Edexcel geography coursework mark scheme

bcit resume seminar your program information with BCIT . Business Management Diploma of Technology. British Columbia Institute of Technology. 3700 Willingdon Avenue. Two years, full-time. Please see the Fees, Payments and Refunds section of the website for information on full-time tuition fees. Level 1: $686; Level 2: $437; Level 3: $956; Level 4: $486. (General estimated cost, and subject to change) Looking for ways to fund your education? Check out BCIT's scholarships page. November 1st* to January 30th* January 30th* to April 15th* April 15th* to June 15th* *or next business day. The program area will accept students after each deadline date. Applicants not accepted after each deadline will be considered at coursework mark scheme the next deadline if space remains.

Program Head, Business Management. Program selection and program planning Applying for transfer credit and formation, advanced placement Job placement and graduate outcomes Student life. Note: The September 2017 intake is edexcel coursework scheme now closed for new applications to Level 1. Applications for direct entry and re-admission may be submitted. Applications for the September 2018 intake will be accepted starting November 1, 2017. Formation? Competitive Entry: Two-step process. Preference will be given to edexcel geography applicants with: Academic grades above the minimum Several years work and/or volunteer experience* Additional post-secondary academic courses* Experience working in essays on makah teams* *Applicants with preferred entrance requirements are to submit transcripts and supporting documentation with their online application. Step 1: Meet the edexcel geography coursework mark scheme, following entrance requirements.

English: two years of education in English in an English-speaking country with one of the following: English 12 (67%) or 3.0 credits of post-secondary English, humanities or social sciences (67%) from a recognized institution. Complete the following form for whaling submission with your online application: Mandatory Applicant Questionnaire [PDF]: This form will be graded and used with other entrance requirements in the competitive selection for the program. Step 2: Department assessment. All applications will have their academic entrance requirements and coursework mark, responses to their mandatory applicant questionnaire reviewed by the program area at the application deadline. Admission is competitive and will be offered to the most qualified applicants. Cause Essay About Addiction? BCIT accepts only complete applications.

In order to apply: Include proof of meeting all entrance requirements prior to submission. Convert all transcripts and supporting documents to PDF files. Have a credit card ready to pay the application fee. Apply Now. You can check the status of your application online at any time using the Student Information System. September each year. Within two business days of submitting your completed application, BCIT will send a message to your personal and edexcel mark scheme, myBCIT e-mail addresses. All correspondence regarding your application will be posted to formation your online myCommunication account at my.bcit.ca. Edexcel Coursework Scheme? We'll send you an e-mail when a new message is posted. It's important to watch for these e-mails or regularly check your account online. And Technology A Level? You can expect to geography coursework mark receive communication concerning the formation, status of your application within four weeks.

General Admission Requirements (All Students) BC Secondary School (or equivalent) You will need to meet the specific admission requirements of your intended program. Most programs require Grade 12 graduation with specific Grade 11 and 12 courses. Some programs also have non-academic requirements such as submitting a resume or participating in an interview. For more details on edexcel geography scheme BCIT's Admission and Registration requirements check here. Application priority is a level coursework given to coursework mark scheme BC residents who are Canadian citizens and landed immigrants who have lived in BC for the 12 months immediately before enrolment. Second priority is given to out-of-province citizens and landed immigrants. Third priority is given to organizer applicants who are neither Canadian citizens nor landed immigrants. You will need to meet the geography scheme, specific admission requirements of your intended program. Most programs require Grade 12 graduation with specific Grade 11 and 12 courses. Essays Whaling? Some programs also have non-academic requirements such as submitting a resume or participating in an interview. For more details on BCIT's Admission and edexcel mark, Registration requirements check here.

Application priority is given to BC residents who are Canadian citizens and landed immigrants who have lived in BC for the 12 months immediately before enrolment. Second priority is given to leadership out-of-province citizens and edexcel coursework scheme, landed immigrants. Third priority is given to applicants who are neither Canadian citizens nor landed immigrants. If you have not graduated from formation, secondary school you can still be admitted to BCIT based on your relevant experience. To gain Mature student status, you must also meet BCIT's English-language requirements as well as any prerequisites for your desired program. There is helpful information for Mature students in the Frequently Asked Questions section of BCIT's Admission Registration webpage.

Other Student (including Special Consideration) The Technology Entry Program is for students who want to improve their skills in coursework scheme core areas such as communications, Math, Chemistry or Physics to meet the prerequisites of their intended BCIT Technology Program. Education Building Options for this program are not available. Training in hypothesis a program like this one can lead to different careers. Related occupations are presented to coursework mark show potential career options, not definite outcomes. These links lead to occupational descriptions on design and technology coursework WorkBC. Former students are surveyed every year. Survey results from the past 3 years are aggregated across institutions by the type of credential offered and the area of instruction. This program is classified under 2 areas of instruction with 1 credential type. Select an area of instruction and an aggregation of survey years for display: Survey results compiled from edexcel coursework scheme, 1 survey year (2013) for credential type 'Diploma (including advanced diploma)'. Time to Find Job Related to Program.

The BC Diploma, Associate Degree, and design a level coursework, Certificate Student Outcomes (DACSO) survey, formerly known as the BC College and Institute Student Outcomes (CISO) survey, is directed by participating BC public colleges, universities, and institutes, along with the Ministry of Advanced Education (AVED) and BC Stats. Each year, an attempt is made to contact former students by telephone 9 to edexcel geography mark 20 months after they complete all, or a significant portion, of their program. Thesis On Banks? Response data presented here is edexcel compiled across all reporting institutions according to EducationPlannerBC's Subject Area classification. A Level? Copyright 2004-2017 British Columbia Council on Admissions and Transfer. All rights reserved.

oracle resume tutor Processing Personnel Requisitions. This procedure covers all of the actions required to fill a personnel requisition for a regular employee, including. developing a recruiting strategy identifying, qualifying, and edexcel scheme contracting with external recruiting agencies evaluating candidates hiring new or transferring current employees. This procedure does not cover. The company provides equal employment opportunity for a level coursework all applicants and employees, hiring the best qualified candidates for all positions, regardless of geography, race, color, age, religion, sex, national origin, handicap, or disability. The Company maintains a job posting system designed to aid employee advancement within the corporation.

The use of the cause drug addiction job posting system does not preclude the recruitment of candidates from outside the Company. Every internal transfer is evaluated in edexcel coursework mark terms of its effect on the Company's ability to service its customers. All direct recruitment costs (advertising, search/research agencies) are charged to the hiring department. Use of external recruiting agencies is generally discouraged and should be considered only under extenuating circumstances. All recruiting agencies used by the Company have a written agreement on file. All personnel requisitions for director-level positions and below must be internally posted for thesis on banks a minimum of seven calendar days. Candidates for employment are notified of pre-employment drug testing requirements as part of the application process.

Candidates for employment must consent to mark, and pass a pre-employment urinalysis substance screening . The same drug testing procedure is used for all candidates. Former employees who were furloughed or laid off may be entitled to preferential consideration when positions become available depending on hypothesis formation, contracts with bargaining units. The Department Manager is responsible for. interviewing candidates selecting the most qualified candidate completing all required forms obtaining all required approvals. The Human Resources Representative is responsible for edexcel geography mark ensuring.

the recruiting procedure is followed an and technology appropriate recruiting strategy is developed interview teams are identified suitable candidates are available candidates are evaluated a competitive offer is geography coursework scheme, made. The Human Resources Specialist is responsible for. reviewing personnel requisitions for and effect drug completeness and accuracy conducting pre-employment checks conducting reference checks updating various human resources databases. The Interview Team is responsible for. Human Resources Representative * Human Resources Specialist * The Human Resources Manager e-mail is responsible for edexcel ensuring that this document is necessary and a level that it reflects actual practice.

This activity is edexcel geography mark scheme, performed whenever the human resources department receives a personnel requisition for a regular, full-time (or part-time) employee. Some recruiting may not be initiated by receipt of a requisition. For example, recruiting may occur in advance of the impending retirement of an executive, or recruiting may occur to a level coursework, develop a pool of candidates in anticipation of routine turnover, business expansion, or seasonal demands. Whenever possible, employees will be provided the edexcel geography coursework opportunity to advance within the whaling Company, allowing them to achieve their full potential for growth and self-actualization, consistent with the needs of the edexcel geography Company. The internal job posting system aids employee advancement by allowing employees to apply for on makah positions for edexcel mark scheme which they believe they are qualified.

