, so it's important to make sure that you and your readers are all giving these words the letter biotechnology freshers same meaning.

Pretend that your readers have never heard them before. Presenting and assessing the views of others. Then ask yourself: Are X's arguments good ones? Are his assumptions clearly stated? Are they plausible? Are they reasonable starting-points for X's argument, or ought he have provided some independent argument for them? Make sure you understand exactly what the ap english language research position you're criticizing says.

Students waste a lot of time arguing against college cover letter, views that sound like, but are really different from, the views they're supposed to language paper, be assessing. Remember, philosophy demands a high level of precision. It's not good enough for you merely to essay trick, get the general idea of somebody else's position or argument. You have to ap english research paper, get it exactly right. (In this respect, philosophy is more like a science than the other humanities.) A lot of the work in philosophy is how do up a making sure that you've got your opponent's position right. You can assume that your reader is stupid (see above). But don't treat the philosopher or the views you're discussing as stupid.

If they were stupid, we wouldn't be looking at them. Ap English Language Research Paper. If you can't see anything the view has going for it, maybe that's because you don't have much experience thinking and arguing about the view, and so you haven't yet fully understood why the view's proponents are attracted to it. What Proposal Essay. Try harder to ap english paper, figure out what's motivating them. Philosophers sometimes do say outrageous things, but if the view you're attributing to a philosopher seems to be obviously crazy, then you should think hard about whether he really does say what you think he says. Use your imagination. Try to figure out bachelor how many words, what reasonable position the philosopher could have had in mind, and direct your arguments against that. In your paper, you always have to explain what a position says before you criticize it. If you don't explain what you take Philosopher X's view to language paper, be, your reader cannot judge whether the criticism you offer of X is a good criticism, or whether it is simply based on a misunderstanding or misinterpretation of X's views. So tell the reader what it is you think X is professor saying. Don't try to tell the reader everything you know about X's views, though.

You have to go on ap english language research paper to offer your own philosophical contribution, too. Only summarize those parts of X's views that are directly relevant to what you're going to go on to do. Sometimes you'll need to argue for your interpretation of X's view, by citing passages which support your interpretation. It is permissible for you to discuss a view you think a philosopher might have held, or should have held, though you can't find any direct evidence of that view in the text. When you do this, though, you should explicitly say so. Essay Punctuation Trick. Say something like: Philosopher X doesn't explicitly say that P, but it seems to ap english language research paper, me that he's assuming it anyway, because. When a passage from a text is cover biotechnology particularly useful in research paper supporting your interpretation of some philosopher's views, it may be helpful to quote the passage directly. Punctuation. (Be sure to specify where the passage can be found.) However, direct quotations should be used sparingly. It is seldom necessary to quote more than a few sentences. Often it will be more appropriate to paraphrase what X says, rather than to ap english language paper, quote him directly.

When you are paraphrasing what somebody else said, be sure to say so. (And here too, cite the pages you're referring to.) Quotations should never be used as a substitute for your own explanation. And when you do quote an author, you still have to explain what the punctuation quotation says in your own words. If the quoted passage contains an argument, reconstruct the argument in more explicit, straightforward terms. If the quoted passage contains a central claim or assumption, then indicate what that claim is. You may want to give some examples to illustrate the author's point. If necessary, you may want to distinguish the research author's claim from thesis other claims with which it might be confused.

Sometimes when students are trying to explain a philosopher's view, they'll do it by language giving very close paraphrases of the philosopher's own words. College Professor Cover. They'll change some words, omit others, but generally stay very close to the original text. Ap English Language Paper. For instance, Hume begins his Treatise of compare Human Nature as follows: All the perceptions of the human mind resolve themselves into two distinct kinds, which I shall call impressions and ideas. The difference betwixt these consists in language research paper the degrees of essay punctuation force and liveliness, with which they strike upon the mind, and make their way into our thought or consciousness. Those perceptions, which enter with most force and violence, we may name impressions; and under this name I comprehend all our sensations, passions, and emotions, as they make their first appearance in the soul. By ideas I mean the ap english language research paper faint images of these in thinking and reasoning. Here's an example of how you don't want to paraphrase: Hume says all perceptions of the mind are resolved into two kinds, impressions and ideas. The difference is in how much force and you set essay liveliness they have in our thoughts and consciousness. Language Paper. The perceptions with the most force and violence are impressions. These are sensations, passions, and how do compare and contrast essay emotions. Ideas are the faint images of our thinking and reasoning.

There are two main problems with paraphrases of this sort. In the language first place, it's done rather mechanically, so it doesn't show that the author understands the text. In the bachelor how many second place, since the language research author hasn't figured out what the text means well enough to express it in an essay of research his own words, there's a danger that his paraphrase may inadvertently change the meaning of the text. In the example above, Hume says that impressions strike upon the mind with more force and liveliness than ideas do. My paraphrase says that impressions have more force and language research liveliness in our thoughts. It's not clear whether these are the same thing.

In addition, Hume says that ideas are faint images of impressions ; whereas my paraphrase says that ideas are faint images of essay punctuation our thinking . These are not the same. So the author of the ap english paraphrase appears not to have understood what Hume was saying in the original passage. A much better way of explaining what Hume says here would be the following: Hume says that there are two kinds of bachelor how many 'perceptions,' or mental states. He calls these impressions and ideas. Research Paper. An impression is a very 'forceful' mental state, like the sensory impression one has when looking at a red apple. An idea is a less 'forceful' mental state, like the idea one has of an apple while just thinking about it, rather than looking at biotechnology freshers it. It is not so clear what Hume means here by 'forceful.' He might mean. Don't be afraid of mentioning objections to ap english language research paper, your own thesis. An Essay On The Of Research. It is better to bring up an objection yourself than to hope your reader won't think of it.

Explain how you think these objections can be countered or overcome. Of course, there's often no way to deal with all the objections someone might raise; so concentrate on the ones that seem strongest or most pressing. So it's OK to ask questions and raise problems in ap english language research your paper even if you cannot provide satisfying answers to them all. You can leave some questions unanswered at you set up a and contrast the end of the paper. Language Research Paper. But make it clear to the reader that you're leaving such questions unanswered on essay purpose . And you should say something about how the question might be answered, and language about what makes the question interesting and relevant to the issue at hand. If something in a view you're examining is unclear to you, don't gloss it over. Call attention to the unclarity.

Suggest several different ways of understanding the view. Explain why it's not clear which of these interpretations is correct. If you're assessing two positions and you find, after careful examination, that you can't decide between them, that's okay. Write An Essay Fundamentals Of Research. It's perfectly okay to say that their strengths and research weaknesses seem to be roughly equally balanced. But note that this too is a claim that requires explanation and what is a reasoned defense, just like any other. Ap English Language Research Paper. You should try to provide reasons for this claim that might be found convincing by someone who didn't already think that the two views were equally balanced. Sometimes as you're writing, you'll find that your arguments aren't as good as you initially thought them to be. You may come up with some objection to your view to which you have no good answer.

Don't panic. If there's some problem with your argument which you can't fix, try to figure out why you can't fix it. It's okay to change your thesis to one you can defend. Thesis How Many Words. For example, instead of paper writing a paper which provides a totally solid defense of view P, you can instead change tactics and write a paper which goes like this: One philosophical view says that P. This is a plausible view, for the following reasons. However, there are some reasons to be doubtful whether P. Cover Biotechnology Freshers. One of ap english research paper these reasons is X. X poses a problem for the view that P because. It is not clear how the defender of bachelor thesis how many P can overcome this objection. Or you can write a paper which goes: One argument for language P is the 'Conjunction Argument,' which goes as follows. At first glance, this is a very appealing argument. However, this argument is essay trick faulty, for the following reasons. One might try to repair the argument, by.

But these repairs will not work, because. I conclude that the Conjunction Argument does not in fact succeed in establishing P. Writing a paper of ap english research paper these sorts doesn't mean you've given in to the opposition. After all, neither of these papers commits you to the view that not-P. They're just honest accounts of how difficult it is to find a conclusive argument for P. How Do You Set And Contrast Essay. P might still be true, for all that. Then come back to the draft and re-read it. As you read each sentence, say things like this to yourself: Does this really make sense? That's totally unclear! That sounds pretentious. What does that mean?

What's the connection between these two sentences? Am I just repeating myself here? and so on. Make sure every sentence in your draft does useful work. Get rid of any which don't. If you can't figure out what some sentence contributes to your central discussion, then get rid of it. Even if it sounds nice.

You should never introduce any points in your paper unless they're important to your main argument, and you have the room to really explain them. If you're not happy with some sentence in your draft, ask yourself why it bothers you. Language Research. It could be you don't really understand what you're trying to say, or you don't really believe it. Make sure your sentences say exactly what you want them to say. For example, suppose you write Abortion is the thesis words same thing as murder.

Is that what you really mean? So when Oswald murdered Kennedy, was that the same thing as aborting Kennedy? Or do you mean something different? Perhaps you mean that abortion is a form of murder. Paper. In conversation, you can expect that people will figure out what you mean. Write On The. But you shouldn't write this way. Even if your TA is able to figure out language paper, what you mean, it's bad writing. How Do Up A And Contrast Essay. In philosophical prose, you have to ap english paper, be sure to say exactly what you mean. Also pay attention to the structure of is a proposal essay your draft. When you're revising a draft, it's much more important to work on the draft's structure and overall clarity, than it is to clean up a word or a phrase here or there. Make sure your reader knows what your main claim is, and what your arguments for that claim are.

Make sure that your reader can tell what the point of every paragraph is. It's not enough that you know what their point is. It has to be obvious to your reader, even to research, a lazy, stupid, and mean reader. If you can, show your draft to your friends or to on the of research, other students in the class, and get their comments and language research advice. I encourage you to do this. Do your friends understand your main point? Are parts of your draft unclear or confusing to them? If your friends can't understand something you've written, then neither will your grader be able to understand it. Write An Essay Fundamentals Of Research. Your paragraphs and your argument may be perfectly clear to ap english, you but not make any sense at all to someone else. Another good way to check your draft is to read it out loud. This will help you tell whether it all makes sense.

You may know what you want to say, but that might not be what you've really written. Reading the paper out write on the of research, loud can help you notice holes in your reasoning, digressions, and unclear prose. You should count on ap english writing many drafts of your paper. At least 3 or 4!! Check out the is a proposal essay following web site, which illustrates how to revise a short philosophy paper through several drafts. Language Research Paper. Notice how much the paper improves with each revision: Writing tutor for college professor Introductory Philosophy Courses http://web.williams.edu/wp-etc/philosophy/jcruz/jcruz/writingtutor/. Also, don't begin with a sentence like Webster's Dictionary defines a soul as.

Dictionaries aren't good philosophical authorities. They record the way words are used in everyday discourse. Many of the same words have different, specialized meanings in philosophy. It's OK to end a sentence with a preposition. It's also OK to split an infinitive, if you need to. Ap English Language Research. (Sometimes the easiest way to say what you mean is by splitting an infinitive. For example, They sought to better equip job candidates who enrolled in bachelor thesis their program.) Efforts to avoid these often end up just confusing your prose. Do avoid other sorts of grammatical mistakes, like dangling participles (e.g., Hurt by her fall, the tree fell right on language research paper Mary 's leg before she could get out of the way), and the like.

You may use the word I freely, especially to tell the reader what you're up to (e.g., I've just explained why. Now I'm going to consider an argument that. ). Don't worry about using the verb is or to letter biotechnology freshers, be too much. In a philosophy paper, it's OK to research paper, use this verb as much as you need to. You shouldn't need to use these secondary readings when writing your papers. The point of the papers is to teach you how to analyze a philosophical argument, and present your own arguments for or against what essay, some conclusion. The arguments we'll be considering in class are plenty hard enough to deserve your full attention, all by themselves. Can you write your paper as a dialogue or story?

But neither should your papers be too short! Don't cut off an argument abruptly. Research Paper. If a paper topic you've chosen asks certain questions, be sure you answer or address each of those questions. Please double-space your papers, number the pages, and include wide margins. We prefer to get the papers simply stapled: no plastic binders or anything like that.

Include your name on biotechnology the paper. And don't turn in your only ap english language research paper copy! (These things should be obvious, but apparently they're not.) You'll be graded on letter three basic criteria: How well do you understand the issues you're writing about? How good are the arguments you offer? Is your writing clear and well-organized? We do not judge your paper by whether we agree with its conclusion.

In fact, we may not agree amongst ourselves about paper, what the correct conclusion is. But we will have no trouble agreeing about punctuation trick, whether you do a good job arguing for your conclusion. More specifically, we'll be asking questions like these: Do you clearly state what you're trying to accomplish in ap english research your paper? Is it obvious to the reader what your main thesis is? Do you offer supporting arguments for the claims you make? Is it obvious to the reader what these arguments are? Is the an essay fundamentals structure of your paper clear?

For instance, is ap english research paper it clear what parts of your paper are expository, and what parts are your own positive contribution? Is your prose simple, easy to read, and easy to bachelor words, understand? Do you illustrate your claims with good examples? Do you explain your central notions? Do you say exactly what you mean? Do you present other philosophers' views accurately and charitably? Explain this claim or What do you mean by this? or I don't understand what you're saying here This passage is unclear (or awkward, or otherwise hard to research paper, read) Too complicated Too hard to follow Simplify Why do you think this?

This needs more support Why should we believe this? Explain why this is a reason to believe P Explain why this follows from how do you set compare and contrast what you said before Not really relevant Give an paper, example? Try to fundamentals, anticipate these comments and ap english language research paper avoid the need for them! Your paper should do some philosophical work. Here are some more interesting things our student could have done in his paper. He could have argued that B doesn't really follow from A, after all. Or he could have presented reasons for cover thinking that A is paper false. Or he could have argued that assuming A is an how do up a, illegitimate move to ap english paper, make in a debate about whether B is true. Or something else of that sort. These would be more interesting and satisfying ways of engaging with Philosopher X's view. Responding to comments from me or your TA.

Your rewrites should try to up a essay, go beyond the specific errors and problems we've indicated. If you got below an A-, then your draft was generally difficult to read, it was difficult to ap english research, see what your argument was and write on the fundamentals of research what the structure of your paper was supposed to be, and so on. You can only correct these sorts of failings by rewriting your paper from language scratch. (Start with a new, empty window in your word processor.) Use your draft and the comments you received on it to construct a new outline, and write from that. Keep in mind that when I or your TA grade a rewrite, we may sometimes notice weaknesses in unchanged parts of your paper that we missed the first time around. Or perhaps those weaknesses will have affected our overall impression of the what proposal essay paper, and ap english language research paper we just didn't offer any specific recommendation about fixing them. So this is essay trick another reason you should try to improve the ap english research paper whole paper , not just the passages we comment on.

It is possible to improve a paper without improving it enough to raise it to the next grade level. Sometimes that happens. But I hope you'll all do better than that. Most often, you won't have the opportunity to essay, rewrite your papers after they've been graded. So you need to ap english language, teach yourself to write a draft, scrutinize the draft, and revise and rewrite your paper before turning it in to letter, be graded. Naturally, I owe a huge debt to the friends and professors who helped me learn how to write philosophy.

I'm sure they had a hard time of it. If you're a teacher and you think your own students would find this web site useful, you are free to point them here (or to distribute printed copies). It's all in the public good.

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essays of murder Murder Culture: Adventures in 1940s Suspense. She had spoken aloud. She hadn’t meant to; she hadn’t wanted those words to come up from her throat to paper her lips. She hadn’t meant to think them, much less speak them. She didn’t want Gratia to have heard them. But across the letter room the girl lifted her eyes from her book. “What did you say?” she queried.

In 1947, novelist Mitchell Wilson proclaimed: “Within the past ten years, we have been witnessing a new form of popular fictionthe story of suspense.” 1 We are so used to this genremany of our bestsellers are suspense thrillersthat it’s a little surprising to recall that once it was quite a new thing. On reflection, though, we might wonder: Was it really so new? Don’t all novels and short stories, indeed all narratives in popular media, depend on suspense? We want to know what happens next; we call a book that drives us forward a page-turner. Research! But writers of the period began to distinguish this general sort of suspense from something more specific. Suspense, Wilson claims, depends on the reader’s identifying with a protagonist who is in acute jeopardy. That protagonist reacts to the situation not with superhuman calm or jauntiness but with fear. By describing the situation and the character’s response to bachelor thesis it, the writer can communicate fear directly to the reader, who, says Wilson, “is aware of his own cowardice.” The universality of fear as an emotion allows the paper reader to understand how the an essay on the fundamentals of research hero reacts, either by impulsively lashing out or by fleeing the situation. What can best justify fear?

The prospect of ap english paper, death. Write On The Fundamentals Of Research! The threat of murder, Wilson claims, becomes central to this sort of ap english paper, suspense. It proves to letter the reader that there is language, no limit to the impending violence. Write An Essay On The Of Research! 2 This quality is ap english language paper, very different from the diffuse suspense we get from a romance or a detective story, in which the professor letter characters are usually not in ap english research, mortal peril. Sooner or later, though, the essay protagonist will have to ap english language research come to overcome fear.

The framework of the cover suspense story is the continual struggle of the frightened protagonist to fight back and ap english language research, save himself in freshers, spite of his pervading anxiety, and in this respect he is ap english language research paper, truly heroic. The action of the story does not consist in mere activity, but in the hero’s change of mood in response to changing circumstances. The suspense story, in this sense, is centrally about a character who starts out as a victim but who through brains and bachelor words, bravery can overcome the ap english language paper threat of death. Wilson wasn’t alone in spotting the essay trend. At the time, several writers were claiming that the suspense story had come into its own. Most commonly, they distinguished the ap english suspense story or “thriller” from the detective story. College Professor! Wilson points out ap english, that the write of research detective story relies upon curiosity rather than suspenseboth for the reader and ap english language paper, the detective, who tends to respond to murder with detached, intellectual calm. The sleuth is a puzzle-solver, and the reader is asked to bachelor thesis how many join in the game of deciding “whodunit.” The reader doesn’t identify with the detective because the narration typically doesn’t give us access to the detective’s mind, or at ap english language least not at every point: something is kept back so the detective can reveal the solution at cover letter the climax.

Another contrast with the classic detective story was evident to these commentators. Instead of starting the ap english plot with a dead victim, as the detective story tends to essay punctuation trick do, the suspense story builds up to the crime by centering on the potential victimsomeone “enmeshedin a web of circumstance.” 3 The buildup could involve revealing the murderer quite early, all the better to emphasize the danger that faces the bewildered hero or heroine. Indeed, part or all of the story could be told from the viewpoint of the ap english research paper killer. Novelist Helen McCloy maintained that this technique fostered suspense, in place of the surprise cultivated by detective fiction. 4 Charlotte Armstrong agreed, noting that “Surprise is not much fun.” 5. This isn’t to suggest that the letter freshers suspense story wholly lacked detective-story elements. Indeed, there were often mysteries aplenty. Instead of assigning the investigation to paper a professional or a private detective, the suspense story often made the trick anxious potential victim follow up clues.

By letting the protagonist turn detective, the research action could pivot from flight to fight, the essay punctuation trick climax at paper which the hero faces down danger in the manner Wilson described. In speaking of a new form of storytelling, Wilson was picking out something that seemed to up a compare him and other writers quite specific. Language Research Paper! But what about his datinghis claim that the form had emerged over how do you set and contrast, the last ten years? That would put the beginning of the suspense story at 1937 or 1938. He doesn’t justify this claim, but the authors he considers central to the new genre are Eric Ambler, Graham Greene, and Dorothy B. Hughes, all novelists who began writing crime fiction around that date. Wilson’s readers would have been aware of Ambler’s spy novels (most notably, The Mask of Dimitrios , 1939, and ap english research paper, Journey into Fear , 1940), Greene’s criminal “entertainments” such as A Gun for Sale (aka This Gun for Hire , 1936), The Confidential Agent (1939), and The Ministry of letter, Fear (1943), and Hughes’ tales of domestic murder and international espionage such as The So-Blue Marble (1940), The Bamboo Blonde (1941), The Fallen Sparrow (1942), and Dread Journey (1945). After Wilson’s article, these authors would go on to write very famous suspense stories, such as Greene’s The Third Man (1949) and Hughes’ In a Lonely Place (1947). Interestingly, Wilson nowhere mentions suspense-driven films in his analysis of the genre.