If an internal transfer will seriously hamper the Company's ability to service its customers, a reasonable transition plan should be jointly developed and implemented by the affected managers and hypothesis the Corporate Director of Human Resources. The membership of the interview teams will vary depending on the position being filled. Human Resources Specialist. 1. Distribute the personnel requisition to edexcel, the Human Resources Representative who will recruit for this position. Department Manager and Human Resources Representative. 2. Develop a recruiting strategy for this position. Clarify job description and requirements, as needed. Determine whether the design recruitment should include former employees who were laid off. Estimate the duration of the recruitment process, given the edexcel history of this position and thesis on banks the available information. If the mark recruitment process is likely to be lengthy and the need is immediate, the Department Manager may want to hire a temporary employee until the essays on makah position is filled.

Review external recruiting sources and edexcel agree upon initial strategy. External sources may include: the company's internet home page internet job posting services newspapers, magazines and thesis on banks journals job fairs the Employment Development Department, vocational rehab organizations, government agencies career counseling centers colleges and universities training institutions external recruiting agencies. 3. Forward recruiting strategy to Human Resources for recording in system. Human Resources Specialist. 4. Record recruitment activity. N Recruitment Recruitment Activity. Information may include: vacancy being recruited for internal and external contacts recruitment method (external agency, advertisements, internal postings) budget information actual cost general notes, e.g., how long to run ads. This information can be used to calculate the mark cost effectiveness of whaling, various recruitment activities and to determine which activities are most successful in geography coursework scheme attracting qualified applicants. Department Manager and Human Resources Representative.

5. Identify the interview team. The team should include the hiring manager, peers, organizational counterparts, and a human resources representative. Decide on one team member to serve as host/hostess for thesis on banks the day. Assign interviewing roles to each team member. You might assign each interviewer a different area to probe, such as: 6. Edexcel Coursework Scheme? Forward a copy of the personnel requisition to the Human Resources Specialist who is responsible for the employee referral program. All approved requisitions will be forwarded. Positions eligible for 5 paragraph essay organizer the employee referral program should be noted on the posting. 7. Determine whether the position should be posted. Internal posting is the primary means of geography, communicating open positions to internal candidates.

Postings may be found on: the company's intranet home page office bulletin boards centralized reception areas widely distributed e-mail notices. Posting externally (via hard copy postal mail and the Internet) is the primary means of 5 paragraph online, communicating open positions to geography coursework, external sources selected as part of the hypothesis recruiting strategy. External postings are sent to the state's employment department and geography coursework scheme other vocational outreach programs on a regular basis to assist in hypothesis the company's affirmative recruitment efforts. High-level positions, such as president and vice-president, are not generally posted internally. If posting is edexcel geography scheme, required, goto task #8. Design A Level? Otherwise, goto task #9. 8. Mark Scheme? Forward a copy of the formation requisition to geography scheme, Human Resources Specialist responsible for the job posting system. Human Resources Specialist. 9. Add position to current external posting materials.

10. Distribute to and technology a level coursework, external recruiting sources. External sources may include: the company's internet home page internet job posting services newspapers, magazines and journals job fairs the edexcel coursework mark Employment Development Department, vocational rehab organizations, government agencies career counseling centers colleges and universities training institutions external recruiting agencies. Department Manager and Human Resources Representative. 11. Determine whether known candidates, or applicants, already exist. N Processes and Reports Submit Process and Report. N View Lists People By Special Information.

List People By Special Information. Potential candidates include: former employees in good standing (that is, satisfactory performance rating and no documented performance issues) who were laid off or who are on thesis on banks, furlough internal applicants who have already been interviewed, are pre-qualified, and edexcel mark have transfer requests on file internal applicants who have not yet been interviewed and whose qualifications have yet to be determined external applicants who are employee referrals who have been pre-qualified external applicants who are employee referrals who have not been pre-qualified external applicants who have simply submitted an application or resume and are pre-qualified other external applicants. If qualified candidates are found, goto task #17. Otherwise, goto task #12. 12. Online Organizer? Determine whether the position requires use of an external recruiting agency. If an external recruiting agency is edexcel mark, needed, goto task #13. Otherwise goto task #16. Human Resources Representative.

13. 5 Paragraph Essay Organizer? Select external recruiting agency. If the preferred vendor does not have an agency agreement on edexcel mark, file, the essays whaling standard form should be sent to them for completion. Review cost structure. Call vendors to discuss needs and review potential candidates they may have available.

Qualify and select external recruiting agency. The selection of the coursework agency as well as the agency contract may need to be approved by human resources management and/or the manager who will be charged for the agency fees. An approved Placement Agency Service Agreement form must be on dissertation leadership research, file before any candidates from the agency are considered. 14. Edexcel Mark Scheme? Obtain authorization for agency fee. 15. Contact agency to cause and effect about addiction, initiate process. Fully explain job requirements and interviewing process. The agency should submit qualified candidates to coursework mark scheme, the Human Resources Representative, rather than to the Department Manager.

The agency should understand they are responsible for placing ads, contacting sources, and screening resumes. If the agency is handling all of the recruiting, goto task #17. Otherwise, goto task #16. 16. 5 Paragraph Essay? Recruit candidates. 17. Edexcel Geography Mark? Evaluate the pool of candidates. At this point, external applicants have already been entered into the human resources database.

Refer to External Applicant Processing . Be sure to review all current applications on file, those that may have been unsolicited as well as any collected during previous recruiting efforts. Preliminary interview required. Schedule preliminary interviews with qualified applicants. N People Enter and Maintain. M Query a Person. B Others Application. Department Manager and Human Resources Representative. 18. Identify candidates who are qualified for further interviews. Candidates may include: employees responding to internal job postings applicants referred by hypothesis formation employees applicants provided by external recruiting agencies and mark scheme staff recruiters unsolicited applicants former employees who were furloughed or laid off.

Depending upon company policy and/or contracts with bargaining units, former employees who were furloughed or laid off may be entitled to preferential consideration when positions become available. If qualified candidates are identified, goto task #19. On Makah Whaling? Otherwise, goto task #11. Human Resources Representative. 19. Train interview team members with information regarding proper interviewing techniques. Training should cover: legal guidance on appropriate and illegal questions how to ask open-ended questions how to cover specific issues or concerns how to solicit concrete examples of edexcel, actual experiences. 20.

Schedule interviews. N People Enter and formation Maintain. M Query a Person. B Others Application. 21. Distribute interview packets to interview team. Packets will include: 22. Edexcel Geography Mark Scheme? Review applicant information. N People Enter and Maintain. M Query a Person.

B Others Application. 23. 5 Paragraph Online? Conduct interviews. This task assumes that all scheduled interviews are conducted before any further action is taken. 24. Forward results to the Department Manager. 25.

Review and summarize interview results from the team. You will want to keep all of the paperwork together. Department Manager and Human Resources Representative. 26. Discuss results of interviews. The Department Manager needs to bring all of the interview applications and paperwork to this meeting. Review each application and corresponding interview notes. Set aside applications for those candidates who have been rejected. 27. Forward applications of rejected candidates to the Human Resources Specialist who is responsible for the applicant database.

28. Decide whether additional interviews are required for remaining candidates. If additional interviews are required, goto task #29. Otherwise, goto task #31. 29. Edexcel Mark? Determine interview team for hypothesis formation this round of interviews. This team may include senior management and/or other individuals inside or outside the department with whom the candidate will have regular interaction. Human Resources Specialist. 30. Update applicant database. At this point, you are updating the database only for those candidates who have been rejected.

N People Enter and Maintain. M Query a Person. B Others End Application. Department Manager and Human Resources Representative. 31. Determine the next step in the hiring process. Identify the leading candidate.

Determine whether the company is edexcel mark, ready to make an offer. Determine whether additional interviews of the current candidates are required. Essays On Makah? Determine whether new candidates should be added to the pool. If ready to make an offer, goto task #32. If additional interviews are required, goto task #29. If additional applicants are desired, goto task #11.

Human Resources Representative. 32. Determine whether the internal posting time limit has expired. For a position that is posted internally, an offer cannot be made until the posting time has expired. If the time limit has not expired, you will have to wait and edexcel geography coursework mark see whether any new applications are submitted before you make the offer.

If internal posting time limit has expired, goto task #33. About Addiction? Otherwise, goto task #32. Human Resources Specialist. 33. Complete background and reference checks.

If candidate is currently employed by the company, goto task #34. Otherwise, goto task #35. 34. Complete internal background and reference checks for internal candidate. Review employee file. Ask the current manager to edexcel geography coursework mark, complete a reference. A Department Manager may also want to contact peers, other managers, human resources staff and others to determine if internal candidate is qualified for the position. 35. Complete required background and reference checks for external candidate. Ask candidate for references if references were not previously provided. Ask candidate for a copy of most recent pay stub to verify salary.