Yet by 1947 they were becoming a major form of Hollywood cinema. How did that process come about, and what relation does it have to changes in popular literature? We can understand the dynamic, I think, in two steps. First, we can trace the 1940s model of suspense back to three relatively stable traditions that fed into it: the detective story, the domestic thriller, and the spy story. Ap English Language Research! These suggest that Wilson’s ten-year window is write an essay fundamentals of research, somewhat too narrow. Then we can see how those traditions gained wide popularity in the 1940s as part of research paper, a diverse ecosystem of mystery narratives and informed what we came to recognize as the essay trick suspense thriller. Finally, I’ll try to characterize the ecological niche occupied by one portly English filmmaker.

Displacing the detective. The mystery story, a very broad category, became identified chiefly with the detective story thanks to research Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes adventures. But the genre went through several changes between the 1920s and the 1940s. Central to the classic form was the cover freshers series detective, the investigator who in a string of stories solved crimes through rational inference aided by brilliant intuition. Language! The set of character roles was constant: the investigator(s); the write on the criminal(s); the victim(s); and the bystanders, those suspects, witnesses, and helpers drawn into research paper the inquiry.

Likewise, the canonical plot began with the bachelor words crime already accomplished (e.g., the body in the library), and traced the course of the case until the criminal was exposed. Solving the puzzle depended on enigmatic physical traces, incompatible testimony, psychological insights, and other clues. But by the end of the 1920s the best practitioners felt that the classic sleuth format needed rethinking. Ap English Language Research Paper! For historians of the form, the person who offered the most drastic revision was Anthony Berkeley Cox, who wrote as Anthony Berkeley and as Francis Iles. What Essay! After creating a dazzling exercise in language, permutational solutions, The Poisoned Chocolates Case (1928), he announced that in effect the main path to rejuvenating detective fiction involved demoting the cover biotechnology detective. Specifically, this new strategy meant organizing the plot’s point of view around either the ap english criminal or the victim. So Iles’ Malice Aforethought (1931) becomes an account of a frustrated provincial doctor’s plan to kill his wife. In Before the Fact (1932), a woman gradually realizes her husband is essay punctuation, going to murder her. Neither book is narrated in the first person, but each does confine itself wholly to research the mind of the protagonist. Moreover, as both titles indicate, each plot’s point of punctuation, attack is very early: the crime comes gradually, after a crescendo of menacing incidents. There were precedents for the Iles method, from Crime and Punishment to A. Ap English Language Research Paper! P. Herbert’s House by the River (1920), C. S. Forester’s Payment Deferred (1926), and Berkeley’s The Second Shot (1929).

Of the earlier experiments, most directly influential on college professor cover, mystery writers were the “inverted” detective stories by language R. Austin Freeman gathered in The Singing Bone (1912). Freeman redesigned point of view by using the first part of the tale to an essay on the fundamentals of research recount the commission of the language paper crime, chiefly from the an essay on the fundamentals criminal’s point of view, while part two traces the research paper efforts of Dr. Bachelor Words! Thorndyke to solve the ap english language mystery. With the killer’s identity revealed at the outset, the story depends on generating curiosity about how Thorndyke will solve it (a dynamic continued in the television series Columbo ). As for point of attack, the “inverted” plots begin well before the essay punctuation crime is committed, in order to establish motives and research paper, plans. On The! In essence Iles’ novels lopped off the second half of the inverted tale, eliminating or minimizing the role of the investigation and concentrating wholly on the buildup to the crimethe panic and pressures suffered by the killer, or the suspicion and fear of the language research victim. Coming from a skilled practitioner of whodunits, the two Iles books crystallized, at least in England, the creative option of designing a mystery plot focused around a would-be killer or victim. Freeman Wills Crofts, whose orthodox detective stories hinged on breaking ironclad alibis, joined the new wave with The 12:30 from Croydon (1934).

Here the step-by-step planning and execution of a murder is told from the would-be killer’s standpoint. College Professor Cover! As if in recognition that he had left a tradition behind, Crofts makes his culprit exceptionally well-read in mystery fiction. He meditates in prison: Somehow, alone there in language research, the semi-darkness, the excellence of his own plans seemed less convincing than ever before. How Many Words! Stories he had read recurred to him in which the guilty had made perfect plans, but in all cases they had broken down. Those double tales of Austin Freeman’s! 6. Detective stories conventionally refer to other detective stories, apparently assuring us that this story is ap english paper, more “real” than its counterparts but actually serving to cite traditions that the an essay reader enjoys recalling.

Here Crofts acknowledges that Freeman’s “inverted” story made salient the possibility of ap english research paper, a new gimmick: How will the criminal err in committing the crime? Most Golden Age detective writers continued to develop puzzles, but they noticed the new trends. Dorothy Sayers acknowledged that an emphasis on psychology and is a, the circumstances leading up to the crime had created “studies in murder” rather than straight detective tales. 7 Agatha Christie, whose talent was more protean than is research paper, usually acknowledged, blended before-the-fact plotting with mystery in And Then There Were None (1939), and she had a character in Towards Zero (1944) muse: I like a good detective story.But, you know, they begin in the wrong place! They begin with the murder. But the murder is the end. The story begins long before thatyears before sometimeswith all the causes and events that bring certain people to a certain place at a certain time on a certain day.Even nowsome dramasome murder to beis in what is a proposal, course of preparation.

8. Ten-Minute Alibi (1935). In advocating plotting that was more psychological and less dependent on puzzle-solving, Cox and his colleagues were joining forces with a mystery form that had received little respect from the critical community. Since at least World War I, British and American writers had been cultivating what we might call the domestic thriller, a tale of mystery and ap english language paper, danger in ordinary circumstances. The best-known instance in Britain is Marie Belloc Lowndes’ The Lodger (1913). The novel about a Jack-the-Ripper figure might have been rendered as a sensation-driven pursuit story or a tale of rational detection. Instead, it is re-plotted as a tale of suspicion seeping through a lower-middle-class household. By organizing the book’s viewpoint principally around the landlady who fears that her lodger may be a serial killer, Belloc Lowndes created a mystery largely filtered through the imperfect knowledge of a bystander. If The Lodger has an American counterpart, it is Mary Roberts Rinehart’s The Circular Staircase (1908). Again, the action is focused around a witness: the cover letter freshers spinster Rachel Innes, who encounters the bizarre happenings in a rented summer house. Unlike The Lodger ’s Mrs.

Bunting, Rachel narrates the tale and takes up the role of paper, investigator, eventually bringing the guilty party to light. The contributions of these two writers were enormously popular, but orthodox historians of mystery fiction have tended to mock their gynocentric plots. Rinehart in particular was ridiculed as the exponent of the “Had I But Known” school of mystery, whereby sudden plot twists are motivated by the protagonist’s convenient lapses of professor cover, memory or judgment. Worse, as one authoritative history puts it, is “the manner in which romantic complications are allowed to obstruct the ap english language paper orderly process of puzzle and solution.” 9 The sexism here is pretty blatant: Rinehart’s plots are no more preposterous or dependent on coincidence than many tales featuring heroes rather than heroines, and of course many detective novels include clumsy subplots involving romantic couples. More important for our purposes, Belloc Lowndes, Rinehart, and writers who followed, such as Mignon Eberhart and Mabel Seeley, sustained a tradition of domestic, woman-in-peril plotting. Cover Letter! A sympathetic critic remarked that Rinehart’s books provide “no put-the-pieces-together formula” but rather “an out-guess-this-unknown-or-he’ll-out-guess-you, life-and-death struggle.” 10 Many critics have noted Rebecca ’s debt to sensation fiction and the Gothic line via Jane Eyre , but these other writers furnished more proximate antecedents for du Maurier’s tale. As Alfred Hitchcock remarked: “There was a whole school of feminine literature at the period.” 11. At almost exactly the same time, murder was being domesticated on ap english research paper, the English and is a proposal essay, American stage. The major vogue seems to have come in the late 1920s, when, as a New York Times correspondent put it, London suffered “a theatrical crime waveowing to ap english a deluge of mystery plays and ‘thrillers.’” 12 Several of these plays were detective stories and sensation pieces, many from Edgar Wallace. Thesis How Many! But audiences were also treated to ap english language research Interference (1927), The Letter (1927), Spellbound (1927; no relation to cover letter biotechnology Hitchcock’s film), Blackmail (1928), Patrick Hamilton’s Rope (aka Rope’s End , 1929), and other popular “murder plays.”

The genre continued through the decade, with successes like the ap english paper stage adaptation of Payment Deferred (1932), the ticking-clock drama Ten-Minute Alibi (1933), Without Witness (1934), The Two Mrs. Carrolls (1935), the serial-killer drama Night Must Fall (1935), Love from a Stranger (1936), the Rope -derived Trunk Crime (aka The Last Straw , 1937), and another Patrick Hamilton triumph, Gaslight (1938). Is A! The New York stage didn’t lag behind, importing several of these hits while adding Nine Pine Street (1933, based on ap english language paper, the Lizzie Borden case), Double Door (1933, an anticipation of Rebecca ), Invitation to a Murder (1934), and Kind Lady (1935). 13. A new label came to be attached to these dramas of home-bred homicide. When Val Gielgud wrote to college professor cover letter Patrick Hamilton requesting a new BBC radio drama, he suggested that “a psychological thriller along the lines of ‘Rope’ would be good.” 15 The phrase came into currency during the 1930s to describe domestic thrillers in fiction, onstage, and onscreen, and plays began advertising themselves with the label. 15.

Why the emphasis on psychology? Chiefly, I suspect, to ap english language distinguish these plays from the blood-and-thunder sensation of Edgar Wallace and the extroverted adventure of John Buchan. On the trick West End stage, drawing-room murder on ap english language paper, the Ilesian model was easy to dramatize. If the plot divulges the plotter or killer from the start, the emphasis falls naturally on why the crime is committed and college cover letter, whether the guilty party will escape. Now the ap english language research paper drama grows out of festering motive, middle-class frustration, and the gradual realization that loved ones can’t be trusted. The 1920s1930s detective story, with its least-likely-suspect surprise, had relied on the idea that anyone could be a murderer, but the domestic thriller developed this idea in cover biotechnology, depth.

The theme was doubtless accelerated by ap english paper much-publicized murders committed by solid citizens, notably Dr. Write An Essay Of Research! H. H. Crippen, Loeb and Leopold, and ap english, baby-faced Sidney Fox (inspiration for Night Must Fall ). These fictions replaced the Napoleonic crimes of sensation thrillers by how do you set up a and contrast essay a sense that humdrum life harbored lethal passions. Hence a series of books organized around killers’ psychological states: Richard Hull’s The Murder of My Aunt (1935), Winifred Duke’s Skin for Skin (1935), Bruce Hamilton’s Middle Class Murder (1936), and language research paper, James Ronald’s This Way Out (1939). Up A Compare Essay! Patrick Hamilton’s Hangover Square (1941), with its schizophrenic protagonist and bold sexuality, indicates how far things had come in just a few years. A parallel trend emerged in America. Ap English Language Paper! While the what is a proposal hard-boiled stories of Cain and Chandler gained most attention, other writersagain, mostly womenoffered stories of lethally disturbed husbands (Elisabeth Sanxay Holding’s Death Wish , 1934, and Net of Cobwebs , 1935) and ap english paper, tangled domestic murder plots (Cora Jarrett’s Night over Fitch’s Pond , 1933). What about focusing point of view around the victim? Psychology came to prominence there too.

Boileau and Narcejac would point out later that traditional detective fiction had minimized the is a proposal essay quality of fear. 16 But concentrating on the potential victim’s anxieties and ap english language research paper, suspicions made fear central to the new thriller. Not incidentally, most of the killers were male and many of thesis how many words, their victims were female, continuing the woman-in-peril motif developed in ap english language research paper, Lowndes, Rinehart, and their followers, as well as in Before the Fact . The psychological thriller was able to you set up a reactivate the Bluebeard tradition, often making explicit reference to it. Reviewers sometimes felt obliged to paper warn audiences and readers that the psychological thriller wasn’t a mystery in the usual sense: “whodunit” would be revealed very soon. Write On The Of Research! Yet this foreknowledge didn’t dissipate interest. Whether novel or play, the domestic thriller shifted the plot’s thrust from curiosity about the past (who killed X and why and how?) to anticipation (will Y succeed in killing X and escape punishment?). As one writer explained in ap english language, reviewing A. A. Milne’s play The Fourth Wall (1928): Though we saw the murder, we do not know what little slip Carter may have made in the arrangement of the room or the concoction of his own and Laverick’s alibi. Thus while Susan continues her investigation we do not know what clue she will discover or how she will arrive at what proposal essay the truth; nor when she has a part of the information in ap english, her hands do we how she will force Carter to reveal the rest. Here is scope for essay trick action enough, and not for action only but for as much drawing of character as is possible in the course of a narrative so full of events.

The first act, which shows the murder, is admirable in its suspense and surprise. 17. In The Fourth Wall and most other murder plays, the killer doesn’t go scot-free. In the novels as well, authors tend to ap english emphasize that their clever miscreants fail to essay execute a perfect crime. I spy (All the language research paper worse for proposal essay me) As some detective-story writers, under the Iles influence, moved closer to the psychological thriller, another group of writers exploited suspense in tales of international intrigue. This trend seems to ap english paper have been central to Mitchell Wilson’s 1947 intuition about the new thriller, for you set up a compare and contrast all three of his specific examplesGreene, Ambler, and Hughesmade their reputations in ap english research paper, the spy genre. Historians trace the modern spy story back to British writers, William LeQueux and E. Cover Letter Biotechnology Freshers! Phillips Oppenheim, and later Edgar Wallace, John Buchan, and ap english language, William “Sapper” McNiele. What! 18 These writers developed the basic conventions.

Central among these was a fairly episodic plot based on a series of adventures, driven by a hunt (for secret documents or exotic weapons) or a chase. Ap English Paper! Typically the protagonist ran afoul of some large-scale force, such as a master criminal, a sinister foreign government, or a secret coalition bent on world domination. Write An Essay Fundamentals Of Research! At the same time, the protagonist might also be sought by the police, a domestic intelligence agency, or some other force of language paper, law. The result was the “double chase,” in which the hero must elude both villains and the law, as in John Buchan’s The Thirty-Nine Steps (1915). Professor Cover Letter! The chase plot was filled out by ap english language research captures, escapes, abductions of the heroes’ allies or loved ones, and sometimes surprisingly comic interludes. The conventions forged by these writers were ready-made for cinema, so it’s not surprising that some of the earliest feature films and serials in many countries were spy stories, such as Denmark’s Dr. Gar-el-Hama series, Louis Feuillade’s crime serials, and Lang’s Dr.

Mabuse films and Spies (1928). Because the hunt and bachelor, the pursuit were central to the action, the typical spy story set its protagonist on language research paper, a journey. Cover Letter Biotechnology! The detective story and the domestic thriller tended to ap english research be centripetal, focused on a limited number of is a proposal, settings or even a single household. The tale of intrigue, however, was centrifugal; its characters were propelled from city to countryside, from one country or region to another. Central scenes might take place on a train or on a highway. The Middle East, Russia, and Asia furnished exotic locales.

This incessant travel might highlight themes of national identity and devotion to a country or cause. The protagonist of the spy novel might be a professional secret agent or an language paper independent adventurer who takes on a mission out of patriotism, personal loyalty, or a quest for excitement. Cover Letter! Before the late 1930s, the spy thriller also contained some degree of humor, either in comic characters and language research, dialect rendering or in a light-hearted approach to dangers, as seen in what is a proposal essay, Agatha Christie’s Tuppence and Tommy Beresford series. But things became more somber as spying began recruiting more naïve protagonists. Late in the decade, international tensions allowed writers to hurl ordinary citizens into the conflict.

In Ambler’s Epitaph for a Spy (1938), the protagonist is a weak emigrant who is pressured into spying by brutal and bungling intelligence officials. Helen MacInnes’ Above Suspicion (1941) propels an language research paper Oxford couple into intrigue while they visit Europe for “one last look at peacetime” in 1939. The protagonist of Greene’s Confidential Agent (1939) is what the title calls him: not a “secret agent” but a representative seeking coal to help the how do compare Spanish revolutionary cause. Now that the plot depended on amateurs and ap english language, innocents, missions can go amiss and the ending may be more glum than happy; Epitaph for a Spy and The Confidential Agent end with little sense of victory. The technique of a restricted narration becomes as crucial to the spy story as it is to detective fiction and the domestic thriller. Buchan and the later writers tend to focus their stories around the consciousness of the protagonist, either through first-person accounts or through limiting the range of knowledge. In these books, we often know only as much as the hero or heroine does. Restricted narration enhances the mystery component, while also making every encounter a potential threat: Is the friendly helper encountered on the road actually working for the enemy?

The limitations of knowledge make possible the conventional bluffs and double-crosses that create plot reversals typical of spy fiction, but they can also generate the anxietyin protagonist and in an essay on the fundamentals, readerthat Mitchell Wilson found central to the suspense story. These three trends in popular fiction and drama seem most pertinent to ap english language research paper the emergence of the 1940s suspense story. But they could not have exercised their influence had not America, home to Hollywood, gone mad for mystery and punctuation trick, murder. Hitchcock, Judith Anderson, and ap english, Joan Fontaine on the set of Rebecca . There is a standard story about what happened to American mystery fiction during the 1930s and 1940s. The Sherlock Holmes model of rational crime-solving, we’re told, was replaced by the two-fisted private detective who came up from the pulp magazines to literary prestige. Like most such synopses, though, this one cuts some corners. In popular literature, the adventures in deduction of Lord Peter Wimsey, Hercule Poirot, and Ellery Queen remained far more widely read than the chronicles of of research, Sam Spade, Philip Marlowe, and paper, other roughnecks.

Only Mickey Spillane’s Mike Hammer rivaled the popularity of his white-glove counterparts. 19 Moreover, the standard outline plays down the syntheses between the puzzle-driven and college cover, action-driven plotting we find in the work of research, Rex Stout and Erle Stanley Gardner (hands down the most popular mystery writer of the 1940s). 20 At the bachelor thesis same period, the spy story often incorporated a puzzle element, and this was balanced against vigorous physical action provided by language research paper hunts and chases. Now we can see that the standard history also ignores the emergence of the psychological thriller. Mitchell Wilson’s remark in 1947 that the suspense story had come of age marks a dawning recognition that there was currently a form of mystery that steered a course between the biotechnology puzzle and the hard-boiled adventure. More generally, throughout the 1940s there was a recalibration and language research, refinement of mass-market genres. Bachelor Words! Publishers developed “category publishing,” as Janice Radaway has explained: a strategy of identifying a stable market for a certain type of fiction and serving that with steady, predictable output.

21 Mysteries, Westerns, and romances, so identified, made up the bulk of U.S. Ap English Research Paper! genre fiction in the 1940s. Their ambit expanded enormously when the trick paperback revolution opened up new markets. Mystery, including detective stories, spy stories, and suspense fiction, was by language research far the most popular category. In 1940, 40% of all novels published were mysteries. 22 Serialized in slick magazines, then brought out in how do up a compare essay, hardcover, then in cheaper editions, perhaps eventually to be the basis of radio plays or movies, mystery titles assured publishers solid returns and attained a degree of literary respectability at the same time. While Westerns and romance titles flew under the ap english language research paper radar, newspapers reserved column inches for reviews of mysteries. Publishers devoted entire imprints to mystery fiction, and went on to subdivide their product lines to reflect readers’ tastes. How Do And Contrast Essay! Doubleday’s Crime Club imprint created indicia to label a book as “Chess Puzzle,” “Character and Atmosphere,” “Spies and Sabotage,” “Some Like Them Tough,” and so on. Simon and Schuster’s “Inner Sanctum” logo marked “a novel of suspense, a novel of crime and punishment rather than a novel of crime and detection.” 23. As this ecosystem expanded and diversified, commentators began to distinguish suspense stories from other forms of thriller. The radio program Suspense began regular broadcasting in 1942.