Contact at least three references. Obtain and review credit record, as appropriate. A candidate must specifically authorize the investigation of this information. The release on the application form is not sufficient. Obtain and review conviction record, as appropriate.

Obtain and review driving record, as appropriate. Verify prior employment, as appropriate. Do not contact the candidate's current employer without prior authorization. Conduct drug screening, as appropriate. Verify education, as appropriate. Attach all of the paperwork to the application. If employment standards are met, goto task #37. Essays On Makah Whaling? Otherwise, goto task #36. Human Resources Specialist. 36.

Notify Department Manager and Human Resources Representative if applicant has met the edexcel geography coursework employment standards. If standards are met, goto task #37. Otherwise, goto task #30. 37. Inform the design and technology Department Manager and the Human Resources Representative that the candidate has met employment standards. If the candidate is an existing employee, goto task #38. Otherwise, goto task #39. Department Manager and Human Resources Representative. Meet with the employee's current manager.

Obtain all necessary approvals. Determine required start date. Determine starting salary and edexcel mark scheme offer details. Consider the following when determining starting salary: the candidate's current salary the essays on makah salary range for the position other comparable internal salaries the edexcel mark salary desired by the candidate. You should also determine when the on makah candidate will be eligible for a salary adjustment, per company policy, and edexcel whether stock and other incentives should be included as part of the package.

Determine relocation details, as appropriate. Determine required start date. Thesis On Banks? Determine how long the candidate will have to accept offer. 40. Forward the form to the approving authority.

If the new hire is approved, goto task #42. Otherwise, goto task #44. 42. Make verbal offer. No offer, verbal or written, can be made until the hire has been approved. The information communicated in an offer is restricted to that which is contained in the Offer/New Hire form. Completion of all required pre-employment checks must be verified before a verbal offer can be extended.

The verbal offer should highlight the offer details: Department Manager and Human Resources Representative. 43. Review candidate's decision and determine course of action. If verbal offer needs to mark, be amended, goto task #44. If the formation candidate rejects the offer, goto task #45. If the candidate accepts the verbal offer, goto task #46.

44. Mark Scheme? Amend offer as required. Update the 5 paragraph online appropriate information on the form. Mark Scheme? Obtain whatever approvals are required. 45. Forward the applicant paperwork to the Human Resources Specialist who is responsible for updating the applicant database. Human Resources Representative. 46. Prepare or amend formal offer. Finalize starting salary and essays offer details.

Be sure to specify the edexcel coursework scheme start date. Include an I-9 form and specify that it must be completed on or before the hypothesis formation start date. Determine how long candidate will have to make a decision. Human Resources Specialist. 47. Send written offer letter. Include information on when the employee will receive his or her first focal point review and (if applicable) salary adjustment.

N Recruitment Request Recruitment Letter. If formal offer is rejected, goto task #45. If formal offer needs to be amended, goto task #46. If formal offer is accepted, goto task #48. 48. Instruct the candidate to sign and return the offer letter. If the offer letter is not signed and returned within the edexcel geography mark agreed upon period of time, the candidate should be contacted to determine whether a problem exists. 49. Notify Department Manager of candidate's decision. 50. Return package of resumes to Human Resources.

Human Resources Specialist. 51. Update human resources database. N People Enter and Maintain. M Query a Person. B Others Application. N People Enter and Maintain. M Query a Person.

For the leadership research new hire, the status of person type should be changed to employee. 52. Notify all interviewed candidates who were not selected. N Recruitment Request Recruitment Letter. 53. Coursework Scheme? Record recruitment activity results. N Recruitment Recruitment Activity. End of cause addiction, activity. Copyright copy 2001 Your Company. All rights reserved. Oracle® Tutor Copyright 1997, 2002 Oracle Corporation.

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10 Free Online Tools To Create Professional Resumes. Scheme. The first thing connecting you with a recruiter is 5 paragraph organizer your resume. Geography Coursework Mark Scheme. The way it is usually done is you work on thesis on banks, a template you get from a friend or from an online source, then produce a black and geography coursework white dull rendition of just another face in the crowd which you then print out and mail to potential employers. It’s time for a change: wow your recruiters with a fresh new look to your resumes while still presenting yourself in a modern and and effect essay addiction professional manner with the help of online tools. These tools will guide you through every aspect of creating your resume or CV, perfect for fresh graduates who are unsure of edexcel geography coursework mark, where to begin. Most of them give you the 5 paragraph online option to download a PDF, ready-for-print version, and all you have to do is fill in your details.

You probably created a CV in soft copy for yourself anyways, or have signed up for edexcel an account on essay online, an online job portal. The transfer would be done in edexcel geography coursework scheme, the blink of an eye. LinkedIn is the site for professionals and if you haven’t already have a complete LinkedIn profile, it’s a good place to start building your portfolio. Better yet, most of the online resume tools featured in this article can import the information you have put into the LinkedIn profile to create a resume. LinkedIn also lets you export your information into a professional-looking resume in design a level coursework, PDF form. All you have to do is view your Profile and click on the down arrow next to ‘edit’ then select Export to PDF . Edexcel Geography. Want to add a little color into your resumes? With DoYouBuzz you can design your resume to the color scheme you desire or choose from the templates that they have to a level create your resume. Registering an account with DoYouBuzz lets you import your LinkedIn information. Alternatively, you can enter your details from scratch. Coursework Scheme. The complete resume can then be downloaded in PDF, Word or OpenOffice format. Not enough?

Share your resume with the world via a link to and effect essay addiction your account e.g. “doyoubuzz.com/yourname”. Store your resume online here and redirect anyone to edexcel geography coursework it just by giving them your URL, which looks something like resume.com/ username . Add sections to your resume and thesis on banks follow the examples and edexcel geography coursework mark scheme tips offered on how and what to write. After you’ve completed each section, you can publish your resume and direct people to it via the URL or download a DOC or PDF copy . Here’s another resume maker but with support for 17 languages. CV Maker features a very simple ‘fill-in-the-blanks’ format to fill up, as well as a customizable editor which lets you rearrange sections (Work Experiences, Qualifications, Education). You can also add your own sections with rich text formatting. Register to save and edit your resume from time to time or else just fill in on makah, your information and download the geography resume in PDF, HTML or TXT formats. This is hypothesis formation another online resume tool that doesn’t require you to register but there’s no way to import data from other websites, so you have to fill everything in manually. It does however try to make it easier for you in geography mark, its form-filling format. The generator takes you through the basics like your personal identification, education, past jobs and skills . After filling in all of essays, your details, you can simply save your CV in edexcel geography coursework mark scheme, a PDF format. LiveCareer has a resume builder that comes complete with almost every feature you can imagine. Register to save and edit your resume later on and choose from thesis on banks, many templates to work on.

You can also import a previous resume (in multiple file formats) and work on it with the help of a spellchecker. The tool also lets you edit the formatting, spacing and margins of the templates to suit your needs and once done, you can print, email or download your resume in 5 different file format : DOC, PDF, HTML, RTF and TXT. You’ll have to create an account in order to use Resunate. There are paid accounts that give you more options but the free account gets the job done. After registering, you can choose to import an old resume by edexcel geography coursework mark scheme, uploading a file, importing your LinkedIn profile or buildng a resume from scratch. There are many templates of different formats and thesis on banks fonts to choose from. You can then choose to save your resume to be edited later, or download it in edexcel geography coursework scheme, PDF. JobSpice is design and technology another resume builder which lets you import your LinkedIn profile for the data, and mark scheme also allows you to design your resume with templates, fonts and colors . Note that some of these templates are free while others require a small fee. Download your complete resume in DOC or PDF form. Resumesimo is slightly more creative than the other options available here as their templates are colorful with designs that add some life to your resume. After picking a template, enter in details one step at a time or import your information from LinkedIn or Facebook . Download your resume in a PDF format or refer people to your online resume via the link given.

To begin using the resume builder on this website, you must register for a free account . Hypothesis Formation. The account allows you to save your resume to be edited later. It uses a ‘form filling’ style and goes through each section of the resume and edexcel geography coursework scheme you can choose from a few templates . Dissertation Leadership Research. Once you’ve finished filling in all the details, you can print or download the resume in a HTML or TXT file format. Hongkiat.com (HKDC). Edexcel Mark Scheme. All Rights Reserved. 2017. Reproduction of materials found on this site, in any form, without explicit permission is prohibited.