It asked aspiring writers to ap english language provide plots based on tense, “precarious” situations, while avoiding “plain ‘who-dun-its’ or detective stories” and “fantastic horror-yarns involving zombies, ghosts, etc.” 24 Howard Haycraft, the leading historian of how do compare and contrast essay, crime fiction, admitted that the Rinehart “romantic-feminine school of crime fiction” had been a major force and had invaded the ap english paper best-seller lists. Write On The Fundamentals Of Research! Hence the current popularity of “the somewhat amorphous ‘suspense’ novel.” 25 Anthony Boucher, another major critic, claimed that World War II coincided with a new phase of mystery fiction. With classic detective situations “exhausted,” the public demanded “a heightening of the pure element of suspense.” Suspense had become central to the “personal narratives” that constituted the new cutting edge of mystery writing. Language Research! 26 Mitchell Wilson’s article is only one piece recognizing the new genre. If you had to pick a single book that shifted U.S. mystery publishing toward psychological suspense, it would probably be Daphne du Maurier’s Rebecca . (Its date of publication, 1938, fits comfortably into Wilson’s ten-year time frame.) Upon publication it immediately became a bestseller, and by college professor cover the end of the ap english paper 1940s it had sold over letter freshers, a million copies, making it the most successful mystery novel of the research era. 27 In fact, it was hardly recognized as a mystery novel. Long, melancholy, dense with description and punctuation, reflections on the protagonist’s inner life, it was greeted as a serious piece of fiction, closer to ap english language research paper The Citadel (1941), Random Harvest (1941), and other middlebrow novels than to the genre works of Rinehart, Seeley, Eberhart than others. With its echoes of Jane Eyre , Rebecca provided a model for the “romantic suspense” novel that would come to compare and contrast prominence in the 1950s and eventually become the Harlequin romance of our day. With Rebecca and many other novels, the American suspense thriller came into its own.

Today we tend to associate the trend with film noir and outstanding male authors like Cornell Woolrich, John Franklin Bardin, and Georges Simenon (then being frequently translated). Again, however, the trend was also shaped by Vera Caspary, Dorothy B. Hughes, Charlotte Armstrong, Mabel Seeley, Doris Miles Disney, Elizabeth Daly, Hilda Lawrence, Margaret Millar, Josephine Tey, Patricia Highsmith, and other female authors. As the “inverted” and multi-perspectival detective story had pushed some English practitioners toward psychological mystery, so too did many of these women novelists abandon their series detectives and shift toward pure suspense. Cinema followed the trend. The murder plays Payment Deferred , Kind Lady , and Night Must Fall had found their way to the screen in the 1930s, but now there was a burst of adaptations. Gaslight was filmed in 1944, The Two Mrs. Carrolls and ap english language, Love from a Stranger in is a, 1947. Research! Other revivals included the bachelor Gothic classics Jane Eyre (1944) and ap english research, The Woman in White (1948) and bachelor, the Edwardian books The Lodger (1944) and ap english research, The House by is a proposal the River (1950). Some of the earliest adaptations came from the authors named by Wilson as prototypes of language, suspense.

Graham Greene’s work yielded the write an essay of research films This Gun for Hire (1942), Ministry of Fear (1945), and language, The Confidential Agent (1945). Eric Ambler’s novels were the basis for Journey into Fear (1943) and The Mask of how do you set and contrast, Dimitrios (1944). The less-known Dorothy B. Ap English Language Research Paper! Hughes supplied The Fallen Sparrow (1943), Ride the letter biotechnology Pink Horse (1947), and In a Lonely Place (1950). At the same time, Woolrich, Hughes, Armstrong, Caspary, and many other thriller novelists found their work turned into paper movies. 28 Elisabeth Sanxay Holding, called by up a compare Raymond Chandler “the top suspense writer of them all,” wrote the novel that would become The Reckless Moment (1949). 29. Hollywood developed original thrillers as well, and the trade press spotted a trend.

A 1944 Variety article claimed that. The typical tale in the new genre crawls with living horror, is eerie with something impending, and socks its suspense thrill well along toward the middle of the story, instead of doing the crime victim in at the beginning and then building a whodunit and a detective quiz as the element of research paper, suspense. 30. The passage reminds us that emotion of fear, so central to Mitchell Wilson’s commentary, is also a stock response triggered by the horror film of the 1930s. In 1947 Wilson felt no need to specify that the fear conjured up by the suspense story was not akin to that in professor, horror or fantasy films: the language paper cause was not a monster or a supernatural being. How Do Up A Compare Essay! Three years earlier, however, the anonymous Variety writer was just starting to make this distinction. The article takes Rebecca (1940) , Phantom Lady, Gaslight, Dark Waters (1944), Mask of ap english paper, Dimitrios, Hangover Square (1945), and even The Picture of Dorian Gray (1945), as examples of the “new horrifier.” Such films created, one observer noted, “a horror cycle” that was quite different from “vampire, werewolf and Frankenstein chillers.” 31.

Lumping all these suspense films together seems a bit odd today. Aren’t Gaslight and what, Dark Waters really Gothics? By contrast, aren’t Phantom Lady and Hangover Square examples of film noir? We need to language remember that female Gothics and films noirs are really ex post facto categories, constructed by later critics to point out affinities and cover letter, differences among groups of paper, films. These categories didn’t exist for contemporaries, and filmmakers and writers of the time carved things up rather differently. Many of the 1940s films’ plots, as we’d expect, put women in danger in a forbidding household.

So we have Experiment Perilous (1944), Dark Waters (1944), My Name Is Julia Ross (1945), Undercurrent (1946), Dragonwyck (1946), A Stolen Life (1946), The Spiral Staircase (1946), Sleep, My Love (1948), Caught (1949), and bachelor, several other films, many adapted from plays and novels. When a Hollywood’s psychological thriller focused on a male protagonist it could yield something like Hangover Square , The Woman in the Window (1944), Conflict (1945), Scarlet Street (1945), The Suspect (1945), The Chase (1946), They Won’t Believe Me (1947), The Big Clock (1948), Take One False Step (1949), and The Second Woman (1950). What’s striking is that as these narrative patterns multiplied, mixtures and variants appeared. Ap English Language Research Paper! The plot of Phantom Lady , novel and film, depends on a properly victimized, perhaps paranoid noir hero; but he is rescued by college letter his girlfriend. Instead of research, murderous husbands we find equally manipulative women targeting husbands, wives, and engaged couples ( A Guest in the House , 1944; Strange Impersonation , 1946; Leave Her to Heaven , 1946). Even the “Gothic” plots exhibit a lot of variety.

In Dark Waters , the cover letter biotechnology villain isn’t the husband but an entire family conspiring against the bride. In A Woman’s Vengeance , the would-be killer isn’t the unfaithful husband but a third woman in love with him. My Name is ap english research paper, Julia Ross shows how a dowager conspires to obliterate a woman’s identity so that she can marry the professor old woman’s demented son. The 1944 Variety article mentions another salient feature of the new thriller. It deals with insanity“unpredictable in its attack; frightful in its effect among the companion characters.” 32 During the 1930s, Dorothy Sayers predicted a robust future for psychoanalytic mystery, and ap english language research paper, occasionally novels of the time invoke concepts of the thesis “subconscious” and “revived” childhood traumas. Ap English Language Paper! 33 American detective stories of the 1940s dabbled in the trend more overtly; one of the earliest seems to be Lawrence Treat’s 1943 O as in Omen , which makes its sleuth a psychiatrist who interprets not only suspects’ dreams but his own. Proposal Essay! Hitchcock’s Spellbound (1945), with its therapeutic investigation, turned the suspense plot toward psychoanalysis.

With Bewitched (1945), The Locket (1947), and Possessed (1947), Freudian motifs became conventional parts of the domestic thriller. Even less doctrine-driven tales would suggest that the murderous husband or lover or seductress harbored a streak of madness. By the late 1940s, the suspense story was a major genre. In her survey of the movie colony, Hortense Powdermaker noted the recent vogue for “psychological murder thrillers” and language, the rise of suspense as a factor in A pictures. 34 Instead of trick, a detective story, remarked another writer, Hollywood could now offer “adult and research paper, exciting screen drama on write of research, the mystery framework, with emphasis on character and suspense.” 35 Another observer stressed that whereas many mysteries had been consigned to the ranks of B pictures, the new ones could be treated with top production values. 36 Crucial in all cases was the element of language research paper, personal vulnerability: “The trend is toward emotion, excitement, suspensetoward ‘What is going to happen to this protagonist?’” 37. The Lady Vanishes (1938).

Sharp-eyed readers will have noticed that nearly all my examples of suspense films come from the years 1944 onward. What about the years before? Examples of suspense pictures are curiously hard to find in those years. There are the how do you set up a essay B films Stranger on the Third Floor (1940), often taken as a prototypical film noir; Shadows on language, the Stair (1941) from essay trick a Frank Vosper play; Fingers at the Window (1942); and Street of research paper, Chance (1942). The rare A pictures we might consider include Ladies in Retirement (1941), but featuring minor players; I Wake Up Screaming (1941), a somber detective film narrated largely from the standpoints of witnesses and is a, suspects; and two upper-tier spy films of 1943, Journey into ap english language paper Fear and you set up a compare and contrast essay, Above Suspicion . There are probably other candidates I don’t know of, but I don’t believe that pre-1944 releases boast very many top-rank suspense-driven films. Except of research, course, for the films directed by Alfred Hitchcock. So far my story must seem a case of Hamlet without the Prince. It’s been a challenging exercise to sketch the context of 1940s Hollywood and barely mention Hitchcock, but eventually I have to you set and contrast essay confront reality. The “missing” suspense films of the ap english language research paper early 1940s are by Hitchcock: Rebecca (1940), Foreign Correspondent (1940), Suspicion (1941), Saboteur (1942), and Shadow of a Doubt (1943).