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Chapter 3: Architectural Patterns and Styles. For more details of the topics covered in this guide, see Contents of the Guide. This chapter describes and edexcel geography mark, discusses high level patterns and principles commonly used for applications today. These are often referred to as the architectural styles , and include patterns such as client/server, layered architecture, component-based architecture, message bus architecture, and service-oriented architecture (SOA). For each style, you will find an overview, key principles, major benefits, and information that will help you choose the appropriate architectural styles for your application. It is important to understand that the styles describe different aspects of applications. For example, some architectural styles describe deployment patterns, some describe structure and design issues, and others describe communication factors. Therefore, a typical application will usually use a combination of and effect about drug more than one of the coursework styles described in this chapter. An architectural style, sometimes called an architectural pattern, is a set of principles—a coarse grained pattern that provides an abstract framework for a family of systems. An architectural style improves partitioning and promotes design reuse by providing solutions to frequently recurring problems. You can think of architecture styles and formation, patterns as sets of principles that shape an application.

Garlan and Shaw define an architectural style as: “#2026a; family of systems in edexcel geography scheme terms of a pattern of structural organization. More specifically, an architectural style determines the thesis on banks vocabulary of components and connectors that can be used in instances of that style, together with a set of constraints on how they can be combined. These can include topological constraints on architectural descriptions (e.g., no cycles). Scheme. Other constraints—say, having to do with execution semantics—might also be part of the style definition.” An understanding of architectural styles provides several benefits. The most important benefit is that they provide a common language.

They also provide opportunities for conversations that are technology agnostic. This facilitates a higher level of hypothesis formation conversation that is inclusive of geography coursework scheme patterns and principles, without getting into specifics. For example, by 5 paragraph online using architecture styles, you can talk about client/server versus n -tier. Architectural styles can be organized by their key focus area. The following table lists the major areas of focus and edexcel coursework scheme, the corresponding architectural styles. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), Message Bus. Client/Server, N-Tier, 3-Tier. Domain Driven Design. Component-Based, Object-Oriented, Layered Architecture. Summary of Key Architectural Styles. The following table lists the hypothesis common architectural styles described in this chapter.

It also contains a brief description of each style. Later sections of this chapter contain more details of each style, as well as guidance to coursework mark help you choose the appropriate ones for thesis on banks your application. Segregates the system into edexcel geography coursework mark, two applications, where the research client makes requests to geography coursework mark the server. In many cases, the server is thesis on banks, a database with application logic represented as stored procedures. Decomposes application design into reusable functional or logical components that expose well-defined communication interfaces. Domain Driven Design. An object-oriented architectural style focused on modeling a business domain and defining business objects based on entities within the coursework mark business domain. Partitions the thesis on banks concerns of the application into stacked groups (layers). An architecture style that prescribes use of a software system that can receive and send messages using one or more communication channels, so that applications can interact without needing to know specific details about each other. Segregates functionality into edexcel geography coursework scheme, separate segments in much the same way as the cause drug addiction layered style, but with each segment being a tier located on a physically separate computer.

A design paradigm based on division of responsibilities for an application or system into individual reusable and self-sufficient objects, each containing the data and the behavior relevant to the object. Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) Refers to applications that expose and edexcel coursework, consume functionality as a service using contracts and messages. The architecture of a software system is thesis on banks, almost never limited to a single architectural style, but is often a combination of mark architectural styles that make up the complete system. Design A Level. For example, you might have a SOA design composed of edexcel scheme services developed using a layered architecture approach and an object-oriented architecture style. A combination of architecture styles is also useful if you are building a public facing Web application, where you can achieve effective separation of concerns by using the layered architecture style. This will separate your presentation logic from your business logic and your data access logic. Your organization's security requirements might force you to deploy the application using either the 3-tier deployment approach, or a deployment of more than three tiers. The presentation tier may be deployed to the perimeter network, which sits between an dissertation leadership, organization's internal network and coursework, an external network.

On your presentation tier, you may decide to use a separated presentation pattern (a type of layered design style), such as Model-View-Controller (MVC), for research your interaction model. You might also choose a SOA architecture style, and implement message-based communication, between your Web server and application server. If you are building a desktop application, you may have a client that sends requests to a program on coursework mark, the server. In this case, you might deploy the client and server using the client/server architecture style, and use the component-based architecture style to decompose the design further into independent components that expose the formation appropriate communication interfaces. Edexcel Coursework Mark Scheme. Using the object-oriented design approach for these components will improve reuse, testability, and flexibility. Many factors will influence the architectural styles you choose. These factors include the capacity of your organization for design and implementation; the design capabilities and experience of your developers; and your infrastructure and organizational constraints. The following sections will help you to determine the appropriate styles for your applications. The client/server architectural style describes distributed systems that involve a separate client and edexcel geography coursework mark, server system, and a connecting network. The simplest form of design a level coursework client/server system involves a server application that is accessed directly by multiple clients, referred to as a 2-Tier architectural style. Historically, client/server architecture indicated a graphical desktop UI application that communicated with a database server containing much of the edexcel coursework mark scheme business logic in hypothesis formation the form of stored procedures, or with a dedicated file server.

More generally, however, the client/server architectural style describes the geography coursework mark relationship between a client and one or more servers, where the client initiates one or more requests (perhaps using a graphical UI), waits for replies, and processes the replies on receipt. The server typically authorizes the user and then carries out the processing required to generate the result. The server may send responses using a range of protocols and essays, data formats to communicate information to the client. Today, some examples of the client/server architectural style include Web browser—based programs running on the Internet or an intranet; Microsoft Windows® operating system—based applications that access networked data services; applications that access remote data stores (such as e-mail readers, FTP clients, and database query tools); and scheme, tools and dissertation, utilities that manipulate remote systems (such as system management tools and network monitoring tools). Other variations on the client/server style include: Client-Queue-Client systems . Geography Coursework Mark Scheme. This approach allows clients to communicate with other clients through a server-based queue.

Clients can read data from and send data to a server that acts simply as a queue to store the data. This allows clients to coursework distribute and synchronize files and geography coursework mark, information. This is sometimes known as a passive queue architecture. Design And Technology. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) applications . Developed from the Client-Queue-Client style, the coursework mark scheme P2P style allows the client and server to swap their roles in order to cause and effect about distribute and synchronize files and geography coursework mark, information across multiple clients. It extends the client/server style through multiple responses to requests, shared data, resource discovery, and resilience to removal of peers. Application servers . A specialized architectural style where the server hosts and executes applications and services that a thin client accesses through a browser or specialized client installed software. An example is a client executing an application that runs on the server through a framework such as Terminal Services. The main benefits of the client/server architectural style are: Higher security . All data is stored on the server, which generally offers a greater control of security than client machines.

Centralized data access . Because data is stored only on the server, access and essays, updates to the data are far easier to administer than in other architectural styles. Ease of maintenance . Roles and responsibilities of a computing system are distributed among several servers that are known to geography coursework each other through a network. This ensures that a client remains unaware and dissertation research, unaffected by coursework mark scheme a server repair, upgrade, or relocation. Consider the client/server architectural style if your application is server based and will support many clients, you are creating Web-based applications exposed through a Web browser, you are implementing business processes that will be used by people throughout the organization, or you are creating services for other applications to consume. The client/server architectural style is also suitable, like many networked styles, when you want to essays centralize data storage, backup, and management functions, or when your application must support different client types and different devices. However, the traditional 2-Tier client/server architectural style has numerous disadvantages, including the tendency for application data and business logic to be closely combined on the server, which can negatively impact system extensibility and scalability, and its dependence on a central server, which can negatively impact system reliability.

To address these issues, the client-server architectural style has evolved into the more general 3-Tier (or N-Tier) architectural style, described below, which overcomes some of the disadvantages inherent in edexcel mark the 2-Tier client-server architecture and provides additional benefits. Component-Based Architectural Style. Component-based architecture describes a software engineering approach to system design and development. It focuses on the decomposition of the design into individual functional or logical components that expose well-defined communication interfaces containing methods, events, and properties. This provides a higher level of abstraction than object-oriented design principles, and does not focus on issues such as communication protocols and shared state. The key principle of the component-based style is the use of essays whaling components that are: Reusable . Components are usually designed to be reused in geography scheme different scenarios in 5 paragraph different applications.

However, some components may be designed for a specific task. Replaceable . Components may be readily substituted with other similar components. Edexcel Coursework Mark Scheme. Not context specific . Components are designed to dissertation research operate in different environments and contexts. Specific information, such as state data, should be passed to the component instead of being included in or accessed by the component. Extensible . A component can be extended from geography coursework scheme, existing components to provide new behavior. Encapsulated . Components expose interfaces that allow the caller to and technology coursework use its functionality, and do not reveal details of the internal processes or any internal variables or state. Independent . Components are designed to have minimal dependencies on other components. Edexcel Coursework Scheme. Therefore components can be deployed into any appropriate environment without affecting other components or systems. Common types of components used in applications include user interface components such as grids and buttons (often referred to as controls ), and helper and utility components that expose a specific subset of hypothesis formation functions used in coursework mark other components. Other common types of components are those that are resource intensive, not frequently accessed, and thesis on banks, must be activated using the just-in-time (JIT) approach (common in remoting or distributed component scenarios); and queued components whose method calls may be executed asynchronously using message queuing and store and forward.

Components depend upon a mechanism within the edexcel platform that provides an environment in which they can execute, often referred to as component architecture . Examples are the component object model (COM) and research, the distributed component object model (DCOM) in coursework mark Windows; and Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) on other platforms. Component architectures manage the thesis on banks mechanics of locating components and their interfaces, passing messages or commands between components, and—in some cases—maintaining state. However, the term component is often used in the more basic sense of edexcel a constituent part, element, or ingredient . The Microsoft .NET Framework provides support for building applications using such a component based approach. And Effect Essay About Drug Addiction. For example, this guide discusses business and data components, which are commonly code classes compiled into .NET Framework assemblies. They execute under the control of the .NET Framework runtime, and there may be more than one such component in each assembly. The following are the main benefits of the component-based architectural style:

Ease of deployment . As new compatible versions become available, you can replace existing versions with no impact on geography scheme, the other components or the system as a whole. Thesis On Banks. Reduced cost . Mark. The use of third-party components allows you to spread the cost of development and maintenance. Ease of development . Components implement well-known interfaces to dissertation leadership research provide defined functionality, allowing development without impacting other parts of the system. Reusable . The use of reusable components means that they can be used to spread the development and geography scheme, maintenance cost across several applications or systems. Mitigation of technical complexity . Formation. Components mitigate complexity through the use of a component container and its services. Example component services include component activation, lifetime management, method queuing, eventing, and transactions. Design patterns such as the Dependency Injection pattern or the Service Locator pattern can be used to manage dependencies between components, and promote loose coupling and reuse. Such patterns are often used to build composite applications that combine and reuse components across multiple applications. Consider the component-based architectural style if you already have suitable components or can obtain suitable components from third-party suppliers; your application will predominantly execute procedural-style functions, perhaps with little or no data input; or you want to geography mark be able to combine components written in research different code languages. Also, consider this style if you want to create a pluggable or composite architecture that allows you to easily replace and update individual components.

Domain Driven Design Architectural Style. Domain Driven Design (DDD) is an object-oriented approach to designing software based on edexcel, the business domain, its elements and behaviors, and the relationships between them. It aims to and technology enable software systems that are a realization of the underlying business domain by defining a domain model expressed in the language of business domain experts. Scheme. The domain model can be viewed as a framework from thesis on banks, which solutions can then be rationalized. To apply Domain Driven Design, you must have a good understanding of the business domain you want to model, or be skilled in acquiring such business knowledge. The development team will often work with business domain experts to edexcel geography coursework mark model the domain. Architects, developers, and subject matter experts have diverse backgrounds, and in many environments will use different languages to describe their goals, designs and requirements.

However, within Domain Driven Design, the whole team agrees to thesis on banks only use a single language that is focused on edexcel scheme, the business domain, and which excludes any technical jargon. As the core of the software is the domain model, which is a direct projection of this shared language, it allows the team to quickly find gaps in the software by analyzing the language around it. The creation of a common language is not merely an exercise in essays accepting information from the edexcel geography mark domain experts and applying it. Quite often, communication problems within development teams are due not only to misunderstanding the language of the domain, but also due to the fact that the domain's language is itself ambiguous. The Domain Driven Design process holds the goal not only of implementing the language being used, but also improving and refining the language of the domain.

This in turn benefits the software being built, since the model is a direct projection of the domain language. In order to help maintain the model as a pure and helpful language construct, you must typically implement a great deal of isolation and thesis on banks, encapsulation within the domain model. Consequently, a system based on coursework scheme, Domain Driven Design can come at a relatively high cost. While Domain Driven Design provides many technical benefits, such as maintainability, it should be applied only to complex domains where the model and the linguistic processes provide clear benefits in the communication of complex information, and in formation the formulation of a common understanding of the domain. The following are the main benefits of the Domain Driven Design style: Communication . All parties within a development team can use the domain model and the entities it defines to communicate business knowledge and requirements using a common business domain language, without requiring technical jargon. Extensible . The domain model is often modular and flexible, making it easy to edexcel geography coursework mark update and extend as conditions and requirements change. Testable . Dissertation Leadership Research. The domain model objects are loosely coupled and geography mark, cohesive, allowing them to dissertation be more easily tested. Consider DDD if you have a complex domain and you wish to improve communication and understanding within your development team, or where you must express the design of an application in a common language that all stakeholders can understand. DDD can also be an ideal approach if you have large and complex enterprise data scenarios that are difficult to manage using other techniques. For a summary of domain driven design techniques, see Domain Driven Design Quickly at geography coursework mark http://www.infoq.com/minibooks/domain-driven-design-quickly.

Alternatively, see Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software by Eric Evans (Addison-Wesley, ISBN: 0-321-12521-5) and Applying Domain-Driven Design and Patterns by Jimmy Nilsson (Addison-Wesley, ISBN: 0-321-26820-2). Layered architecture focuses on the grouping of related functionality within an application into distinct layers that are stacked vertically on cause and effect essay about drug addiction, top of edexcel mark each other. Functionality within each layer is related by a common role or responsibility. Communication between layers is explicit and loosely coupled. Layering your application appropriately helps to support a strong separation of thesis on banks concerns that, in turn, supports flexibility and maintainability. The layered architectural style has been described as an geography mark scheme, inverted pyramid of and effect essay about addiction reuse where each layer aggregates the geography coursework mark responsibilities and abstractions of the layer directly beneath it. With strict layering, components in one layer can interact only cause essay drug addiction with components in the same layer or with components from the layer directly below it. Geography Coursework Mark. More relaxed layering allows components in a layer to essays whaling interact with components in geography coursework mark scheme the same layer or with components in dissertation research any lower layer.

The layers of an application may reside on the same physical computer (the same tier) or may be distributed over separate computers ( n -tier), and edexcel geography scheme, the components in each layer communicate with components in other layers through well-defined interfaces. For example, a typical Web application design consists of a presentation layer (functionality related to cause essay addiction the UI), a business layer (business rules processing), and a data layer (functionality related to data access, often almost entirely implemented using high-level data access frameworks). For details of the n-tier application architectural style, see N-Tier / 3-Tier Architectural Style later in mark this chapter. Common principles for designs that use the layered architectural style include: Abstraction . Layered architecture abstracts the view of the system as whole while providing enough detail to thesis on banks understand the edexcel geography coursework mark scheme roles and essay online, responsibilities of individual layers and the relationship between them. Encapsulation . No assumptions need to be made about data types, methods and properties, or implementation during design, as these features are not exposed at layer boundaries. Clearly defined functional layers . The separation between functionality in each layer is clear.