And it seems likely that they strongly influenced what would follow. Hitchcock came to letter America acknowledged as the ap english language research paper magisterial exponent of what proposal essay, high tension. In a 1936 article in the Times of London, a reviewer writes, “Mr. Hitchcock’s long and strong suit is suspense.” 38 British cinema of the 1930s exploited detective plots, domestic thrillers, and spy stories, but Hitchcock managed to give them unusually sharp form and force. 39 Murder! (1930) respects the detective-story premises of the language paper source novel. The Lodger (1926) is an adaptation of Belloc Lowndes’ classic domestic thriller. Blackmail (1929) also relies on cover freshers, conventions of that genre: the killer’s identity is known at the start, and her task is to escape punishment. Above all there were the five spy films in the second half of the 1930s.

Although The Secret Agent (1936) centers on a professional spy, the others show ordinary people caught up in international intrigue: the family in The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934) and ap english language research, a couple on a train in The Lady Vanishes (1938). Even the Richard Hannay of The 39 Steps (1935) seems more an ordinary person than the adventure-loving gentleman of the Buchan books. Hitchcock and his screenwriters proved adroit at blending one format with another. Young and Innocent (1937) is derived from a detective novel, but the is a essay film divulges the murderer’s identity in the first scene in ap english, order to set up a double-barreled pursuit. In Sabotage (1936), the spy story becomes a domestic thriller when a wife learns that her husband is a ruthless bomber. In both England and trick, the U.S., Hitchcock aligned himself closely with major trends in mystery fiction and drama. His reading tastes ran to Belloc Lowndes and John Buchan. Paper! 40 He considered adapting Buchan’s Greenmantle and is a proposal essay, Iles’ Malice Aforethought . The Man Who Knew Too Much began as a tale of Bulldog Drummond, the language hero created by Sapper.

Having filmed one Du Maurier novel, Jamaica Inn (1939), Hitchcock contemplated buying the rights to Rebecca before Selznick acquired it. Punctuation Trick! 41 Two of his films featured the actor Frank Vosper, co-author of the ap english paper significant murder play Love from how many a Stranger . Once in America, he returned to similar sources, hoping to ap english remake The Lodger , filming Iles’s Before the Fact as Suspicion , and eventually turning Patrick Hamilton’s Rope into a 1948 film. There were personal affinities as well. His assistant Joan Harrison was married to Eric Ambler, and professor letter, he wrote a glowing introduction to language paper a 1943 collection of Ambler novels. 42. With the exception of the comedy Mr. and fundamentals, Mrs. Ap English Language Research Paper! Smith (1941), Hitchcock’s earliest American films maintained his prominence in the subgenres. The hugely successful Rebecca (1940) was followed by two more domestic thrillers, Suspicion (1941) and Shadow of a Doubt (1943). Sandwiched among these were two spy chases, Foreign Correspondent (1940) and Saboteur (1942).

Very quickly his work set the benchmark. Throughout the 1940s, he was called the “master of suspense” in both critics’ columns and film advertising. Write An Essay On The! The term reappeared in trade advertisements for ap english Shadow of a Doubt, Lifeboat , and Spellbound . 43 A 1941 review of is a, Ladies in Retirement praised it for providing Hitchcockian suspense. 44 “The novel story line” of Crossroads (1942), noted a Variety critic in June 1942, “would do credit to an Alfred Hitchcock thriller.” 45 Richard Wallace’s direction of The Fallen Sparrow (1943, from a Dorothy B. Hughes novel) was said to be “reminiscent of the Hitchcock touch.” 46 His name was invoked in discussions of films by Val Lewton and even Walt Disney. Research Paper! 47 After a decade in Hollywood he had been around long enough to be called “the old master.” 48.

Hitchcock worked to promote his brand. 49 In interviews and public talks he differentiated the detective story from cover biotechnology freshers his sort of language research, thriller, often stressing that distinction between suspense and surprise that was picked up by Charlotte Armstrong, Helen McCloy, and college, other commentators on the emerging suspense genre. 50 He composed an introduction to a 1947 collection of language research, suspense stories in which he laid down his ideas on how do compare essay, technique. Ap English Paper! In that anthology he returned to thesis how many words a favorite topic, the ap english language narrational options that create suspense. Much of suspense comes down to cover freshers range of knowledge. “The author may let both reader and character share the knowledge of the research paper nature of the dangers which threaten.Sometimes, however, the reader alone may realize that peril is in the offing, and watch the characters moving to meet it in blissful ignorance and disquieting unconcern.” 51 Hitchcock continued to pronounce on principles of cover letter, suspense throughout the 1940s, applying them to ap english language research paper whatever project he had in hand. How Do You Set Compare Essay! (In Rope , the fact that the audience knows the killers from the start “makes for real suspense.” 52) He became the foremost practitioner and theorist of the new genre.

From this perspective, Mitchell Wilson’s 1947 piece was part of language, a new discourse on suspense that Hitchcok had helped shape. His influence extended beyond cinema. To write for the radio show Suspense, a writer declared, demanded two kinds of suspense. “Interest” or “mystification” suspense compels the cover letter audience to wonder what will happen next, while “emotional” suspense requires knowledge of all the research factors in play, along with identification with the threatened person. The author’s example of emotional suspense is the scene in Rope when the maid slowly clears the books off the chest containing the body. Indeed, the program was explicitly designed to is a essay bring to radio “the particular kind of suspense developed in pictures by Alfred Hitchcock.” 53. The Master’s problems, and some solutions. Above Suspicion (1943).

It’s very likely, then, that Hitchcock’s films of 19401943 gave an impetus to the emergence of full-blown suspense pictures in the years that followed. We can’t attribute everything to them; after all, if Hitchcock hadn’t directed Rebecca , someone else would have, and it would probably have had a large impact in any case. More broadly, the films fitted smoothly into the murder culture of American popular media. Still, the films provided high standards of quality and ap english language research paper, meticulous models of plot and an essay on the, style that other filmmakers could learn from. In following Hitchcock’s models and research, other efforts of the early forties, the studios couldn’t turn on a dime. With writers recruited for the war effort, original screenplays were in shorter supply. Studios increased the number of literary adaptations, often drawing from short stories and serialized novels. Once a property was found, it typically took at least a year to develop into a finished film, and very often a story went through several years of development. 54 Such factors help explain why it took a while before the essay psychological thriller could emerge as a production trend. When it did, in calendar 1944, Hitchcock’s example remained inescapable.

Yet counter-forces developed. Once the suspense story developed, was he to be its only ap english language, master? In the literary realm there was of course Simenon, whose Maigret detective novels and his proto-noir romans durs were being translated at the time. Fritz Lang, dubbed by Variety “a master at maintaining high suspense,” 55 had like Hitchcock made his reputation with crime thrillers before arriving in essay punctuation trick, America, and his Hollywood work of the 1940s soon paralleled the Englishman’s: espionage thrillers ( Man Hunt, Hangmen Also Die!, Ministry of Fear, Cloak and ap english research paper, Dagger ) alongside domestic ones. Indeed, The Woman in the Window, Scarlet Street, Secret Beyond the Door , and House by the River might well have been Hitchcock projects. There was also Robert Siodmak. Letter Biotechnology Freshers! His Spiral Staircase started as a Selznick project planned for research Bergman and Hitchcock, and his Phantom Lady was produced by college cover letter Hitchcock colleague Joan Harrison.

Billy Wilder told a reporter that Double Indemnity (1944) was an ap english language attempt to “out-Hitch Hitch.” 56 Soon the same reporter, who had been an ardent Hitchcock admirer, could write that Fred Zinneman’s Seventh Cross (1944) “filmed suspense in a new way” by avoiding all “tricks”“unlike Alfred Hitchcock, master of you set essay, surprise” (!). 57. Filmmakers of the period learned a great deal from Hitchcock’s technique, such as his gliding camera movements inward to build tension, or his abrupt cuts to close-ups. There was even open copying. Lifting from the Albert Hall climax of The Man Who Knew Too Much , Richard Whorf’s Above Suspicion (1943) presents an assassination during an orchestra performance, with the gunshot masked by ap english language a blast of music. 58 At the same time, I think, Hitchcock’s early thrillers displayed some problems that other filmmakers could learn to avoid.

Take Rebecca and Suspicion , the two tales of uxorial mistrust. Compared to the trim thrillers of what, Eberhart, Rebecca is hardly a perfect template for suspense. Paper! Its plot evokes mystery but in a rather leisurely way, gradually crystallizing questions about how Rebecca died and bachelor how many words, why widower Maxim de Winter behaves brusquely. The emphasis falls on the nameless heroine’s pangs of naivete and ap english language research, inferiority when thrust into a wealthy milieu. Cover Letter Freshers! Her investigations of Rebecca’s life and death are mostly inadvertent results of ap english research paper, her social gaffes. Not until quite late in college professor, the plot does she become seriously threatened, when the sadistic housekeeper Mrs. Ap English Research Paper! Danvers urges the distraught girl to essay fling herself out a window. And not until a storm leads locals to discover Rebecca’s remains in a sunken sailboat does Maxim confess that he shot his wife and buried her body at sea. Now that the mystery is dispelled, a more traditional suspense can kick in. Paper! Maxim must bluff the you set up a and contrast essay coroner’s inquest and evade the blackmailing scheme of Rebecca’s lover Favell. Maxim and the heroine are saved, again more or less accidentally, but with the Manderley estate destroyed, they end their lives in a seedy French hotel and ap english research paper, brood on bachelor thesis, their lost Manderley and their hollow marriage.

Burdened with a murderous hero and language research paper, an unhappy ending, Rebecca faced problems of transposition to what is a proposal essay the screen. To placate the Hays Office, Selznick and Hitchcock modified the research plot to make Rebecca’s death an accident, covered up by Maxim. On the whole, other changes made for the film streamlined the action, excising the musings that fill the what essay book and building up the suspense, chiefly through the ap english language pressures the sinister Mrs. Danvers brings to bear on the new wife. From the start, Hitchcock doses du Maurier’s plot with local tension, as when it seems that the bachelor thesis words heroine will leave Monte Carlo with her employer before she can bid farewell to Max. The cinematography turns Manderley into an oversized mausoleum with doorknobs set at language the level of the heroine’s shoulders. Hitchcock seized the opportunity to hint at ominous secrets harbored in the vast rooms and what, corridors.

Rebecca sets Hitchcock on the way toward one of his central situations of his career: the language research paper woman trapped in a threatening household. Rebecca poses the questions: Whom have I married? What is his past? What am I to him? The novel’s plot answers by exposing Maxim as a man who murdered his first wife but found some happiness with his second. Suspicion (1941) poses the same questions, but Iles’ novel suggests frightful answers: I have married a liar, a cheat, and a killer; and he intends to what essay murder me. Language Research Paper! Again, the film’s ending had to be fudged. Suspicion ’s heroine has misinterpreted Johnny, and he has intended to how many words kill himself, not her. Research Paper! The reconciliation is even more of a letdown than in the Rebecca instance. Variety responded sourly: In switching tragic ending of Francis Iles’ novel in favor of a happy finale, Hitchcock and his scripters devised a most inept and inconclusive windup that fails to measure up to the dramatic intensity of preceding footage, and this doesn’t reach the climax expected.

In this respect, picture structure is deficient, and cover letter biotechnology, it is obvious that the ap english writers endeavored to toss in what is a proposal essay, the happy ending in a few hundred feet and let it go at that. 59. Later filmmakers solved the language problem of the thesis words enigmatic husband in a simpler fashion: Let the husband be a murderer, and let the wife escape. This more stable option was already laid out in a 1937 English film, Love from a Stranger , which was surely known to Hitchcock. Adapted from Frank Vosper’s play 60, it presents Carol, who throws aside her loyal suitor Ronald for ap english language research paper the charming Gerald Lovell. She marries Gerald and at bachelor thesis first enjoys their life in an isolated cottage. But his sudden rages and his secretiveness about ap english language paper, his photographic “experiments” make her worry. Breaking with Carol’s range of knowledge about halfway through the cover letter biotechnology film, the narration shows Gerald in ap english language, the cellar burning a photograph of her. Soon we learn that his interest in historical murders is one expression of a battlefront trauma that will drive him to kill her. Gradually Carol’s suspicions crystallize.

In a drunken fit Gerald tells her how he trapped her, but before he can kill her she manages to letter poison his coffee. Language Research! He collapses and Ronald arrives in proposal, time to ap english language research console a sobbing Carol. Ronald plays a secondary role in Love from trick a Stranger . He doesn’t rescue Carol but merely offers her an alternative partner at the end. Hollywood’s later versions of the plot turned the research other man into letter biotechnology what Diane Waldman has called a “helper male”a figure who can save the heroine and supply a romantic alliance once the murderous husband has been eliminated. Language Research Paper! 61 But Hitchcock presumably could not radically revise Rebecca or Suspicion to provide a helper male, so the resolutions had to end in impasse. Interestingly, when Hamilton’s play Gaslight made it to film in the U.S. (1944), the plot was recast to make the inspector an appropriate suitor for the rescued wife. Apart from lacking helper males, Rebecca and Suspicion posed problems of narration. Love from a Stranger provided a wide frame of knowledge. By cutting between scenes displaying Gerald’s madness and scenes of the unsuspecting Carol, Vorhaus’s film generates classic suspense. In contrast, both Rebecca and Suspicion confine us so tightly to the heroine’s viewpoint that the ultimate revelations seem evasive or forced. The problems with these two films point up a more general tension within Hitchcock’s aesthetic.

Restriction to what a character knows enhances mystery (and can engender surprise), but suspense, he maintained, comes when we know more than the character. 62 The best compromise is when our knowledge exceeds the cover letter character’s by a little, but not so much that we know everything. Hence the moments that fall outside Jeff’s range of knowledge in Rear Window , the judicious inserted scene of the ap english language agency meeting in North by Northwest , and other instances in which Hitchcock slightly widens our range of knowledge, often in you set compare essay, a teasing way. 63 An anonymous reviewer for the London Times caught this strategy in Sabotage : Hitchcock will usually “lay most of his cards on the table.” 64. With Shadow of a Doubt , Hitchcock and ap english, Thornton Wilder solved the difficulties of the how do you set compare two earlier women-in-peril films.

A freer range of narration allows suspense to build: the opening man-on-the-run episode, confined largely to Uncle Charlie, segues into a section that centers on what Young Charlie suspects and eventually discovers. In accordance with Mitchell Wilson’s anatomy of the suspense plot, she takes the initiative and turns on her tormentor, forcing him to leave town. Although much of this portion is ap english language research paper, focused around Young Charlie, though, we get glimpses of Uncle Charlie on his own. In addition, Shadow of cover freshers, a Doubt supplies a helper male, the ap english paper police investigator Jack Graham. Although Hitchcock dismissed the character as a concession to romance, 65 and although Jack doesn’t rescue Young Charlie during the climactic sequence on the train, he provides a stable resolution, mitigating a little the devastation that Young Charlie feels.

Hitchcock, then, offered other filmmakers both models of what to do and what to up a and contrast avoid. Ap English Language Research! But it seems to me that the letter biotechnology burst of ap english research paper, psychological suspense films at all budget levels left him less room to innovate. Many variations were emerging; the write of research space was getting crowded. Women-in-peril plots featuring murderous husbands had become commonplace, and they often displayed skilful use of restricted point of view, as in Sorry, Wrong Number (1948). There were even “Hitchcockian” movies avant la lettre : The crime inadvertently witnessed, the ap english language research paper premise of Rear Window , was tried out in Lady on a Train (1945), in Shock (1946), and perhaps most vividly in Ted Tetzlaff’s The Window (1949), in which a tenement boy sees a stabbing but can’t convince anyone of it. In short, with so many films mimicking Hitchcock’s, and write an essay fundamentals, so many variants of basic suspense situations proliferating, how was he to maintain his cinematic identity? In Spellbound (1945) he led the way to a burst of talking-cure films. Ap English Research Paper! He and Ben Hecht blended his favored woman-in-peril situation with spy intrigue in Notorious (1946), making the helper male into a rival suitor from the start and organizing part of the is a proposal essay plot around his range of knowledge. For other projects Hitchcock seemed to strain to research find something highly distinctive, either dramatically or technically. A contract-fulfilling job, the professor courtroom drama The Paradine Case (1948) posed appetizing technical challenges, but Selznick’s interference dominated the results. It seems to language research paper me that the write on the fundamentals proliferation of suspense films was one cause of Hitchcock’s shift to more outré angles for his projects: increased sexual explicitness ( The Paradine Case, Rope ), provocative drama of language research, ideas ( Lifeboat, Rope ), confinement to a single setting ( Lifeboat, Rope ), long-take shooting ( Paradine Case, Rope, Under Capricorn ), and duplicitous flashback ( Stage Fright ). Is A Essay! Significantly, in language paper, his interviews with Truffaut, Hitchcock found fault with nearly all these experiments, suggesting that Under Capricorn left the realm of the thriller altogetherdespite the fact that it presents a familiar woman-in-a-threatening-household situation.

Having helped set the how do you set and contrast terms for thriller storytelling in language research, the 1940s, he was obliged to an essay of research recalibrate what he could offer in the face of ap english paper, competition. Bachelor Words! 66. At the end of the decade, I think, Hitchcock had managed to re-synchronize with his contemporaries. Most of his 1940s projects, finished and unfinished, have their sources in literary works of the 1920s and 1930s. Stage Fright came from a recent novel, but one very much in the 1930s English detective-story tradition. 67 Strangers on a Train (1950), however, was based on language research paper, a male-oriented psychological thriller written by one of the women participating in on the fundamentals, the 1940s burst of suspense fiction. Paper! Despite making some compromises in adapting Patricia Highsmith’s original, 68 the master of what essay, suspense had allied himself with a writer who typified the new phase of the suspense thrillera phase that he had done much to foster. 69.

I’m indebted to Sidney Gottlieb, Richard Allen, and Thomas Leitch, who provided helpful criticisms of an earlier version of this essay. Thanks also to David Meeker, who provided access to a hard-to-find film. 1 : Mitchell Wilson, “The Suspense Story,” The Writer 60, 1 (January 1947), 15. 3 : Howard Haycraft, “Evolution of the paper Whodunit in the Years of World War II ,” New York Times Book Review (12 August 1945),” 7. 4 : Helen McCloy, “The Writing and Selling of Mysteries,” The Writer 60, 4 (April 1947), 137. 5 : Charlotte Armstrong, “Razzle-Dazzle,” The Writer 66, 1 (January 1953), 34. 6 : Freeman Wills Crofts, The 12:30 from Croydon (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1965), 187. 7 : Dorothy L. Sayers, “Introduction,” The Third Omnibus of Crime (New York: Blue Ribbon, 1935), 7. 8 : Agatha Christie, Towards Zero (New York: Pocket Books, 1972; orig. 1944), 1213. 9 : Howard Haycraft, Murder for Pleasure: The Life and Times of the Detective Story (New York: Appleton-Century, 1941), 89.

10 : Quoted in Haycraft, 90. 11 : François Truffaut, Hitchcock (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1967), 127. 12 : “Chaplin in ‘Circus’ a London Sensation,” New York Times (16 March 1928), 30. 13 : Some of essay trick, these plays can still be read in acting editions. For a generous overview of language research, them and many others see Amnon Kabatchnik, Blood on the Stage 19251950: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery, and Detection (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2010). 14 : Quoted in professor cover letter, Sean French, Patrick Hamilton: A Life (London: Faber and language, Faber, 1993), 139. 15 : For example, The State v. How Do You Set Up A Compare And Contrast Essay! Elinor Norton , reviewed in John Chamberlain, “Books of the Times,” New York Times (29 January 1934), 13; Poison Pen , reviewed in Richmond Theatre, The Times (London) (10 Aug. 1937): 8; “Detective Stories: Death Has a Past ,” The Times (London) (6 June 1939), 19. 16 : Boileau-Narcejac, Le roman policier (Paris: Payot, 1964), 150154.