Upper layers such as the edexcel geography presentation layer send commands to thesis on banks lower layers, such as the business and data layers, and may react to edexcel mark scheme events in these layers, allowing data to flow both up and down between the layers. High cohesion . Essays On Makah. Well-defined responsibility boundaries for each layer, and mark scheme, ensuring that each layer contains functionality directly related to the tasks of that layer, will help to maximize cohesion within the layer. Reusable . Lower layers have no dependencies on higher layers, potentially allowing them to be reusable in other scenarios. Loose coupling . Communication between layers is based on abstraction and events to provide loose coupling between layers. Examples of layered applications include line-of-business (LOB) applications such as accounting and customer-management systems; enterprise Web-based applications and Web sites, and enterprise desktop or smart clients with centralized application servers for essay business logic. A number of design patterns support the layered architectural style. For example, Separated Presentation patterns encompass a range of patterns that the handling of the user's interactions from the UI, the presentation and business logic, and the application data with which the edexcel coursework mark scheme user works. Separated Presentation allows graphical designers to create a UI while developers generate the code to drive it. Dividing the functionality into separate roles in this way provides increased opportunities to test the and technology behavior of coursework scheme individual roles. The following are the hypothesis formation key principles of the Separated Presentation patterns:

Separation of edexcel geography coursework mark scheme concerns . Separated Presentation patterns divide UI processing concerns into distinct roles; for thesis on banks example, MVC has three roles: the Model, the View, and the Controller. The Model represents data (perhaps a domain model that includes business rules); the View represents the UI; and the Controller handles requests, manipulates the model, and performs other operations. Event-based notification . The Observer pattern is commonly used to provide notifications to the View when data managed by the Model changes. Geography Mark. Delegated event handling . The controller handles events triggered from the UI controls in the View. Other examples of Separated Presentation patterns are the Passive View pattern and the Supervising Presenter (or Supervising Controller) pattern. The main benefits of the layered architectural style, and the use of a Separated Presentation pattern, are:

Abstraction . Layers allow changes to be made at the abstract level. You can increase or decrease the level of abstraction you use in each layer of the hierarchical stack. About Addiction. Isolation . Coursework Mark Scheme. Allows you to isolate technology upgrades to individual layers in order to essay organizer reduce risk and minimize impact on the overall system. Manageability . Edexcel Geography Coursework Scheme. Separation of core concerns helps to a level coursework identify dependencies, and organizes the edexcel mark code into more manageable sections. Performance . Distributing the layers over multiple physical tiers can improve scalability, fault tolerance, and performance. Reusability . Roles promote reusability. Thesis On Banks. For example, in geography MVC, the Controller can often be reused with other compatible Views in design a level coursework order to provide a role specific or a user-customized view on to the same data and functionality. Testability . Increased testability arises from having well-defined layer interfaces, as well as the ability to switch between different implementations of the layer interfaces. Separated Presentation patterns allow you to geography scheme build mock objects that mimic the behavior of concrete objects such as the Model, Controller, or View during testing. Consider the layered architectural style if you have existing layers that are suitable for reuse in other applications, you already have applications that expose suitable business processes through service interfaces, or your application is complex and the high-level design demands separation so that teams can focus on different areas of functionality. The layered architectural style is also appropriate if your application must support different client types and different devices, or you want to implement complex and/or configurable business rules and processes.

Consider a Separated Presentation pattern if you want improved testability and simplified maintenance of UI functionality, or you want to separate the task of designing the UI from the development of the logic code that drives it. These patterns are also appropriate when your UI view does not contain any request processing code, and does not implement any business logic. Message bus architecture describes the and technology a level principle of using a software system that can receive and send messages using one or more communication channels, so that applications can interact without needing to know specific details about each other. Edexcel Geography Coursework Mark Scheme. It is a style for designing applications where interaction between applications is accomplished by passing messages (usually asynchronously) over a common bus. The most common implementations of message bus architecture use either a messaging router or a Publish/Subscribe pattern, and are often implemented using a messaging system such as Message Queuing. Many implementations consist of hypothesis formation individual applications that communicate using common schemas and a shared infrastructure for sending and receiving messages. Edexcel Geography. A message bus provides the cause essay about drug addiction ability to handle: Message-oriented communications . Geography Mark Scheme. All communication between applications is based on messages that use known schemas.

Complex processing logic . Complex operations can be executed by combining a set of smaller operations, each of which supports specific tasks, as part of a multistep itinerary. Modifications to processing logic . Because interaction with the bus is based on common schemas and commands, you can insert or remove applications on the bus to change the logic that is used to process messages. Integration with different environments . By using a message-based communication model based on and technology a level coursework, common standards, you can interact with applications developed for different environments, such as Microsoft .NET and Java. Message bus designs have been used to support complex processing rules for many years. The design provides a pluggable architecture that allows you to insert applications into the process, or improve scalability by attaching several instances of the geography same application to the bus. Variations on essays on makah, the message bus style include: Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) . Based on geography coursework, message bus designs, an ESB uses services for communication between the bus and components attached to the bus. An ESB will usually provide services that transform messages from one format to online organizer another, allowing clients that use incompatible message formats to edexcel geography communicate with each other Internet Service Bus (ISB) . This is similar to an enterprise service bus, but with applications hosted in design the cloud instead of on an enterprise network. A core concept of ISB is the use of Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) and policies to control the routing of logic through applications and services in the cloud. The main benefits of the message-bus architectural style are: Extensibility . Applications can be added to or removed from the bus without having an coursework, impact on the existing applications.

Low complexity . Essay Organizer. Application complexity is reduced because each application only needs to edexcel geography mark scheme know how to communicate with the bus. Flexibility . Essay. The set of applications that make up a complex process, or the communication patterns between applications, can be changed easily to match changes in business or user requirements, simply through changes to edexcel coursework the configuration or parameters that control routing. Loose coupling . As long as applications expose a suitable interface for thesis on banks communication with the message bus, there is no dependency on the application itself, allowing changes, updates, and coursework mark scheme, replacements that expose the same interface. Scalability . Multiple instances of the same application can be attached to the bus in order to handle multiple requests at the same time. Application simplicity . Although a message bus implementation adds complexity to thesis on banks the infrastructure, each application needs to support only a single connection to edexcel geography mark the message bus instead of multiple connections to other applications.

Consider the message bus architectural style if you have existing applications that interoperate with each other to perform tasks, or you want to combine multiple tasks into thesis on banks, a single operation. This style is also appropriate if you are implementing a task that requires interaction with external applications, or applications hosted in different environments. N-tier and edexcel geography coursework mark scheme, 3-tier are architectural deployment styles that describe the separation of functionality into online, segments in much the same way as the layered style, but with each segment being a tier that can be located on a physically separate computer. They evolved through the component-oriented approach, generally using platform specific methods for communication instead of a message-based approach. N-tier application architecture is characterized by geography scheme the functional decomposition of applications, service components, and thesis on banks, their distributed deployment, providing improved scalability, availability, manageability, and resource utilization. Each tier is completely independent from all other tiers, except for those immediately above and below it. The nth tier only has to know how to edexcel coursework mark scheme handle a request from the n+1th tier, how to forward that request on essay drug addiction, to the n-1th tier (if there is one), and how to edexcel geography mark scheme handle the results of the request. Communication between tiers is typically asynchronous in order to support better scalability. N-tier architectures usually have at least three separate logical parts, each located on a separate physical server. Thesis On Banks. Each part is responsible for specific functionality. Edexcel Coursework Mark Scheme. When using a layered design approach, a layer is deployed on a tier if more than one service or application is dependent on the functionality exposed by thesis on banks the layer.

An example of the N-tier/3-tier architectural style is a typical financial Web application where security is important. The business layer must be deployed behind a firewall, which forces the deployment of the presentation layer on a separate tier in the perimeter network. Another example is a typical rich client connected application, where the presentation layer is deployed on geography coursework mark scheme, client machines and the business layer and data access layer are deployed on one or more server tiers. The main benefits of the N-tier/3-tier architectural style are: Maintainability . Because each tier is independent of the other tiers, updates or changes can be carried out without affecting the application as a whole. Hypothesis. Scalability . Edexcel Geography Coursework Scheme. Because tiers are based on the deployment of formation layers, scaling out an application is reasonably straightforward. Flexibility . Because each tier can be managed or scaled independently, flexibility is increased.

Availability . Applications can exploit the modular architecture of enabling systems using easily scalable components, which increases availability. Consider either the N-tier or the 3-tier architectural style if the processing requirements of the layers in the application differ such that processing in one layer could absorb sufficient resources to slow the processing in other layers, or if the security requirements of the layers in the application differ. For example, the presentation layer should not store sensitive data, while this may be stored in the business and data layers. The N-tier or the 3-tier architectural style is also appropriate if you want to be able to share business logic between applications, and you have sufficient hardware to allocate the required number of servers to each tier. Consider using just three tiers if you are developing an intranet application where all servers are located within the private network; or an Internet application where security requirements do not restrict the deployment of business logic on the public facing Web or application server. Consider using more than three tiers if security requirements dictate that business logic cannot be deployed to the perimeter network, or the application makes heavy use of resources and you want to edexcel scheme offload that functionality to another server. Object-Oriented Architectural Style. Object-oriented architecture is whaling, a design paradigm based on the division of responsibilities for an application or system into geography mark, individual reusable and whaling, self-sufficient objects, each containing the data and the behavior relevant to the object.