17 : Charles Morgan, “Mr. Milne Tries a New Trick with a Mystery Play,” New York Times (25 March 1928), 119. 18 : For much of what follows, I’m indebted to LeRoy L. Ap English Research! Panek’s acute, entertaining study The Special Branch: The British Spy Novel, 1890-1980 (Bowling Green: Bowling Green University Popular Press, 1981), especially chapters 112. 19 : Alice Payne Hackett, Sixty Years of Bestsellers 18951955 (New York: Bowker, 1956), 1233. 20 : I review this history from a slightly different angle in trick, “I Love a Mystery: Extra-credit reading,” a blog entry. For stimulating and nonconformist accounts of the development of detective fiction, see LeRoy Lad Panek’s books Watteau’s Shepherds: The Detective Novel in Britain 19141940 (Bowling Green: Popular Press, 1979) and An Introduction to the Detective Story (Bowling Green: Popular Press, 1987). 21 : Janice Radaway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 3031. 22 : Lee Wright, “Mysteries Are Books,” Publishers Weekly 139 (25 January 1941), 385. In 1946 James Sandoe estimated that mysteries constituted one-quarter of all book-length fiction published in the United States. See “Dagger of the Mind” in The Art of the Mystery Story , ed. Howard Haycraft (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946), 254.

For more figures, see Frank Gruber, “Some Notes on Mystery Novels and Their Authors,” in The Notebooks of Raymond Chandler , ed. Frank Gruber (New York: Ecco Press, 1976), 3334. 23 : Flyleaf blurb for Mitchell Wilson’s The Panic-Stricken (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946). 24 : “RadioGeneral Markets,” The Writer 64, 1 (January 1951), 58. 25 : Howard Haycraft, “The Burgeoning Whodunit,” The New York Times (6 October 1946), BR3BR4. 26 : Anthony Boucher, “Trojan Horse Opera,” in Haycraft, Art of the Mystery Story , 249. 27 : Alice Payne Hackett, Fifty Years of Bestsellers (New York: Bowker, 1945), 7778. 28 : Richard Mealand suggested that novelists working in the psychological thriller gained a wider readership because of the film trend. See “Hollywoodunit,” in Haycraft, Art of the ap english language research Mystery Story , 301303. 29 : Raymond Chandler, letter to what essay Hamish Hamilton (13 Otober 1950), in Raymond Chandler Speaking , ed.

Dorothy Gardiner and language research, Kathrine Sorley Walker (Plainview, NY: Books for how do you set up a compare and contrast Libraries Press, 1971; orig. Language! 1962), 60. 30 : Anonymous, “New Trend in the Horror Pix,” Variety (16 October 1944), 143. 31 : Fred Stanley, “Hollywood Shivers,” New York Times (28 May 1944), X3. 32 “New Trend in the Horror Pix,” 143. 33 : See Sayers, “Introduction,” Third Omnibus of Crime , 6; Bruce Hamilton, Middle Class Murder (Leipzig: Tanschnitz, 1938; orig. 1936). 34 : Hollywood, The Dream Factory: An Anthropologist Looks at the Movie-Makers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1950), 119, 140.

See also Stanley, “Hollywood Shivers,” X3. 35 : Howard Haycraft, “Evolution of the what Whodunit in the Years of World War II ,” New York Times Book Review (12 August 1945),” 7. 36 : Anonymous, “Movie Companies Look to Detective Story Writers for the New Psychological Film,” Publishers Weekly 149 (9 March 1946), 15151516. 37 : Anthony Boucher, “As Crime Goes By (24 February 1946),” The Anthony Boucher Chronicles: Reviews and ap english language paper, Commentary 19421947 , ed. Francis M. Nevins (Lexington, KY: Ramble House, 2001), 102. 38 : “New Films in London,” The Times (London), 25 May 1936, 12. 39 : See Tom Ryall, Alfred Hitchcock and the British Cinema (London: Croom Helm, 1986) and Robert Murphy, “Dark Shadows around Pinewood and Ealing,” Film International no. 7 (2004), 2835. 40 : On his fondness for Buchan and how many words, Belloc Lowndes, see Charles Barr, English Hitchcock (London: Movie, 1999), 1014. 41 : Patrick McGilligan, Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 212. 42 : Alfred Hitchcock, Introduction, Intrigue: Four Great Spy Novels of Eric Ambler (New York: Knopf, 1943), viiviii.

43 : “ Foreign Correspondent ,” Variety (28 August 1940), 16; Philip K. Scheuer, “A Town Called Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times (7 April 1940), C3; advertisement for Rebecca , Variety (24 April 1940), 21; advertisement for Shadow of a Doubt , Variety (19 January 1943), 4; advertisement for Lifeboat and Spellbound , Variety (23 February1945), 12. Supposedly the “master of suspense” label was coined by a New York advertising agent promoting the Suspense radio pilot (McGilligan, Alfred Hitchcock , 276). 46 : New York Herald Tribune review quoted in advertisement for The Fallen Sparrow , Variety (19 October 1943), 5. 47 : Philip K. Scheuer, “Trio Gives Horror Picture New Dress,” Los Angeles Times (28 March 1943), C3; and Radie Harris, “Hollywood Runaround,” Variety (11 September 1945), 4. The Disney film Harris mentions is Make Mine Music , in which the Johnny Fedora and ap english research, Alice Blue Bonnet episode is said to contain suspense “as breathless as a Hitchcock thriller.” 48 : Philip K. Scheuer, “Killer Stalks Ida Lupino in High-Tension Thriller,” Los Angeles Times (30 January 1950), A7. 49 : Sidney Gottlieb surveys Hitchcock’s branding strategies, some quite amusing, in “Step Seventeen: Brand Hitchcock,” in 39 Steps to the Genius of Hitchcock: A BFI Compendium (London: British Film Institute, 2012), 7277. 50 : Alfred Hitchcock, “Let ‘Em Play God,” Hollywood Reporter 100, no. 47 (11 October 1948), reprinted in Hitchcock on punctuation, Hitchcock , ed. Language Research! Sidney Gottlieb (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 113. 51 : Hitchcock, “Introduction: The Quality of you set up a, Suspense,” Alfred Hitchcock’s Fireside Book of Suspense (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), viii.

This edited collection originally appeared as Suspense Stories Selected by Alfred Hitchcock (New York: Dell, 1945), but the language paper introduction to that edition lacks the passages I’ve cited here. 53 : William Fifield, “To the Golden Corn,” The Writer 62, 8 (August 1949), 259. 54 : William Dozier, “Trends and Perspectives,” Writers’ Congress; The Proceedings of the cover letter biotechnology freshers Conference Held in October 1943 under the Sponsorship of the ap english paper Hollywood Writers; Mobilization and the University of California (Berkeley: University of California Press), 3641. 55 : “ Man Hunt ,” Variety (10 June 1941), 13. See also the New York Times review in which Lang is called “a master of concentrated suspense” (T. S., “ Hangmen Also Die ,” New York Times [16 April 1943], 24). 56 : Quoted in an essay of research, Philip K. Scheuer, “Film History Made by ‘Double Indemnity,’” Los Angeles Times (6 August 1944), C1. 57 : Philip K. Scheuer, “Suspense Filmed in ap english language paper, a New Way: Stride Made in how do essay, Technique,” Los Angeles Times (3 September 1944), C1. 58 : I discuss this sequence, and link to the scene, in a blog entry.

60 : The play’s source is an Agatha Christie short story, “Philomel Cottage.” It does include a rival suitor, although he isn’t much help to the heroine. Interestingly, Christie’s story turns on the revelation that the language research husband isn’t the only practitioner of hearthside murder. 61 : Diane Waldman, “Horror and Domesticity: The Modern Gothic Romance Film of the 1940s,” Ph. D. thesis, University of bachelor thesis how many, WisconsinMadison, 1981, 556. 62 : On restriction to a single character, Hitchcock notes that he avoids the omniscient range of knowledge provided by Griffith-style crosscutting: “Griffith showed the man on the scaffold, then the messenger with the paper pardon riding to the rescue. We show the man on the scaffold, but the audience doesn’t know whether our rider has started or not. That’s the secret of suspense today.” Quoted in Philip K. Write On The Fundamentals! Scheuer, “A Town Called Hollywood,” Los Angeles Times (19 April 1939), C3. The more famous formulation of the alternative is found in paper, his dialogue with Truffaut: “In the freshers usual form of suspense it is indispensable that the public be made perfectly aware of all the facts involved” (Truffaut, Hitchcock , 51). 63 : I discuss these fluctuations in knowledge in Narration in the Fiction Film (Madison: University of language, Wisconsin Press, 1985), 2961. On North by Northwest , see David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson, Film Art: An Introduction (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012), 406410.

64 : “New Films in professor cover letter, London,” The Times (London) (7 December 1936), 12. 65 : McGilligan, Alfred Hitchcock , 310. 66 : I propose that competition played a more specific role in Hitchcock’s experiments with long-take filming at a period when many directors were trying out paper, this technique. See my essay “Poetics of Cinema,” in Poetics of Cinema (New York: Routledge, 2008), 3242. 67 : On Hitchcock’s literary sources, see the essays in Hitchcock at the Source: The Auteur as Adapter , ed. R. How Do Up A Compare! Barton Palmer and David Boyd (Albany: SUNY Press, 2011).

68 : In her essay “Suspense in ap english, Fiction” ( The Writer 67, 12 [December 1954], 404), Patricia Highsmith recalls that when her novel was filmed, “the director” (Hitchcock is never named) told her that he had to alter the plot so that Guy did not commit the murder that he owed Bruno. “He told me that he had been unable to find a script writer who could make the story convincing, or who could put the story into biotechnology form for the screen.” Yet for Highsmith the key to the story was that second, coerced murder: “Only therein lay the drama and the suspense for me.” The result, Highsmith judged, was a weaker story. 69 : For more on the development of suspense films and ap english paper, thrillers, see Martin Rubin, Thrillers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Ralph Harper, The World of the Thriller (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969); Jerry Palmer, Thrillers: Genesis and proposal, Structure of a Popular Genre (London: Edward Arnold, 1978); Charles Derry, The Suspense Thriller: Films in the Shadow of Alfred Hitchcock (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1988); Thomas Leitch, Crime Films (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). Ap English! A more recent, if sketchy and erratic, study is Patrick Anderson, The Triumph of the Thriller: How Cops, Crooks, and Cannibals Captured Popular Fiction (New York, 2007). An encyclopedic guide to mystery fiction and film is what proposal, Mike Grost’s website. have comments about the state of ap english language research, this website? go here.