An object-oriented design views a system as a series of cooperating objects, instead of a set of routines or procedural instructions. Objects are discrete, independent, and loosely coupled; they communicate through interfaces, by calling methods or accessing properties in other objects, and by sending and receiving messages. The key principles of the geography object-oriented architectural style are: Abstraction . This allows you to reduce a complex operation into a generalization that retains the base characteristics of the operation. For example, an abstract interface can be a well-known definition that supports data access operations using simple methods such as Get and Update . Another form of abstraction could be metadata used to and technology a level provide a mapping between two formats that hold structured data. Composition . Objects can be assembled from other objects, and can choose to edexcel geography coursework mark hide these internal objects from design and technology a level, other classes or expose them as simple interfaces. Inheritance . Coursework Mark Scheme. Objects can inherit from other objects, and thesis on banks, use functionality in geography mark scheme the base object or override it to implement new behavior. Cause And Effect Essay About Drug. Moreover, inheritance makes maintenance and updates easier, as changes to the base object are propagated automatically to the inheriting objects. Encapsulation . Objects expose functionality only through methods, properties, and events, and edexcel, hide the internal details such as state and variables from essays, other objects. Coursework Scheme. This makes it easier to update or replace objects, as long as their interfaces are compatible, without affecting other objects and code. Polymorphism . This allows you to override the behavior of a base type that supports operations in your application by implementing new types that are interchangeable with the hypothesis existing object.

Decoupling . Objects can be decoupled from the geography coursework mark consumer by defining an abstract interface that the object implements and the consumer can understand. Thesis On Banks. This allows you to provide alternative implementations without affecting consumers of the edexcel geography coursework mark scheme interface. Common uses of the object-oriented style include defining an object model that supports complex scientific or financial operations, and research, defining objects that represent real world artifacts within a business domain (such as a customer or an order). The latter is a process commonly implemented using the more specialized domain driven design style, which takes advantage of the principles of the edexcel mark scheme object-oriented style. For more information, see Domain Driven Design Architectural Style earlier in this chapter. The main benefits of the object-oriented architectural style are that it is: Understandable . It maps the application more closely to the real world objects, making it more understandable. Reusable . It provides for reusability through polymorphism and abstraction. Hypothesis. Testable . It provides for improved testability through encapsulation. Extensible . Encapsulation, polymorphism, and edexcel scheme, abstraction ensure that a change in the representation of essay addiction data does not affect the interfaces that the object exposes, which would limit the capability to geography coursework communicate and essay online, interact with other objects. Edexcel Coursework Mark. Highly Cohesive . By locating only related methods and features in an object, and cause essay addiction, using different objects for edexcel geography coursework scheme different sets of features, you can achieve a high level of dissertation cohesion.

Consider the object-oriented architectural style if you want to edexcel geography coursework mark scheme model your application based on real world objects and actions, or you already have suitable objects and classes that match the design and operational requirements. The object-oriented style is also suitable if you must encapsulate logic and data together in reusable components or you have complex business logic that requires abstraction and dynamic behavior. Service-Oriented Architectural Style. Service-oriented architecture (SOA) enables application functionality to cause and effect essay about drug addiction be provided as a set of services, and the creation of applications that make use of software services. Services are loosely coupled because they use standards-based interfaces that can be invoked, published, and edexcel geography coursework, discovered. Services in leadership research SOA are focused on providing a schema and message-based interaction with an application through interfaces that are application scoped, and not component or object-based.

An SOA service should not be treated as a component-based service provider. The SOA style can package business processes into interoperable services, using a range of protocols and data formats to communicate information. Clients and other services can access local services running on the same tier, or access remote services over a connecting network. The key principles of the SOA architectural style are: Services are autonomous . Each service is maintained, developed, deployed, and versioned independently. Edexcel Geography Coursework Mark Scheme. Services are distributable . Research. Services can be located anywhere on a network, locally or remotely, as long as the network supports the required communication protocols. Services are loosely coupled . Each service is independent of others, and can be replaced or updated without breaking applications that use it as long as the interface is still compatible. Services share schema and contract, not class . Services share contracts and edexcel, schemas when they communicate, not internal classes. Compatibility is based on policy . Cause And Effect. Policy in this case means definition of features such as transport, protocol, and edexcel geography mark scheme, security.

Common examples of service-oriented applications include sharing information, handling multistep processes such as reservation systems and online stores, exposing industry specific data or services over an extranet, and creating mashups that combine information from multiple sources. The main benefits of the SOA architectural style are: Domain alignment . Reuse of common services with standard interfaces increases business and technology opportunities and reduces cost. Cause About. Abstraction . Services are autonomous and accessed through a formal contract, which provides loose coupling and coursework, abstraction. Discoverability . Services can expose descriptions that allow other applications and services to locate them and automatically determine the design and technology coursework interface. Interoperability . Geography Mark. Because the protocols and data formats are based on industry standards, the provider and consumer of the service can be built and deployed on different platforms. Rationalization . Services can be granular in order to provide specific functionality, rather than duplicating the functionality in number of applications, which removes duplication. Consider the SOA style if you have access to suitable services that you wish to reuse; can purchase suitable services provided by a hosting company; want to build applications that compose a variety of services into a single UI; or you are creating Software plus Services (S+S), Software as a Service (SaaS), or cloud-based applications. And Technology A Level Coursework. The SOA style is coursework mark, suitable when you must support message-based communication between segments of the application and and effect about, expose functionality in a platform independent way, when you want to take advantage of federated services such as authentication, or you want to expose services that are discoverable through directories and can be used by clients that have no prior knowledge of the interfaces. Evans, Eric.

Domain-Driven Design: Tackling Complexity in the Heart of Software. Addison-Wesley, 2004. Nilsson, Jimmy. Edexcel Geography Coursework Mark Scheme. Applying Domain-Driven Design and Patterns: With Examples in C# and NET. Addison-Wesley, 2006. For more information about architectural styles, see the following resources:

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Dedans comme au dehors. Tut, tut ! Je vois venir les mauvais esprits. Geography! Oui, la Lancia Thema rev#xEA;t une autre identit#xE9; outre-Atlantique et outre-Manche, o#xF9; elle s'appelle tant#xF4;t Chrysler 300 et 300 C. Essays! Mais l'une comme l'autre diff#xE8;rent totalement de la Chrysler #xE9;ponyme commercialis#xE9;e en France jusqu'il y a deux ans. Edexcel Geography Coursework! Au regard de sa structure 100 % nouvelle, de sa robe et de son int#xE9;rieur in#xE9;dits, la refonte est totale . Faites abstraction de ce cousinage am#xE9;ricain et la Thema vous r#xE9;v#xE8;lera des atouts qui en font la digne h#xE9;riti#xE8;re de la sculpturale Thesis. On Makah Whaling! Une vraie Lancia, en somme, qui transpire le Chianti et fleure bon la mozzarelle. Entre 1984 et 1994, il s'est vendu en moyenne chaque ann#xE9;e en France pr#xE8;s de deux mille Lancia Thema. Edexcel Geography Coursework! C'#xE9;tait quatre fois moins que de Renault 25, la star de l'#xE9;poque, mais c'est cinq fois plus que les scores actuels de la Volvo S80 et de la Jaguar XF. Cause Essay Drug Addiction! Notre objectif de vendre 400 Lancia Thema par an edexcel mark scheme, en France peut para#xEE;tre modeste, mais il faut se souvenir qu'elle sera priv#xE9;e de d#xE9;clinaison break, non reconduite aux Etats-Unis , r#xE9;v#xE8;le Nicolas L#xE9;v#xEA;que, Directeur Marketing Lancia France. Essays Whaling! Sur cinq ans, la Chrysler s'est #xE9;coul#xE9;e #xE0; hauteur de 4.500 unit#xE9;s en France, dont pr#xE8;s de la moiti#xE9; en break.

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Trop toc et pas assez chic, la Lancia Thema ? Tout d#xE9;pend du degr#xE9; d'authenticit#xE9; que vous attendez d'une automobile dont le prix oscille entre 43.900 euros et 50.900 euros. Dissertation Leadership! Ceux qui r#xEA;vent d'une limousine assembl#xE9;e et finie #xE0; la main peuvent passer leur chemin : la Thema a beau jurer parmi le flot gris des grandes routi#xE8;res tel un costume en velours orange dans la penderie d'un banquier, elle n'en est pas moins un produit de grande s#xE9;rie. Edexcel Geography Coursework Scheme! Maserati peut dormir tranquille. Thesis On Banks! De m#xEA;me, si vous ne roulez en BMW que pour la satisfaction de savoir qu'elle ne partage sa m#xE9;canique avec aucune de ses concurrentes, vous vous exposez #xE0; une d#xE9;convenue avec la Lancia. A quelques menus d#xE9;tails pr#xE8;s, la Thema du troisi#xE8;me mill#xE9;naire reprend tout de la nouvelle Chrysler 300, revue de fond en comble. Mark Scheme! La carrosserie est identique, y compris les projecteurs et les nervures de capot mais pas la calandre ni le bouclier.

La planche de bord et la sellerie sont les m#xEA;mes, mais pas le volant cuir et bois, propre #xE0; l'italienne. Essays! La structure modernis#xE9;e comme les transmissions et les suspensions sont communes, mais pas les ressorts et les amortisseurs, raffermis pour l'Europe . Le six-cylindres Diesel de la belle et plantureuse Lancia est une m#xE9;canique italienne sign#xE9;e VM Motori et Fiat . Geography Mark Scheme! On la retrouve sous le capot du Grand Cherokee. Dissertation Leadership! Quant #xE0; son six-cylindres essence Pentastar de3,6 litres, tout nouveau, tout beau, il anime une flop#xE9;e de v#xE9;hicules Chrysler, Dodge, Lancia et Fiat sur tous les continents. Edexcel Geography Coursework Mark Scheme! Il sera coupl#xE9; #xE0; une bo#xEE;te automatique ZF #xE0; 8 rapports dont b#xE9;n#xE9;ficient d#xE9;j#xE0; BMW, Rolls-Royce, Audi, Jaguar, et Land Rover. Le meilleur de l'Am#xE9;rique et de l'Italie.

Heureusement pour elle, la Thema n'avait pas besoin d'#xEA;tre enti#xE8;rement con#xE7;ue en Italie pour se pr#xE9;tendre une authentique Lancia. Essay About Drug! Pas plus qu'une Audi doit taire sa parent#xE9; avec Volkswagen pour justifier son prix. Mark Scheme! Ce qui motive l'acheteur de voitures de luxe est autant la satisfaction de s'approprier un blason prestigieux que le plaisir de s'offrir une automobile soign#xE9;e et performante. Soign#xE9;e, la Lancia Thema l'est assur#xE9;ment. Thesis On Banks! L'harmonie des couleurs, le clinquant des compteurs ouvrag#xE9;s telles des montres et la veine apparente du bois composent une ambiance chaleureuse, que l'on comparera plus volontiers #xE0; celle d'une Jaguar ou de feue la Thesis qu'#xE0; celle d'une Mercedes-Benz. Coursework! Les aficionados regretteront que l'Alcantara n'ait pas droit de cit#xE9; dans cet habitacle fig#xE9; avant que Fiat n'ait eu le temps d'infl#xE9;chir les choix de style. And Technology! M#xEA;me les si#xE8;ges en cuir partiel nappa sont repris tels quels de la 300 : leur flancs tendus de vinyle feront grincer des dents des propri#xE9;taires de Thesis habitu#xE9;s au cuir Poltrona Frau int#xE9;gral. Performante, la Lancia Thema l'est aussi. Geography Coursework Mark Scheme! Son V6 Diesel 3.0 Multijet d#xE9;clin#xE9; en deux puissances de 190 ch et de 239 chevaux lui permet de tenir ais#xE9;ment son rang.

Gr#xE2;ce #xE0; un couple de respectivement 440 Nm #xE0; 1.600 tr/min et de 550 Nm #xE0; 1.800 tr/min, la Thema Diesel gomme la perception de sa masse de pr#xE8;s de 2 tonnes (0 #xE0; 100 km/h en 9,7 s et 7,8 s). Essays On Makah Whaling! Sa consommation moyenne s'#xE9;tablit en cycle mixte #xE0; 7,1 l/100 km et #xE0; 7,2 l/100 km selon que la voiture chausse des pneumatiques de 18 ou de 20 pouces (185 et 191 g/km de CO2). Dot#xE9;e d'une direction plut#xF4;t pr#xE9;cise quoique peu informative, la Lancia Thema accepte de hausser le rythme sur petites routes. Edexcel Geography! On place ais#xE9;ment cette grosse auto en virage mais on 5 paragraph online organizer h#xE9;site #xE0; explorer les limites de son adh#xE9;rence. Mark! Question d'habitude. Au regard de la fluidit#xE9; de fonctionnement de la bo#xEE;te ZF #xE0; 8 rapports (attendue sur la variante essence de 286 ch), la bo#xEE;te 5 de la Thema Diesel passe pour lente et abrupte.

Dans l'absolu toutefois, elle parvient sans peine #xE0; se faire oublier et n'alt#xE8;re en rien l'insonorisation tr#xE8;s pouss#xE9;e de l'habitacle. 5 Paragraph Essay Online Organizer! Elle va de pair avec un amortissement qui privil#xE9;gie le confort sans g#xE9;n#xE9;rer de roulis d#xE9;sagr#xE9;able pour autant. C'est faire preuve d'humilit#xE9; que de renoncer #xE0; pr#xE9;tendre d#xE9;tr#xF4;ner les S#xE9;rie 5, A6 et Classe E. Mark! Encore fallait-il que la Lancia Thema dispose d'arguments solides pour se faire une place parmi les pr#xE9;tendantes. C'est pr#xE9;cis#xE9;ment le cas gr#xE2;ce #xE0; une pr#xE9;sentation, #xE0; un ch#xE2;ssis et #xE0; un moteur Diesel conformes aux exigences de la cat#xE9;gorie. Thesis On Banks! Sans oublier un rapport entre prix et #xE9;quipement #xE0; rendre malade un comptable de chez Daimler. Le Directeur Marketing Lancia France, Nicolas L#xE9;v#xEA;que nous a d#xE9;montr#xE9; avec force tableaux comparatifs que l'acheteur d'une Thema en a r#xE9;ellement beaucoup pour son argent. Geography Coursework Mark! Au sommet de la gamme, la Lancia Thema 3.6 V6 essence (50.900 euros) s'affiche 3.300 euros de moins qu'une Lancia Thesis #xE0; laquelle il manque pr#xE8;s de dix mille euros d'#xE9;quipement. Dissertation Leadership! En valeur faciale , poursuit N. Edexcel Scheme! L#xE9;v#xEA;que, la Thema s'affiche quelque huit #xE0; dix mille euros de moins qu'une BMW S#xE9;rie 5 ou qu'une Mercedes Classe E. And Effect Essay Drug! Mais #xE0; #xE9;quipement #xE9;gal, elle s'av#xE8;re en r#xE9;alit#xE9; pr#xE8;s de 25 % moins ch#xE8;re. Geography Coursework Mark Scheme! Une Volvo S80 reste plus ch#xE8;re de 5.000 euros que la finition Executive sans pouvoir tout #xE0; fait #xE9;galer son #xE9;quipement de s#xE9;rie. Hypothesis! Pour finir, on geography coursework notera que la Lancia Thema b#xE9;n#xE9;ficie sans surco#xFB;t de 7.540 euros d'#xE9;quipements suppl#xE9;mentaires par rapport #xE0; l'ancienne Chrysler 300 C Diesel.

Image #xA9; LQA - E. Thesis On Banks! Bergerolle. C'est sur la foi de tant d'atouts et de tant de charisme que nous nous permettrons d'exhorter l'amateur d'automobiles de caract#xE8;re #x2014; celui qui s'#xE9;meut du devenir de Saab aussi bien que de la disparition du V6 Alfa Romeo #x2014; d'offrir le b#xE9;n#xE9;fice du doute #xE0; Lancia. Edexcel Mark Scheme! Sergio Marchionne, auteur du rapprochement entre Fiat et Chrysler promet une berline 5-portes et un break compacts en 2013, ainsi qu'une concurrente de la BMW S#xE9;rie 3 et un nouveau Voyager en 2014. 5 Paragraph Essay Online Organizer! Le prix #xE0; payer en attendant ces nouvelles Lancia ? Souffrir que la Thema ressemble #xE0; une certaine cousine d'Am#xE9;rique et que les Delta et Ypsilon soient commercialis#xE9;es sous blason Chrysler au Royaume-Uni. Tout bien pes#xE9;, voil#xE0; qui n'est pas cher pay#xE9; pour jouir encore longtemps du privil#xE8;ge de rouler diff#xE9;rent. Confort de marche et silence remarquables. Comportement all#xE8;gre vue la masse#xA0;

Equipement pl#xE9;thorique pour un prix avantageux. Filiation am#xE9;ricaine r#xE9;dhibitoire aux yeux de certains. Visibilit#xE9; p#xE9;riph#xE9;rique compromise.